Hardwoods: what are they? What is the strongest tree in the world Solid wood.

Today, the hardness of a tree is determined using several methods. There are density ratings for all trees. Based on the hardness, they determine where and what kind of wood to use.

The hardest woods

Brazilian cherry, scientifically called jatoba, is second in hardness. It should be noted that this tree has nothing in common with plants of the genus "cherry". Sucupira grows in South America. Its wood is not only practical, but also decorative, as it has interspersed light veins that contrast with the reddish-brown wood. It is known that fungi and pests of sucupire are not terrible. Despite the fact that wood is difficult to process, it is well polished.

There is such wood from the category of hard ones, like African turbidity. It is unusual that in structure it is similar to teak, and in color it resembles walnut. In Central America, there is an amaranth tree, which has a dense but flexible wood that has a red-violet hue and a large expressive structure. Amaranth is difficult to process and varnish, however, single accessories and expensive furniture are made from its wood.

Merbay is another type of hardwood. It is easy to process, easy to polish and resistant to moisture. These properties make it ideal for the production of parquet, bathroom decoration. The well-known Canadian maple growing in North America, otherwise called sugar maple. This hard tree is the symbol of Canada.

Yarra is an Australian eucalyptus. Due to the similarity of its wood with mahogany, the tree is also called Australian mahogany. Rosewood is considered solid wood. His homeland is Brazil. It is an indispensable material for the manufacture musical instruments and furniture for presentable objects.

The hardest tree in Russia

The birch got its name in honor of the botanist who discovered it by the name of Schmidt. This tree grows along the slopes of ravines at the exit of rocks, as it loves stony soil. The birch always has an inclined state of the trunk. Usually it is comb-shaped and does not exceed eighty centimeters in girth. Iron birch reaches a height of twenty-five meters, but the crown begins only at a height of eight meters. These trees are considered long-lived. On average, the Schmidt birch lives about three hundred and fifty years.

What is hardwood made of?

Acacia wood has a yellow tint. She was known even to cabinetmakers, as she does not rot and does not wear out. Acacia wood is used to make parquet, which is considered stronger than oak, and over the years it becomes more beautiful.

Marbau wood, due to its increased hardness, is used during the construction of public buildings, and parquet is also made from it. It is used in the design of wet rooms, as it is not afraid of water.

Previously, not only hunting tools were made from durable ash wood, but also military weapons, spears and clubs were made. Beech wood is known to bend easily when steamed. This property is indispensable in the manufacture of rounded furniture, including Viennese chairs. Beech is used to produce rifle butts, weaving shuttles and even musical instruments. In addition, plywood and containers are made from beech, beech parquet and measuring instruments are known.

The tree with the strongest wood

The Schmidt birch, whose wood is one and a half times stronger than cast iron, grows in Primorsky Krai, another owner of iron wood grows in Brazil - this is an Amazonian tree, in Africa such a representative is called azobe. Taxus (or yew) also belongs to iron trees, it is absolutely not subject to rotting, it is also called "non-rot-tree". Azerbaijan and Iran are the birthplace of an iron tree called temir-agach, and Persian parrotia grows in the North Iranian and Transcaucasian forests.

Trees are champions not only in strength, but also in size. According to the site, the largest tree in the world has reached a height of more than 150 meters.
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In the fields of construction and production, traditional consumables are being replaced by high-tech plastics in various designs. They are distinguished by high technical and physical qualities, which allows them to confidently replace both wood and even metal. However, wood raw materials have many advantages due to the low cost of purchase and environmental friendliness. Strength is considered the weak point of this material. To increase this indicator, manufacturers use special processing methods to increase rigidity, density and, in general, resistance to mechanical damage. However, solid wood species initially have these properties, often eliminating the need for special heat treatments.

Hardwood Features

Typically, the quality of such rocks is evaluated by three indicators - density, Brinell hardness and cross-cut stiffness. On average, the density of such wood is about 1200-1400 kg/m 3 . As for the hardness according to Brinell, this value can reach 3.5 kgf / mm 2, and the rigidity of the transverse cut is 80 MPa. Again, these indicators are typical for the usual Russian conditions trees, and exotic breeds can have significantly superior characteristics. What types of wood are hardwoods in the temperate zone? Usually isolated oak, beech, ash and some types of hornbeam. It is important to consider that along with the positive quality in the form of hardness, such trees also differ in negative properties. It has already been said that in order to improve the performance, lumber can be subjected to additional processing. Sometimes for special physical characteristics solid wood is subjected to similar operations. And here a serious problem manifests itself, since many rocks, due to their high density, cannot stand the processes of grinding, impregnation, and especially drying. Often cracks, chips and other manifestations of structural deformation are formed.

Hardwood classifications

Allocate species that grow in the temperate zone, and exotic trees. There is also a classification into deciduous and conifers. Although most hardwoods are still deciduous, among the needles there are also varieties with increased density and stiffness characteristics. As for breeds temperate zone, then they include maple, boxwood, briar and the mentioned hornbeam. Coniferous hardwoods are also the most common here. Which of them has the most pronounced indicators of hardness? In this case, larch, yew, juniper and lawson deserve attention. There are also hardwoods among the usual fruit trees - in this category forest apple, oxalis, pear, mountain ash and some types of walnut stand out. As for exotic rocks, they demonstrate the highest rates of hardness and density. Here, red and lemon eucalyptus, etc., are of particular interest. Now it is worth considering in more detail the hardest tree species.

The Red tree

In Russia, this breed is the most popular, as it can be purchased on a free sale. it tropical tree, which is characterized by high hardness, as well as the original texture on the cut. Freshly sawn wood has a yellowish-red hue, but over time it is replaced by darker tones, which gives the material nobility. Accordingly, the consumer appreciates not only the technical, but also the decorative properties of this tree. It should be noted that from the point of view of pronounced decorative qualities, backout and boxwood also belong to hardwoods. Moreover, these rocks are used not only as finishing materials, but can also replace individual decorative details in jewelry and technical devices. But mahogany is also distinguished by ease of machining. The density of this rock is not so high compared to many solid materials of tropical origin, so this raw material is in great demand in furniture factories.

iron tree

If heavy-duty plastics can replace iron due to their strength, then this rock is not only able to take the place of an element resistant to mechanical stress in some areas, but at the same time meet increased requirements in terms of environmental resistance. The concept of an iron tree includes a whole group of species that mainly grow in the countries of the Asian region and in Australia. The classic representative of the group is the Persian parrotia. This type distributed in relict forests, where locals Since ancient times, handles for knives and axes have been made from it. Today, the "iron" wood of hardwoods is under the protection of UNESCO. This breed, in particular, has an aesthetic value, which causes great interest in it from the market.

Merbau

This is not the hardest, but in terms of other operational qualities, one might say, the most practical breed. Previously used in the construction of marine vessels. This is due to the fact that the material is resistant to moisture and also does not dry out. Therefore, merbau can be stored for a long time, then subject heat treatments and apply in construction. As already noted, hardwood trees, like hornbeam or beech, practically do not tolerate additional processing. But merbau steadfastly endures traditional methods of influence in order to improve individual performance.

white locust

The hardest rock in Russia, which is valued not only for its strength, but also for its resistance to biological destruction processes. In addition, this type of acacia is well polished and does not crack during long-term operation. Subject to preventive treatment measures, wood is also not subjected to minor mechanical damage. By the way, by technical specifications this species outperforms hardwoods such as oak and ash.

Lignum vitae

The hardness index of this tree is one of the highest in the world. Suffice it to say that the material optimally copes with its tasks when used in the form of bearings, bushings and brackets. In the navy, the wood of this species was often used as deck material. But as lumber, backout is valued for other reasons. It does not lend itself to deforming processes under the influence of third-party negative factors. These can be both chemical and physical influences that do not have a destructive effect on the structure. There are other hardwoods that also show resistance to extreme loads. But the unique quality of the backout is a balanced combination of large mass and density.

The use of hardwood

Most of this material is used in construction. Wood in one form or another can be used as a basis for structures, and as a finish. Separate breeds are also used in the fields of mechanical engineering and instrumentation. Of these, separate functional elements are made with the expectation of long-term use - and these can be both temporary consumables and durable parts of structures. These are the main, but not all, areas in which high-strength wood species are used. Soft, hard rocks, as well as those with average density values, can also be used for medical purposes. In this case, hardness is not so important. The fact is that many exotic breeds contain resins that are unique in their qualities. The preparation of therapeutic mixtures for internal and external use, in particular, allows you to deal with diseases of the joints, respiratory organs, etc.

Conclusion

Manufacturers of building materials are well aware of the rule that the improvement of one technical and operational property almost always entails the minimization of other qualities. In part, this law also applies to hardwoods, which, according to some characteristics, lose to softwoods. The processes of biological destruction, physical deformation, as well as texture distortion are the main disadvantages of soft rocks used in the long term. But on the other hand, such wood has the advantage of being susceptible to additional treatments. Of course, there are exceptions in both categories, but the soft structure, due to its low density, is still more inclined to form new properties artificially.

Surely, many people know that such types of wood as oak and ash are distinguished by solid wood. However, if we talk about the hardest tree, then this is the "iron" tree. And in various countries of the world to the "iron" are ranked different types trees, distinguished by such hard and durable wood, which is often capable of surpassing iron in these indicators. And this means that the wood of such trees is very difficult to process, does not float on water and sinks, and can also be used to make nails and even structural elements for cars. So what representatives of the plant world have the well-deserved title of "the hardest tree"?

This hardest tree is present in the forests of Azerbaijan and Iran. In terms of hardness, it is many times stronger than iron. If you want to go through thickets of such trees, you will very soon realize that this is impossible due to the lack of flexibility of their trunks. Very often, such trees are used to make hedges, which grow stronger and stronger every year.

This is the hardest tree among the "iron" trees found in the forests of Northern Ireland and the Caucasus. Black wood has an unusual structure, is very durable and is resistant to various insect pests. Due to the high density of parrotia wood, it is successfully used for the production of wind musical instruments, machine parts and various artistic crafts. This tree is included in the Red Book.

Tiss

This representative of the "iron" trees not only has heavy-duty wood, but also does not rot, for which he received the name "non-rot-tree". Found in Transcaucasia and Far East. Previously, nails were made from the wood of the non-purulent tree, and it was also used for the construction of structures located under water or underground.

Amazonian and African "iron" trees

In Africa, you can find a tree related to the "iron" - it is called azobe. In Brazil, a similar tree grows - the Amazonian "iron" tree, which is distinguished by its excellent strength and hardness of wood.

This is the hardest tree that grows in the protected forest called "Kedrovaya Pad" (Primorsky Territory). In terms of strength, it exceeds the same parameter of cast iron by 1.5 times. You can even shoot this birch with a pistol - the bullet will simply fly off and not damage its trunk. The wood of this tree successfully replaces metal. A rare tree lives for about four hundred years, which is a very impressive lifespan, because not a single birch is distinguished by such longevity.

The wood of this tree, which grows up to 8 meters, was previously used for the production of parts for watches, buttons, gun ramrods, and parts for looms. And spears or arrows, which were made from dogwood wood, did not know wear and tear.

Ulin

This Bornean "iron" tree is extremely difficult to process due to the high hardness of the wood. Its smooth texture and pleasant color make it especially attractive for the production of parquet, solid boards and furniture. You can cut this tree, but you often have to sharpen tools. But the product from the street will serve for quite a long time.

White acacia

This tree has wood, which in our country is considered one of the hardest. Attractive texture, juicy color, excellent strength, highest hardness, excellent resistance to decay - that's distinctive features this wood. In addition, it is very easy to polish. Acacia wood is used for the production of furniture and parquet.

It also bears the name "Brazilian cherry", but it has nothing to do with the genus "cherry". A tree with high hardness has a wide crown and grows up to forty meters in length.

The wood of this tree, which grows in Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia, is difficult to process, but polishes well. Also, sucupira wood is not affected by fungi and various pests. Among the trees with strong and hard wood, one can also distinguish ebony, rosewood, kumaru. All of these trees sink easily in water and have rot-resistant bark. This means that you won’t be able to get a boat out of their wood, but you can produce beautiful furniture.

iron trees

Ironwood is a very heavy wood that sinks quickly in water. The density of ironwood wood is significantly higher than the density of water, and therefore it sinks. The bark of an iron tree is very thin and breaks easily. If the branches of neighboring trees touch each other, they quickly grow together, creating interesting plexuses. From Latin, the iron tree is translated as "the tree of life", because it is famous for its famous healing properties and the ability to heal many ailments.

In different regions, "iron tree" means different plants:

Temir-agach

1. Temir-agach (damiragach) or "iron tree" - grows in Iran and Azerbaijan and surpasses iron in hardness. Temir-agach is quite often used in the manufacture of living barriers, which become stronger and stronger every year. It is impossible to get through a thicket of such trees, because the trunk of an iron tree is completely devoid of flexibility.

2. Persian parrotia is one of the most durable iron trees. It grows in the Transcaucasian and Northern Iranian forests. Suitable for the production of machine parts and art products.

Wooden nails

3. Yew (Taxus), or "non-pus-tree". This iron tree has not only strong wood, but also almost does not rot. Nails were made from it, used in the construction of underground and underwater structures.

4. Azobe is a tropical African iron tree.

5. Amazonian tree - Brazilian iron tree.

Metal replacement

6. Schmidt's birch - grows in the southern part of the Primorsky Territory in the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve. The wood of this birch is 1.5 times stronger than cast iron and may well replace metal. The life expectancy of the Schmidt birch is about 400 years, like no other birch on the planet.

7. Also rosewood (or rosewood), ebony, kumaru.

Each of these trees has very strong wood, enriched with oils, the bark of such trees is resistant to decay, and they are all heavier than water. A good boat from such wood will not work, but for the manufacture of furniture - this is one of the most the best materials, however, and the most expensive.

To determine the hardness of materials (including wood) use various methods. To determine the hardness, tests are most often carried out according to the Brinell and Rockwell methods.

According to the Brinell method, a steel ball is pressed into the material under load, then the depth of indentation is measured. After that, the formulas calculate the hardness in units denoted by HB.

When studying Rockwell hardness, a steel ball or (for the hardest materials) a diamond cone is also pressed into the material. Hardness, depending on the measurement scale used, is referred to as HRA, HRB and HRC.

According to the results of measurements, a list of types of wood by hardness was compiled. The following is a list of wood species, from hardest to softest (according to Brinell).

Jatoba

This tropical tree has a very strong wood, its hardness is 7HB. The homeland of the jatoba is the humid tropics of South and Central America. The wood is quite light, grayish in sapwood. The heartwood is red, red-brown, or dark orange, with yellow, orange, and red banding. The sawn wood darkens within 6-7 days and becomes brick red. Jatoba is called the "Brazilian" or "South American Cherry".

The height of a mature tree reaches 40 meters. Wood is used to make furniture, flooring and parquet boards. Elements of decorative interior decoration are made from jatoba.

Sucupira

The hardness of wood is 5.6HB. Sucupira grows only in tropical forests Amazon. The height of a mature tree reaches 30 meters. The core of the trunk consists of red-brown "dull" wood. The outer part, sapwood, is lighter, whitish. In the cut, yellow stripes of parenchymal matter are clearly visible. The texture of sucupira is unique and different from the structures of other types of wood. It is beautiful, and the oily substances contained in the wood make it resistant to destruction by carpenter beetles and fungi. Sucupira is used to make floor boards, parquet boards and furniture. The wood is difficult to cut, but it accepts sanding and polishing well.

Mutania

The hardness of mutenia wood is 5HB.

This tree grows in the humid tropics of West Africa. It grows 60 m in height. The wood of the mutenia is brown, like that of a walnut, olive with a brownish tinge. special beauty the material is given "rays" purple. Mutania wood is similar in structure to teak wood.

Muteniya is used for the manufacture of floor boards, furniture and elements of interior decoration of buildings.

Merbau

The hardness of merbau wood is 4.9HB. The homeland of the merbau is the humid tropics of Papua and New Guinea and the forests of southeast Asia. An adult merbau tree grows up to 30 meters. The wood is dense (the weight of a cubic meter reaches 800 kg), the core is painted in light orange or yellow. Merbau sapwood is light yellow. The tree darkens over time, becoming bronze or brown, with a silvery sheen. The fibers are straight or sinuous, they create a beautiful texture. Merbau is resistant to moisture and is suitable for decorating bathrooms. Merbau wood is used to make parquet boards, furniture, strong, durable buildings are built from it.

Canadian maple

There are 200 maples native to Eurasia and North America. Canadian maple wood has a hardness of 4.8HB.

Maple grows up to 20 meters in height. Its wood is white, uniform in structure, with clearly visible growth rings. On the cut, heart-shaped rays of a light gray color are clearly visible. Maple does not swell with water and bends well when steamed.

Most of maple wood goes to the manufacture of furniture, parquet boards, gun butts, plywood, musical instruments, caskets, carved handicrafts, ancient wooden utensils. Maple cuts well and polishes easily.

Yarra australian eucalyptus

The hardness of the Australian jarrah according to Brinell is 4.7-5 HB. The tree grows up to 35-40 m, up to a height of about 20 m it has no knots at all, which positively affects the quality of the wood. The color of wood in young trees is varied - from pinkish to rich purple hues. Mature trees have dark red wood. The saw cut in the air darkens, becoming purple-red. Products from this tree are very beautiful, but the finished material is prone to cracking and changing shape when dried. Therefore, the processing of lumber is carried out after drying. Yarra is well cut and polished. Veneer, parquet, furniture, musical instruments, sports equipment are made from wood. In Australia, bridges, buildings, piers, telegraph poles are built from it.

Yarra Amazonian

The hardness of the Amazonian yarra is about 6HB, its homeland is South America. The Amazonian Yarra has a dark reddish or plum colored heart. The sapwood of the tree is lighter yellowish or brownish. Amazonian jarrah wood darkens from exposure to air and moisture, its texture consists of small fibers, a sharp border between sapwood and heartwood is not observed. The Amazonian Yarra is hard to work, but polishes and bends well. This wood is used as a material for the construction of buildings and boats, furniture and a wide variety of things are made from it.

Pink tree

The hardness of the rosewood is 4.4HB, it grows only in the forests of Guatemala and Brazil and gives one of the most expensive species wood. The height of an adult tree is 25-28 meters. The wood has a scent of fresh roses and bright colors (pink and dark red, banded heartwood and yellow sapwood). Aromatic oil is obtained from rosewood shavings, which is used in the perfume industry and cosmetology.

Rosewood is perfectly dried, sawn, cut and perfectly polished. Decorative boxes and boxes for cigars (humidors), musical instruments, souvenirs and wooden elements of gift weapons, decorative elements of the interior are made from it.

Ash

The hardness of ash wood is 4HB. This is a very common tree species, it grows throughout Europe and Asia (European ash) and on the American continent (American ash). A mature tree grows to 35 meters or more in height. The wood of young trees is uniform, light, slightly grayish. In mature trees, the color of the core is brown, brown, gray. Some types of ash have a heartwood and sapwood of reddish and yellowish hues.

The grain of the wood is straight, and the structure of the tree is large-complex and resembles the structure of oak. The growth rings are clearly visible and create a banded pattern. Wood rays are also developed, especially in the lower part of the trunk.

The scope of this type of wood is great, it is used to make boards of various sizes, plywood, furniture, including bent, veneer. In the Middle Ages and in antiquity, weapons, hunting equipment, siege weapons and catapults were made from ash.

The hardness of oak is 3.8HB. There are 600 known species of this tree. Oak wood is resistant to atmospheric air and does not rot when exposed to water.

Wood color white, yellowish, brownish various shades, with well-defined annual rings. The sapwood of some species of oak is much whiter than the core.

Oak, which has lain at the bottom of a reservoir for several centuries, does not rot or decompose, but becomes a strong, very hard material of a dark brown or almost black color.

The structure of wood has high decorative properties, it is well cut and polished. Oak - valuable breed wood, a wide variety of things are made from it: furniture, parquet boards, wooden parts of wagons and other vehicles, barrels.

Bog oak - valuable material for artistic carving, making carved panels, stairs, railings, furniture, doors and architraves, interior elements, wooden sculpture. This material is still used in shipbuilding (stairs, railings, floors, trim).

The hardness of beech is 3.8 HB, this species is common in the central and western parts of Europe, the height of a mature tree reaches 35 meters. Beech fiber is even and straight, without streaks and defects. Beech wood has a yellowish or pinkish color, it is a homogeneous, dense material in structure. Mature trees over 80-85 years old have a red core. This unevenness disappears after steaming the wood, this procedure gives the beech a uniform brown, slightly reddish color.

Steamed beech bends well, it is used to make furniture in the style of Viennese chairs, bent parts of chairs and other furniture.

Beech has proven itself as construction material, it is the raw material for pulp production. Boards, veneer, plywood, furniture, shavings, and viscose are also made from it. In total, there are about 2oo types of applications of this tree.

Rowan

The hardness of the mountain ash is 3HB. This tree is widespread, there are 48 types of mountain ash.

Rowan wood has a limited use, it shrinks significantly when dried, and is highly fire resistant.

Sapwood of mountain ash, depending on the species, is white with a red tint or light yellowish. The core of the mountain ash is dark, brown or reddish brown.

This tree is not cut down on an industrial scale. It is harvested to a limited extent for the manufacture of furniture, souvenirs, wooden tool handles.

Apple tree

The wood of the apple tree is soft or medium hard. The apple tree has a brownish-red heartwood and a white, reddish sapwood. Annual rings are usually well-defined, wood fibers are straight and wavy. The disadvantage of apple tree wood is that a wood borer can settle in it and render furniture and other products unusable. The dense structure of the apple tree allows you to make very thin and elegant carvings.

Pear

Pear wood is dense and viscous, hard and heavy in weight. When drying, the material loses a lot of weight due to shrinkage. The color of the wood is even, brown, with a pink tinge. The pattern of annual layers on the cut is almost invisible. After drying, pear wood is suitable for making furniture, small items, boxes and souvenirs. When dried, the material does not lose its shape, which makes it possible to make musical instruments from it. A few decades ago, drawing boards, drawing utensils and instrument parts were made from pear.

Nut

European walnut ( Walnut) grows in southern Europe and Asia Minor. The hardness of wood is 5HB. Walnut gives an expensive wood, very appreciated by lovers of natural materials. Walnut wood has an even, parallel fiber structure; in some areas of the fiber, wavy curvature is created. Trees living in the northern parts of the range have lighter wood, the southern varieties of wood are darker and more expensive.

The wood in the core is dark brown or gray. The sapwood is light gray, brownish, of various shades. Walnut wood is a high-quality raw material for the production of furniture, parquet and veneers, sculptures, and souvenirs. Finished walnut products can be spoiled by woodworm beetle.

American walnut has the same properties as walnut, but the hardness of its wood is less and equal to 4HB.

Cherry (cherry)

The hardness of cherry (cherry) wood is 3.5 HB. In woodworking, both European and American cherries are used. The tree grows up to a height of 25 meters. Cherry wood is used to produce veneer and furniture in limited quantities, tool handles, souvenirs, and toys. Cherry products should be used indoors, as precipitation contribute to rotting and destruction of the tree. Carpenter beetles can also ruin wood.

The core material of the cherry is dark, brown, sometimes with red hues. The sapwood is light yellowish. Annual rings are clearly visible on the cut. The structure of the wood is thin and finely striped. American cherry has a darker sapwood than European cherry.

Birch

The hardness of European birch wood is 3HB, Karelian (Scandinavian) wood is 3.5HB. Birch wood is strong, uniform, white or yellowish in color. European birch has whiter wood than Karelian birch.

American birch is distinguished by the distribution of pilus, in contrast to the wood of European species.

Birch is resilient and lends itself well to any turning and carving tools. The structure of the wood is very delicate and beautiful, the pattern of the Karelian birch after staining is especially contrasting and original.

Birch wood is widely used in a wide variety of industries. It is good for making light-colored furniture and musical instruments, handles, souvenirs and toys. Birch is used to make spindles, spools and bobbins for winding threads in the textile industry.

The hardness of elm wood is 3HB. There are 35 species of this tree. In height, the elm grows up to 40 meters. The sapwood of the elm is light brown, the heartwood is much darker. It is well developed in mature trees. Annual rings are visible on the cut and the heartwood is well separated from the sapwood.

Elm well accepts polishing and processing by any tool. This is a durable, well-bent wood, it produces high-quality arches and rims, furniture, plywood, interior items. Vehicle. Elm is a favorite tree of urban landscapers.

Chestnut (horse)

Chestnut wood is light, almost white, with a slightly wavy texture. It is soft, homogeneous and viscous. Chestnut is resistant to fungi and woodworm beetles. From this material, a beautiful parquet board and furniture are obtained. Chestnut wood well accepts polishing and any processing.

Hard conifers - larch and juniper

Larch

The hardness of larch wood is 2.6HB. The trunk of the tree has a dark reddish core. The sapwood of larch is lighter, yellowish-red. The sapwood is separated from the core by a clear boundary, annual rings are clearly visible on the cut of the tree.

Larch perfectly resists decay processes. Houses built from this tree stand for hundreds of years, lumber shrinks slightly.

Larch wood is viscous, and its processing is a laborious and slow process. The impact of water at times increases the hardness of hardwood and its resistance to destruction processes (soaked wood is “hard as a stone”). Dams, poles and bridges made of this material last for decades. They build houses from larch, make boards, furniture, sculptures for the open air.

Juniper- hard rock coniferous tree, including 70 species. Juniper is characterized by a peculiar coniferous smell of wood, which remains in the finished product for years. The core of the tree has a dark brown, brown color. The sapwood of the wood is light, greenish-yellow or light yellow. This is a dense, strong rock that accepts any processing and polishing well, does not chip when cutting (manually and on lathe) and sawing. Juniper wood is used to a limited extent, for the manufacture of small items, toys and souvenirs.