Report: Natural areas of North America. "North America

Natural zones are wide strips of the homogeneous nature of the earth with similar climatic conditions. natural areas North America stretch in stripes from west to east and change in latitude, and to the south - meridional.

Due to the large elongation of the mainland from south to north, natural areas North America (9 natural zones) are distinguished by a wide variety of flora and fauna.

Arctic deserts

Most of the Canadian Arctic Islands and Greenland.

Climate. Arctic. Negative or close to zero temperatures prevail.

Soils. Poor, rocky and marshy.

Vegetation. Mostly mosses and lichens.

Animal world. Musk ox.

Tundra

Northern coast of the mainland with adjacent islands. To the east - the coast of Hudson Bay and the northern part of the Labrador Peninsula.

Climate. The subarctic (partially arctic) prevails.

Soils. Tundra - gley, with excess moisture.

Vegetation. In the northern part - mosses, lichens; in the southern part - swamp grasses, blueberries and blueberries, wild rosemary bushes, undersized willows, birches, alders. appears to the south woody vegetation.

Animal world. Polar Wolf, reindeer caribou, arctic fox, ptarmigan and some others. Variety migratory birds. AT coastal waters- seals and walruses. On the north coast polar bear.

Taiga

It stretches in a wide strip from east to west. Impenetrable coniferous forests.

Climate. Moderate (with increased moisture).

Soils. Podzolic prevail.

Vegetation. Mostly coniferous trees- balsam fir, black spruce, pine, sequoia, American larch. From hardwoods - paper birch, aspen. On the slopes of the Cordillera - Sitka spruce, Douglas fir.

Animal world. Wolves, bears, deer and elks, foxes, lynxes, sables, beavers, muskrats. In the mountain forests - skunks, bears (grizzlies), raccoons. In the rivers - salmon fish. On the islands - rookeries of fur seals.

Mixed and deciduous forests

south of the tundra zone. (In the eastern part of the North American continent, variable moist forests).

Climate. Moderate to subtropical.

Soils. Gray forest soils, brown forest soils, yellow soils and red soils.

Vegetation. AT mixed forests- sugar maple, yellow birch, white and red pine, linden, beech. In deciduous forests - different types oaks, sycamore, chestnut, tulip tree.

Animal world. Elk deer, bears (grizzlies), elks, lynxes, wolves, wolverines, raccoons, hares, foxes.

evergreen tropical forests

In the south of the Atlantic and Mississippi and lowlands.

Climate. Subtropical.

Soils. Grey-brown, brown.

Vegetation. Oaks, magnolias, beeches, dwarf palms. The trees are entwined with vines.

Animal world. Diverse.

Forest-steppe

Treeless plains to the west of the forest zone. (In North America they are called prairies).

Climate. Subtropical.

Soils. Chernozems: podzolized and leached. Chestnut, gray forest.

Vegetation. High perennial grasses: wheatgrass, feather grass, etc. In the river valleys - woody vegetation. Near the Cordillera - low cereal grasses (Gram grass and bison grass).

Animal world. Diverse and rich.

Desert and semi-desert zone

A significant part of the California coast, the Mexican highlands and the interior plateaus of the Cordillera.

Climate. Moderate (dry).

Soils. Brown and gray desert.

Vegetation. Black wormwood; on salt licks - quinoa saltwort; thorny shrubs, cacti.

The abstract was prepared by Osipik Gennady, 7 "G" class

Angarsk

Geographical position.

North America, like South America, lies in the Western Hemisphere. In terms of territory - 24.2 million square kilometers (with islands). - It is inferior to Eurasia and Africa. North America lies in the subarctic, northern, temperate and subtropical zones.

The shores of the mainland are washed by the waters of three oceans (Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic). In the south, it is connected by the narrow Isthmus of Panama to South America, through which a navigable sea canal was dug at the beginning of the 20th century. North America is separated from Eurasia by the narrow Bering Strait. In the past, there was an isthmus at the site of the strait, connecting North America with Eurasia, which determined the similarity of the flora and fauna of these continents.

From the history of the discovery of the mainland.

Long before Columbus, at the end of the 10th century, the Norman Eirik Raudi, with several companions, set off from Iceland to the west, reaching a previously unknown land - Greenland. Here, in the harsh conditions of the north, the Normans created settlements. For several centuries the Normans lived in the south and southwest of Greenland. Later they visited the northeastern shores of North America. At the end of the 15th century, Europeans rediscovered Newfoundland, Labrador, and then the east coast of the mainland. At the beginning of the 16th century, detachments of the Spanish conquerors, led by Cortes, captured Mexico and some lands of Central America.

Relief and minerals.

Plains. At the base of the plains of North America lies the ancient N American Platform. As a result of the sinking and flooding of its northern part, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland were formed. In the northeast of the mainland, there is a hill where crystalline rocks of the platform (granites and gneisses) come to the surface. South of the highlands stretch the Central Plains. Here, the basement of the North American Platform is covered with sedimentary rocks. The northern part of the mainland, up to 40 degrees N, was subjected to glaciation several times (the last glaciation ended 10-11 thousand years ago): here the glaciers, retreating, left deposits of clay, sand and stones. In the western part of the North American Platform, along the Cordillera, the Great Plains stretch in a wide strip, composed of thick marine and continental deposits. Rivers flowing from the mountains cut the plains with deep valleys. To the south, the Central Plains turn into the Mississippi Lowland, composed of river sediments. The Mississippi Lowlands merge in the south with the coastal lowlands of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. They were formed relatively recently as a result of the subsidence of these land areas and the accumulation of sediments from rivers on the continental shelf.

Appalachians. In the east of the mainland, the Appalachian Mountains stretch.

Cordillera. Along the coast Pacific Ocean extends the Cordillera mountain system. The Cordillera stretched out in several parallel ranges. Some of them pass near the ocean, others retreat far to the east. The ridges diverge especially widely in the middle part. Here are located deep depressions, vast plateaus and uplands covered with solidified lava. The most significant of them are the Great Basin and the Mexican Highlands.

Climate.

Causes influencing the formation of the climate of North America.

Great length of the mainland.

Prevailing winds (northeast south of 30 degrees N.W. and westerlies in temperate latitudes).

Influence of warm and cold currents

Influence of the Pacific Ocean.

Flat terrain in the middle part of the mainland (does not interfere with the movement of air masses).

These reasons have determined the great diversity of the climate of North America.

Climatic zones and regions.

AT Arctic belt air dominates throughout the year arctic masses. Severe winters are accompanied by frequent snowstorms, and cold summers are accompanied by constant fogs, cloudy weather. The largest area of ​​this belt (Greenland and some other islands) is covered with glaciers.

The subarctic zone is characterized by frosty winters and moderately cool summers. Precipitation is low, snow cover is negligible in winter. Permafrost is widespread throughout summer months only a small topsoil thaws. Eastern, interior and western regions temperate zone differ markedly in climate. In the east of the region the climate is temperate continental, fogs are frequent on the coast.

In the subtropical zone, hot summers and warm winter. However, intrusions of cold air masses from the north cause short-term frosts and snowfalls. The humid climate in the east of the belt is replaced by continental in the middle part and Mediterranean in the west.

In the east of the tropical zone, the climate is tropical humid, and in internal parts The Mexican Highlands and the California Peninsula have a tropical desert climate.

AT subequatorial belt lies the extreme south of North America. There is a lot of rainfall throughout the year and high temperatures.

natural areas.

In the north of the mainland, natural zones stretch in strips from west to east, while in the middle and southern parts they stretch from north to south. In the Cordillera manifests itself altitudinal zonality.

In terms of species composition, plant and animal world the north of the mainland is similar to Northern Eurasia, and the south - to South America, which is explained by their territorial proximity and common development.

Zone Arctic deserts.

Greenland and most of the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are located in the Arctic desert zone. Here, in places freed from snow and ice, mosses and lichens grow on poor stony and swampy soils during a short and cool summer. In this area since ice age there is a musk ox. The animal is covered with thick and long dark brown hair, which protects it well from the cold.

Tundra zone.

The northern coast of the mainland and the islands adjacent to it is occupied by the tundra zone. The southern border of the tundra in the west lies near the Arctic Circle, and as it moves east, it enters more southern latitudes, capturing the coast of Hudson Bay and the northern part of the Labrador Peninsula. Here, in the conditions of a short and cool summer and permafrost tundra soils are formed in which plant residues decompose slowly. In addition, the frozen layer prevents the infiltration of moisture, resulting in its excess. Therefore, peat bogs are widespread in the tundra. Mosses and lichens grow on tundra-gley soils in the northern part of the tundra, and marsh grasses, wild rosemary shrubs, blueberry and blueberry shrubs, undersized birches with curved trunks, willows, and alder grow in the southern part. The Arctic fox is found in the North American tundra, polar Wolf, caribou reindeer, ptarmigan, etc. In summer, many migratory birds arrive here. There are many seals and walruses in the coastal waters of the zone. On the northern coast of the mainland there is a polar bear. In the west, in the Cordillera, the mountain tundra extends far to the south. To the south, woody vegetation appears more and more often, the tundra gradually turns into forest-tundra, and then into coniferous forests or taiga.

Taiga zone.

The taiga zone extends in a wide strip from west to east. Podzolic soils predominate here. They form in humid and cool summers, as a result of which insignificant plant litter slowly decomposes and gives a small amount of humus (up to 2%). Under a thin layer of humus lies a whitish layer with insoluble elements of the rock, resembling ash in color. For the color of this horizon, such soils are called podzolic. In the taiga, mainly coniferous trees grow - black spruce, balsam fir, pine, American larch; there are also deciduous ones - paper birch with smooth white bark, aspen. Found in the forests predatory beasts- bears, wolves, lynxes, foxes; there are deer, elk and valuable fur animals - sable, beaver, muskrat. The slopes of the Cordillera, facing the ocean, are covered with dense coniferous forests, mainly from Sitka spruce, hemlock, Douglas fir. Forests rise up the mountain slopes up to 1000-1500 m, above they thin out and pass into the mountain tundra. Bears live in mountain forests - grizzlies, skunks, raccoons; there are a lot of salmon fish in the rivers, there are seal rookeries on the islands.

Zones of mixed and deciduous forests.

South of the zone coniferous forests zones of mixed and broad-leaved, as well as variable moist forests. They are located only in the eastern part of the mainland, where it is softer and humid climate, reaching in the south to the Gulf of Mexico. Under mixed forests in the north, gray forest soils are common, under broad-leaved forests, brown forest soils, and in the south, under variable wet ones, yellow and red soils. The mixed forests are dominated by yellow birch, sugar maple, beech, linden, white and red pine. Broad-leaved forests are characterized different kinds oaks, chestnut, plane tree and tulip tree.

evergreen zone rainforest.

evergreens rainforests in the south, the Mississippi and Atlantic lowlands consist of oaks, magnolias, beeches and dwarf palms. The trees are entwined with vines.

Forest steppe zone.

To the west of the forest zone, precipitation is less and herbaceous vegetation prevails here. The forest zone passes into the zone of forest-steppes with chernozem-like soils and steppes with humus-rich chernozems and chestnut soils. Steppes with tall grasses, mainly cereals, reaching a height of 1.5 m, are called prairies in North America. Woody vegetation is found in river valleys and in humid lowlands. Closer to the Cordillera, precipitation is even less and the vegetation becomes poorer; low grasses - Gram grass (grass) and bison grass (perennial grass only 10-30 cm high) - do not cover the entire ground and grow in separate bunches.

Desert and semi-desert zone.

Semi-deserts and deserts occupy a significant part of the interior plateaus of the Cordilleras, the Mexican Highlands and the Californian coast. Here, on gray and brown soils, thorny shrubs, cacti and wormwood, and on saline soils - saltwort.

Savannahs and evergreen forests.

In Central America and on the slopes caribbean there are zones of savannas and evergreen forests.

Synopsis “North America. natural areas. Population". is the third largest continent, with an area of 20.36 million km2- located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere.

natural areas.

Arctic desert zone takes most Greenland and the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Long polar winter, temperatures below -40 °C, strong winds make living conditions harsh. Modern glaciation is developed here - this is an almost lifeless territory. On the ledges of indigenous rocks you can observe sparse vegetation - mosses, scale lichens. Among animals, polar bears, wolves, foxes, musk musk oxen are common.

Tundra and forest tundra zone occupies the southern parts of the islands and the north of the mainland, including half of the island of Labrador. The tundra is significantly waterlogged. Sedges, saxifrage, dandelions, polar poppies grow on marsh and tundra-gley soils. The species composition of the animal world is not rich - arctic foxes, lemmings, reindeer. The forest tundra stretches from the Labrador Peninsula to the Mackenzie Mountains. Woody vegetation appears here - black and white spruce, balsam fir, birch, aspen. The animal world is represented brown bears, arctic foxes, red foxes, there are also muskrats, martens, minks, beavers.

Taiga zone located in the north of the temperate climate zone. The American taiga is similar to the Eurasian taiga, but richer in species composition. The above tundra species are joined by larches and pines. The so-called Pacific taiga is included in the oceanic coniferous forests. Hemlock, thuja, and the mighty Sitka spruce predominate here. From animals here there is a grizzly bear, a Sitka deer, a skunk, a Pacific raccoon.

Mixed forest zone in the Great Lakes region it is represented by lindens, oaks, elms, numerous types of maples, ash trees, and thujas.

broadleaf forest in the Appalachian region, it grows on brown forest soils. plant composition includes beech, sycamore, chestnut, linden. Among the animals there are Virginia opossum, porcupine, bison.

To the west, broad-leaved forests border tall grass steppes, or prairies, on chernozem soils. They are currently open.

In the subtropical zone, the change of natural zones occurs from east to west, their formation is associated with differences in moisture. Grow in the East wet evergreen mixed forests , to the west are the prairies, in the interior of the Cordillera - semi-desert and desert zone .

Within the tropical and subequatorial belts, savannas on the high plateaus of Central America, and on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico - tropical rainforests.

Population

The majority of the population of North America are from different countries Europe, mainly from the UK. it US Americans and Anglo-Canadians, they speak English language. The descendants of the French who settled in Canada speak French.

Indigenous population of the mainland - Indians and Eskimos. These peoples belong to the American branch of the Mongoloid race. Scientists have established that Indians and Eskimos come from Eurasia. Indians are more numerous (about 15 million). The bulk of the tribes were concentrated in southern Mexico ( Aztec, Maya), where she formed her own states, distinguished by a relatively developed economy and culture. With the advent of the colonialists, the fate of the Indians was tragic: they were exterminated, driven from fertile lands, they died from diseases introduced by Europeans.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. for work on plantations in North America were brought from Africa blacks. They were sold into slavery to planters.

Population of North America approx. 480 million people. The most populated southern half of the mainland. The population density is high in the eastern part. This part of North America contains the most big cities: New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Montreal, etc.

The most developed country in the world is located in North America. USA. North of the mainland of the United States is another large country- Canada, and to the south - Mexico. There are several small states in Central America and the islands of the Caribbean Sea: Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Jamaica, etc. The Republic of Cuba is located on the island of Cuba and the small islands adjacent to it.

Summary of the lesson “North America. natural areas. Population".

The abstract was prepared by Osipik Gennady, 7 "G" class

G. Angarsk

Geographical position.

North America, like South America, lies in the Western Hemisphere. In terms of territory - 24.2 million square kilometers (with islands). - It is inferior to Eurasia and Africa. North America lies in the subarctic, northern, temperate and subtropical zones.

The shores of the mainland are washed by the waters of three oceans (Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic). In the south, it is connected by the narrow Isthmus of Panama to South America, through which a navigable sea canal was dug at the beginning of the 20th century. North America is separated from Eurasia by the narrow Bering Strait. In the past, there was an isthmus at the site of the strait, connecting North America with Eurasia, which determined the similarity of the flora and fauna of these continents.

From the history of the discovery of the mainland.

Long before Columbus, at the end of the 10th century, the Norman Eirik Raudi, with several companions, set off from Iceland to the west, reaching a previously unknown land - Greenland. Here, in the harsh conditions of the north, the Normans created settlements. For several centuries the Normans lived in the south and southwest of Greenland. Later they visited the northeastern shores of North America. At the end of the 15th century, Europeans rediscovered Newfoundland, Labrador, and then the east coast of the mainland. At the beginning of the 16th century, detachments of the Spanish conquerors, led by Cortes, captured Mexico and some lands of Central America.

Relief and minerals.

Plains. At the base of the plains of North America lies the ancient N American Platform. As a result of the sinking and flooding of its northern part, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland were formed. In the northeast of the mainland, there is a hill where crystalline rocks of the platform (granites and gneisses) come to the surface. South of the highlands stretch the Central Plains. Here, the basement of the North American Platform is covered with sedimentary rocks. The northern part of the mainland, up to 40 degrees N, was subjected to glaciation several times (the last glaciation ended 10-11 thousand years ago): here the glaciers, retreating, left deposits of clay, sand and stones. In the western part of the North American Platform, along the Cordillera, the Great Plains stretch in a wide strip, composed of thick marine and continental deposits. Rivers flowing from the mountains cut the plains with deep valleys. To the south, the Central Plains turn into the Mississippi Lowland, composed of river sediments. The Mississippi Lowlands merge in the south with the coastal lowlands of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. They were formed relatively recently as a result of the subsidence of these land areas and the accumulation of sediments from rivers on the continental shelf.

Appalachians. In the east of the mainland, the Appalachian Mountains stretch.

Cordillera. The Cordillera mountain range extends along the Pacific coast. The Cordillera stretched out in several parallel ranges. Some of them pass near the ocean, others retreat far to the east. The ridges diverge especially widely in the middle part. There are deep depressions, vast plateaus and highlands covered with solidified lava. The most significant of them are the Great Basin and the Mexican Highlands.

Climate.

Causes influencing the formation of the climate of North America.

Great length of the mainland.

Prevailing winds (northeast south of 30 degrees N.W. and westerlies in temperate latitudes).

Influence of warm and cold currents

Influence of the Pacific Ocean.

Flat terrain in the middle part of the mainland (does not interfere with the movement of air masses).

These reasons have determined the great diversity of the climate of North America.

Climatic zones and regions.

Arctic air masses dominate throughout the year in the Arctic belt. Severe winters are accompanied by frequent snowstorms, and cold summers are accompanied by constant fogs and cloudy weather. The largest area of ​​this belt (Greenland and some other islands) is covered with glaciers.

The subarctic zone is characterized by frosty winters and moderately cool summers. Precipitation is low, snow cover is negligible in winter. Permafrost is ubiquitous, with only a small top layer of soil thawing in the summer months. The eastern, inner and western regions of the temperate zone differ markedly in climate. In the east of the region the climate is temperate continental, fogs are frequent on the coast.

The subtropical zone has hot summers and mild winters. However, intrusions of cold air masses from the north cause short-term frosts and snowfalls. The humid climate in the east of the belt is replaced by continental in the middle part and Mediterranean in the west.

In the east of the tropical belt, the climate is tropical humid, and in the interior of the Mexican Highlands and the California Peninsula, the climate is tropical desert.

The extreme south of North America lies in the subequatorial belt. There is a lot of rainfall and high temperatures throughout the year.

natural areas.

In the north of the mainland, natural zones stretch in strips from west to east, while in the middle and southern parts they stretch from north to south. In the Cordillera, altitudinal zonation is manifested.

In terms of species composition, the flora and fauna of the north of the mainland is similar to Northern Eurasia, and the south - to South America, which is explained by their territorial proximity and common development.

Arctic desert zone.

Greenland and most of the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are located in the Arctic desert zone. Here, in places freed from snow and ice, mosses and lichens grow on poor stony and swampy soils during a short and cool summer. The musk ox has been found in this zone since the Ice Age. The animal is covered with thick and long dark brown hair, which protects it well from the cold.

Tundra zone.

The northern coast of the mainland and the islands adjacent to it is occupied by the tundra zone. The southern border of the tundra in the west lies near the Arctic Circle, and as it moves east, it enters more southern latitudes, capturing the coast of Hudson Bay and the northern part of the Labrador Peninsula. Here, under conditions of short and cool summers and permafrost, tundra soils are formed, in which plant remains decompose slowly. In addition, the frozen layer prevents the infiltration of moisture, resulting in its excess. Therefore, peat bogs are widespread in the tundra. Mosses and lichens grow on tundra-gley soils in the northern part of the tundra, and marsh grasses, wild rosemary shrubs, blueberry and blueberry shrubs, undersized birches with curved trunks, willows, and alder grow in the southern part. Arctic fox, polar wolf, caribou reindeer, ptarmigan, etc. live in the North American tundra. In summer, many migratory birds arrive here. There are many seals and walruses in the coastal waters of the zone. On the northern coast of the mainland there is a polar bear. In the west, in the Cordillera, the mountain tundra extends far to the south. To the south, woody vegetation appears more and more often, the tundra gradually turns into forest-tundra, and then into coniferous forests or taiga.

Taiga zone.

The taiga zone extends in a wide strip from west to east. Podzolic soils predominate here. They form in humid and cool summers, as a result of which insignificant plant litter slowly decomposes and gives a small amount of humus (up to 2%). Under a thin layer of humus lies a whitish layer with insoluble elements of the rock, resembling ash in color. For the color of this horizon, such soils are called podzolic. In the taiga, mainly coniferous trees grow - black spruce, balsam fir, pine, American larch; there are also deciduous ones - paper birch with smooth white bark, aspen. There are predatory animals in the forests - bears, wolves, lynxes, foxes; there are deer, elk and valuable fur animals - sable, beaver, muskrat. The slopes of the Cordillera, facing the ocean, are covered with dense coniferous forests, mainly from Sitka spruce, hemlock, Douglas fir. Forests rise up the mountain slopes up to 1000-1500 m, above they thin out and pass into the mountain tundra. Bears live in mountain forests - grizzlies, skunks, raccoons; there are a lot of salmon fish in the rivers, there are seal rookeries on the islands.

Zones of mixed and broad-leaved forests.

To the south of the zone of coniferous forests, there are zones of mixed and broad-leaved, as well as variable moist forests. They are located only in the eastern part of the mainland, where the climate is milder and more humid, reaching in the south to the Gulf of Mexico. Under mixed forests in the north, gray forest soils are common, under broad-leaved forests, brown forest soils, and in the south, under variable wet ones, yellow and red soils. The mixed forests are dominated by yellow birch, sugar maple, beech, linden, white and red pine. Broad-leaved forests are characterized by various types of oaks, chestnut, plane tree and tulip tree.

Tropical evergreen forest zone.

The evergreen rainforests in the south of the Mississippi and Atlantic lowlands consist of oaks, magnolias, beeches and dwarf palms. The trees are entwined with vines.

Forest steppe zone.

To the west of the forest zone, precipitation is less and herbaceous vegetation prevails here. The forest zone passes into the zone of forest-steppes with chernozem-like soils and steppes with humus-rich chernozems and chestnut soils. Steppes with tall grasses, mainly cereals, reaching a height of 1.5 m, are called prairies in North America. Woody vegetation is found in river valleys and in humid lowlands. Closer to the Cordillera, precipitation is even less and the vegetation becomes poorer; low grasses - Gram grass (grass) and bison grass (perennial grass only 10-30 cm high) - do not cover the entire ground and grow in separate bunches.

Desert and semi-desert zone.

Semi-deserts and deserts occupy a significant part of the interior plateaus of the Cordilleras, the Mexican Highlands and the Californian coast. Here, on gray and brown soils, thorny shrubs, cacti and wormwood, and on saline soils - saltwort.

Savannahs and evergreen forests.

In Central America and on the slopes of the Caribbean Sea there are zones of savannahs and evergreen forests.

natural areas of North America. Up to the latitude of the Great Lakes (the border of the USA and Canada), natural zones replace each other in latitude, and to the south - meridional. The following natural areas are represented in North America:
1. Zone of the Arctic deserts. This zone contains Greenland and most of the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Here, in places freed from snow and ice, mosses and lichens grow on poor stony and swampy soils during a short and cool summer.
2. Tundra zone. It occupies the northern coast of North America and adjacent islands. The southern border of the tundra in the west lies near the Arctic Circle, and as it moves east, it enters more southern latitudes, capturing the coast of Hudson Bay and the northern part of the Labrador Peninsula. Here, in conditions of short and cool summers and permafrost, peat bogs are widespread. Mosses and lichens grow in the northern part of the tundra, and marsh grasses, wild rosemary shrubs, blueberry and blueberry shrubs, undersized birches with twisted trunks, willows, and alders grow in the southern part. Arctic fox, polar wolf, caribou reindeer, ptarmigan, etc. live in the North American tundra. In summer, many migratory birds arrive here. There are many seals and walruses in the coastal waters of the zone. On the northern coast of the mainland there is a polar bear.
3. Taiga zone. To the south, the tundra gradually turns into forest-tundra, and then into coniferous forests or taiga. The taiga zone extends in a wide strip from west to east. In the taiga, mainly coniferous trees grow - black spruce, balsam fir, pine, American larch; there are also deciduous ones - paper birch with smooth white bark, aspen. There are predatory animals in the forests - bears, wolves, lynxes, foxes; there are deer, elk and valuable fur animals - sable, beaver, muskrat. There are a lot of salmon fish in the rivers, there are rookeries of fur seals on the islands.
4. The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests begins south of the taiga. In the eastern part of the mainland, variable rainforests are located, which reach right up to the Gulf of Mexico zone. The mixed forests are dominated by yellow birch, sugar maple, beech, linden, white and red pine. Broad-leaved forests are characterized by various types of oaks, chestnut, plane tree and tulip tree.
5. The zone of evergreen tropical forests is located in the south of the Mississippi and Atlantic lowlands. The forests consist of oaks, magnolias, beeches and dwarf palms. The trees are entwined with vines.
6. The forest-steppe zone begins to the west of the forest zone. Herbaceous vegetation prevails here. Steppes with tall grasses, mainly cereals, reaching a height of 1.5 m, are called prairies in North America. Woody vegetation is found in river valleys and in humid lowlands. Closer to the Cordillera, precipitation is even less and the vegetation becomes poorer; low grasses do not cover the entire ground and grow in separate bunches.
7. The zone of deserts and semi-deserts occupies a significant part of the interior plateaus of the Cordilleras, the Mexican Highlands and the Californian coast. Here, on gray and brown soils, thorny shrubs, cacti and wormwood, and on saline soils - saltwort.
8. Zones of savannas and evergreen forests are located in Central America and on the slopes of the Caribbean.

AT South America latitudinal zonality is also pronounced, as well as altitudinal zonality.
1. Tropical forest zone. On both sides of the equator there are moist equatorial forests (selva, tropical forest). Their area here is about 2.5 times larger than in Africa. equatorial forests(selva) are located on both sides of the equator, occupying almost the entire Amazonian lowland, the slopes of the Andes and the north of the Pacific coast. Along the Atlantic coast, tropical rainforests are common, close to a typical hylaea.
2. Savannas and steppes. To the north and south, rainforests give way to savannahs. In the southern part of the mainland, south of the savannas, there are steppes (pampas).
3. Deserts and semi-deserts. They occupy most of the temperate zone in the south of the mainland. On the western coast of the tropical belt is the Atacama Desert. In general, arid territories, unlike Africa, occupy insignificant areas.
In the Andes, altitudinal zonality is expressed, and its character differs significantly in the northern, central, and southern parts of the mountains.