Conservation of rare species of plants and animals. The whole world needs to preserve rare species of wild animals! Conservation of rare species

Appendix to the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated April 6, 2004 No. 323

SUMMARY

One of the problems accompanying economic development and scientific and technological progress is the decrease biological diversity, including a reduction in species diversity.

Evolution is a natural, continuous process of extinction and speciation. However, climatic, geological and other rearrangements of the earth's surface determined, according to paleontologists, the average lifespan of a bird species of about 2 million years, and of mammals - about 600 thousand years. Only a few species of birds and mammals have a shorter life span, measured in tens of thousands of years. Man has become a kind of “catalyst” for the process of extinction of species, increasing the rate of extinction hundreds of times. The loss of several, and sometimes even one, biological species from the ecosystem leads to a violation of the integrity and stability of the ecosystem, and in some cases can lead to its destruction.

Over the past 400 years, 9 species and subspecies of mammals and birds have disappeared from Russian territory. In the list of species exterminated by humans that lived in Russia, there are also those that, due to the qualities of their gene pool, could be used to improve breeds and breed new domestic animals: tur, steppe tarpan, sea cow (the most promising species for domestication among marine mammals) .

Currently, the main reasons for the reduction in species diversity are:

Destruction, destruction and pollution of habitats;

Excessive removal and destruction of natural populations of animals and plants;

Introduction alien species, (at the same time, the list of invasive alien species in our time can be replenished due to the introduction into the economy of genetically modified plant varieties and animal breeds, the consequences and scale of impact of which on natural ecosystems and populations of indigenous species are unpredictable);

Spread of animal and plant diseases.

To create and implement mechanisms for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi, a Strategy for the Conservation of Rare and Endangered Species of Animals, Plants and Fungi has been developed.

The strategy is a long-term planning document and defines the goals, objectives, priorities and main directions of activity in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi.

The strategy is based on the Environmental Doctrine Russian Federation, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 31, 2002 No. 1225-r, National Strategy for the Conservation of Biological Diversity, Art. 42 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, the Federal Law “On Wildlife”, other federal laws and regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, as well as :

Fundamental scientific knowledge in the field of biology, ecology and related sciences;

Assessing the current state of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna and the impact of limiting factors on these objects;

Recognition of the need to create and implement economic and financial mechanisms for the conservation of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna;

Recognizing the importance of environmental education and awareness for the conservation of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna;

Taking into account the fullest range of partners in the field of conservation of rare and endangered objects.

The strategy also takes into account the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), subsequent international forums on environmental issues and sustainable development, as well as decisions of the Conferences of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity.

By defining the scientific foundations, principles and methods of preserving rare and endangered species of flora and fauna, the Strategy indicates the priority of the population principle of preserving species diversity and the method of preserving these objects in natural environment a habitat. Priority measures aimed at preserving rare and endangered species are:

Conservation of populations in natural environment a habitat;

Restoring lost populations.

Based on the scientific basis for the conservation of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna, the Strategy defines the following main areas of activity:

Organization and maintenance of state records, state cadastre and state monitoring of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna using uniform methods;

Creation and updating of a database on rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna;

Inclusion in the prescribed manner into the Red Book of the Russian Federation (or exclusion from it) of objects of flora and fauna;

Preparation and implementation of proposals for special protection measures, including the organization of specially protected natural areas, the creation of breeding centers and genetic banks for objects of flora and fauna listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation;

Development of state programs for the protection of flora and fauna and their natural habitats.

Being a tool for determining the main directions of state policy in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna at the federal level, the Strategy also provides the basis for the development of regional strategies and action plans for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and mushrooms

Effective results in the implementation of the Strategy can only be achieved through partnership interaction between government bodies, public organizations and associations, business structures, international environmental organizations and charitable foundations, as well as with the active involvement of the country’s citizens in the implementation process. To contents

INTRODUCTION

Rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi are the most fragile but very important part of biodiversity. Species diversity, due to a long process of evolution, forms the basis for the integrity of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole. The loss of several, and sometimes even one, biological species that seemed “of low value” leads to a violation of this integrity and can lead to the destruction of ecosystems. As natural communities lose their constituent species, the community's resilience and resilience to anthropogenic impacts decreases. The extinction of any species is the irretrievable loss of unique genetic information. Any type of living organism, even one not currently used by humans, has potential value, since today it is impossible to predict which biological properties will be useful or even indispensable for the survival of humanity in the future. Rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi are of great scientific, educational, ethical and aesthetic importance. Many of them are relics of past geological eras, others have become symbols for people of wild nature and efforts to protect it. The disappearance of any population, and especially of an entire biological species, is an irreparable loss for the Earth’s biological diversity and irretrievably lost “opportunities” for humanity.

According to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) from 1600 to 1975. 74 species and 86 subspecies of birds (1.23%) and 63 species and 44 subspecies (1.43%) of mammals disappeared from the face of the Earth. The death of 75% of mammal species and 86% of bird species is associated with human activity.

The relevance of the Strategy for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi is determined by the importance of the task of preserving them as elements of biodiversity. The need to preserve such species is set out in the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 31, 2002 No. 1225-r, as well as in the National Strategy for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Russia. At the same time, the Strategy for the Conservation of Rare and Endangered Species of Animals, Plants and Fungi is an important element in fulfilling Russia’s international obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992).

The Strategy for the Conservation of Rare and Endangered Species of Animals, Plants and Fungi (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) is a long-term planning document and defines the priorities and main directions of activity in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi.

The strategy includes scientific, legal, organizational framework and economic mechanisms for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi, intended to assist in decision-making at the federal and regional levels.

The strategy is the basis for the development of strategies and action plans for the conservation of individual rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, as well as regional strategies.

The strategy is being implemented through partnerships between government bodies, non-governmental organizations and associations, business structures, citizens of the country, as well as international environmental organizations and charitable foundations. Back to contents

PURPOSE AND OBJECTS OF THE STRATEGY

The purpose of the Strategy is to create and implement mechanisms for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi and their intraspecific diversity to the extent that ensures their sustainable existence.

This goal is achieved through complex actions in the scientific, legal, economic, organizational and technological spheres, while solving the following tasks:

Improving the legal framework and organizational mechanisms for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi;

Development and implementation of economic and financial mechanisms for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi;

Development and implementation of a system of categories and criteria for identifying and classifying rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi and determining priorities for their protection;

Carrying out an inventory and compiling a cadastre of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi using unified unified methods;

Organization and maintenance of monitoring of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi;

Creation and maintenance of the Red Data Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation according to a unified methodology;

Organization scientific research in the field of studying the biological characteristics of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi and the mechanisms of action of limiting factors on them;

Development and improvement of measures for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species in natural habitats and in artificially created habitats;

Development and implementation of a system of activities in the field of education and training;

Determining the circle of partners for the implementation of the Strategy;

Development and implementation of necessary activities in the field of international cooperation, including interaction with CIS countries.

The strategy for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi is based primarily on a population-species approach. Its objects are rare and endangered species (subspecies) of animals, plants and fungi, their populations and organisms. Although objects identified on the basis of the ecosystem approach - ecosystems, biocenoses and biotopes - are not the direct objects of this Strategy, the conservation and restoration of the natural habitat of rare and endangered species is a necessary condition and a priority method for the conservation of such species.

Naturally rare species, potentially vulnerable due to their biological characteristics;

Species that are widespread, but are threatened with extinction or are reducing their numbers and range as a result of anthropogenic impact.

Red Book of the Russian Federation;

Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

Red Book of the CIS;

CITES Applications;

Annexes of international agreements (with the USA, Japan, the Republic of Korea, North Korea, India).

SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES OF ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI

The territory of the Russian Federation, covering an area of ​​17,075 thousand km² (11.4% of the planet's land area), is represented by ecosystems of 8 natural zones: polar deserts, arctic and subarctic tundras, forest-tundra, taiga, deciduous forests, steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. On the territory of Russia there are large plains and mountain ranges, more than 120 thousand rivers and about 2 million fresh and salt lakes, over 6 million km² are occupied by forests and 1.8 million km² by swamps. Such a variety of natural complexes has led to a significant diversity of flora and fauna in Russia. On the territory of Russia, 11,400 species of vascular plants, 320 species of mammals, about 732 species of birds, 80 species of reptiles, 29 species of amphibians, 343 species have been registered freshwater fish, 9 species of cyclostomes, 130-150 thousand species of invertebrates. More than 1,500 thousand marine fish are found in the seas washing Russia. According to rough estimates, about 20% of Russia's flora and fauna are endemic species.

A number of species of living organisms are classified as rare and endangered.

BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES OF ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI

From a biological point of view, rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi are divided into two main groups: naturally rare species, potentially vulnerable due to their biological characteristics, and species that are widespread, but are endangered or are declining in number and habitat as a result of anthropogenic impact.

Naturally rare species, potentially vulnerable due to their biological characteristics

This group includes species of animals, plants and fungi, which, due to their biological characteristics, are the most vulnerable and have less ability to withstand anthropogenic impact. These include rare, narrowly distributed, endemic, relict, highly specialized and stenobiont species of animals, plants and fungi, as well as species that enter the territory of Russia at the edge of their range.

Biological features of these species:

Small number

Small area of ​​the range (relict, narrowly endemic, edge of the range),

Low density,

Low ecological valence (stenobiontity, high specialization),

Low rate of population reproduction,

Negative attitude towards the presence of a person.

The main and mandatory feature of naturally rare species is their small number. All other features are additional and, occurring in various combinations, increase the risk of population decline and extinction of the species.

Small numbers. All rare species of animals, plants and fungi are small in number. Small numbers increase the likelihood of population extinction both as a result of changes in natural factors and as a result of anthropogenic influences. There is a threat of extinction of the species even in stable and favorable conditions only due to random fluctuations in fertility and mortality. In addition, changes in natural factors and anthropogenic impacts can lead to populations/species reaching critical numbers, and this, in turn, leads to a reduction in genetic diversity and a sharp decrease in viability.

Small area of ​​distribution. Many species of animals, plants and fungi, which are components of unique or relict ecosystems, have a small range. This group also includes island forms, species entering the territory of Russia at the edge of their range, and some migratory species of animals. The small area of ​​the habitat increases the risk of extinction of the species, since even local disturbances of the environment in a small area can be destructive for such a species. Additional difficulties arise due to the limited or lack of control over the environmental situation in the territories of neighboring states.

Low density is closely related to the previous two characteristics. The structure of natural biocenoses, as a rule, is characterized by the presence of a certain number of species of animals, plants and fungi, occurring with low frequency. This pattern is general. Low density increases the risk of extinction of a species in a given area, since even the destruction of a small number of individuals leads to local extinction of the species. In addition, low density may be a factor complicating the process of population reproduction. However, not all low-density species require special protection measures, since some of them may have a wide range and large total numbers. The objects of the strategy are only those that have a low total number.

Low ecological valence (stenobiontity, high specialization). The severe dependence of organisms on individual limited resources or the possibility of their existence in a narrow range of environmental conditions makes them extremely vulnerable. The disappearance or reduction of the resource they need, as well as the destruction of their specific biotopes, puts such species in a critical situation. This can happen even with relatively minor impacts on natural ecosystems.

A low rate of population reproduction reduces the species’ ability to withstand negative impacts on it. Such species simply do not have time to restore their numbers when the environment destabilizes or the frequency of negative impacts on them increases. Given the same level of exposure to negative factors, species of animals, plants and fungi that slowly restore their numbers always have a greater chance of being endangered than species that reproduce quickly. These species include most large animal species.

Negative attitude towards the presence of a person. A negative reaction to the presence of humans is manifested in some large species of mammals and birds, as well as some plants (for example, orchids). Representatives of other systematic groups of animals, plants and fungi usually demonstrate a neutral reaction to humans. The animal species that react most strongly to the presence of humans (anthropophobic species) practically cannot tolerate the frequent appearance of humans in their habitats. However, the attitude towards humans in such animals may change to neutral and even interested behavior if contact with humans does not harm the animals.

Species that are widespread but are threatened with extinction or are reducing their numbers and range as a result of anthropogenic impact

This group includes species of animals, plants and fungi that have a wide variety of biological characteristics, which were not previously rare and have become so as a result of the influence of anthropogenic limiting factors.

Some migratory species of animals, having a generally extensive range, concentrate in certain periods of their life cycle in an extremely limited area. Destruction of such key habitat or negative impacts on the population of the animals themselves could put the species in a critical situation.

LIMITING FACTORS

The set of anthropogenic limiting factors and the forms of their influence are extensive and diverse. All the variety of forms of influence of limiting factors on rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi are conditionally divided into two main groups: direct and indirect influences.

Direct impacts are the destruction or removal of organisms of a given species from natural populations as a result of excessive volumes of harvesting (collection), poor harvesting standards, illegal fishing, collection and collection of living organisms, irrational and indiscriminate control of weeds and pests of agriculture and forestry, death of animals on engineering structures, destruction by the population of animals and plants considered dangerous, harmful or unpleasant and other actions.

Indirect impacts represent a change in the natural habitat of organisms, leading to a deterioration in the condition of the species. There are four areas of such influences:

Physical, i.e. change physical characteristics environment (destruction and change of relief, violation of the physical properties of soil or soil, destruction and change of the air environment, water basin, natural ecosystems) in the process of their intensive exploitation: transformation of vast natural areas into cities and other settlements and development sites, deforestation, plowing of steppes , drainage of swamps, peat mining, river flow regulation, creation of reservoirs, seismic exploration and blasting, the effect of electromagnetic fields and radiation, noise impact, thermal pollution, etc.

Chemical, i.e. pollution of the water basin, air, soil as a result of the activities of industrial enterprises and mining companies (pollution by industrial waste), the agro-industrial complex (pollution with pesticides, mineral and organic fertilizers, pesticides), the transport complex (pollution with industrial waste and oil products), housing and communal services (pollution from domestic wastewater), military facilities (pollution from rocket fuel and fuels and lubricants, untreated wastewater and emissions), as well as as a result of man-made accidents and global transport of pollution (oil spills, acid rain, etc.).

Climatic, expressed in a global change in climatic conditions caused by anthropogenic or natural causes, leading to a radical restructuring of habitats (the encroachment of forests on the steppe or the forestation of mountain tundras, displacement of natural zones, the appearance of southern species of animals and plants in the northern regions, etc.).

Biological, expressed in disruption of the structure of natural biocenoses as a result of human activity (intentional and unintentional introduction) and self-dispersal of alien species; spread of pathogens of animal and plant diseases; outbreaks of numbers of certain species; possible penetration of living genetically modified organisms into natural ecosystems; eutrophication of water bodies; destruction of animal food resources.

Different kinds anthropogenic activities have both direct and indirect impacts, are complex and are accompanied by synergistic and cumulative effects.

One of the main reasons for the state of species classified as rare and endangered is the destruction or complete destruction of the habitats of these species.

The negative consequences of human impact on rare and endangered species, depending on the diverse combination of impact factors and specific environmental conditions, are different. The main ones:

Reduction in numbers;

Deterioration of the physiological state of organisms;

Impaired reproduction (impaired gametogenesis; decreased frequency and success of fertilization; prenatal mortality, non-viable offspring);

Increased mortality in the initial stages of organism development;

Increased adult mortality;

Disruption of life cycles, including migration;

Violation of the sex and age structure of the population;

Violation of the genetic structure of populations, loss of genetic diversity;

Violation of the spatial structure of the population;

Violation of the population structure of the species;

Non-adaptive changes in animal behavior.

All these consequences ultimately lead to a reduction in numbers and extinction of individual populations and the species as a whole.

Analysis of limiting factors and mechanisms of influence is the most important prerequisite for the development of an effective program for the conservation of any type of living organism. This analysis should be carried out for each specific case separately and take into account both the biological characteristics of the species and the socio-economic specifics of the region in which it lives.

It is necessary to separate the processes of change in biological diversity as a result of anthropogenic activities from the natural processes of its development. Natural factors should be taken into account when developing programs for the conservation of biological diversity, but their prevention is impractical and, in most cases, impossible. Among anthropogenic factors, those that most strongly influence biological systems or are critical for them are prevented. To contents

The system of criteria is the basis for identifying rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi, identifying priority objects of protection and distributing efforts to protect them.

To protect rare and endangered species in the Russian Federation, six categories of rarity status of taxa and populations have been adopted according to the degree of threat of their extinction: 0 - probably extinct, 1 - endangered, 2 - declining in numbers, 3 - rare, 4 - uncertain status, 5 - recoverable and recovering.

The probably extinct include taxa and populations that previously inhabited the territory (water area) of the Russian Federation, and whose presence in nature has not been confirmed (for invertebrates - in the last 100 years, for vertebrates - in the last 50 years, for plants and fungi the dates have not been determined) .

Declining numbers include taxa and populations with steadily declining numbers, which, with continued exposure to limiting factors, may short time fall into the category of endangered.

Rare are taxa and populations that have a naturally low abundance and/or are distributed in a limited area (water area) or are sporadically distributed over large areas (water area).

Undetermined status includes those taxa and populations that probably belong to one of the previous categories, but there is currently no sufficient information about their state in nature, or they do not fully meet the criteria of all other categories.

Recoverable and recovering are those taxa and populations whose numbers and distribution have begun to recover, due to natural causes or as a result of conservation measures taken, and which are approaching a state where they will not require urgent conservation and restoration measures.

Identification of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi, assessment of their condition, development of parameters for monitoring and determination of priorities for their protection is carried out on the basis of an appropriate system of categories and criteria. Such a system includes three groups of criteria (both qualitative and quantitative) that make it possible to assess the relative importance of objects and assign them one or another environmental status (category):

Biological criteria for assessing the status of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi;

Criteria for the significance of an object for the conservation of biodiversity in general;

Socio-economic and technological criteria.

In addition, it is necessary to determine the procedure for assessing facilities and determining priorities. If an object receives opposing assessments based on different criteria (for example, it has a small population but is distributed over a wide range), a decision on its conservation status is made based on an assessment based on a more significant criterion (in this example, on the basis of a small population).

Biological criteria for assessing the status of species (Table 1) make it possible to identify rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi and give them appropriate conservation status. These criteria also form the basis for developing a system of monitoring parameters for rare and endangered species.

Table 1

Biological criteria for assessing the status of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi

table 2

Criteria for the significance of a taxon for the conservation of biodiversity in general

Table 3

Socio-economic and technological criteria for assessing a taxon

Relevance: Every day human economic activity is expanding. It includes more and more natural areas, and it often happens that only specially protected areas remain the last refuge for certain species of plants and animals whose lives are in danger. This is the Arga nature reserve, part of which is located on the territory of our Nazarovsky district.

Problematic question:How to preserve rare species of plants and animals in our region?

Methods: study of sources, questioning.

I conducted a survey among students of grade 5 “B” (21 students in total) in order to identify the opinions of classmates on this issue.

Hypothesis: If a reserve was created on the territory of the Nazarovsky district, then it is of great importance for the habitat and conservation of rare representatives of flora and fauna.

Target: Study of biodiversity and identification of rare species of plants and animals in the reserve.

Tasks:

• identify the purpose of creating the reserve;

• study its species composition;
• show the need for the existence of a protected area;
• find out what nature conservation measures are being implemented in the reserve.

Introduction

The state complex reserve "Arga" is a specially protected natural area of ​​regional significance. Date of creation: October 25, 1963. Located on the territory of the Achinsky, Bogotolsky and Nazarovsky districts, it includes the mountain range of the Arga ridge and a section of the floodplain of the river. Chulym. The total area is 89,885.0 hectares, including 489.3 hectares in the Nazarovsky district.

It was organized with the aim of protecting and reproducing game species, preserving and restoring the numbers of rare and endangered species of animals and birds valuable in economic, scientific and aesthetic terms, as well as protecting their habitats.

Species diversity

The flora and fauna of Argi is rich. 466 plant species from 76 families have been recorded here. The predominant families are cereals, sedges, rosaceae, asteraceae, legumes, umbelliferae, and borage.

Currently, 13 typical species of animals live on the territory of the reserve: elk, red deer, roe deer, fox, beaver, squirrel, hare, hazel grouse, black grouse, capercaillie, mallard, teal, pintail.

Protected species

On the territory of the reserve live and are taken under protection (Regulations on the state complex reserve of regional significance “Arga” dated January 19, 2007):

1. rare and endangered species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory:

• birds: white-tailed eagle, demoiselle crane, peregrine falcon, osprey, black stork, eagle owl, gray crane, curlew, godwit or marsh sandpiper, moorhen or marsh hen,
• bats: water bat, Siberian tubebill,
• fish: sterlet, sturgeon; lenok;

1. animal species that require special attention to their condition in the Krasnoyarsk Territory: maral, Siberian roe deer; lynx, nelma; average curlew;
2. hunting species:elk, sable, brown bear, badger, weasel, American mink, Eastern European beaver, wood grouse, black grouse;
3. rare and endangered plant species:

lady's slipper true, lady's slipper grandiflora, brunnera sibirica, lobaria pulmonata, foliage splendor, curly sparassis, incised violet, orchis capulata, feather feather grass, Ledebour's gill, Jonah's astragalus, spotted lady's slipper, winter's napkin, woolly larkspur.

The ridge itself is a unique landscape complex of island forests among the surrounding forest-steppe and is also under protection as a habitat for fauna.

“Arga” is a storehouse of medicinal raw materials. Here you can find birch and pine buds, chaga, bracken, rose hips, common blueberries, lingonberries, burnet, oregano, and sweet clover.

Special protection regime reserve

• management of hunting and hunting;
• clear and selective felling of forest plantations for timber harvesting;
• mining;
• carrying out blasting operations;
• timber rafting;
• mass gathering medicinal plants, with the exception of the procurement and collection by citizens of these resources for their own needs;
• burning grass;
• industrial fishing;
• washing any Vehicle within the coastal protective strip of water bodies;
• clogging with household, construction, industrial and other waste and debris;
• travel and parking of vehicles off public roads, etc.

Permitted types of activities and environmental management:

• economic activity not prohibited on the territory of the reserve;
• construction, reconstruction, and major repairs of objects on the territory of the reserve can be carried out according to projects that have received positive conclusions from state examinations in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• use of animal objects for scientific purposes;
• conservation, protection and reproduction of forests;
• sanitary and health measures on the territory of the reserve;
• selective felling of forest plantations;
• permitted types of fishing;
• rest of citizens in compliance with fire safety rules in forests and more.

Negative impact on the reserve.

Despite the prohibitions, poaching of coniferous trees (mainly pine trees), plowing of land and grazing of livestock, collection of plants and fishing, including with nets, take place on the territory of the Arga reserve. Illegal hunting of animals has led to a strong reduction in the number of game species. Fires often (especially in spring) occur. Currently, the indigenous vegetation is severely damaged by logging and fires. The smoke components of the Achinsk Alumina Refinery and Nazarovo State District Power Plant (sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides) have a weak negative impact. The construction of power lines and other facilities on the territory of the reserve significantly disrupts the habitat of animals and plants.
Our offers

To improve the functioning of the reserve, it is necessary to stop deforestation, grazing, ban fishing, and strengthen the fight against poaching and stray dogs.

conclusions

Our hypothesis was confirmed: the Arga reserve is of great importance for the habitat and conservation of rare representatives of flora and fauna. Thanks to him, many species of useful, valuable and beautiful plants and animals.

Information sources:

• Consolidated list of specially protected natural areas of the Russian Federation (reference book). Part II.
  Potapova N.A., Nazyrova R.I., Zabelina N.M., Isaeva-Petrova L.S., Korotkov V.N., Ochagov D.M.
  M.: All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Nature (2006): 364
• Atlas of specially protected natural areas of the Siberian Federal District
  Kalikhman T.P., Bogdanov V.N., Ogorodnikova L.Yu.
  Irkutsk, Ottisk Publishing House (2012) : 384
• State cadastre of specially protected natural areas
• http://zakon.krskstate.ru/doc/5311

STRATEGY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUNTING ACTIVITIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION UNTIL 2030

I. General provisions, goals and objectives

This Strategy defines the priorities and main directions for the implementation of state policy in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and the development of hunting activities and measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of public administration in this area.

The strategy was developed in accordance with the provisions of the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 31, 2002 No. 1225-r, the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 17, 2008 No. 1662-r, Main directions of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation for the period until 2012, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 No. 1663-r, Fundamentals of state policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2012, other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as taking into account the accumulated scientific knowledge in the field of biology, ecology and related sciences, Russian and international experience in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and organizing hunting use on a sustainable basis.

The strategy is based on: (1) fundamental scientific knowledge in the field of biology, ecology, hunting and related sciences; (2) assessment of the current state of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna and the impact of limiting factors on these objects; (3) recognition of the need to create and implement economic and financial mechanisms for the conservation of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna; (3) the position that objects of the animal world, primarily those that are objects of hunting, constitute important part natural capital of the Russian Federation and provide the flow of ecosystem services of a consumer and environment-forming nature; (4) recognition of the importance of environmental education and awareness for the conservation of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna; (5) taking into account the fullest range of partners in the field of conservation of rare and endangered objects and organizing hunting on a sustainable basis.

The strategy takes into account the recommendations of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio de Janeiro, 2012) and other international forums on environmental issues and sustainable development, as well as decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The strategy is an integral part of the implementation of state development policy goals to address the challenge of conserving biological diversity and natural resources to meet the needs of present and future generations. This problem is extremely relevant both at the global level and in Russia. At the UN World Summit on Sustainable Development “Rio+20”, concern was expressed about the intensive destruction of natural ecosystems and the disappearance of many species of living organisms. Thousands of species of plants and animals are at risk of extinction - more than 9 thousand species of animals and almost 7 thousand species of plants were included in the IUCN (World Conservation Union) Red List in 2000. Since 1600, the extinction of 484 animal species and 654 plant species has been recorded. In reality, the number of extinct and threatened species is many times higher. The main reasons for the decline in species diversity are recognized as: (1) destruction, destruction and pollution of habitats; (2) excessive removal and destruction of natural populations of animals and plants; (3) introduction of alien species; (4) spread of animal and plant diseases.

The global scale of the problem of preserving rare species of animals and plants is determined by the awareness of the importance of preserving biological diversity as a guarantee of sustainable development not only of the Russian Federation, but of all countries of the world. In this context, biodiversity must be considered as a fundamental natural asset, the loss of which can lead to the degradation of a number of ecosystem services, which will harm the well-being of people. Thus, issues of biodiversity loss have moved beyond traditional debates about the importance of wildlife conservation, occupying a significant place in discussions about human well-being and the sustainability of established lifestyles, including consumption patterns.

Hunting resources make up a significant part of the natural capital of the Russian Federation. The wider the species diversity of plants and animals that make up the ecological pyramid, the higher the stability of ecosystems as a whole, and, therefore, of hunting management. This is explained by the fact that at the top of the ecological pyramid there are the largest representatives of predators - the Amur tiger, snow leopard, leopard, polar bear and others. The principle of the ecological pyramid is such that their numbers cannot be very high, but the well-being of their populations directly depends on the species diversity and number of their food items, mainly wild ungulates, which, in addition, are the main objects of hunting. Thus, the tasks of preserving and maintaining biodiversity and the tasks of hunting (increasing the most important hunting objects) are very close and require an integrated management approach.

Hunting use must be sustainable, which, in the context of biodiversity conservation, can be formulated as ensuring maximum income for present and future generations while maintaining the optimal population structure of exploited animal species and their habitat. In other words, improving the state management of hunting resources, as well as the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, involves increasing and preserving income streams from hunting activities for present and future generations, both due to the products received and due to the expansion and improvement of the quality of recreational services, development of appropriate infrastructure (hotel business, transport services, production of modern high-tech equipment, etc.) and creation of additional jobs. The latter is especially important in connection with the increased last decades global trends in urban growth and contraction economic activity in vast rural areas.

By defining the scientific foundations, principles and methods of preserving rare and endangered species of flora and fauna and defining approaches to the development of hunting on a sustainable basis, the Strategy is based on the priority of the population principle of preserving species diversity and the method of preserving these objects in the natural habitat. The objects of the Strategy are rare and endangered animals and plants and their populations, as well as species of animals that are objects of hunting. Although objects identified on the basis of the ecosystem approach - ecosystems, biocenoses and biotopes - are not the direct objects of this Strategy, the conservation and restoration of the natural habitat of rare and endangered species is a necessary condition and priority method for the conservation of such species.

1.1. Goal of the Strategy

The goal of the strategy is to ensure the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and the development of hunting on a sustainable basis, which is understood as a set of active actions, including both direct measures for the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of these essential elements of biodiversity, and the use of socio-economic mechanisms that limit and regulate the impact on biodiversity of various population groups and economic structures in order to increase their resource productivity. The purpose of the Strategy determines general direction movements for the long term. Specific target indicators for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and the development of hunting, which must be achieved or maintained over a certain period of time, are determined depending on the state of biodiversity, socio-economic changes occurring in the country and the success of the implementation of the Strategy.

1.2. Objectives of the Strategy

The goal of the Strategy is achieved through comprehensive actions in the scientific, legal, economic, organizational and technological spheres in solving the following tasks:

1. (1) Development and implementation of a set of measures aimed at preserving and increasing the number of rare and endangered species of animals and plants. To do this you should ensure:

• improving the legal framework and organizational mechanisms for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants;
• development and implementation of economic and financial mechanisms for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants;
• organizing a phytocontrol service to supervise the spread of invasive plant species (motor transport, river and air transport).
• development and implementation of a system of categories and criteria for identifying and classifying rare and endangered species of animals and plants and determining priorities for their protection;
• conducting an inventory and compiling a cadastre of rare and endangered species of animals and plants using unified unified methods;
• organizing and maintaining monitoring of rare and endangered species of animals and plants;
• creation and maintenance of the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation according to a unified methodology;
• organization of scientific research in the field of studying the biological characteristics of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and the mechanisms of action of limiting factors on them;
• development and improvement of measures for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species in natural habitats and in artificially created habitats;
• development and implementation of a system of activities in the field of education and training;
• development and implementation of necessary activities in the field of international cooperation, including interaction with CIS countries.

2. Development and implementation of a set of measures aimed at preserving and increasing the resource productivity of hunting activities on a sustainable basis. To do this you should ensure:

• creation, with the participation of the state, of system-forming elements of hunting management and the formation of a favorable legal environment for their subsequent development,
• creation of a unified system of integrated control and protection of hunting resources, with the assignment to it of the functions of preserving rare and endangered species of animals and plants;
• modernization of existing methods and technologies for the use and protection of hunting resources and their habitat.
• reproduction and identification of new (including innovative) directions and technologies for the extraction of hunting resources, including the use of humane hunting methods. This is especially relevant in light of the participation of the Russian Federation in international agreements and treaties.
• periodic clarification and forecasting of priorities for the use of hunting resources;
• providing access to hunting to the maximum number of hunters, obtaining the maximum possible income from maintaining a designated hunting area;
• increasing the number of certain animal species, taking into account the regional characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
• stimulating initiative and entrepreneurship of domestic developers and manufacturers of hunting equipment, including small and medium-sized enterprises;
• development of a system of training and retraining of personnel in the field of hunting;
• implementation international standards for the humane capture of wild animals, certification of capture methods and protection of intellectual property while respecting the interests of environmental safety.

1.3. Concepts used

Biological diversity - the variability of living organisms from all sources, including, but not limited to, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this concept includes diversity within species, between species and ecosystem diversity (Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992).

A species is the smallest genetically closed system with a unique gene pool; a species is, as a rule, a system of interconnected local populations, intraspecific forms and subspecies.

A population is a form of existence of a species, is an elementary unit of the evolutionary process and has a unique gene pool.

An organism is the smallest unit of life that exists independently in the environment and is a carrier of hereditary information about the main properties and characteristics of the species.

Sustainable growth is growth that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. In relation to hunting resources, this is expressed in maintaining a balance between their consumption, as a factor in ensuring the gross domestic product, and reproduction capabilities, while observing environmental restrictions.

Ecosystem services are functions of ecosystems that provide economic benefits for consumers of these services, based on the provision of various types of regulatory functions by nature (narrow interpretation).

Rare and endangered animal species - this category includes objects of flora and fauna from a biological and legal point of view. From a biological point of view, the category “rare and endangered” includes two main groups of flora and fauna: (1) naturally rare species, potentially vulnerable due to their biological characteristics; (2) species that are widespread, but are threatened with extinction or are reducing their numbers and range as a result of anthropogenic impact. From a legal point of view, the category “rare and endangered” includes species listed in: the Red Book of the Russian Federation; red books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; Red Book of the CIS; CITES Applications; Annexes of international agreements (with the USA, Japan, the Republic of Korea, North Korea, India).

Hunting resources are objects of the animal world that are used for hunting purposes.

Hunting objects are species and populations of animals that have economic and social value as a hunting resource, which presupposes the organization of their sustainable use and protection.

Hunting is a field of activity for the conservation and use of hunting resources and their habitat, for the creation of hunting infrastructure, the provision of services in this area, as well as for the purchase, production and sale of hunting products.

Conservation of hunting resources - activities to maintain hunting resources in a state that allows for species diversity and maintaining their numbers within the limits necessary for their expanded reproduction.

Extraction of hunting resources - catching or shooting of hunting resources.

Hunting is an activity related to searching, tracking, pursuing hunting resources, their extraction, primary processing and transportation.

Hunting tools - firearms, pneumatic and cold steel classified as hunting weapons in accordance with Federal Law of December 13, 1996 No. 150-FZ “On Weapons”, as well as ammunition, traps and other devices, instruments, equipment used in hunting .

Hunting methods - methods and techniques used in hunting, including the use of hunting structures, hunting dogs, birds of prey.

Hunting products are caught or shot wild animals, their meat, furs and other products, determined in accordance with the All-Russian Classification of Products.

Services in the field of hunting - services provided to hunters, services for studying hunting grounds and other services determined in accordance with all-Russian classifiers of types of economic activities, products, services.

Hunting grounds are territories within the boundaries of which activities in the field of hunting are allowed.

2. The state and scientific basis for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, the organization of sustainable hunting management

The territory of the Russian Federation, which occupies 1/6 of the world's landmass, plays a vital role in preserving the planet's biological diversity. The country's fauna includes about 270 species of mammals (7% of the world's total), 732 (about 17%) species of birds, about 75% of reptiles (1.2%), 27% of amphibians (0.6%), more than 500 species of fish (2 .5%), more than 20,000 (more than 8%) species of higher plants. According to rough estimates, about 20% of the flora and fauna of the Russian Federation are endemic species. A number of species of living organisms are classified as rare and endangered. Most of them are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the international list of endangered species (the international "Red Book"). Thus, the Russian Federation bears responsibility at the international level for preserving Amur tiger, Far Eastern leopard, Siberian crane, Snow leopard, Russian muskrat, bison and others.

Hunting and hunting in Russia is the traditional and most common way of using the animal world and territorial natural complexes - hunting grounds. This type of environmental management is an integral part of the culture of most peoples of our country, as well as the main source of livelihood for indigenous and small peoples North and Far East more than 50 items. Hunting resources in our country include 226 species of wild animals and birds. In terms of reserves of some of them, the Russian Federation ranks among the first in the world. A number of species of game animals are unique and live mainly only in our country - these are sable and Siberian roe deer. Russia's hunting grounds are recognized as the most extensive in the world: they are 1.7 times larger than in the USA and Canada and 4 times larger than in all EU countries. However, in terms of the level of production of game animals, the Russian Federation lags significantly behind many countries Western Europe. The estimated value of hunting resources as of 2011 is about 87 billion rubles, and the cost of products and services received annually is 16.2 billion rubles. More than 80,000 people are permanently and temporarily employed in the hunting industry, most of which are in rural areas and remote areas where alternative jobs are lacking.

Hunting on a sustainable basis can significantly contribute to the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants. Thus, a significant reason that seriously constrains the increase in the number of many valuable species of ungulates, including rare ones, is the high number of wolves. According to scientists, currently in most regions of the Russian Federation the optimal balance between predators and their prey for hunting has been disrupted. Every year in the country, at least 370 thousand wild ungulates (34 thousand moose, 140 thousand reindeer, 123 thousand roe deer, 40 thousand wild boars), almost three million hares and 70 thousand beavers, as well as various farm animals with a total biomass of about 400, die from wolves. tons Without taking urgent measures to regulate the number of this predator, it is not possible to predict a significant increase in the number of wild ungulates.

2.1. Biological characteristics of rare and endangered species of animals and plants

From a biological point of view, rare and endangered species of animals and plants are divided into two main groups: (1) naturally rare species, potentially vulnerable due to their biological characteristics, and (2) species that are widespread, but are threatened with extinction or reducing their numbers and range as a result of anthropogenic impact.

Naturally rare species, potentially vulnerable due to their biological characteristics. This group includes species of animals, plants and fungi, which, due to their biological characteristics, are the most vulnerable and have less ability to withstand anthropogenic impact. These include rare, narrowly distributed, endemic, relict, highly specialized and stenobiont species of animals, plants and fungi, as well as species that enter the territory of the Russian Federation at the edge of their range.

Biological features of these species: small numbers; small area of ​​the range (relict, narrowly endemic, edge of the range); low density; low ecological valence (stenobiontity, high specialization); low rate of population reproduction; negative attitude towards the presence of a person.

Species that are widespread, but are threatened with extinction or are reducing their numbers and range as a result of anthropogenic impact. This group includes species of animals, plants and fungi that have a wide variety of biological characteristics, which were not previously rare and have become so as a result of the influence of anthropogenic limiting factors. Some migratory species of animals, having a generally extensive range, concentrate in certain periods of their life cycle in an extremely limited area. Destruction of such key habitat or negative impacts on the population of the animals themselves could put the species in a critical situation.

2.2. Limiting factors

The set of anthropogenic limiting factors and the forms of their influence are extensive and diverse. All the variety of forms of influence of limiting factors on rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi are conditionally divided into two main groups: direct and indirect influences.

Direct impacts are the destruction or removal of organisms of a given species from natural populations as a result of excessive volumes of harvesting (collection), poor harvesting standards, illegal fishing, collection and collection of living organisms, irrational and indiscriminate control of weeds and pests of agriculture and forestry, death of animals on engineering structures, destruction by the population of animals and plants considered dangerous, harmful, unpleasant or, conversely, having economic or other value, and other actions.

Indirect impacts represent a change in the natural habitat of organisms, leading to a deterioration in the condition of the species. There are four areas of such influences:

Physical - change in the physical characteristics of the environment (destruction and change of relief, violation of the physical properties of soil or ground, destruction and change of the air environment, water basin, natural ecosystems) in the process of their intensive exploitation: transformation of vast natural areas into cities and other settlements and development sites, deforestation, plowing of steppes, drainage of swamps, peat mining, regulation of river flows, creation of reservoirs, seismic exploration and blasting, the effect of electromagnetic fields and radiation, noise exposure, thermal pollution, etc.

Chemical - pollution of the water basin, air, soil as a result of the activities of industrial enterprises and mining companies (pollution with industrial waste), the agro-industrial complex (pollution with pesticides, mineral and organic fertilizers, pesticides), the transport complex (pollution with industrial waste and oil products), housing municipal services (pollution from household wastewater, solid waste dumps), military facilities (pollution from rocket fuel and lubricants, untreated wastewater and emissions), as well as as a result of man-made accidents and global transport of pollution (oil spills, acid rain, etc. .).

Climate change climatic characteristics in the general context of global climate change caused by anthropogenic or natural causes, leading to a radical restructuring of habitats (the encroachment of forests on the steppe or forestation of mountain tundras, displacement of natural zones, the appearance of southern species of animals and plants in northern regions, etc.).

Biological - disruption of the structure of natural biocenoses as a result of human activity (intentional and unintentional introduction) and self-dispersal of alien species; spread of pathogens of animal and plant diseases; outbreaks of numbers of certain species; possible penetration of living genetically modified organisms into natural ecosystems; eutrophication of water bodies; destruction of animal food resources. Various types of anthropogenic activities have both direct and indirect impacts, are complex and are accompanied by synergistic and cumulative effects.

One of the main reasons for species to fall into the category of rare and endangered is the destruction or complete destruction of the habitats of these species. The negative consequences of human impact on rare and endangered species, depending on the diverse combination of impact factors and specific territorial conditions, are different. The main ones are: reduction in numbers; deterioration of the physiological state of organisms; impaired reproduction (impaired gametogenesis, decreased frequency and success of fertilization; prenatal mortality, non-viable offspring); increased mortality in the initial stages of organism development; increased mortality of adults; disruption of life cycles, including migration; violation of the sex and age structure of the population; disruption of the genetic structure of populations, loss of genetic diversity; disruption of the spatial structure of the population; disruption of the population structure of the species; non-adaptive change in animal behavior.

All these consequences ultimately lead to a reduction in numbers and extinction of individual populations and the species as a whole. Analysis of limiting factors and the mechanisms of their influence is the most important prerequisite for the development of an effective program for the conservation of any type of living organism. Such an analysis should be carried out for each specific case and take into account both the biological characteristics of the species and the socio-economic specifics of the region in which it lives.

It is necessary to separate the processes of change in biological diversity as a result of anthropogenic activities from the natural processes of its development. Natural factors should be taken into account when developing programs for the conservation of biological diversity, but their prevention is impractical and, in most cases, impossible. Of the anthropogenic factors, those that most strongly influence biological systems or are critical for them are prevented first of all.

2.3. Principles and methods of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants

Rare and endangered species of animals and plants; their populations and individual organisms belong to different levels of organization of living nature and are characterized by different structures, laws of development and functioning. At different hierarchical levels, it is necessary to determine principles, that is, particular methodological approaches based on the initial scientific principles about objects of biological diversity, and the main tasks for preserving objects. Based on the principles, conservation methods are determined - a set of basic methods and techniques for the conservation of rare and endangered species, and on their basis - measures and devices, that is, specific organizational technical means for their implementation.

Species principle. Main objectives: conservation of numbers and habitats of species (subspecies); preservation of the spatial-genetic population structure of the species; preservation of population diversity, intraspecific forms (seasonal races, ecological forms, etc.).

Methods of conservation in natural habitats: conservation of populations and species, monitoring their condition; conservation and restoration of natural habitats, reconstruction of biotopes; protection of species in specially protected natural areas (SPNA); reintroduction (reacclimatization) of species, reconstruction of lost populations.

A necessary condition for the sustainable conservation of a species is the preservation of its population structure. Local populations, intraspecific forms and subspecies are carriers of unique adaptations of the species to specific environmental conditions. Their destruction or disruption of the normal degree of isolation leads to the destruction of the adaptive spatial-genetic structure of the species that has developed during evolution and the loss of unique adaptations. To maintain the spatial-genetic structure of a species, it is necessary to maintain the degree of isolation of populations and form that is characteristic of undisturbed natural populations. Both the increased isolation of populations and forms, as well as the destruction of natural barriers between them and their artificial mixing, are destructive.

Population principle. Main objectives: preservation or restoration of the numbers and habitats of natural populations sufficient for their sustainable existence; maintaining optimal health of organisms in populations; preservation of intrapopulation genetic diversity and genetic originality (uniqueness) of the population; maintaining the diversity of the population structure (spatial, sexual, age, ethological and social).

Methods of conservation in artificially created habitats: conservation of populations of rare and endangered species in nurseries, zoos, botanical gardens, implementation of an optimal scheme for the exchange of individuals between nurseries, zoos and botanical gardens to preserve genetic diversity both within individual groups of organisms and in the population as a whole.

Methods of conservation in natural habitats: conservation of populations of rare and endangered species and control of their condition; conservation and restoration of natural habitats, reconstruction of biotopes; protection of populations of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi in protected areas; artificial reproduction of natural populations; technological and organizational measures to protect animals from death on engineering structures during economic work; assistance to animals in emergency situations; development and implementation of a system of measures to prevent the uncontrolled spread of invasive alien species and eliminate the consequences of these processes; preventing the penetration of living genetically modified organisms into the natural environment and further hybridization with conserved populations; elimination of factors leading to deterioration in the health of living organisms; reintroduction (reacclimatization) of extinct populations in natural habitats, restoration (genetic “recovery”) of small populations; relocation of populations from habitats inevitably destroyed as a result of economic activities (for example, construction of reservoirs, etc.) and the impact of natural factors (for example, rising lake levels with flooding of adjacent lowlands, etc.).

When preserving populations, their numbers are of utmost importance. A reduction in numbers increases the likelihood of random population extinction and is accompanied by a reduction in intrapopulation genetic diversity. In this case, not only the minimum level of size reached by the population is important, but also the duration of the period during which the population was small. There is no single minimum size value for populations of different species existing in different conditions. The minimum or critical values ​​of population numbers and densities that determine the moment of their transition from a safe state to an endangered state can only be determined in each specific case. These values ​​depend on many factors: features of biology, the rate of population growth, the degree of its differentiation into subpopulations, the nature of crossing of individuals, the conditions of existence of the population, etc.

Genetic diversity, ethological-social, spatial, age and sexual structure of a population determine its stability, ability to adapt and the ability to survive in changing environmental conditions. Intrapopulation genetic diversity determines the possibilities of its adaptation and survival in changing environmental conditions, including anthropogenic influences.

A reduction in intrapopulation diversity reduces the population's ability to adapt to changes in the external environment, makes the population unstable, and reduces its stability. The size and genetic diversity of a population are insufficient to assess its condition, since a number of forms of human impact on natural systems lead to a strong deterioration in the health of individual individuals, while the size of populations and their genetic diversity may still remain unchanged or even grow for some time. Therefore, an important indicator of the state of populations, which determines the possibility of their long-term sustainable conservation, is the health of individual individuals in the population.

Another necessary condition for the full long-term conservation of a population is the preservation of its typical natural habitat. Long-term and complete preservation of the gene pool of a species is possible only in its historically typical environment. If a population persists for a long time in an environment uncharacteristic for it, a transformation of its genetic structure inevitably occurs due to changes in the direction of selection. The population principle should form the basis of the strategy for the conservation of rare and endangered species, since only the conservation of individual natural populations can ensure the full conservation of the species.

Organismic principle. Main objectives: preservation of individual individuals and ensuring their reproduction; conservation of genotypes. Methods of conservation in an artificially created habitat: keeping and breeding of individual individuals in nurseries, zoos, botanical gardens, etc.; storage of genetic materials (gametes, zygotes, somatic cells, embryos) in low-temperature gene banks, in cell and tissue culture banks, as well as in seed banks; introduction of species into culture. The organismic principle makes it possible to preserve only part of the genetic diversity of natural populations. In gene banks, various nurseries, zoos, botanical gardens, etc., as a rule, only individual individuals (genetic material) or small groups of them are preserved. The genetic diversity of even very large populations restored from individuals preserved in artificial habitats will be based only on those genes that the founding individuals possessed (with the exception of new mutations). During long-term breeding of small groups of living organisms in nurseries, zoos, and botanical gardens, the genetic processes characteristic of natural populations are disrupted and genetic diversity is reduced. The introduction of species into culture also cannot preserve the gene pool of natural populations and species, since domestication inevitably involves significant changes in the properties of organisms and the genetic structure of the population.

The organic principle can be considered as fundamental only in cases where all reserves for preserving the population/species in the natural habitat have been exhausted, namely: the species/population has disappeared from nature; the threat of extinction for the species/population is so great that it is impossible to guarantee conservation in its natural habitat; in cases of uncontrolled introduction and hybridization, leading to the loss of purity of the gene pool of natural populations.

2.4. Special actions for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of animals and plants

The priority in conservation programs for rare and endangered species of animals and plants are methods of preserving them in their natural habitat, since only in such an environment is it possible to fully and long-term preserve living organisms and continue their natural evolution. Measures to conserve rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi outside their natural habitats are part of programs to restore species and return them to nature. The conservation of rare species in artificially created habitats must be applied in the following cases:

• if it is currently impossible to stop or reduce the effect of the main limiting factors;
• at a critically low total number, causing an unacceptably high probability of random extinction of the species (population) from nature;
• with severe disturbances in the genetic structure of populations (including a decrease in genetic diversity), leading to inbreeding depression, decreased viability of individuals and the manifestation of characteristics atypical for the species;
• when the mechanisms of self-healing of the population are destroyed and the need for its artificial reproduction.

In parallel with the conservation of the species outside its natural habitat, the tasks of restoring its habitats and stopping/reducing the impact of the main limiting factors are being solved. An exception to this rule is the conservation of species in an artificially created habitat, which is an independent task, that have disappeared from nature, and whose reintroduction in the near future is not possible. These species are conserved in scientific and educational purposes, and also as carriers of genetic information potentially useful for humans in the future.

Methods of conservation in natural habitats. Preservation of populations of rare and endangered species and control of their condition. The main objectives in this area are maintaining the size of populations and species, maintaining intrapopulation structure and maintaining the population structure of the species. This requires: combating the illegal exploitation of natural populations of rare species; rationing their legal use for various purposes (recreational, scientific, cultural, etc.); conducting environmental assessments of economic projects that affect the habitats of species and affect their numbers.

The tasks of protecting populations of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna, monitoring their condition may be assigned to specialized inspections created in accordance with the established procedure for the protection of rare and endangered species of animals and plants (an example of such an inspection is the current specialized inspection " Tiger", which protects the Amur tiger, the Far Eastern leopard and other species of animals and plants and their habitats, as well as the prevention and fight against offenses in the field of environmental management and environmental protection). It is necessary to develop such specialized structures to strengthen the fight against poaching and illegal trafficking of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna.

Protection of populations of rare and endangered species of animals and plants in protected areas and other protected natural areas. Protection in protected areas is one of the most effective methods for preserving rare and endangered species of animals and plants. For many of them, the organization of protected areas is currently a key measure for their conservation; Moreover, many protected areas were created specifically for the conservation of rare, endangered species. Populations and species of animals and plants distributed over an extremely limited area can be entirely preserved in protected areas. If a protected area cannot cover the entire range of a species, it is necessary that the protected areas contain the most important (key) habitats for the conservation of the species (reproductive zones, wintering areas, key sections of migration routes, etc.).

In addition to protected areas, populations of rare and endangered species of animals and plants can be successfully preserved in other protected natural areas (PAs), where the economic use of natural complexes is limited: specially protected forest areas (“forests with rare plant species”, “forests with the growth of endemic species", etc.), reproductive areas of the state forest fund, water protection zones, etc.

The greatest effect is achieved by organizing a network of protected areas with different protection regimes, connected by “ecological corridors” (ecological network). The structure of the ecological network must take into account the spatial and temporal structure of the species being conserved; conservation and restoration of the natural habitat of species, reconstruction of biotopes. Preservation and restoration of the habitat of rare species is extremely important in regions with intensive human economic activity. Often, in order to maintain and preserve an endangered population, it is necessary and sufficient to restore its typical habitat and reconstruct disappeared biotopes.

Artificial reproduction of natural populations. This method involves obtaining reproductive material from nature and growing organisms at the most vulnerable stages of development under controlled conditions. The reared offspring are transferred to the natural environment, where most of their lives are spent, and replenish natural populations. Artificial reproduction is an important way to maintain and restore populations of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, the natural mechanisms of reproduction of which are disrupted. However, with a partial, or even more complete, transition to artificial reproduction, the natural mechanisms of formation of the genetic structure of the population are disrupted, and its gene pool is depleted. It is necessary to strive to restore the natural reproduction system of the natural population.

The most common artificial reproduction in hunting is game breeding in semi-free conditions and in an artificially created habitat. Currently, game breeding in the Russian Federation is of limited scope, but the prospects for this area of ​​hunting are enormous. On millions of hectares of abandoned and forested agricultural land, it is possible to annually raise and hunt tens of thousands of ungulates and millions of game birds. Intensive game breeding will reduce the shortage of hunting resources and increase the economic value of hunting resources, reducing hunting pressure on natural hunting fauna. In regions where there are programs for the conservation and reintroduction of predatory animals (the Central Asian leopard, the Far Eastern leopard, the Amur tiger), breeding and releasing deer and roe deer will help improve the food supply of these rare cat species.

Reintroduction (reacclimatization) of species, reconstruction of lost populations involves the return of a species to the limits of its historical range, where it was exterminated or became extinct. The species can be reintroduced into its former habitats both from preserved natural populations and from groups bred in artificially created habitats (specialized breeding centers: nurseries, zoos, botanical gardens, etc.). The effectiveness of reintroduction can be significantly increased through the organization of special protected areas. Reintroduction must take into account the habitat requirements of the species, the genetic structure of the species, and the effects of reintroduction on ecosystems.

Technological and organizational protection measures include measures to protect animals from death on engineering structures (power lines, highways and other highways, on farmland fences, in hydroelectric power station turbines, etc.), during agricultural, logging, land reclamation and other anthropogenic processes; assistance to animals in emergency situations (man-made accidents, natural disasters, weather anomalies, etc.).

Measures to prevent the uncontrolled spread of invasive alien species include the development and implementation of a system of measures to: identify the main transit routes of the invasive process, inventory and monitor alien species along their entire length, prevent the hybridization of individuals in conserved populations with representatives of closely related alien species, eliminate the consequences of the invasive process, forecasting and assessing the risk of potential invasions of alien species in connection with increased interstate exchange.

Preventing the penetration of living genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the natural environment and their impact on conserved populations is based on an assessment of the environmental risks of using living GMOs associated with their possible infectivity, pathogenicity, ability to compete and transfer genes to other organisms. The guiding principle in this area is the precautionary principle, as set out in such fundamental documents of international importance as the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21 (Agenda 21), the Convention on Biological Diversity, the UNEP International Safety Guidelines for Biotechnology .

Methods of conservation in artificially created habitats. Storage of genetic materials (gametes, zygotes, somatic cells, embryos) in low-temperature gene banks, in cell and tissue culture banks, as well as in seed banks. Technologies for cryopreservation and the creation of other types of storage facilities for genetic material, schemes and basic practical methods for recreating living organisms from genetic material are being developed. Reconstruction of organisms from preserved genetic material is carried out by obtaining partheno-, andro- and gynogenetic individuals, gonad transplantation, creation of interspecific chimeric individuals from normal and damaged embryos during cryopreservation, transplantation of an embryo onto the yolk of another species, cloning by transplantation of somatic nuclei and nuclei of germ cells into an enucleated egg.

The cryopreservation method is also used in cases where, due to low numbers, it is not possible to catch mature males and females at the same time. Genetic material from repositories can be used to restore extinct populations and species, and to maintain or restore genetic diversity in severely disturbed populations.

Keeping and breeding individual animals in an artificially created habitat. Preservation of individuals and their groups in specialized breeding centers - nurseries, zoos, botanical gardens, etc. - includes the development, improvement and implementation of methods for maintaining and reproducing (both natural and artificial) rare and endangered species. The exchange of individuals or their genetic material between different breeding centers, as well as the maintenance of pedigree books and the selection of the best reproductive pairs, minimizes the negative consequences of inbreeding. This method is used to: create a “reserve” of a natural population/species that is in critical condition; rapid restoration of the population/species in the natural habitat in the event of their disappearance from nature; reducing the pressure of consumer demand on natural populations due to individuals raised in an artificially created habitat.

Introduction of species into culture. The introduction of species whose numbers are declining due to their excessive exploitation into culture weakens or removes this pressure from their natural populations, although it leads to significant changes in the properties of organisms and the genetic structure of the population.

2.5. Organizing hunting on a sustainable basis

Hunting on a sustainable basis should be considered from the standpoint of maintaining the sustainable use of the natural capital of the Russian Federation and preserving the flow of ecosystem services for present and future generations. Its difference from traditional hunting management of the provisioning type is that sustainable hunting management takes into account the importance of maintaining the flow of all types of ecosystem services: supporting, regulating and cultural. The Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), which put forward the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity as one of its main goals, was of landmark significance in understanding this approach. This position was supported by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its Policy Statement on the Sustainable Use of Living Wildlife Resources (Amman, 2000). The statement reaffirmed the 1990 IUCN position that the "ethical, wise and sustainable" use of wildlife can be compatible with and promote conservation, and stated that the sustainable use of wild living resources "is an important conservation tool because of the socio-economic benefits such use encourages people to protect these resources."

At the beginning of the 21st century, detailed practical recommendations appeared on the sustainable, three-component use of living wild resources. A number of countries have developed a set of principles, criteria and indicators for sustainable hunting management. The principles are divided into:

Ecological, according to which the purpose of hunting is to preserve and improve wildlife habitats; hunting management methods must, through protection and use, guarantee the conservation and enhancement of the diversity of game animals; the natural genetic diversity of game animals should be protected and stimulated by appropriate hunting management methods;

Economic, according to which the goals of hunting use are to strengthen and increase its profitability; preservation and promotion of good condition of game; damage prevention agriculture and forestry; implementation of joint actions with other sectors of the economy;

Sociocultural, which are focused on taking into account the interests of all groups of hunters in the hunting use of territories; the hunting use has the purpose of providing local employment; widespread public support for hunting; maintaining the welfare of game; reproduction of animals in natural conditions; preservation of hunting traditions as a way of sustainable hunting.

The most important tasks of sustainable hunting management include:

(1) identification and assessment of ecosystem services that are consumed during hunting as an important component of natural capital, the sustainability capital of countries and regions, (2) territorially specific and timely assessment of the potentially dangerous depletion of hunting resources, which became especially important after Russia’s accession to the WTO , as well as reflection of relevant data in territorial game management documents, in investment projects, etc., (3) development of market mechanisms for the return of part of the funds received through the use of ecosystem services for the conservation of their sources - hunting objects, (4) assessment of ecosystem services services in the field of hunting management based on the methodology of the corresponding socially-oriented market economy, (5) development of a system for monitoring ecosystem services in the field of hunting management; (6) development of a system of statistical indicators of game management that is adequate to the new tasks; (7) organization of comprehensive control on the basis of hunting inspections in each municipality.

3. Main directions and tasks for improving public management of the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and hunting on a sustainable basis

State policy to improve the management of the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and hunting on a sustainable basis involves the development and implementation of a system of measures and specific organizational and technical measures of an administrative, economic and other nature in the following key areas:

• strengthening the institutional and organizational framework for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants; as well as increasing the productivity of hunting while maintaining the optimal population structure of exploited animal species and their habitat;
• preparation of strategies and plans for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, including regional ones; targeted modernization programs and territorial game management schemes;
• improving the information, including statistical, base for managing the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and state management of hunting resources;
• development of market organizational infrastructure in the field of hunting on a sustainable basis;
• scientific support and environmental education;
• the international cooperation.

3.1. Strengthening institutional and organizational frameworks

In the Russian Federation as a whole, a regulatory legal framework has been formed that regulates relations in the field of protection of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, in the field of hunting and the conservation of hunting resources. However, the implementation of the principles of sustainable development involves strengthening the institutional and organizational foundations for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as increasing the productivity of hunting while maintaining the optimal population structure of exploited animal species and their habitat. It is important to ensure an integrated approach, taking into account the environmental and socio-economic conditions of each region when developing strategies and action plans. Particular attention should be paid to improving the investment climate in the field of rational use of hunting resources.

Specifics of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants; as well as organizing hunting on a sustainable basis presupposes the need for effective government regulation. Such regulation must take into account generally accepted norms international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation. Along with the development of legislative norms, it is necessary to improve the mechanisms that ensure the implementation of legislation and the improvement of law enforcement practice, primarily in the field of restrictions and regulations of hunting activities, stimulation of environmental innovations, including the dissemination of humane hunting methods.

An important role in creating institutional conditions favorable for increasing the productivity of hunting while maintaining the optimal structure of the population of exploited animal species and their habitats is played by a system of tax and budget incentives aimed at a general increase in activity, structural restructuring of the organization of the use of biological resources, as well as the formation of appropriate infrastructure .

The main tasks in this direction include the following.

1. Improving legislative and regulatory support for public administration, as well as creating regulatory conditions that ensure the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as increasing the productivity of hunting while maintaining the optimal population structure of exploited animal species and their environment a habitat.

2. Strengthening and expanding the powers of hunting inspectors, empowering them with the functions of protecting rare species of animals and plants outside the territory of protected areas. It should be taken into account that the bulk of the habitats of rare and endangered animal species (about 90%) are located outside the protected areas, namely, in the territories of hunting grounds.

3. Regulatory and legal support for a comprehensive system of measures and specific mechanisms for stimulating business activities in the field of rational use of hunting resources.

4. Creation of a favorable environment for attracting private investment in financing activities to increase the number of certain types of hunting resources and preserve their habitat. Development and implementation of a system of tax incentive measures, direct budget subsidies.

To eliminate the existing contradictions between individual provisions of various regulatory legal acts and fill gaps, in terms of strengthening measures to combat poaching, it is necessary:

Improving the rules governing the subject and procedure for concluding hunting agreements aimed at developing the institution of responsible hunting users;

Determination of hunting management efficiency indicators;

Consolidating the possibility of creating self-regulatory organizations that carry out on-farm hunting management activities;

Determining the role of all-Russian public hunting organizations in the system of hunting management and teaching knowledge about the animal world and minimum hunting requirements;

Strengthening the system of federal state control (supervision) relating to this area, as well as vesting a number of state powers to control the staff of hunting users.

It is also advisable to make changes to the legislation of the Russian Federation aimed at strengthening liability for the illegal extraction and trafficking of especially valuable hunting resources, as well as rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as products from them.

A key element in the system of protection of rare and endangered species of animals and plants should be the maintenance of the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Therefore, it is so important to increase the importance of maintaining “red books”, giving them the status of basic regulatory documents for planning and organizing measures for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, including when justifying budgetary costs in this area of ​​activity. The preparation of red books should be based on modern approaches and technologies that ensure the minimization of subjectivity in its compilation and the maximum possible efficiency of its maintenance. To do this you need:

Develop and adopt a modern system of criteria for assessing rare and endangered species of animals and plants, including: biological criteria for assessing the condition, criteria for the significance of the taxon for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole, socio-economic and technological criteria for assessing the taxon;

Develop and approve an optimal system of rarity status categories for species (subspecies, populations) of animals and plants in the Red Books, based on real priorities, needs and possibilities for ensuring their protection;

To ensure continuity and consistency in maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, based on the need to optimize the interaction of government authorities at various levels and local governments in the field of protection of flora and fauna, including hunting resources and aquatic biological resources;

Develop and approve the Procedure for maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation, which meets modern scientific and technological trends;

Introduce appropriate changes to the Regulations on the Commission for Rare and Endangered Species of Animals, Plants and Fungi, approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated October 21, 2002 No. 699 “On ensuring work on maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation”;

Ensure regular updating of the Red Books and revision of the approved lists of objects of flora and fauna, animal and plant species included in them based on new approaches to maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation;

Provide the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with technological and methodological support in the field of maintaining the Red Data Book of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

3.2. Preparation of strategies and action plans, targeted modernization programs and territorial planning documents

Strategies for the conservation of individual rare and endangered species of flora and fauna and regional strategies should be based on the principles defined in the Strategy for the Conservation of Rare and Endangered Species of Animals and Plants. At the same time, such strategies must take into account the biological specificity of specific species, their current state and conditions within their range or region.

A central issue in developing conservation strategies and plans for individual rare and endangered species is the selection of priorities and performance indicators. The critical condition of rare and endangered species is usually the result of a complex set of anthropogenic factors and biological characteristics of the species. However, attempts to block all negative factors, to preserve everything at once and everywhere, as a rule, only lead to a scattering of funds and do not give the desired result.

Strategies for the conservation of selected rare and endangered species of animals and plants. For the purpose of coordination and ensuring effective measures In order to preserve certain rare and endangered species of animals and plants, species-specific strategies for their conservation are being developed. Currently, conservation strategies have been developed and adopted for the Amur tiger, Far Eastern leopard, bison, snow leopard, and Sakhalin musk deer. Strategies for the conservation of certain rare and endangered species of animals and plants are based on the provisions of this Strategy. Strategies take into account the biological specificity of specific species, their current state and living/growing conditions within their range, are formed for a certain period of time and are revised after which.

Although conservation strategies for individual rare and endangered species of animals and plants will have their own specifics, based on accumulated experience in the development of such strategies, it is recommended to use the following approximate strategy structure.

Introduction

1. Goal and objectives of the strategy

1.1. Goal of the strategy

1.2. Strategy objectives

2. Systematic position

2.1. Russian, English and Latin names

2.2. Taxonomic status

3. Distribution in Russia

4. Number

5. Features of biology and prerequisites for conservation

5.1. Features of biology and reproduction rates

5.2. Habitat requirements

5.3. Features of nutrition and foraging behavior

5.4. Reaction to a person

6. Limiting factors

6.1. Factors of direct impact

6.2. Factors of indirect impact

7. Security status

7.1. Legal basis security

7.1.1. Main international agreements

7.1.2. National legislation, including the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the red books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

7.2. Territorial protection, including specially protected natural areas

7.3. Breeding in captivity

8. Priority conservation measures

8.1. Development of international cooperation

8.2. Improving the regulatory framework

8.3. Improving the network of specially protected natural areas

8.4. Increasing the effectiveness of protection outside specially protected natural areas

8.5. Scientific research

8.6. Monitoring the state of populations

8.7. Special security measures

8.8. Environmental education activities

9. Strategy Execution Partners

10. Action plan for strategy implementation

Due to the limited resources allocated for the implementation of measures for the conservation of rare and endangered species, priority attention when choosing an object for developing a conservation strategy should be given to species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, with the category of rarity status “endangered”.

The activities provided for by these strategies are included in federal and regional government programs. A special role in the implementation of these measures, based on the current division of powers in the field of protection and use of wildlife, hunting and conservation of hunting resources, belongs to government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Regional strategies for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants. They can be developed both for individual subjects of the Russian Federation and for ecoregions (river basins, lakes and seas, mountain systems and other natural complexes). It is necessary to prepare a standard structure and recommendations for the development of regional strategies for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants.

The development of regional strategies includes the following main stages: (1) inventory of rare and endangered species of the region and analysis of their status; (2) identification of priority objects of protection; (3) the actual development of strategies for the conservation of individual rare and endangered species. When drawing up a regional Action Plan, it is necessary to ensure coordination of conservation measures for individual species in the region among themselves and with measures for their conservation at the federal level, as well as with measures for their conservation in other regions.

Territorial management schemes - intra-farm and inter-farm - represent a system of documents for territorial planning for the development of hunting in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. They must be developed in accordance with the principles of sustainable development and taking into account the broadly understood geographical conditions of the regions. The development of such documents is most important for areas of compact residence of indigenous peoples, for which the role and traditions of hunting are especially significant.

Compensatory measures programs. At the pre-design stage, as part of the justification of intentions for the construction of industrial facilities and infrastructure (including linear facilities), an environmental impact assessment (EIA) must be carried out. The project documentation (sections “List of Environmental Protection Measures” and “Construction Organization Project”) must set out measures to reduce and compensate for damage to the environment, including the conservation of certain rare and endangered species of animals and plants and hunting resources. This block of activities should be developed by organizations that have specially trained personnel and appropriate logistics. Therefore, it is advisable to provide for the issuance of special permits for the development of these issues by design organizations within the framework of the SRO system.

It is important to ensure the unification of requirements for the composition of environmental sections so that investors cannot receive either preferences or inflated requirements, depending on the institutional situation in specific regions of the country. This requires the development and adoption of uniform requirements for the composition of environmental documentation for assessing damage and determining the list and scope of measures to compensate for damage caused to wildlife, in connection with the sectoral specifics of industrial and infrastructure facilities.

Targeted modernization projects and programs. To effectively modernize the country's hunting industry, it is necessary to introduce a system of mechanisms for direct support of investment and innovation projects aimed at implementing the latest methods of organizing hunting, characterized by the greatest economic efficiency. Its implementation presupposes the existence and updating of a system for assessing the effectiveness of projects in the field of hunting. Also, for the effective promotion of particularly significant projects, government support for the development of business proposals and feasibility studies is required and familiarization with them to a wide range of investors. The main tasks in this direction are:

Development of public-private partnership mechanisms for the implementation of innovative projects in the field of sustainable hunting management.

Development, approval and periodic updating of the list of fishing gear that corresponds to the best international practices and providing humane methods of hunting;

Organization of competitive selection of the most significant investment and innovation projects in the field of use of hunting resources for the organization of public-private partnership. Formation of an independent expert council to evaluate projects during competitive selection;

Formation and implementation of federal and regional targeted programs on the practical development of mechanisms for interaction between government authorities and hunting users in the process of implementing the most significant mechanisms in the field of rational use of hunting resources;

Creating conditions for the participation of small enterprises in federal, regional, interdepartmental and industry programs for the implementation of priority investment and innovation projects in the field of rational use of hunting resources;

Coordination of actions for the purpose of widespread replication of the results of the implementation of the best investment and innovation projects in the field of hunting (thematic publications, booklets, exhibitions and fairs of the most effective projects, conducting seminars and training events).

3.3. Improving the information, including statistical, base in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and sustainable hunting management

The basis information system Ensuring management of the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as state management of hunting resources, constitutes state registration, state monitoring and the state cadastre of rare and endangered species of animals. Registration of rare and endangered species of animals and plants is a set of periodically carried out activities to obtain information on the distribution, abundance and use of these objects, permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as within internal sea waters, territorial sea, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation. Registration of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna is carried out at intervals determined by the executive authorities of the Russian Federation.

The cadastre of rare and endangered species of animals and plants is official document, containing a summary of data on individual rare and endangered species (subspecies, populations, groups of species) of animals and plants, a comprehensive description of these objects, as well as an assessment of the full ecological, economic and social value of the objects (if data are available).

The cadastre is intended to provide information support for the decision-making process in the field of protection, restoration and sustainable use of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, game animal resources, as well as for use as a source of official information in regulating relations between government authorities in the region protection and management of these objects and natural resource users.

The information contained in the cadastre includes: information on the systematic and environmental status, distribution on the territory of the country/region, characteristics of the main habitats, information on the number and indicators of its annual dynamics, information on biology and ecology, resource significance, protection measures, their effectiveness and sufficiency. The basic information for maintaining the cadastre is accounting data. Keeping records of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna is carried out at two levels: federal (for the entire territory of the Russian Federation) and regional (for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and their individual administrative units). The cadastre of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi is maintained in the form of a computer database; its individual elements are published in text, tabular and cartographic form.

The cadastre of rare and endangered species of animals and plants is part of the state cadastre of flora and fauna of the Russian Federation and is maintained according to uniform rules, using standardized forms of information storage and observing the principles of compatibility and comparability with state cadastres of natural resources.

Among the strategic objectives in the field of accounting and cadastre, the priority ones are:

Improving approaches to state provision maintaining records and cadastre of rare and endangered species of animals and plants;

Development of a regulatory legal framework in the field of accounting and cadastre of rare and endangered species of animals and plants;

Monitoring of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as hunting resources, is a comprehensive system of regular observations of the distribution, abundance, physical condition of these objects, as well as the state of their natural habitat (structure, quality and area) in order to timely identify , analysis and forecasting of possible changes against the background of natural processes and under the influence of anthropogenic factors, assessment of these changes, timely prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative impacts.

The parameters for monitoring rare and endangered species of animals and plants and hunting resources include: the presence (or absence) of the species and its abundance (the primary and most important parameters), as well as parameters associated with biological criteria for assessing the status of species.

Monitoring of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as hunting resources, performs the following tasks:

Assessment of the current state of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna; as well as hunting resources;

Identification of trends, dynamics, scales and causes of changes in the state of these objects, assessment of the consequences of such changes for rare and endangered species of animals and plants and hunting resources, human health, socio-economic development of the country/region;

Determination of corrective measures aimed at preserving and restoring rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, hunting resources; identifying means to prevent the threat of extinction of species and individual populations, promoting sustainable development of regions and the country as a whole;

Providing government authorities with the necessary information necessary for making decisions in the field of nature conservation and environmental management;

Information support for environmental regulation procedures and monitoring the implementation of environmental standards, as well as environmental assessment of projects in the field of environmental management;

Information support for maintaining regional cadastres of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and cadastres of hunting resources;

Information support for maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Monitoring of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, as well as hunting resources, is carried out at two levels: federal (for the entire territory of the Russian Federation) and regional (for constituent entities of the Russian Federation and their individual administrative units).

The monitoring system unites various networks of structures monitoring biodiversity in general, located throughout the country. It includes all types of potential performers actually related to the study and protection of rare species, other biodiversity objects and assessment of the state of the natural environment: a network of nature reserves and other protected areas; system of biological stations; a network of specialized scientific institutions and universities; public environmental organizations; network of correspondents among the population; zoos, nurseries and botanical gardens; sectoral systems for accounting of biological resources.

Monitoring materials contain an analysis of the situation on rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, hunting resources, as well as certain species(subspecies, populations) and on individual, most significant problems. Materials include, in addition to text reviews, databases, tabular and cartographic materials.

The priority strategic objectives in the field of monitoring are:

Improving approaches to state support for monitoring rare and endangered species of animals and plants; hunting resources;

Development of a regulatory legal framework in the field of monitoring rare and endangered species of animals and plants and hunting resources;

Development of unified methodological recommendations for monitoring rare and endangered species of animals and plants and hunting resources at the federal level in general, as well as in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and in specially protected natural areas.

In the medium term, it is important to concentrate efforts on improving: (1) the system for collecting, storing and information on the status of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, providing for the development of information and analytical bases associated with geographic information systems for use in decision-making in management conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and (2) the methodological basis for state registration of species of animals and plants, including using modern capabilities of satellite systems, unmanned aerial vehicles, and innovative methods of study.

In organizational terms, it is necessary to ensure the coordinated work of a network of structures involved in maintaining state records of hunting resources and state monitoring of rare and endangered species of animals and plants. Provide for the inclusion in this network of: state natural reserves and other specially protected natural areas; biological station systems; hunting farms; specialized scientific institutions and universities; interested public environmental organizations; correspondents among the population; zoos, specialized nurseries and botanical gardens; sectoral systems for accounting of biological resources.

Providing state management of hunting resources with modern statistical and departmental socio-economic and environmental information. In order for hunting users to receive maximum income while maintaining the optimal population structure of exploited species of game animals, it is necessary to create an appropriate information system that allows dynamic assessment of: (1) the investment attractiveness of the sector for the use of hunting resources in the regional aspect; (2) the current and future value of stocks and flows of hunting resources; (3) the state of the main markets for hunting products and services in the field of hunting; (4) the effectiveness of the activities of government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in implementing the delegated powers of the Russian Federation in the field of hunting and conservation of hunting resources. The main tasks in this direction are:

Organization of monitoring of the main markets for hunting products and services in the field of hunting (the state of supply and demand, market capacity, transparency of operations, compliance with equal conditions of competition, etc.);

Conducting a monitoring assessment of the motivation of game users and hunters in the main areas of use of hunting resources that have the greatest socio-economic importance (including reproduction, production and environmental activities);

Development and implementation of a system of state support measures for hunting management, maintaining databases on priority resource-saving technologies in order to improve information support hunters and businesses about modernization processes in the field of organizing hunting, as well as to monitor the state of the relevant markets.

Development and implementation of an environmental-economic accounting system into the activities of government bodies managing hunting resources, which allows assessing the economic value of hunting resource assets under current hunting use, making forecasts and on this basis (1) assessing the economic and social efficiency of hunting use and from these positions assessing investments in development hunting, and (2) timely diagnose and prevent negative scenarios for the use of hunting resources, leading to the depletion of economically significant assets.

Work on integrated environmental and economic accounting based on the system of national accounts (SNA) was developed within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Development of State Statistics of Russia in 2007–2011” and is currently ongoing. They reflected the requirements for harmonization of the regulatory and legal framework as part of the country's preparation for joining the OECD. In accordance with OECD Directive C(2008)40 of March 28, 2008, one of the primary tasks is the development of uniform principles and guidelines for resource productivity (including the sustainable use of hunting and commercial resources). In this aspect, it is necessary to adapt the existing domestic practice of collecting, assessing and summarizing statistical data in the field of hunting to the methodological principles of the SNA.

3.4. Development of market organizational infrastructure in the field of hunting on a sustainable basis

The main task of improving the organizational infrastructure of the hunting industry in the Russian Federation is to ensure an increase in the productivity of the hunting industry while maintaining the optimal population structure of exploited animal species and their habitat. Currently, the organizational infrastructure in the field of hunting is represented by a fairly extensive network of organizations, among which the following types can be distinguished: (1) carrying out work to study the state of hunting resources of territories; (2) providing design and consulting services to business entities and authorities in the field of ensuring the rational use of hunting resources; (3) carrying out production and technological activities for the reproduction of natural resource potential in the interests of the development of hunting; (4) providing services for organizing hunting, as well as producing relevant equipment; (5) providing financial, information, legal support for the functioning of the infrastructure itself in the field of rational use of hunting resources.

Taking into account the course adopted in the Russian Federation towards modernization of the economy and the fact that the basis of the infrastructure of the National Innovation System of the Russian Federation consists of innovation and technology centers, high technology transfer centers, technology parks, funds for supporting research and development work, start-up and venture financing, centers for training specialized personnel, as well as other economic entities of various organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership for the creation of competitive high-tech products, it is obvious that these same organizational forms should be developed as infrastructural elements of support in improving the organization of management of hunting resources, and also in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants.

Another important area is the development of entrepreneurship (especially small and medium-sized businesses) in the field of rational use of hunting resources. As practice shows, the stage of formation and starting development small enterprises cannot be effectively implemented without government support, since it is costly. Public funds will reduce the risks of private investors and play a catalyst role in attracting private funds to carry out transparent and legal activities in the field of use of hunting resources.

The foundation of the development potential for the rational use of hunting resources is an effective education system. It is designed to provide hunters and business organizers in this area, which requires the coordinated development of a multi-level system of training, retraining and advanced training of specialists in the field of hunting and hunters themselves, as well as regular adjustments to the state order for personnel training.

The ultimate goal of improving infrastructure in the field of rational use of hunting resources is not just the creation of specific economic entities for more efficient implementation of economic activities, but ensuring their effective interaction, including diversification of the list of services provided and products produced; creation of new jobs, as well as the development of hunting in the direction of ensuring rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

The main activities in this direction should be developed: (1) in the field of development of production and technological infrastructure; (2) in the credit, financial and investment areas; (3) in the field of staffing.

3.5. Scientific support and environmental education

Scientific support is an essential element of ensuring effective public administration in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and sustainable hunting. The basis for organizing such research is a system of priorities, developed taking into account the strategic objectives of scientific support for the activities being carried out, the specific features of objects of the animal world, taking into account their species specificity, and the needs of government authorities in obtaining up-to-date scientific information.

The following areas are priority:

Study of the biological characteristics of rare and endangered species;

Development of a unified system of categories and criteria for identifying and classifying rare and endangered species, assessing their condition and determining priorities for their protection;

Determination of limiting factors and causes of species degradation;

Development of technologies for the conservation of species in artificial conditions and in natural habitats;

Development of scientific and methodological foundations for inventory, monitoring, systems for collecting, processing and analyzing data in accordance with modern environmental needs, creating a federal database and GIS, as well as an information and analytical system for rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi;

Scientific support for maintaining the Red Book;

Scientific support for federal and regional state programs for the protection and use of rare and endangered species;

Development of methods for accounting and assessment of hunting resources, as well as rare and endangered species of animals and plants within the framework of the system of environmental and economic accounting.

Scientific support for species and regional conservation programs for rare and endangered species.

Solving these problems requires the involvement of both applied and fundamental science. At the same time, it is important not only to resolve issues of financing scientific research, but also to ensure coordination of research. The basis for organizing research activities is a system of priorities developed taking into account the natural specifics of each territory, as well as the potential needs of the relevant government authorities for obtaining scientific information.

Environmental education. In order to increase public awareness about the uniqueness of each species of animals and plants, develop a responsible attitude towards natural complexes and objects, develop environmentally responsible methods of environmental management and create interest and the need for active personal support for events and actions aimed at preserving rare and endangered species animals and plants, as well as their habitats, it is planned to implement a complex of information and communication activities, environmental education activities and environmental propaganda using forms, methods and technologies available to each of the priority population groups.

The priority areas of environmental education activities in the context of various population groups are:

Politicians and decision makers: creating interest in the conservation of rare and endangered species, ensuring that these individuals include this problem in the scope of their professional activities; achieving a clear understanding of the value of rare and endangered species (ecological, economic and cultural); mastery of key provisions of environmental law;

Entrepreneurs: actively attracting extra-budgetary funding for activities aimed at preserving rare and endangered species, organizing voluntary material support for socially significant non-profit activities;

Schoolchildren: strengthening the environmental aspects of general and environmental education, developing a humane attitude of children towards wildlife, involvement in mass environmental campaigns, competitions, festivals, exhibitions dedicated to the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants in Russia; establishing close contacts between the school and institutions of additional education for children (palaces and art houses for children and youth, stations for young naturalists, school forestries, interest clubs, etc.), as well as with zoos and botanical gardens, nature houses and museums, national parks and nature reserves (organization of summer camps);

Students: special attention to working with electronic media, involvement in mass environmental actions through information through specialized websites on the Internet and social youth networks, involvement in the volunteer movement, primarily with the implementation of trips to specially protected natural areas, holding youth competitions for the implementation of joint scientific and environmental projects;

Journalists: organizing competitions for the best publications, producing programs and films dedicated to the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants in Russia;

Researchers and teachers: improving environmental and pedagogical qualifications through the implementation of special additional programs vocational education(courses, seminars, creative workshops, etc.); psychological, pedagogical and methodological training (mastery of modern psychological and pedagogical technologies of communication, environmental education and environmental education in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species).

A wide range of tools (environmental awareness-raising work, environmental education, environmental propaganda and environmental-artistic activities), which are implemented with the help of relevant organizational institutions of formation ecological culture(reserves, national parks, botanical gardens, zoos, museums, nature houses, libraries, media, government and non-government environmental organizations etc.), allows us to ensure the complexity of emotional and intellectual means of influence on various categories of the population, to achieve our goals and objectives.

3.6. The international cooperation

In order to further development international cooperation in the field of protection of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, organization of hunting activities on a sustainable basis, it is necessary:

Ensure the fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation arising from existing international conventions and agreements, as well as Russia’s membership in international organizations;

Develop Russia's participation in international cooperation in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants on a bilateral and multilateral basis, including by Russia's accession to the Agreement on the Conservation of Afro-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds;

To promote the development of partnerships in the field of protection of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, involving scientific institutes in the circle of partners on the Russian side Russian Academy sciences, educational institutions, organizations subordinate to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, hunting farms, government nature reserves and national parks, public environmental organizations, including by exchanging experience and information, implementing joint projects and programs.

4. Financing the Strategy

This Strategy is to be financed from funds federal budget, budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets, funds individual entrepreneurs And legal entities and other extra-budgetary sources. Federal budget funds are expected to be used to solve the following problems:

Ensuring legal regulation in the field of conservation of biological diversity and hunting;

Development of systematic scientific and methodological support for managing the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, development of hunting on a sustainable basis (information, institutional and organizational aspects);

Conducting fundamental and applied scientific research aimed at preserving rare and endangered species of animals and plants;

Improving approaches to maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation, ensuring its regular revision and publication;

Ensuring effective public administration in the field of conservation of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, development of hunting, as well as the development of information and analytical support;

Development and implementation of necessary activities in the field of international cooperation;

Development of environmental and educational activities in the field of conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of animals and plants in specially protected natural areas of federal significance;

Monitoring and recording of rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as hunting resources.

Along with financing the implementation of tasks at the federal level, it is planned to continue the allocation of subventions to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the exercise of their powers in the field of protection and use of wildlife, hunting and conservation of hunting resources, the implementation of which is transferred to the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to improve the efficiency of budget expenditures carried out in the form of subventions. This will require an increase in budget allocations.

Funds from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are expected to be used to solve the following problems:

Organization of special measures for the protection and restoration of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and their habitats, including the organization of new and ensuring the functioning of existing specially protected natural areas;

Maintaining state records, state monitoring, state cadastre of rare and endangered species of animals and plants;

Development of environmental education activities in the field of conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of animals and plants.

Extrabudgetary funds will be allocated for the implementation of adopted programs, projects and activities for the conservation of specific rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as for activities that ensure increased efficiency of their conservation.

State financing of measures to implement this Strategy in 2012-2014 will be carried out in accordance with the Budget Code of the Russian Federation within the budget allocations provided for by the Federal Law “On the Federal Budget for 2012 and for the planning period of 2012 and 2014”, and subsequently - in within the limits of budgetary allocations provided for these purposes in the federal budget for the corresponding year and for the planning period.

The composition and scope of work, as well as the volume of their financing from the federal budget, are determined during the preparation of measures to ensure the implementation of this Strategy, within the budget allocations provided for the interested federal executive authorities in the federal budget for the corresponding fiscal year and planning period.

Financial support for the implementation of the activities of this Strategy at the expense of federal budget funds for the fulfillment of accepted expenditure obligations will be clarified based on the results of consideration of these obligations in the prescribed manner when preparing the federal budget for the next financial year and planning period.

The creation of such a system of indicators is based on the methodological approaches of environmental-economic accounting (SEEA), developed under the auspices of the UN and since the early 90s, actively used in many countries of the world at various levels of management - national, regional, local.

Goals

1. Preservation of rare species of animals and plants during logging operations.
2. Preparation and publication of a field guide to rare species of plants and animals of the forests of the Irkutsk region.
3. Conducting a series of seminars on the protection of rare species of animals and plants for logging organizations in the Irkutsk region.

Tasks

1. Preparation and release of a field guide to rare species of animals and plants of the forests of the Irkutsk region
2. Program development and preparation of presentations for seminars
3. Conducting seminars in the cities of Irkutsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Bratsk, Ust-Kut, Kirensk, Taishet and in the village. Magistralny, Kachug.

Justification of social significance

Geography of the project

Target groups

1. Mid-level employees of logging organizations in the Irkutsk region

The main task of protecting rare and endangered species is to achieve such increasing their numbers, which would eliminate the danger of their extinction.

Rare and endangered species of animals (as well as plants) are included in the Red Books. The inclusion of a species in the Red Book is a signal of the danger that threatens it and the need to take urgent measures to save it. Each country in whose territory a species included in the Red Book lives is responsible to its people and all humanity for its conservation.

In our country, to preserve rare and endangered species, reserves and wildlife sanctuaries are organized; animals are resettled in areas of their former distribution, fed, shelters and artificial nesting sites are created, and protected from predators and diseases. When numbers are very low, animals are bred in captivity (in nurseries and zoos) and then released into suitable conditions.

Protection and restoration of the number of game animals

The preservation and restoration of the number of game animals is of particular importance. As you know, the value of game animals lies in the fact that they live off natural food, which is inaccessible or unsuitable for domestic animals; they do not need special care. From game animals people receive meat, furs, leather, raw materials for the perfume industry and medicines. For some peoples of the North, hunting wild animals is the basis of their existence.

Among game animals, fish, birds and animals are of greatest importance. Centuries of ever-increasing mining, as well as changes in their habitat, led in the first half of this century to a sharp reduction in their reserves. Of the mammals, the reserves of ungulates, fur and sea ​​animals. There was even an opinion that they could only be preserved in nature reserves. However, the successful restoration of the numbers of some species - elk, beaver, sable - made it possible to once again include them in the number of game animals.

Among game birds, waterfowl, vultures and bustards have suffered especially severely due to human fault. The number of geese, swans, and geese has decreased significantly. The red-breasted goose, little swan, white and mountain geese, Caucasian grouse, bustard and many other species are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (see the corresponding section Examples and additional information).

Security system protection of wild animals consists, on the one hand, of measures to protect the animals themselves from direct extermination or death from natural disasters, and, on the other hand, of measures to preserve their habitat. The protection of the animals themselves is carried out by hunting laws. They provide for a complete ban on hunting rare species and restrictions on the timing, norms, places and methods of hunting other commercial species.

Rational use reserves of game animals does not contradict their protection if it is based on knowledge of their biology.

It is known that in populations In animals, there is a certain reserve of non-reproducing individuals; they are able to increase fertility with low numbers and abundance of food. It is possible to achieve the well-being of game animal populations by maintaining a certain ratio of sex and age groups and regulating the number of predatory animals.

The protection of hunting grounds is based on knowledge of the habitat conditions necessary for the life of commercial species, the availability of shelters, suitable places for nesting, and the abundance of food. Often the optimal places for species to exist are nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries.

Reacclimatization of the species - This is its artificial resettlement in areas of its former distribution. It is often successful, since in this case the species takes its former position. ecological niche . Acclimatization new species require extensive preliminary preparation, including forecasting their impact on the local fauna and possible role in biocenoses . Experience acclimatization indicates many failures. The importation of 24 rabbits to Australia in 1859, which decades later gave rise to multimillion-dollar offspring, led to a national disaster. The multiplied rabbits began to compete for food with local animals. By settling in pastures and destroying vegetation, they caused enormous damage to sheep farming. Fighting rabbits required enormous effort and a long time. There are many such examples. Therefore, the relocation of each species should be preceded by a thorough study of the possible consequences of introducing the species into a new territory based on environmental assessment and forecast.

Timely measures taken make it possible to successfully maintain the required number of game animals and use them for a long time.

Contemporary water issues Problems clean water and protection of aquatic ecosystems are becoming more and more urgent as society develops historically, and the impact on nature caused by scientific and technological progress is rapidly increasing. Already, in many areas of the globe there are great difficulties in ensuring water supply and water use as a result of the qualitative and quantitative depletion of water resources, which is associated with pollution and irrational use of water. Water pollution mainly occurs due to the discharge of industrial, household and agricultural waste into it. In some reservoirs, the pollution is so great that they have completely degraded as sources of water supply. A small amount of pollution cannot cause a significant deterioration in the condition of the reservoir, since it has the ability of biological purification, but the problem is that, as a rule, the amount of pollutants discharged into the water is very large and the reservoir cannot cope with their neutralization. Water supply and water use are often complicated by biological obstacles: overgrowing of canals reduces their throughput, algae blooms worsen water quality and its sanitary condition, fouling creates interference in navigation and the functioning of hydraulic structures. Therefore, the development of measures with biological interference acquires great practical importance and becomes one of the most important problems of hydrobiology. Due to the disruption of the ecological balance in water bodies, a serious threat of significant deterioration of the environmental situation as a whole is created. Therefore, humanity faces the enormous task of protecting the hydrosphere and maintaining biological balance in the biosphere. The problem of ocean pollution Oil and petroleum products are the most common pollutants in the World Ocean. By the beginning of the 80s, about 6 million tons of oil entered the ocean annually, which accounted for 0.23% of world production. The greatest oil losses are associated with its transportation from production areas. Emergency situations involving tankers draining washing and ballast water overboard - all this causes the presence of permanent fields of pollution along sea routes. In the period 1962-79, as a result of accidents, about 2 million tons of oil entered the marine environment. Over the past 30 years, since 1964, about 2,000 wells have been drilled in the World Ocean, of which 1,000 and 350 industrial wells have been equipped in the North Sea alone. Due to minor leaks, 0.1 million tons of oil are lost annually. Large masses of oil enter the seas through rivers, domestic wastewater and storm drains. The volume of pollution from this source is 2.0 million tons/year. Every year 0.5 million tons of oil enters with industrial waste. Getting into marine environment , oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of varying thickness. The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into water. The light transmittance of thin films of crude oil is 1-10% (280 nm), 60-70% (400 nm). A film with a thickness of 30-40 microns completely absorbs infrared radiation. When mixed with water, oil forms two types of emulsion: direct - “oil in water” - and reverse - “water in oil”. When volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous inverse emulsions that can remain on the surface, be transported by currents, washed ashore and settle to the bottom. Pesticides. Pesticides constitute a group of artificially created substances used to control plant pests and diseases. It has been established that pesticides, while destroying pests, harm many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. In agriculture, there has long been a problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control. Industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the emergence of a large number of by-products that pollute wastewater. Heavy metals. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are common and highly toxic pollutants. They are widely used in various industrial processes, therefore, despite treatment measures, the content of heavy metal compounds in industrial wastewater is quite high. Large masses of these compounds enter the ocean through the atmosphere. For marine biocenoses, the most dangerous are mercury, lead and cadmium. Mercury is transported to the ocean by continental runoff and through the atmosphere. During the weathering of sedimentary and igneous rocks, 3.5 thousand tons of mercury are released annually. Atmospheric dust contains about 12 thousand tons of mercury, a significant part of which is of anthropogenic origin. About half of the annual industrial production of this metal (910 thousand tons/year) ends up in the ocean in various ways. In areas polluted by industrial waters, the concentration of mercury in solution and suspended matter increases greatly. Contamination of seafood has repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of coastal populations. Lead is a typical trace element found in all components of the environment: rocks, soils, natural waters, atmosphere, living organisms. Finally, lead is actively dissipated into the environment during human economic activity. These are emissions from industrial and domestic wastewater, from smoke and dust from industrial enterprises, and from exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. Thermal pollution. Thermal pollution of the surface of reservoirs and coastal marine areas occurs as a result of the discharge of heated wastewater by power plants and some industrial production. The discharge of heated water in many cases causes an increase in water temperature in reservoirs by 6-8 degrees Celsius. The area of ​​heated water spots in coastal areas can reach 30 square meters. km. More stable temperature stratification prevents water exchange between the surface and bottom layers. The solubility of oxygen decreases, and its consumption increases, since with increasing temperature the activity of aerobic bacteria decomposing organic matter increases. The species diversity of phytoplankton and the entire algal flora is increasing. Freshwater pollution The water cycle, this long path of its movement, consists of several stages: evaporation, cloud formation, rainfall, runoff into streams and rivers and evaporation again. Along its entire path, water itself is capable of purifying itself from contaminants that enter it - products of decay of organic substances, dissolved gases and minerals, suspended solids. In places where there are large concentrations of people and animals, natural clean water is usually not enough, especially if it is used to collect sewage and transport it away from populated areas. If not much waste gets into the soil, soil organisms process it, reusing it. nutrients, and clean water seeps into neighboring watercourses. But if sewage gets directly into the water, it rots, and oxygen is consumed to oxidize it. A so-called biochemical demand for oxygen is created. The higher this need, the less oxygen remains in the water for living microorganisms, especially fish and algae. Sometimes, due to lack of oxygen, all living things die. The water becomes biologically dead; only anaerobic bacteria remain; They thrive without oxygen and, in the process of their life, emit hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with a specific smell of rotten eggs. The already lifeless water acquires a putrid odor and becomes completely unsuitable for humans and animals. This can also happen when there is an excess of substances such as nitrates and phosphates in the water; they enter water from agricultural fertilizers in fields or from wastewater contaminated with detergents. These nutrients stimulate the growth of algae, the algae begin to consume a lot of oxygen, and when it becomes insufficient, they die. Under natural conditions, the lake exists for about 20 thousand years before it silts up and disappears. Excess nutrients accelerate the aging process and reduce the lifespan of the lake. Oxygen is less soluble in warm water than in cold water. Some plants, especially power plants, consume huge amounts of water for cooling. The heated water is released back into the rivers and further disrupts the biological balance of the water system. Low oxygen content hinders the development of some living species and gives an advantage to others. But these new, heat-loving species also suffer greatly as soon as the water heating stops. Organic waste, nutrients and heat become an obstacle to the normal development of freshwater ecological systems only when they overload these systems. But in recent years, ecological systems have been bombarded with huge amounts of completely alien substances, from which they have no protection. Pesticides used in agriculture, metals and chemicals from industrial wastewater have managed to enter the aquatic food chain, which can have unpredictable consequences. Species at the beginning of the food chain can accumulate these substances in dangerous concentrations and become even more vulnerable to others. harmful effects. Polluted water can be purified. Under favorable conditions, this occurs naturally through the natural water cycle. But polluted basins - rivers, lakes, etc. - require much more time to recover. In order for natural systems to recover, it is necessary, first of all, to stop the further flow of waste into rivers. Industrial emissions not only clog, but also poison wastewater. Despite everything, some urban households and industrial enterprises still prefer to dump waste into neighboring rivers and are very reluctant to give up this only when the water becomes completely unusable or even dangerous. In its endless circulation, water either captures and transports many dissolved or suspended substances, or is cleared of them. Many of the impurities in water are natural and get there through rain or groundwater. Some of the pollutants associated with human activities follow the same path. Smoke, ash and industrial gases settle to the ground along with rain; chemical compounds and sewage added to the soil with fertilizers enter rivers with groundwater. Some waste follows artificially created paths - drainage ditches and sewer pipes. These substances are usually more toxic, but their release is easier to control than those carried through the natural water cycle. Global water consumption for economic and domestic needs is approximately 9% of total river flow. Therefore, it is not the direct water consumption of hydro resources that causes a shortage of fresh water in certain regions of the globe, but their qualitative depletion. Over the past decades, an increasingly significant part of the freshwater cycle has come to consist of industrial and municipal wastewater. About 600-700 cubic meters are consumed for industrial and domestic needs. km of water per year. Of this volume, 130-150 cubic meters are irrevocably consumed. km, and about 500 cubic meters. km of waste, so-called wastewater, is discharged into rivers, lakes and seas.