Who is responsible for the children. Responsibilities of parents in raising children

Sophie Christin-Maitre, M.D., Philippe Bouchard, M.D., Irving M. Spitz, M.D., D. Sc.

Termination of pregnancy has been known since ancient times. Although many cultures allowed similar practice, there was also a negative attitude, and sometimes it was considered as a crime. The most common method of terminating a pregnancy in the first trimester is surgical abortion, more precisely vacuum aspiration, which is safer and less painful than curettage.

An estimated 26 million pregnancies in the world per year end in legal abortion, while the number of illegal abortions at the same time is about 20 million, resulting in the death of 78,000 women. A safe medical abortion could save many lives.

In the United States, where abortion is legal and performed by qualified medical personnel, the number of deaths associated with surgical termination of pregnancy is 0.6 per 100,000 abortions. Complications after surgical abortion occur in less than 1% of cases.

Women often resort to abortions because of a lack of information about possible methods of contraception or fear of possible side effects when using contraception. Abortion is often viewed as the result of ineffective contraception or as the only method of birth control in countries where contraception is not widely available. However, termination of pregnancy should not be considered as a method of family planning.

Even in the most developed countries abortion services are not always available. USA has one of the most high levels abortion among developed countries. Of course, the availability of abortion is becoming more and more difficult due to the concerns of the patients themselves and medical personnel who advocate the prohibition of abortion. As a result, the number of doctors performing surgical abortion is constantly decreasing, and medical centers do not train new personnel in this field. The possibility of using an affordable, safe abortion drug would be highly appreciated by women and medical staff.

In this essay, we will focus on the clear benefit of medical abortion for early dates. Late first trimester and second trimester abortions are excluded from this review, as are other aspects of women's health.

Physiological processes occurring in the body when using medications for abortion

Implantation of a fertilized egg starts a whole range of processes occurring in the endometrium. The embryo attaches to the endometrial epithelium and penetrates the endometrial stroma 6-10 days after fertilization. This process is completely dependent on progesterone, which modifies the transcription of many genes involved in the implantation process. (Fig. 1). Progesterone also inhibits myometrial contraction. The drugs used for medical abortion act by suppressing the synthesis of progesterone, antagonizing it, or by suppressing the development of the trophoblast.

Fig.1.

Physiology of pregnancy and place of drugs used to terminate pregnancy.

Once progesterone binds receptors, the complex forms of dimers and associated receptors influence the transcription of various genes. The genomic effect leads to changes in the structure of epithelial cell membranes and in the synthesis of proteins that affect implantation.

Progesterone suppresses uterine contractions, probably through the same genomic effect. Oxytocin and prostaglandins, on the contrary, stimulate uterine contractions. They bind to the corresponding receptors, resulting in an increase in the activity of phospholipase C and the intracellular concentration of inositol triphosphate (IP₃) and calcium. In addition, progesterone may also have non-genomic effects by binding to oxytocin receptors and thus inhibiting the action of oxytocin, or through other mechanisms, including the nitrous oxide system.

During a normal pregnancy (right side of the diagram), the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus (decidua) 6-7 days after ovulation. The trophoblast overcomes adjacent cells and penetrates the endometrial stroma. Agents used to terminate pregnancy (left side of the diagram) inhibit trophoblast division, increase uterine tone and uterine contractions, or inhibit progesterone synthesis. Mifepristone, a progesterone antagonist, blocks the binding of progesterone to receptors, enhances the action of prostaglandins on the myometrium and softens the cervix.

Suppression of progesterone synthesis

Modified steroid molecule such as (2α, 4α, 5α, 17β)-4,5-epoxy-17-hydroxy-4,17-dimethyl-3-oxoandrostane-2-carbonitrile (epostane) and other competitive inhibitors of ovarian and placental 3β -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases such as trilostane inhibit the synthesis of progesterone from the precursor pregnenolone. The action of epostane to suppress the synthesis of progesterone and terminate pregnancy can be prevented by taking medications containing progesterone.

Strengthening the tone and contractions of the uterus.

Prostaglandins and oxytocin stimulate uterine contractions by binding to specific receptors on the surface of myometrial cells. This interaction leads to an increase in calcium production by the endoplasmic reticulum and, as a result, to an increase in uterine contractions.

Progesterone antagonists

The first progesterone antagonist (antiprogestin) was named mifepristone. It is also known under the names RU 486 and RU 38486. It binds to progesterone receptors, and its affinity for these receptors is several times stronger than that of progesterone. Unlike progesterone, this complex suppresses the transcription of progesterone-dependent genes, followed by necrosis of the decidua and separation of the ovum.

Drugs that inhibit the development of trophoblast

Methotrexate, a folic acid antagonist, affects DNA synthesis. Actively dividing cells such as the trophoblast are sensitive to the action of methotrexate, which is used in choriocarcinoma and ectopic pregnancy.

Use of abortion drugs

Medical termination of pregnancy is considered successful if there was a complete expulsion of the ovum without additional surgical intervention. This method can be used as soon as the fact of pregnancy as a result of an ultrasound study has been established. However, it is not recommended for more than 9 weeks of gestation, as there is a high risk of failure and uterine bleeding at these times. To clarify the timing of pregnancy most effective method is transvaginal ultrasonography.

The medical method requires more patient visits to the clinic than the surgical one. After signing an informed consent for this procedure, the woman takes the drug orally (methotrexate, mifepristone or prostaglandin) under the supervision of a doctor and leaves the clinic after 2 hours. If a combination of drugs is used, the woman takes methotrexate or mifepristone in a hospital setting and leaves the clinic, then returns 2 days later to take a prostaglandin. She can, if desired, remain under the supervision of medical personnel for three to six hours. The last visit to the clinic is recommended after four weeks to confirm that the abortion has occurred completely.

If medical abortion has not occurred or has not occurred completely, and also if there is heavy bleeding, it is recommended to perform an additional surgical abortion. Vacuum aspiration may be preferable in this case for medical reasons.

Epostan

Epostane is used alone or in combination with prostaglandin E2 (in the form of suppositories) to terminate a pregnancy for a period not exceeding 56 days. A dose of 200 mg should be taken by the patient every 6 to 8 hours for 7 days. In one study, nausea was reported as a side effect in 86% of cases, and the abortion rate was only 84. For these reasons, and because this drug has not been recognized by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), it is currently not used for medical termination of pregnancy.

Prostaglandins

Natural prostaglandins, which were the first to be used for medical termination of pregnancy, are chemically unstable substances, they have low selectivity and are poorly tolerated by patients. The use of the parenteral form of the synthetic analogue of sulprostone was suspended due to serious cardiovascular side effects such as acute myocardial infarction and acute hypotension.

Synthetic prostaglandin E1 is part of the more complex molecules of the drugs mifepristone and gemeprost. Misoprostol is inexpensive and can be stored at room temperature. In many countries around the world, it is used to treat peptic ulcers and as a prophylactic when using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gemeprost, which is available in only one dosage form- suppositories, a relatively expensive drug, are thermolabile and require storage in the refrigerator. Unlike misoprostol, it is not approved for use by the FDA.

Efficiency. Misoprostol as monotherapy is used for medical termination of pregnancy up to 56 days of gestation, while the dose of the drug varies from 400 to 3200 mcg. Misoprostol-only abortions account for 4 to 11% of total number medical abortion. The bioavailability of the drug is much higher with vaginal administration and, as a result, the number of successful abortions with this route of administration is much higher than with oral administration. However, the results of successful abortions using various dosages from 800 to 2400 mcg range from 22 to 94%. Data from four studies, each involving more than 100 women, are presented in Table 1. The reasons for the differing efficacy of the drug are unknown, but this was in no way related to misoprostol doses and gestational age. Misoprostol tablets are not intended for vaginal administration, however, the percentage of successful abortions did not increase when a solution prepared from tablets containing misoprostol was administered vaginally.

The efficacy of gemeprost when administered vaginally is higher than that of misoprostol. In one study, gemeprost at a dose of 1000 µg (if necessary, the dose was repeated every three hours, the maximum number is five doses) showed 97% effectiveness in terminating pregnancies up to 56 days of gestation. The drug at the same dosage, but administered every six hours, showed the worst efficiency - 87% of successful abortions.

Side effects. The use of prostaglandins is often associated with serious side effects such as pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, dizziness, and allergic skin reactions. Fifty-three percent of women treated with 5mg prostaglandins required opiate analgesics for pain relief, while only 16% of women required the same medication with 3mg prostaglandins. For this reason, women who were prescribed prostaglandins at a dosage of 5 mg were recommended to remain under the supervision of a doctor in a hospital for at least one day. As a result of the analysis of the course of medical abortion performed on misoprostol, it was found that bleeding after abortion lasts an average of 11 days, while with gemeprost, an average of 14 days.

If, with the use of prostaglandins, medical abortion did not occur and the pregnancy continued to develop, at the birth of children, deviations in the development of the structure of the skull, paralysis of the facial muscles, underdevelopment and defects of the limbs (equinovarus deformity of the foot) were observed. An increase in uterine tone associated with contractions or spasms of blood vessels may be the cause of such teratogenic effects. Although prostaglandins can be used alone for medical abortion, they are rarely used in obstetric and gynecological practice due to serious and frequent side effects. For this reason, they are used in combination with methotrexate or mifepristone and at low dosages.

methotrexate and prostaglandins

Methotrexate and misoprostol have been successfully used in combination for medical abortion. Methotrexate is usually given at a dose of 50 mg per day. square meter body area in the form intramuscular injections. It has been established that increasing the dosage (up to 60 mg) does not increase the effectiveness of the method. Oral forms at a dosage of 25 or 50 mg have also proven their effectiveness. Three to seven days after taking methotrexate, the woman is given vaginal misoprostol at a dosage of 800 mcg.

Efficiency. When using this combination for gestations up to 56 days, the effectiveness is from 84 to 97 percent. It has been noted that in a number of cases a complete medical abortion occurred 24 hours after taking methotrexate without the use of misoprostol. Also, in some cases, delayed onset of abortion (24 hours after misoprostol) was noted. Since the concentration of methotrexate in the blood at different routes of administration was the same, the effectiveness of the method when using the injection and tablet forms of the drug was also comparable.

Side effects. When using this combination of drugs, nausea is noted in 3-66% of cases, vomiting in 2-25%, 8-60% of women report chills and fever. Other side effects of methotrexate include stomatitis and mouth ulcers, which occur in 5% of women. From 40 to 90% of women noted that they additionally used drugs to relieve pain. Side effects of misoprostol, such as pain and diarrhea, were more common when methotrexate was given orally.

The duration of bleeding when using this combination varies on average from 10 to 17 days. In a study of 3122 women, only two required a blood transfusion, and 4% required additional curettage to stop excessive bleeding.

The mechanism of action of methotrexate is based on the cytotoxic effect on the trophoblast. In this regard, limb defects, such as short limbs and underdevelopment of the hands and feet.

Table 1. Efficacy and side effects of prostaglandins and methotrexate used for pregnancy termination alone or in various combinations

observed in children born after an unsuccessful medical abortion with the use of methotrexate.

Methotrexate can be used alone without prostaglandins for medical abortion, but the percentage of successful abortions is much lower and they occur on average three weeks after using the drug.

Tamoxifen and prostaglandins

The effectiveness of the method based on this combination at a dosage of tamoxifen 20 mg per day for four days and vaginal administration of misoprostol 800 mcg is 92%.

Antiprogesterones and prostaglandins

The effectiveness of this method was demonstrated in 1982. When mifepristone was used as monotherapy for a gestation period of up to 49 days at a dosage of 200 to 600 mg at a time or divided into several doses, the effectiveness of the method ranged from 64 to 85%, which corresponded to the effectiveness of the drug of the same group of lilopristone. But this efficiency was not satisfactory for use in clinical practice.

The introduction of misoprostol into the scheme of medical abortion, applied 36-60 hours after taking mifepristone, increased the effectiveness of the method up to 97%. Was held a large number of studies in which misoprostol was usually given 48 hours after mifepristone. One study found that mifepristone 200, 400, and 600 mg did not affect the abortion rate when gemeprost, administered vaginally at a dosage of 1000 mcg, was used as co-therapy. However, mifepristone 50 mg was also found to be an insufficient dose for medical abortion. Based on another study, it was found that the concentration of mifepristone in blood plasma when administered from 100 to 800 mg of the drug is the same. Also, no effect of the dosing regimen (600 mg mifepristone as a single dose or broken down into separate doses over three to four days) on the effectiveness of the method was observed.

Separately, studies were conducted on the influence of the type of prostaglandin on the effectiveness of the method. Sulprostone, gemeprost and misoprostol were used. The oral dose of misoprostol ranged from 400 to 600mcg taken at once, or 400mcg followed three hours later by another 200mcg if no abortion occurred after the first dose. The vaginal dose of misoprostol was 800 mcg. The usual dosage of gemeprost was 1000mcg, although a number of studies have shown that 500mcg is sufficient for medical abortion. Comparing the effectiveness of oral misoprostol and vaginal gemeprost, it was found that there was no difference in the effectiveness of the method when using these drugs, one percent developing pregnancies was higher with misoprostol.

Efficiency. When using a combination of mifepristone and prostaglandins (oral misoprostol or vaginal gemeprost) for gestations up to 49 days, the effectiveness of medical abortion is from 92 to 97%. The discrepancy in the effectiveness of the method at various studies can be explained different interpretations concept of "successfully completed medical abortion" by different researchers. At gestational ages of 50 to 63 days, the effectiveness of the method decreases to 77-95% when using a combination of mifepristone and oral misoprostol, but when using vaginal gemeprost at the same gestational age, the effectiveness is 94-97%.

Complete expulsion of the fetal egg before taking prostaglandin is observed only in 1-6%. Between 44 and 70% of women have an abortion within the first four hours after taking misoprostol, and this percentage is higher the lower the gestational age. When using gemeprost in the form of suppositories, the percentage of abortions that occurred in the first four hours ranged from 78 to 93%. In one study, it was noted that the percentage of developing pregnancies while taking mifepristone and misoprostol orally is higher, the longer the gestational age, however, this pattern was not established when using the combination of mifepristone and gemeprost vaginally.

Side effects. The most common side effect with the combination of mifepristone and misoprostol is uterine bleeding. However, only 38 of the 25,907 women who took part in the studies needed a blood transfusion. Blood loss when using this combination of drugs averages 84-101 ml, while blood loss during surgical abortion is 53 ml. It is noted that the volume of blood loss is directly dependent on the gestational age. The duration of bleeding is from 8 to 17 days, in 9% of cases the bleeding lasted more than 30 days and in 1% of cases more than 60 days. Prolonged bleeding is a problem for many women, so methotrexate and oral contraceptives have been prescribed after an abortion, although a positive effect of these drugs on this side effect has not been established.

Most often, when using this method, women complained of abdominal pain and spastic pain during uterine contractions. According to various data, an additional intake of drugs to relieve pain was needed in 9-73% of cases. The use of narcotic analgesics was the higher, the higher the dose of prostaglandins used in the method. Among other side effects, vomiting was indicated in 12-41% of cases, nausea in 34-72%, diarrhea in 3-26%, which is associated with the use of prostaglandins. One study found that the use of oral misoprostol was more likely to cause side effects in the form of nausea and vomiting, but less often abdominal pain compared with gemeprost in the form of suppositories. Another study noted fewer side effects when misoprostol was used vaginally compared to oral misoprostol.

Table 2 Efficacy and side effects of mifepristone and prostaglandins for medical abortion

Rare side effects are headache, dizziness, back pain, flatulence. Cases of endometritis after medical abortion are less common than with surgical abortion.

A number of studies have noted that an increase in gestational age is associated with an increase in the number of side effects, and that additional misoprostol at a dosage of 200 mcg 3 hours after taking the main dose of 400 mcg does not increase the effectiveness of the method, but increases the number of side effects.

In animal experiments, mifepristone has been found to be non-teratogenic in rats, mice, and monkeys, however, in rabbit experiments, cases of skull deformity have been noted in the offspring of animals that were injected with the drug in early pregnancy, which is probably associated with uterine contractions. There are data on 71 women who gave birth after taking gemeprost for the purpose of medical abortion. In six cases, defects in the structure of the limbs were noted, including clubfoot and underdevelopment of the hands and feet. Most studies indicate that skeletal defects are observed in 0.6 - 5% of cases with the use of prostaglandins. When using a combination of mifepristone and prostaglandins, the percentage of defects increases significantly, so it is imperative to resort to a surgical abortion procedure if medical abortion fails.

Contraindications to the use of the method of medical abortion

With insufficiency of the adrenal system, asthma and the passage of a long course of glucocorticoid therapy, the use of a combination of mifepristone with prostaglandins is not recommended. With caution, these drugs should be used in case of diabetes, iron deficiency anemia and other blood diseases, in the treatment of anticoagulants. Sulprostone is not recommended for women over the age of 35, overweight, smokers, at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. These recommendations do not apply to gemeprost and misoprostol. Women taking methotrexate are not recommended to use folate at the same time, as there is a threat of interaction between these drugs.

Reliability, availability and acceptability of the method

Medical termination of pregnancy is an affordable and acceptable method for most women of developed and developing countries. Among women who used the combination of methotrexate and misoprostol, 84% indicated that they were ready to reuse it if necessary. Among those who used the combination of mifepristone and mosoprostol, this percentage was 91. For women who have a gestational age of more than 50 days and cannot benefit from medical abortion, vacuum aspiration is the preferred method over surgical abortion. Women indicated the reasons for refusing this method too big time between taking the drug and the desired effect, as well as too many visits to the clinic. The greatest inconvenience for patients, according to doctors, is prolonged observation in the hospital after taking prostaglandins (from 3 to 6 hours). However, the time of observation of the patient can be reduced if the gestational age is less than 49 days. The solution to this problem could also be self-administration of suppositories with prostaglandins at home after taking mifepristone in a hospital under medical supervision with a gestational age of less than 56 days. The same dosing regimen is also acceptable when using a combination of methotrexate and misoprostol.

In 1998, mifepristone was approved in France for medical abortion of less than 49 days' gestation. In 1991 it was also approved in the UK and China, and in 1992 in Sweden, with a gestation period of up to 63 days. In April 1999, the combination mifepristone + misoprostol was approved in Russia, and in July 1999 - in Austria, Finland, Germany, Greece, Israel, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland. In the US, misoprostol is approved for use alone and in combination with mifepristone or methotrexate. However, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has only approved the combination of mifepristone and misoprostol for use.

In France, Sweden and the UK, mifepristone is available for use only in registered medical centers. The percentage of medical abortions in the structure of all abortions is steadily increasing. For example, the proportion of medical abortions in France in 1994 was 15%, in 1996 - 21%, in 1998 - 26%. Unfortunately, the total number of abortions does not decrease from year to year.

Conclusion

Medical abortion in the minds of patients is strongly associated with longer duration compared to surgical abortion, prolonged bleeding, nausea, vomiting, and pain. Consumption of analgesics is also high compared to surgical abortion. In addition, the success rate of medical abortions is slightly lower compared to the same surgical abortion. The efficiency of vacuum aspiration is 98-99%, and it is lower at earlier stages of gestation. Therefore, some doctors prefer not to use it before 7 weeks of amenorrhea. In contrast, medical abortion is more effective the shorter the gestational age. In addition, medical abortion is safer and does not require the use of anesthesia. Total visits to the doctor for medical abortion are higher than for surgical abortion if it fails or if there is heavy bleeding.

The legalization of abortion in many countries has not led to an increase in their number. In developed countries, medical abortion gives a woman the right to choose. In developing countries, it may be the only available method, since the doctor is not always qualified to perform a surgical abortion.

Currently, the following types of drugs in tablet form are used for emergency contraception:

1. Low-dose and high-dose monophasic combined oral contraceptives (conventional birth control pills used for planned contraception);

2. Medicinal preparations containing gestagens (levonorgestrel);

3. Medicines containing antigestagens;

4. Drugs containing progesterone synthesis inhibitors.

Specific names of drugs for emergency contraception from each of the above groups are shown in the table.

Low-dose and high-dose combined oral contraceptives for emergency prevention of unwanted pregnancy are used according to the Yuzpe method. This method consists in taking contraceptive pills twice, containing a total of 100 mg of ethinyl estradiol. In this case, the first intake of tablets containing 100 mg of ethinyl estradiol should be made within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse. Then, 12 hours after the first dose, it is necessary to take a second tablet containing a total of 100 mg of ethinyl estradiol.

If emergency contraception is carried out using low-dose COCs, then 4 tablets of the drug should be taken within three days after sexual intercourse and 4 more tablets after 12 hours. If high-dose COCs are used for contraception, then two tablets of the drug should be taken within three days after sexual intercourse and two more after 12 hours.

Preparations containing gestagens. Escapel and NorLevo are the same drug under different names. For emergency contraception, it is enough to take one tablet of Escapel within 72 to 96 hours after unprotected sexual intercourse. Postinor should be used as follows: drink one tablet within 48 hours after sexual intercourse, then take a second tablet 12 hours later.

Preparations containing antigestagens. This group preparations can be conditionally divided into two subgroups depending on the content of the active substance. So, preparations Mifepristone, Mifegin and RU-348 contain 200 mg of the active substance. And tablets Agesta, Genale and Ginepriston contain only 10 mg of the active substance. The most modern and safe drugs for emergency contraception are those that contain only 10 mg of the active substance, that is, Agesta, Genale and Ginepriston. For emergency contraception, a single dose of these drugs containing 10 mg of antigestagens is enough.

However, for emergency contraception, agents containing 200 mg of the active substance are also currently used, which include Mifepristone, RU-348 and Mifegin. These drugs for the purpose of emergency contraception are used according to the following schemes:

1. A single dose of 600 mg of antigestagen (3 tablets of 200 mg) within 72 hours after sexual intercourse;

2. Taking drugs 200 mg (1 tablet) once a day from 23 to 27 days of the menstrual cycle inclusive. That is, the drug is taken one tablet at 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27 days of the menstrual cycle, regardless of when there was unprotected intercourse.

Drugs containing inhibitors of progesterone synthesis. This group of drugs includes Epostan. This drug is not registered in Russia, but is available in Europe, the USA, Ukraine and others. For the purpose of emergency contraception, Epostan must be taken within 72 hours after sexual intercourse according to the following scheme: 200 mg (1 tablet) 4 times a day for 4 to 5 days in a row.

Lack of parental attention, permissiveness and licentiousness lead to the commission of unconscious misconduct and real crimes by children. The law determines the responsibility of parents for the illegal acts of their minor children.

The appearance of children entails not only new rights, but also obligations. Parents are responsible for moral education younger generation. The task of the father and mother is to raise a worthy heir, to provide favorable conditions for life, growth and development of the individual.

If a child violates public order, commits illegal actions against other persons or other people's property, the representatives of the minor are responsible for such actions. Depending on the severity of the offense committed, the Criminal, Civil or Administrative Code is applicable.

Civil (property) liability

Persons who are responsible for the actions of minors are designated in articles 1073 and 1074 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The legislator divided responsibility for the actions of minors under fourteen years of age and children from 14 years of age to adulthood.

Responsible for the actions of persons under 14 years of age:

• Parents.
• Trustees and guardians.
• Employees of organizations for children left without adult care.
• Employees of educational institutions.
• Employees of medical institutions.
• Organizations providing care for the child, if the illegal act was committed during the period of supervision.

At the age of 14 to 18, a teenager is responsible independently for unlawful acts. But in the absence of funds to compensate for the damage caused, the responsibility passes to the parents or guardians. Adults are responsible for their actions with their own property and personal freedom.

The responsibility of parents for the offenses of minor children remains for three years after the deprivation of parental rights.

According to the legislator, the ability to commit illegal acts directly depends on improper upbringing. Before the deprivation of rights, the father and mother could treat their duties negligently. As a result, the child developed a propensity for antisocial behavior. When children are in preschool, educational, sports institutions or stay in the camp, the responsibility for their actions rests with educators and educators. An institution that does not provide proper supervision of minors can be held liable.

For example, a student did not show up for class, while he was absenteeism he committed a theft in a store. Under these circumstances, education workers should be punished. The violation in this situation is that the teachers did not react in any way to the absence of the student, did not inform the parents or law enforcement. During your stay in entertainment center or kindergarten, the responsibility lies with the employees of these institutions. AT similar situations the administration of the institution has a chance to evade responsibility. To do this, you need to prove that the student committed the act as a result of poor education. If parental negligence is established, the damage will be compensated by means family budget. During extracurricular hours and during vacations, the responsibility for the activities and leisure of minors lies with the parents.

Criminal liability

The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation regulates the age limit from which criminal penalties can be applied to a teenager. According to paragraph 1 of Article 20 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, criminal liability begins at the age of 16. Paragraph 2 of the article contains a remark. Criminal liability can come from the age of 14 when committing especially serious crimes:

• premeditated murder;
• violent acts of a sexual nature;
• intentional infliction of harm to health;
• theft of another's property;
• vehicle theft;
• extortion;
• terrorist activity.

Judicial proceedings against persons aged 14 to 16 are carried out with particular care. When sentencing, the following are taken into account:

1. Compliance of a minor with his age in terms of physical and intellectual indicators.
2. Mental development and education.
3. The ability to understand and evaluate one's actions.
4. conditions of life and education.

As a rule, measures of compulsory pedagogical influence for the purpose of re-education are applied to this age category. The child may be released under the supervision of parents or to a specialized educational and medical institution.

Parents represent minors in court. During the proceedings, the court examines the living conditions of the teenager, participation official representatives in the formation of personality. The legislator equates the level of education and the propensity to illegal acts.

Statistically, most of teen crimes are committed by children from disadvantaged families. The responsibility of parents for the upbringing of wards is prescribed by article 61 of the Family Code. Violation of this provision entails punishment under Article 156 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. To apply in court, the following circumstances must be proven:

• parents neglect the upbringing of the child;
• illegal behavior is encouraged in the family;
• immoral lifestyle of trustees;
• the child is not provided with developing leisure;
• insufficient attention from parents.

If malicious violations are found, the court has the right to restrict or deprive parental rights.

The criminal liability of parents for the acts of minor children provides for the following penalties:

• fine up to 100,000 rubles;
• mandatory work up to 440 hours;
• correctional labor up to two years;
• forced labor up to three years;
• deprivation of the right to engage in certain activities for up to 5 years;
• imprisonment up to three years.

In addition, adults are responsible for compensation for damages received in connection with the criminal act of a minor. For example, in case of harm to health, the parents of the offender are obliged to reimburse the victim for the costs of treatment, as well as to pay moral compensation.

Penalties under the Administrative Code

Administrative liability for minors begins at the age of 16. Teenagers are responsible for their actions with their own property and earnings. In the absence of income, payment of fines and compensations is shifted to adults. Parents are responsible for children under 16 years of age.
These juvenile delinquencies include:

• school avoidance;
• socially dangerous acts;
• violation of traffic rules;
• petty theft and hooliganism;
• antisocial offenses.

Punishments:

• penalty (half minimum size wages);
• public apology to the victim;
• self-repair of damage.

Fines and compensation can only be applied to teenagers with independent income. In the absence of such, material and property liability is assigned to legal representatives in accordance with the norms of civil law.

The legislator draws a parallel between illegal acts and the level mental development participation of adults in education. The Code of Administrative Offenses regulates punishments for parents and guardians. Punishment threatens for violations related to:

• lack of social education;
• inadequate security;
• training;
• rights and interests of children.

Article 5.35 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation establishes a fine of 100 to 500 rubles as a punishment for improper performance of parental duties. Delinquency is the result of a lack of good education, sufficient parental attention and moral values. Violations under this article can be both an independent basis for the application of punishment, and an additional circumstance in connection with an offense committed by a teenager.

By general rule Article 4.5 of the Code, the limitation period for an administrative offense is maintained for 2 months. In the case of a court decision - 3 months.

Responsibility for improper upbringing

Responsibility of parents for minor children begins from the moment of their birth and is valid until the age of 18.

In Russian law, the rights and obligations of trustees are enshrined in Article 61 of the Family Code. This article regulates the equality of father and mother in education.

According to the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, it is older generation bears primary responsibility for the upbringing and maintenance of his heirs. World legislation obliges to provide material and moral conditions for a full life and development of the younger generation.

Article 63 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation combines several concepts in the term "education":

1. Promoting physical development.
2. Caring for the mental, moral and ethical development of the individual.
3. Ensuring an adequate level of education (provide general education).

Responsibility comes with the systematic avoidance of citizens from parental duties.

The grounds for liability are:

• Failure to properly perform their duties.
• Abuse of parental rights.
• Intentional commission of acts that caused physical and psychological harm to a minor.

Improper performance is a negligent attitude towards the health of the child, encouragement of hooligan actions, ignoring school meetings. An example of abuse of one's rights is the concealment of the location of a minor from the second parent, abduction. Psychological and physical damage can be caused by physical punishment, immoral behavior of adults.

Evasion of obligations to provide, educate and educate children threatens trustees with administrative and criminal liability. The punishment for this violation, depending on the circumstances, can be both an administrative fine and imprisonment.

Responsibilities under Family Law

Parents are responsible for children until the age of majority or emancipation. Parental functions are spelled out in the provisions

Family Code. In Article 63, the legislator defines the main job functions of parents:

1. Personally educate a minor.
2. Choose teaching methods and methods of education that do not contradict the interests of children and their safety.
3. Contribute to the spiritual and psychological development of a small personality.
4. Provide high-quality material conditions for a happy and fulfilling childhood.

These obligations are implemented through personal contact with the child. The legislator clarifies the equality of powers and obligations, regardless of who the minor lives with. Both parents should fully participate in his life. Avoiding these duties without good reason is a violation.

Moral and social development juveniles depends on the behavior of adults. Negligent attitude towards educational process leads to juvenile delinquency. Unfair performance of duties can negatively affect the parents themselves. Responsibility for a child's misconduct, as well as to compensate for the damage caused, is the duty of the trustees.