The most beautiful and dangerous plants of Crimea. Red Book of Crimea What plants are in Crimea

February 19th, 2017 admin

Spring is the most best time to visit Crimea, this is the time when the peninsula especially pleases the eye with the bright and fresh greenery of forests, fields, plains, gardens and parks. The flora of Crimea is very unusual and diverse. There are 2,500 varieties of wild plants on the peninsula. There are 250 endemics in Crimea, that is, unique plants that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. Crimea is rich in relics - plants that have been preserved for millions of years and have survived to this day without any changes.

In Crimea there are a lot of plants related to the neighboring Black Sea regions, since over the course of thousands of years the Crimean peninsula was separated from the mainland many times, then rejoined by land isthmuses from the Caucasus, or the East European Plain. Of course, such geographical changes led to modifications in the flora and fauna of Crimea. We should also not forget that more than a thousand species of exotic plant specimens were brought to Crimea over the past thousand years of the history of this land. All these factors that influenced the nature of Crimea created the amazingly diverse and colorful world of vegetation that we see today on the peninsula.

Many unique plants Crimea is under state protection and more than 250 plants of the horsetail, gymnosperm, angiosperm, moss and algae families have long been listed in the Red Book. Let's list just a few of them: River horsetail. The bone is elegant. North Costenz. Juniper deltoid. Stephen's maple. Ira is graceful. Oak cuff. The onion is reddish. Hawthorn cuneifolia. Meadow sage. Crimean dandelion. Bibirstein Tulip. Forest grapes. Sea damask. Cystoseira bearudata and many others.

Among the diverse vegetation of Crimea there are quite a few plants that are quite attractive in appearance, but very dangerous for humans. As long as these plants and flowers grow in Crimean forests and fields, they are completely safe. Danger arises when their sap, roots, leaves or other parts come into contact with humans. Not only residents of the peninsula, but also those who come to visit us should know about dangerous plants. Every traveler, unknowingly, can pick a poisonous flower or eat a life-threatening berry.

In general, look at them carefully and avoid mindlessly tearing these plants.

1. Delphinium or larkspur

Larkspur causes central depression nervous system with a simultaneous effect on gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system. With toxic doses, respiratory paralysis occurs, accompanied by heart damage.

2. Hemlock (lat. cicuta)

A perennial herbaceous plant of the Umbelliferae family, with the scent of parsley or celery. This plant looks so innocent: white flowers gathered in idyllic umbrellas. But when drinking the juice of this plant, severe abdominal pain, salivation, vomiting and diarrhea will begin, followed by convulsions, which can lead to respiratory and cardiac arrest.

3. Spotted hemlock (lat. Conīum maculātum)

This poisonous plant with an intoxicating odor, it should be collected only with rubber gloves. Hemlock have long been used for two opposing purposes: with the help of tincture, death sentences were carried out, or they were prepared from it medicines. Once in the human stomach, hemlock juice (or decoction) causes nausea, often vomiting and diarrhea. There is a loss of sensation and gradual paralysis, starting from the legs. It takes hemlock only two hours to kill its victim.

Most often, foxglove appears in Agatha Christie's detective stories. In her story “Dead Grass,” foxglove causes the death of a young girl and the illness of other characters. The plant was mixed with onions, and the resulting mixture was stuffed into the duck.

The plant, especially the leaves, contains the well-known atropine, as well as asparagine, then lime and other alkaline substances. Belladonna is highly poisonous to humans, although herbivores eat it with impunity.

6. Wolfsbane or fighter

In the beech forest of Crimea you can find a very beautiful perennial herbaceous plant from the ranunculaceae family with bright blue or purple flowers. Its most popular names are aconite or fighter. Ancient Greek mythology tells that the wrestler emerged from the poisonous saliva of the formidable guardian of the underground kingdom of Hades - the three-headed dog Cerberus, who was brought to earth by the great hero Hercules. This suggests that aconite has been considered one of the most poisonous plants since ancient times. The ancient Greeks used aconite juice to carry out death sentences. There is a known case when legionnaires of the Roman Emperor Mark Antony, after eating several aconite tubers, lost their memory and soon died. In many countries, the mere possession of aconite root was considered a serious crime and was punishable by death. According to one of the ancient legends, the famous conqueror Tamerlane died, poisoned precisely by the poison of aconite, which was soaked in his skullcap. Aconite juice was used in ancient times to apply it to arrows. The ancient Germans compared aconite flowers with the helmet of the god Thor, they soaked weapons - spears, swords and daggers - in aconite juice before going into battle or hunting. The plant contains a deadly poison - aconitine.

This flower is an ideal candidate for decorating any summer cottage. Unfortunately, Colchicum is extremely poisonous. Moreover, all parts of the plant are poisonous, both external and underground. Even when picking up a flower, you should wear gloves to avoid getting burned. Light purple or pink flowers that bloomed their buds in the fall, on the eve of the winter cold, gave the flower its name - colchicum. But their innocent defenselessness is very deceptive - the flower is very poisonous. Colchicum sap contains more than 20 toxins, and some of them are deadly. Gardeners are recommended to work with crocus while wearing gloves. The literature describes cases of death of people who were treated as prescribed by healers with a decoction of colchicum. Another name for this plant is colchicum. According to ancient Greek myth, this plant sprouted from drops of the blood of Prometheus, who was chained to a rock in the Caucasus mountains and tormented by an eagle. Colchicum, according to legend, decorated the garden of the goddess Artemis in Colchis. On the Crimean peninsula there are two similar species of colchicum: shady, which blooms in autumn, and winter Ankara. Moreover, the shady colchicum, which blooms only in autumn, is often confused with a more common harmless plant in the Crimea - the beautiful crocus, which blooms only in spring.

The plant is dangerous from the roots to the tips of the leaves, but the dangerous part is a bud. The consequences of ingesting even a piece of this plant will be the same as those of consuming potassium cyanide! Choking, loss of consciousness, convulsions, rapid pulse, drop in blood pressure and even death - this is the price of careless handling of this cute flower.

When bringing a bouquet of daffodils into your home, know that if you taste it, the consequences can be sad: nausea and vomiting, convulsions and loss of consciousness; with increased sensitivity, paralysis and death are possible.

If you taste any part of this plant, sad consequences will not keep you waiting. The first symptoms will be drooling and tearing, then all this will turn into vomiting, a slow pulse and a drop in blood pressure.

Crimea is a completely unique and amazingly beautiful place, striking with its extraordinary richness of flora. There are not many places on our planet that could boast of such a wealth of species of flora, imported from other regions and successfully taking root in a new place.

11. Datura common

Anyone who read Bazhov's fairy tales as a child can remember the famous stone flower - an ideal bowl created by master Danil in the almost unattainable image of a datura flower. Residents of Crimea have long appreciated its beauty. Common datura growing everywhere in Crimea local residents often used as an ornamental plant. A dangerous plant in Crimea is the common datura. Even more often in Crimean gardens and parks you can find large white gramophones of the Indian datura. But this poisonous plant became famous not only for its beauty, but also for its other properties. The popular names alone that indicate them are worth it: stupefying grass, crazy potion, bad drunk, crazy grass... And all these names are well deserved, since the plant is poisonous and is a strong hallucinogen. Therefore, shamans and priests of some tribes and peoples, knowing safe dosages, took it to enter a trance. In India there was even a profession - dope poisoner. The “professional” blew dope seed powder into the sniffling man’s nose through a pipe, which made him fall asleep even more deeply, and the thieves easily, without any obstacles, carried the property out of the house.
12. Henbane.

The very name of this plant evokes a vivid association among many with the poison discussed in the brilliant work of the great English playwright William Shakespeare “Hamlet”. After all, it was henbane poison that poisoned the king, the father of Prince Hamlet. In Russian folklore, the name henbane is associated with the expression: “Have you eaten too much henbane?”, which is undoubtedly associated with the expressive symptoms of henbane poisoning. The famous doctor and scientist Avicena described the characteristic symptoms of poisoning: “Henbane is a poison that often causes insanity, deprives memory and causes suffocation and demonic possession.” A rather bright and noticeable henbane flower is often found in Crimea, a plant with not very flashy, but very attractive flowers. Also, a common cause of poisoning is the similarity of henbane seeds, which are similar to safe poppy seeds. Dr. Mettesi noted: “Children, having eaten too much henbane, fall into such extravagance that their relatives, without knowing the reasons, begin to think that this is the machinations of evil spirits.” In pharmacology, henbane is used to prepare some anti-asthmatic drugs and painkillers.

13. White-winged arum

In April-May, an exotic arum flower, slightly similar to kala, appears in the forests of Crimea. Its single petal is compared to a wing, hence the name of the rarest of the three species growing on the peninsula - white-winged arum. Dangerous plant of the Crimea - arum Despite its unique decorative effect, the Crimean arum did not gain popularity due to its pungent and very unpleasant odor. However, flies, their pollinators, find the amber that comes from these flowers to be a very attractive aroma.
Unusual Oriental arum flowers have two flowering phases - male and female. Insects Having visited a plant with a male flowering period, after a while they sit on a female one and slide inside. At the same time, they are prevented from getting out of the flower by thread-like outgrowths that are directed downward, and they have no choice but to crawl along the cob located at the base of the flower, pollinating it with the pollen brought. After this, the arum enters the male flowering phase, removes all its traps and releases the insects to freedom.
All types of Crimean arum (Arum italicum) are toxic . In summer, their ears ripen and are covered with attractive orange berries. If you eat at least a few of them, severe inflammation of the oral cavity occurs and characteristic signs of poisoning appear. In some places in the Crimea, arums are called forest pencils for the ability of the rod located in the center of the inflorescence to color surfaces, for which it is called “forest pencils.”

14. Yew berry

In ancient times, entire forested areas yew, but at present there are very few old trees left. The age of yew berry can be quite respectable - some trees are more than a thousand years old. The widespread destruction of yew was caused by its beautiful, ever-durable wood, painted in different shades of red, which is why it is also called mahogany. In Ancient Egypt, sarcophagi of Egyptian pharaohs were made from yew. In ancient times, the best bows were made from the unusually durable wood of the yew tree. But craftsmen working with toxic yew wood did not live long, and those who cut yew branches felt a severe headache. Ancient legends have been preserved that in the old days beautiful cups were created from yew berry, which were then presented as gifts to enemies in the hope of poisoning them. In Europe, yew wood was used to make very expensive furniture. Pliny the Elder mentioned the toxicity of yew berry. Everything about a tree is poisonous: wood, seeds, needles, bark, roots. The exception is the juicy shells that look like berries. Sweetish, but not distinguished by an exquisite taste, they are completely harmless. The danger is that if they are eaten together with the fruit - the seed - poisoning will inevitably occur.
15. Peonies

Like many medicinal plants Crimea, peonies are poisonous. Everything about it is toxic – from the rhizomes, petals, seeds. Vegetable world The peninsula is decorated with two types of peonies, which compete with each other in their splendor. Peonies are listed in the Red Book, as their number is decreasing throughout the Crimea. Two thousand years ago, delicate peony flowers decorated the imperial gardens of China. Peonies were brought to the emperor's court from the south of the country in specially made bamboo baskets, and to protect them from withering, each flower stem was covered with wax. In Ancient Greece, the peony flower was considered a symbol of longevity. There is an opinion that the Greeks valued peony not only for its beauty, but also for its amazing healing properties; the flower got its name from Greek word“paionios”, which in translation sounds like healing. Ancient Greek doctors were called "Peonies". IN ancient Greece There was a myth about a student of the god of healing, Aesculapius, Peony, who surpassed his mentor in the art of healing. This aroused the anger of the god Zeus, and he ordered Hades to poison Peony, however, the ruler of the underworld took pity on the dying young man and turned him into a peony flower of extraordinary beauty.

15. Heracleum L., hogweed - a large umbrella plant.

The white caps of inflorescences against the background of beautiful carved leaves in themselves clearly distinguish this plant from all others. But it is even more impressive with its majestic size. A dangerous plant in Crimea - Heracleum. Under favorable conditions, some types of hogweed grow up to 4 meters with a leaf area of ​​up to 1 square meter. In this case, the diameter of the inflorescence often reaches 60 centimeters. For such a powerful growth and a very high growth rate - 10-12 centimeters per day, it received its Latin name - Heracleum. Surprised by its extraordinary appearance, residents of central Russia brought its seeds from the Caucasus, the Urals and other regions. Having settled into a new place as ornamental plant, the hogweed soon went out of control and, conquering the surroundings of the peninsula, began to displace many local species, becoming a malicious weed. It soon became clear that the handsome Heracleum not only prolific, but also very poisonous. Even touching this plant can cause a serious chemical burn, so remember it well and during the flowering period, try to admire its beauty from afar.
16. Buttercup (Ranunculus oxyspermus).

The affectionate-sounding name of the plant “buttercup” actually comes from a formidable, even ferocious epithet - fierce. The bright yellow flowers of the buttercup, as if lacquered, received another popular name - night blindness . This was apparently due to the irritant effect of the juice on the mucous membranes, including the eyes. Of the beautifully flowering toxic plants of the Crimean peninsula in terms of the number of species, the buttercup is a true champion - Of the 23 species of this plant, all buttercup flowers are poisonous. Contact of the plant with the skin can cause severe dermatitis, and the likely outcome of ingestion will be fatal. In antiquity, the buttercup was a symbol of unfriendly teasing and served as the emblem of the formidable war god Ares, and in In ancient Rus', the buttercup was considered a flower thunderer Perun . And according to one Christian legend, fleeing from the Archangel Michael, Satan hid among the thickets of buttercup, which is why the flower became so evil. In the Ottoman Empire, buttercup leaves were widely used in greenhouses and became a symbol of the greatness of the sultans.

17. Lily of the valley

This plant from the lily family, despite its modest appearance, has won the hearts of all many nations. Widely known since ancient times medicinal properties lily of the valley In medieval Europe it became a symbol of medicine. However, lily of the valley is completely poisonous. Few people know that this plant produces bright red, appetizing-looking fruits in the fall, which, if eaten, can cause serious poisoning. There are even known cases of death when water containing a bouquet of lilies of the valley was accidentally drunk.

Small, snow-white, graceful lily of the valley flowers, like magic bells, exude a delicate, refined aroma that leaves no one indifferent. In terms of the number of legends and myths, it is unlikely that it will have competitors. In the Christian legend, lilies of the valley grew from the tears of Mary that fell to the ground as she mourned her crucified son. In Russian legends and epics, the lily of the valley is associated with the appearance of the sea princess Rusalka. The fairy-tale hero Sadko rejected the love of the sea maiden for the earthly love of Lyubava. The bitter tears of the sea princess sprouted into delicate and slightly sad flowers - lilies of the valley, intoxicating with their scent. Little Russian legends talk about this. that lily of the valley flowers appeared from the happy laughter of Mavka in love, and scattered like white pearls throughout the forest. In Western Europe, it was believed that lily of the valley flowers serve as lanterns for gnomes, and miniature elves hide under lily of the valley flowers from the rain. Lily of the valley flowers are still loved today. In France, on the first Sunday in May, the lily of the valley holiday is celebrated, and the Finns even consider it their national flower.

Currently, humanity is concerned about the state of nature and is doing everything possible to preserve rare representatives flora and fauna. The Red Book of Crimea will help you find out which Crimean animals and plants need protection.

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Story

The first list where they were listed rare plants and rare animals in Crimea was compiled in the twenties of the last century. Over time, it changed, many scientists made their additions. But there was not enough material to create a full-fledged publication. Finally, in 2015, by government decree, a decree was issued on the compilation of the work “The Red Book of Crimea. Plants and Animals." The document gave the publication official status. More than fifty specialists worked on its creation. The information contained in it helps in making decisions about expanding protected areas or creating new reserves and nature reserves.

Structure

​The Red Book contains the names of species in Russian and Latin, and their descriptions. Characteristics of rarity are given and actions taken for conservation are indicated. A map indicating habitats, illustrations and photographs is presented. At the end of each essay there are links to primary sources.

On land and in water

Almost 400 species of animals are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea. Of these, more than fifty are endangered, 16 subspecies are considered almost extinct.

List of some animals from the Red Book of Crimea:

The prairie polecat is a critically endangered group.

Lives on plains, forest plantations and even in small settlements. Feeds on small rodents. Females are fertilized in the spring and give birth in early summer, 10 to 16 puppies at a time. At the end of summer, the puppies leave their mother, live alone, and by the next year they become sexually mature individuals. No special protection measures are proposed. The population size depends on the number of rats, which are the main food.

The bottlenose dolphin is a declining species.

In Crimea, it lives in the Black Sea and the Kerch Strait. It feeds on fish, lives on average 20 - 30 years, becomes sexually mature at 7 years, and bears offspring once every 3 years. Suffering from illegal catching for commercial dolphinariums, dying from collisions with ships. It reproduces in captivity, but produces weak offspring, incapable of full reproduction. The reduction and subsequent closure of dolphinariums was named as a conservation measure.

The small ground squirrel is a declining steppe group.

Lives in colonies in steppes and semi-deserts. Digs long holes with passages. It feeds mainly on cereals. In the cold season, it hibernates for 3-4 months. Upon emerging from hibernation, they begin the breeding cycle, with a litter of five to ten cubs. At the beginning of summer, they emerge from their burrows, and other groups of animals, including those listed in the Red Book in Crimea, settle in the burrows, which makes gophers valuable in environmentally subspecies They are threatened by plowing of the steppes and predators.

The great jerboa is a critically endangered species.

Prefers meadows and dry banks of water bodies. Lives in burrows, equipping a nesting chamber. During the winter it hibernates. It feeds on bulbs, seeds, leaves and insects. The threat to them is plowing of meadows and grazing. It also suffers from predators: seagulls, owls, ferrets.

A complete list of which animals are included in the Red Book of Crimea can be found in the publication itself, in printed or electronic version.

In the air

The birds listed in the Red Book in the Republic of Crimea amaze with their diversity. Let's look at some of them:

Starling pink.

The color of this bird is actually pink, with the exception of a small crest, wings and tail - they are black, with a metallic tint. This is a rare subspecies. Arrives at nesting sites in May. Over the past 30 years, the number of arriving birds has decreased threefold. Builds nests in shelters - rock cracks, under slate roofs. Lays about 5 eggs, which are incubated by both parents. A month after birth, the chicks can already fly well. The starling feeds mainly on insects; in summer, juicy fruits are added to its diet.

Tirkushka steppe.

Endangered. It nests near the sea or salt lakes, away from water, in colonies. In the seventies of the last century it was a common bird, but now it is extremely rare. Arrives in early May, uses a small hole in the ground as a nest, laying up to 5 eggs. The parents incubate together, flying away during the day to feed. The nest left for this time is looked after by other birds of the colony. At the beginning of September, tirkushkas along with their young fly to Africa for the winter.

The yellow heron is a rare subspecies.

It nests along the banks of brackish and freshwater bodies of water, close to other bird colonies. Arrives in April and lays eggs in early May. By July, the young are already flying away from the colony. Adult birds fly away until the end of September. It feeds on insects, amphibians and small fish in shallow water.

Many types migratory birds in recent years they have reduced their numbers and those listed in the Red Book are under state protection.

Insects

Representatives of insects require no less protection. Let's look at some of them:

The Crimean ground beetle (another name is “Rough ground beetle”) is a rare subspecies.

Lives on rocky slopes, in gardens, vineyards, parks and forests. It is a predator that eats snails, insects and their larvae. Breeds from early April to late September. Life span is three years, they hibernate of different ages larvae. There are noticeable fluctuations in numbers.

The bumblebee is an endangered subspecies.

Occurs singly, rarely. Prefers banks and water meadows. It makes nests on the ground, under last year's leaves or moss. Active from late spring to late summer. It feeds on pollen and nectar from representatives of the legume family. The burning of dry grass and the depletion of feeding areas are recognized as a threat.

Swallowtail is a rare species. Large, beautiful butterfly.

The wingspan reaches 10 cm. It lives in the steppes, but flies over long distances, flying into villages and vegetable gardens and laying eggs there. Before mating, males perform courtship dances. The female lays from 1 to 3 eggs. Caterpillars feed on umbelliferae, preferring their flowers. They develop within a month, then make a pupa. The threat to the population is the plowing of the steppes, uncontrolled grazing of livestock.

All these and many other animals of Crimea listed in the Red Book are protected by the law of the Russian Federation.

Flora

Its representatives play an invaluable role in the development of the planet. The state cares about the conservation of useful species. Endangered plants of Crimea, listed in the Red Book - rare plants, all of them are also listed in the Red Book of Russia and Ukraine.

The introduction to the publication contains a story about the nature of the peninsula with colorful photographs and illustrations of landscapes. A list of regulations is presented. The descriptions themselves include the following sections:

1. name of the species in Russian and Latin with synonyms;
2. photograph or illustration;
3. taxon status;
4. growing area and cartogram indicating places of growth on the territory of the Crimean Republic;
5. morphological and biological features;
6. possible threats and accepted security methods;
7. links to sources of information and authors of illustrations and photographs.

Almost 300 species of vascular species, about 40 bryophytes, slightly less than 20 algae and 55 lichens and fungi are protected by law. The Red Book plants express a loud call for the protection of not only the rare subspecies included in the KK list, but also all other equally important species growing on the peninsula.

Trees

On the peninsula, depending on the distance from the coast, there are different types of forests.
In the foothills there are forest-steppes consisting of juniper, pear, oak, rose hips and other trees. To the south, oaks appear - these are light and not dense forests. Higher in the mountains they change to beech trees (the trees are more than two hundred years old). It's very twilight there, grass doesn't grow under the canopies. The higher you go, the more gnarled and stunted the trees become. Closer to the sea there are pine and beech forests. Even further south, a mixed forest appears, consisting of oak, pistachio, juniper and other drought-resistant plants.

For example, Crimean juniper is a declining species. This is an evergreen tree up to 15 meters high. Prefers steep southern slopes, wind-pollinated, reproduces by seeds. The threat is construction, quarrying, Forest fires. Protected in nature reserves.

Flowers

These representatives of the flora are presented in an incredible number of species. Many of them are endangered. Let's list some of them:

The end of April/May is the best time to visit Crimea. It’s not very hot yet, the greenery has not faded, there are no crowds of people like in the summer.
But the main attraction of this time is the flowers.

Below are photographs and descriptions of Crimean flowers taken in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008, during the May holidays (late April/early May). Mainly represented are the Bakhchisarai, Yalta and Sudak regions of Crimea.

SLEEP-GRASS, CRIMEAN ARROW (Pulsatilla taurica)

He's a snow tulip, he's a little sunny, he's a grass-grass, he's a boar's lumbago, he's a shooter, he's a raspberry, he's a beaver.
Grows in mountains, oak forests, mountain meadows, steppe areas of foothills and rocky slopes.
The Crimean spring flower is the most beautiful - you can admire it and photograph it endlessly.
Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Dream-Grass. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag

Dream-Grass. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag

Dream-Grass. April 2004 Chatyr-Dag

Dream-Grass. 2.05.03 Yalta yayla

Dream-Grass. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag



Dream-Grass. 5.05.07 Hangar-Burun

FOLDED SNOWDROP (Galanthus plicatus M. Bieb.)

Folded snowdrop (Galanthus plicatus) is a species that differs from other species in folded leaves with a bluish bloom, with folds curved on the underside.
Previously considered as an endemic Crimean species, however, habitats of folded snowdrop have now been identified in the Caucasus, Turkey, Romania and Moldova.
Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

4.05.07 Not far from the t/s "Boyko"

Snowdrop. May 2005 Chatyr-Dag

Snowdrop. 1.05.03 Grand Canyon

Scilla bifolia L.

Aka Crimean scilla (Scilla taurica (Regel) Fuss), aka snow scilla (Scilla nivalis Boiss.). Glades overgrown with blueberries mixed with snowdrops look very beautiful.

Scilla. 2.05.03 Climbing the Roman-Kosh mountain

CRIMEAN CROCUS (Crocus tauricus (Trautv.) Puring)

It is also Crimean saffron. Endemic Crimean-Caucasian species. It grows in the mountains on open rocky places and grassy slopes. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.

Crimean crocus.4.05.07 Not far from Ai-Petri

Crimean crocus.1.05.03 Yalta yayla

PRIMULA (Primula)Primula

Grows in southern regions European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Crimea, Southern and Central Europe. The species is similar to spring primrose, but with an undeveloped flower arrow. Flowering from April. The plant is cold-resistant and blooms on the edge of the snow.
The ancient Greeks believed that the primrose could heal all ailments and called it “the flower of the twelve gods.”

In the old German sagas, primroses are the keys of the spring goddess Freya. With the help of these keys, the beautiful goddess, adorned with a necklace of colorful rainbow, reveals real warmth after a long winter. Wherever her rainbow hits, golden keys appear, and spring flowers sprout from them - primroses.

The Danes are sure that the princess of the elves herself was turned into a primrose. One day the spirits released the girl to earth, and there she fell in love with the young man, forgetting about her relatives. For this, the spirits turned the princess into a primrose and her lover into an anemone.

In Rus', primroses were lovingly called lambs. There was even such a custom: to throw the plucked lambs under your feet and trample them - for longevity.

The British have the primrose as their favorite flower. It is grown in gardens and vegetable gardens, taken with them on trips, and given to loved ones. According to English fairy tales, gnomes hide in primroses, and if you go out into a clearing in the spring, you can hear a choir of gentle voices coming from the flowers.

Common primrose (Primula vulgaris) or stemless (Primula acaulis) April 2004. District of the Boyko t/s

Road overgrown with primroses. 04/26/03 from Eski-Kermen to Shuldan

Primula Sibthorpii (Primula sibthorpii)25.04.03 Near Eski-Kermen

Common primrose.04.25.03 near the Red Poppy

VIOLETS

There are many different ones in Crimea. Particularly beautiful and large ones are found on yailas. Yellow and blue look very nice.

Dog violet (Viola canina)25.04.03 near Eski-Kermen

Fragrant violet (Viola odorata)25.04.03 near Eski-Kermen



Mountain violet (Viola oreades Bieb.) April 2004 Ai-Petri yayla

Mountain violet (Viola oreades Bieb.) April 2004 Ai-Petri yayla

Glade of violets. April 2004 Eski-Kermen

KUPENA fragrant (Polygonatum odoratum)

It is also bought medicinal, bought pharmaceutical (Polygonatum officinale L.), it is also Solomon's seal. Grows on drying, slightly acidic, rich, humus, loose, for the most part shallow, sandy, rocky and clayey soils: in forests, bushes and slopes. Edge-forest view. The plant is poisonous.

Kupena is fragrant. April 2004 Eski-Kermen

POPPY (Papaver dubium L.)

Doubtful poppy is an annual herbaceous plant 30-60 cm high. It blooms in April-June. Grows on dry rocky, gravelly, clayey slopes, among bushes, on sand, in forest-steppe and steppe, in fields, near roads, in mountains up to the mid-mountain zone. Poisonous.

Poppy is dubious. April 2004 p. Red poppy

IBERIAN, WALL (Iberis)

The name of the plant indicates the area of ​​​​natural distribution: Iberia, as Spain was previously called. The genus contains about 40 species, distributed in the Mediterranean and Central Europe.

Iberian forms thick round cushions, which during the flowering period, in April-May, seem to be dusted with snow due to the lilac-white flowers. In Crimea they live in rocky places, in the mountains, on the South Coast.

There are rocky Iberian (Ib.saxatilis), Crimean Iberian (Ib. taurica), very rarely - bitter Iberian (Ib.amara) and pinnate Iberian (Ib.pinnata). These types differ mainly in leaf shape.

Candytuft. 1.05.03 Great Crimean Canyon

Ornithogalum fimbriatum Willd
He is also a fibrous poultry plant, he is also a ciliated poultry plant.
Grows in forests along the edges, in the steppes, on yayls. From the subgenus Ornithogalum. Plants no more than 12 cm tall. The arrow is covered with hairs. Blooms in mid-spring, up to 15 days.

Poultry farmer. April 2003 Vetrov Gazebo area

THIN-LEAF PEONY Paeonia tenuifolia L. (P. lithophila Kotov, P. biebersteiniana Rupr.)

It is also a narrow-leaved peony. Herbaceous perennial up to 50 cm in height. Grows on meadow steppes, on leached chernozems, mountain slopes. Blooms in May. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.

Peony thin-leaved. April 2004 and 5.05.07 On the climb to Chatyr-Dag

Peony thin-leaved. April 2004 Chatyr-Dag

Thickets of thin-leaved peony 04/29/08 Slopes of Lyalel-Oba

CRIMEAN PEONY (Paeonia daurica)

Aka Tauride peony (Paeonia taurica auct.), aka three-triple peony (Paeonia triternata) Endemic to Crimea. It grows in light forests, typically in the undergrowth of oak forests. It occurs en masse at altitudes from 200 meters to the upper forest boundary. Blooms in May. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Crimean peony. April 2004 Eski-Kermen

MUSCARI (Muscari neglectum Guss)

He's the unnoticed viper onion, he's also the mouse hyacinth.
Low, up to 15 cm tall, bulbous perennial of the lily family.
It grows in sunny rocky meadows and on the edges of forests. Often forms a continuous blue carpet. Blooms in April-May.

Muscari. End of April 2004 Chatyr-Dag



Muscari. 04/25/03 Eski-Kermen

Dwarf IRIS (Iris pumila) OR CRIMEAN IRIS (Iris taurica. Iridaceae)

Aka low iris, aka dwarf iris.
Herbaceous perennial 10-20 cm in height. It grows in the steppes, on grassy slopes, on rocky and thin soils, at altitudes from 300 to 700 m above sea level, less often it descends to 50 m and rises to 900-1000 m.

Purple and yellow irises 04/29/08 Slopes of Lalel-Oba

Dwarf iris. April 2004 Eski Kermen

Dwarf irises. 04/25/03 near the village. Red poppy

ORIENTAL AROUS (Arum orientale Bieb., A. maculatum auct.)

A relict species, it belongs to one of the oldest genera of tropical origin in Ukraine. Perennial herbaceous plant 20-30cm high. Grows in shady forests. Very specific smell. Blooms in May. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Eastern arum. April 2004 near the Shuldan monastery

SCHRENK'S TULIP(Tulipa schrenkii Regel)

Also known as Gesner's tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.). Plants are 10-40 cm tall. Stem b. h. naked, sometimes pubescent. The leaves are recurved, sickle-shaped, spaced, more or less curly, glabrous or pubescent, not exceeding the flower. One flower, red or yellow. The tepals are relatively short, wide, and blunt. The spot at their base is black, with a yellow border, yellow or absent. Blooms in April. It grows mainly in the steppe Crimea, as well as in the foothills and on the South Coast.

Schrenk's Tulip 04/29/08 Slopes of Lyalel-Oba (translated from Crimean Tatar as “top of tulips”)

LOW ALMOND (Amygdalus nana L.)

He is also a bean tree, he is also a dwarf almond, he is also a steppe almond.
It grows in the zone of forb-meadow steppes, in hollows, along ravines, and gullies.

Thickets of dwarf almonds. 04/29/08 not far from the t/s "Ai-Serez"

ADONIS SPRING (Adonis vernalis L.)

He is also the spring adonis, he is also the spring adonis. Blooms in May
in the steppes, along the edges of forests, in cleared forest glades, steppe slopes, meadows. A very bright and beautiful flower.

Adonis in spring. 04/29/08 Upper reaches of the Ai-Serez river

YELLOW ASPHODELINE Asphodeline Lutea (L.) Reichend

Rare endangered Eastern Mediterranean species. Herbaceous perennial with a thick, tall, up to 60 cm, stem. The stem from the base to the inflorescence is covered with dagger-shaped, triangular fleshy leaves. The flower raceme is thick, long and consists of large greenish-yellow flowers up to 2.5 cm in diameter. The tepals have a characteristic green vein. After flowering, a fruit is formed - a large capsule. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine

Yellow asphodeline (Asphodeline lutea) 04/29/08 t/s Maski in Ukraine is found only in Crimea

ORCHIDS(Orchidaceae)

Wild orchids are the most wonderful flowers of the spring Crimea.
According to various sources, 20-39 species of orchids grow in Crimea. All are listed in the Red Book. The population of wild orchids is small and continues to decline, mainly due to deforestation and destruction of flowers for bouquets.
Mostly orchises (purple, monkey) are found; I was lucky to stumble upon the rare Crimean orchis, of which only a few specimens remain.

04/27/08 Fox Bay. Painted orchis (spotted) (Orchis picta Loisel.)

Crimean Ophrys taurica Nevski

Orchis simia Lam.

Orchis purpurea Huds.

Orchis punctulata

Wolf's orchis Orchis x wulffiana and Steveniella satyrioides Schlechter

Orchis April 2004

Wonderful resources were used in preparing the material:
1) http://www.plantarium.ru Plant identification guide on-line
An open illustrated atlas of vascular plants of Russia and neighboring countries.
2) http://family-travel.narod.ru/flora/flora.html Photoherbarium. Wild plants of Crimea.
3) http://mail.menr.gov.ua/publ/redbook/redbook.php Chervona book of Ukraine.

Yaroslav Kuznetsov ©2009

The official status of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Crimea provides reliable state security biological species included in it and implies strict legal liability of persons causing damage to their populations.

This publication includes 297 species of vascular plants, 35 species of bryophytes, 18 species of macrophyte algae, 22 species of lichens and 33 species of macroscopic fungi. This is the order in which these groups appear in the book. Vascular plants are divided into the divisions psilotophytes, horsetails, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and flowering plants; then bryophytes into hepatic and leaf-stem mosses, algae into green, ochrophytic, red and charophytic, and fungi into marsupials and basidiophytes.

Within each department, orders, families, genera and species are given in alphabetical order(according to Latin names). The Red Book of the Republic of Crimea takes into account the latest achievements of world science in the field of macrosystematics of vascular plants. In particular, the classification of flowering plants is given according to the APG III system (see Reveal, Chase, 2011), that is, their traditional division into monocots and dicotyledons is not accepted in this publication. The systems of pteridophytes (Christenhusz and Chase, 2014) and gymnosperms (Christenhusz et al., 2011) were also borrowed from the most modern publications.

The names of vascular plant species are given mostly from the “Natural Flora Crimean peninsula"(Ena, 2012). Deviations are mainly due to new information published in more recent later works(in particular, on many orchids, tulips, and less common grass), less often with the author’s position of the compilers of essays (on hawthorns and Crimean cabbage). A small part of the species included in the Red Book, but not in the “Natural Flora of the Crimean Peninsula”, were first discovered in Crimea only in the last two to three years (Haussknecht’s kostenets, rocky hermit, a number of species of dormouse).

Essays on each species include Russian and Latin names, conservation status taxon, brief information about its range, description of the features of morphology and biology, threat factors and accepted and necessary measures security

The description of each species is accompanied by a color illustration (photo or drawing), the author of which is indicated at the end of the essay (in the case of two photographs, the author is indicated in order from left to right)

The description of each species is also accompanied by a map with a grid designation of its locations on the territory of the Republic of Crimea. The basis of these maps is a map of the main landscape zones of Crimea (Development of Priorities, 1999), reproduced here from symbols on the next page. The distribution of species is marked on maps in 10*10 km squares. Red dots mark squares where the location of the species is confirmed by modern finds made after 1994. Blue dots mean that the species was present in this square according to information obtained before 1994, but has now either disappeared, or data on its presence after 1994 have not been verified.

The Red Book of the Republic of Crimea includes all species listed in (2008; hereinafter referred to as the Code of the Russian Federation