How much Russia was under the Mongol Tatar. Chronicle about the Tatar-Mongol yoke: historical fact or fiction

In the late autumn of 1480, the Great Standing on the Ugra ended. It is believed that after that in Russia there was no Mongol-Tatar yoke.

INSULT

The conflict between the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III and the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat arose, according to one version, due to non-payment of tribute. But a number of historians believe that Akhmat received tribute, but went to Moscow because he did not wait for the personal presence of Ivan III, who was supposed to receive a label for a great reign. Thus, the prince did not recognize the authority and power of the khan.

Akhmat should have been especially offended by the fact that when he sent ambassadors to Moscow to ask for tribute and dues for past years, Grand Duke again, he did not show due respect. The Kazan History even says: “The Grand Duke was not afraid ... taking the basma, he spat, broke it, threw it to the ground and trampled it with his feet.” Of course, such behavior of the Grand Duke is hard to imagine, but the refusal to recognize the power of Akhmat followed.

Khan's pride is also confirmed in another episode. In the Ugorshchina, Akhmat, who was not in the best strategic position, demanded that Ivan III himself come to the Horde headquarters and stand at the stirrup of the lord, waiting for a decision.

WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION

But Ivan Vasilyevich was concerned about his own family. The people did not like his wife. Having panicked, the prince first of all saves his wife: “Ioann sent the Grand Duchess Sophia (a Roman, as the chroniclers say), together with the treasury, to Beloozero, giving the order to go further to the sea and ocean if the khan crosses the Oka,” wrote historian Sergey Solovyov. However, the people did not rejoice at her return from Beloozero: “ grand duchess Sofya ran from the Tatars to Beloozero, but no one drove it.

The brothers, Andrei Galitsky and Boris Volotsky, revolted, demanding to share the inheritance of their deceased brother, Prince Yuri. Only when this conflict was settled, not without the help of his mother, Ivan III could continue the fight against the Horde. In general, "women's participation" in standing on the Ugra is great. According to Tatishchev, it was Sophia who persuaded Ivan III to make a historic decision. The victory in Standing is also attributed to the intercession of the Virgin.

By the way, the size of the required tribute was relatively low - 140,000 altyns. Khan Tokhtamysh collected about 20 times more from the Vladimir principality a century before.

They did not save even when planning defense. Ivan Vasilyevich gave the order to burn the settlements. Residents were moved inside the fortress walls.

There is a version that the prince simply paid off the khan after the Standing: he paid one part of the money on the Ugra, the second - after the retreat. Beyond the Oka, Andrey Menshoi, Ivan III's brother, did not attack the Tatars, but gave the "way out".

indecisiveness

The Grand Duke refused to take action. Subsequently, posterity approved of his defensive stance. But some contemporaries had a different opinion.

At the news of Akhmat's approach, he panicked. The people, according to the chronicle, accused the prince of endangering everyone with his indecision. Fearing assassination attempts, Ivan left for Krasnoye Selo. His heir, Ivan Molodoy, was at that time with the army, ignoring the requests and letters of his father demanding to leave the army.

The Grand Duke nevertheless left in the direction of the Ugra in early October, but did not reach the main forces. In the city of Kremenets, he waited for the brothers who had reconciled with him. And at this time there were battles on the Ugra.

WHY DID THE POLISH KING NOT HELP?

Akhmat Khan's main ally, the great Lithuanian prince and Polish king Casimir IV, never came to the rescue. The question arises: why?

Some write that the king was preoccupied with the attack of the Crimean Khan Mepgli Giray. Others point to internal strife in the Lithuanian land - "a conspiracy of princes." "Russian elements", dissatisfied with the king, sought support from Moscow, wanted to reunite with the Russian principalities. There is also an opinion that the king himself did not want conflicts with Russia. The Crimean Khan was not afraid of him: the ambassador had been negotiating in Lithuania since mid-October.

And the freezing Khan Akhmat, having waited for frosts, and not for reinforcements, wrote Ivan III: “And now, if it’s gone from the shore, because I have people without clothes, and horses without blankets. And the heart of winter will pass for ninety days, and I will again attack you, and I have muddy water to drink.

Proud but careless Akhmat returned to the steppe with booty, devastating the lands former ally, and stayed to winter at the mouth of the Donets. There, the Siberian Khan Ivak, three months after the "Ugorshchina", personally killed the enemy in a dream. An ambassador was sent to Moscow to announce the death of the last ruler of the Great Horde. Historian Sergei Solovyov writes about it this way: “The last formidable Khan of the Golden Horde for Moscow died from one of the descendants of Genghis Khanov; he had sons who were also destined to die from Tatar weapons.

Probably, the descendants still remained: Anna Gorenko considered Akhmat her maternal ancestor and, becoming a poetess, took a pseudonym - Akhmatova.

DISPUTES ABOUT PLACE AND TIME

Historians argue about where the Standing was on the Ugra. They also name the area under the Opakovy settlement, and the village of Gorodets, and the confluence of the Ugra with the Oka. “A land road from Vyazma stretched to the mouth of the Ugra along its right, “Lithuanian” bank, along which Lithuanian help was expected and which the Horde could use for maneuvers. Even in the middle of the XIX century. The Russian General Staff recommended this road for the movement of troops from Vyazma to Kaluga,” writes historian Vadim Kargalov.

The exact date of the arrival of Akhamat to the Ugra is not known either. Books and chronicles agree on one thing: it happened no earlier than the beginning of October. The Vladimir chronicle, for example, is accurate up to the hour: “I came to the Ugra on October 8, a week, at 1 o’clock in the afternoon.” In the Vologda-Perm chronicle it is written: “the tsar went away from the Ugra on Thursday, the eve of Mikhailov’s days” (November 7).

Exists a large number of facts that not only unambiguously refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also indicate that history was deliberately distorted, and that this was done with a very specific purpose ... But who deliberately distorted history and why? What kind real events they wanted to hide and why?

If we analyze the historical facts, it becomes obvious that the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was invented in order to hide the consequences of the "baptism" Kievan Rus. After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way ... In the process of "baptism" most of the population of the Kyiv principality was destroyed! It definitely becomes clear that those forces that were behind the imposition of this religion, in the future, fabricated history, juggling historical facts for themselves and their goals ...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and justifications, which have already been described quite widely, let's summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: prince and Khan. The prince was responsible for the administration of the state in Peaceful time. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of a "military prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the position of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - “Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe”.).

French engraving by Pierre Duflos (1742-1816)

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic, which would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just like there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

Reconstruction of the throne of Genghis Khan with a family tamga with a swastika.

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and informed them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with . The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field.

The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. In the next image - "Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing).

What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archer caps, the same broad beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". Roof on the left - practically exact copy roofs of old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia, which was not").

5. Genetic expertise

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost completely Central Asian) are really great - these are, as it were, two around the world…” (oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called “The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” and in each publication it is declared “an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion”:

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are full of everything, Russian land, O Christian Orthodox Faith!..»

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

Before Nikon's church reform, which was carried out in the middle of the 17th century, Christianity in Russia was called "orthodox". It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform... Therefore, this document could have been written no earlier than the middle of the 17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke"...

On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not corrected in the future, you can see the following picture.

The western part of Russia is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartaria ... In this small part of Russia, the Romanov dynasty ruled. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Russia, which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire (see map).

In the 1st edition of the British Encyclopedia of 1771, the following is written about this part of Russia:

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartaria. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the north-west of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China ... "(see the Food of the Republic of Armenia website)…

Where did the name Tartaria come from

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, and man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who in their development went much further than others, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.), were called Magi. Those of the Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and above were called Gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God, among our ancestors, was not at all the same as it is now. The gods were people who had gone much further in their development than the vast majority of people. For ordinary person their abilities seemed incredible, however, the gods were also people, and the possibilities of each god had their own limit.

Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarkh, he was also called Dazhdbog (giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people in solving such problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, write and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the catastrophe and eventually restore civilization.

Therefore, more recently, our ancestors told strangers "We are the children of Tarkh and Tara ...". They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to Tarkh and Tara, who had significantly departed in development. And the inhabitants of other countries called our ancestors "Tarkhtars", and later, because of the difficulty in pronunciation - "Tartars". Hence the name of the country - Tartaria ...

Baptism of Russia

And here the baptism of Russia? some may ask. As it turned out, very much so. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way ... Before baptism, people in Russia were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, count (see the article “Russian culture is older than European”). Recall from school curriculum according to history, at least, the same "Birch bark letters" - letters that peasants wrote to each other on birch bark from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic worldview, as I wrote above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to the blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview gave people precisely an understanding of the real laws of nature, an understanding of how the world works, what is good and what is bad.

People saw what happened after the "baptism" in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population, in a matter of years, plunged into ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and then not all of them. ..

Everyone perfectly understood what the “Greek religion” carried in itself, into which Prince Vladimir the Bloody and those who stood behind him were going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the inhabitants of the then Kyiv principality (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) accepted this religion. But behind Vladimir stood big forces and they weren't going to back down.

In the process of "baptism" for 12 years of forced Christianization, with rare exceptions, almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed. Because such a “teaching” could only be imposed on unreasonable children, who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves both in the physical and spiritual sense of the word. All those who refused to accept the new "faith" were killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have come down to us. If before the "baptism" on the territory of Kievan Rus there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants, then after the "baptism" there were only 30 cities and 3 million people! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, "Orthodox Russia before the adoption of Christianity and after").

But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the "holy" baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population purely formally recognized the imposed religion of slaves, while they themselves continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, though without showing it off. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs continued until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.

But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) could not calmly look at the intrigues of its enemies, which destroyed three-quarters of the population of the Kyiv Principality. Only her response could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of the Great Tartary was busy with conflicts on its Far Eastern borders. But these retaliatory actions of the Vedic Empire were carried out and entered modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Khan Batu into Kievan Rus.

Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the united army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes was completely defeated. So they beat us into history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought with the "enemies" so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the "Mongols"?

The reason for such absurdity was that the Russian princes, who had adopted an alien religion, knew perfectly well who came and why ...

So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but there was a return of the rebellious provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Batu Khan had the task of returning the Western European province-states under the wing of the Vedic Empire, and stopping the invasion of Christians in Russia. But the strong resistance of some princes, who felt the taste of the still limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new unrest on the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be completed (N.V. Levashov "Russia in Crooked Mirrors", Volume 2.).

conclusions

In fact, only children and a very small part of the adult population who adopted the Greek religion remained alive after baptism in the Principality of Kiev - 3 million people out of a population of 12 million before baptism. The principality was completely devastated, most of the cities, villages and villages were looted and burned. But exactly the same picture is drawn to us by the authors of the version of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, the only difference is that the same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by the “Tatar-Mongols”!

As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Kiev principality was baptized, and in order to stop all possible questions, the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was subsequently invented. Children were brought up in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later Christianity) and history was rewritten, where all the cruelty was blamed on the “wild nomads”…

The famous statement of President V.V. Putin about the Battle of Kulikovo, in which the Russians allegedly fought against the Tatars with the Mongols ...

Tatar-Mongol yoke- the biggest myth in history.

Studying the works of chroniclers, the testimonies of European travelers who visited Russia and the Mongol Empire, the far from unambiguous interpretation of the events of the 10th–15th centuries by academician N.V. Levashov, L.N. Gumilyov, one cannot help but wonder a range of questions: there was a Tatar-Mongolian yoke or it was invented on purpose, for a specific purpose, this historical fact or deliberate design.

In contact with

Russians and Mongols

The prince of Kyiv Yaroslav the Wise, who died in 978, had to do so, how the british do it, in which the entire inheritance is given to the eldest son, and the rest become either priests or naval officers, then we would not have formed several separate regions given to the heirs of Yaroslav.

Specific disunity of Russia

Each prince who received the land divided it among his sons, which contributed to an even greater weakening of Kievan Rus, although it expanded its possessions by transferring the capital to forest Vladimir.

Our state do not be specific disunity, would not allow the Tatar-Mongols to enslave themselves.

Nomads at the walls of Russian cities

At the end of the 9th century, Kyiv was surrounded by the Hungarians, who were forced out to the west by the Pechenegs. Following them, by the middle of the 11th century, Torks followed, followed by the Polovtsy; then the invasion of the Mongol Empire began.

Approaches to the Russian principalities repeatedly besieged by powerful troops steppe dwellers, after a while the former nomads were replaced by others who enslaved them with greater prowess and better weapons.

How did the empire of Genghis Khan develop?

The period of the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII century was marked by the unification of several Mongolian clans, directed by the extraordinary Temujin who took the title of Genghis Khan in 1206.

The endless feuds of the governors-noyons were stopped, ordinary nomads were subjected to exorbitant dues and obligations. To strengthen the position of the common population and the aristocracy, Genghis Khan moved his huge army first to the prosperous Celestial Empire, and later to Islamic lands.

The state of Genghis Khan had an organized military administration, government staff of employees, had postal communication, constant taxation. The code of canons "Yasa" balanced the powers of adherents of any beliefs.

The foundation of the empire was the army, based on the principles of universal army duty, military order, and strict restraint. Yurtzh quartermasters planned routes, halts, stocked food. Information about future points of attack brought merchants, heads of convoys, special missions.

Attention! The result of the aggressive campaigns of Genghis Khan with his followers was a gigantic superpower that covered the Celestial Empire, Korea, Central Asia, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Transcaucasia, Syria, steppes of Eastern Europe, Kazakhstan.

Successes of the Mongols

From the southeast, imperial troops unloaded on Japanese islands, islands of the Malay Archipelago; reached Egypt on the Sinai Peninsula, to the north they approached the European borders of Austria. 1219 - the army of Genghis Khan conquered the greatest Central Asian state - Khorezm, which then became part of the Golden Horde. By 1220 Genghis Khan founded Karakorum- the capital of the Mongol Empire.

Having rounded the Caspian Sea from the south, the cavalry troops invaded Transcaucasia, through the Derbent gorge they reached North Caucasus, where they met with the Polovtsians and Alans, having defeated them, they captured the Crimean Sudak.

Steppe nomads persecuted by the Mongols asked for protection from the Russians. Russian princes accepted the offer to fight with unknown army outside the borders of their land. In 1223, by a cunning trick, the Mongols lured the Russians and Polovtsians to the shores. The squads of our commanders resisted separately and were completely overturned.

1235 - the meeting of the Mongolian aristocracy approved the decision on the campaign to capture Russia, detaching most of the imperial soldiers, about 70 thousand combat units under the control of Genghis Khan's grandson Batu.

This army was defined symbolically as "Tatar-Mongolian". "Tatars" were called Persians, Chinese, Arabs of the steppes living on northern border with them.

By the middle of the 13th century, in the mighty state of Chingizids, the heads of military districts and selected privileged fighters were Mongol, the other troops remained a characteristic imperial army, representing the soldiers of the defeated territories - the Chinese, Alans, Iranians, countless Turkic tribes. Having captured Silver Bulgaria, the Mordvins and the Kipchaks, this cloud moved closer in the cold of 1237 to the borders of Russia, covered Ryazan, then Vladimir.

Important! The historical countdown of the Tatar-Mongol yoke begins in 1237, with the capture of Ryazan.

Russians defend themselves

Since that time, Russia began to pay tribute to the conquerors, very often subjected to the most severe raids of the Tatar-Mongol troops. Rusichi heroically responded to the invaders. Little Kozelsk, which the Mongols called evil city for the fact that he fought back and fought to the last; defenders fought: women, old people, children - everything, who could hold a weapon or pouring molten resin from the walls of the city. Not a single person in Kozelsk survived, some died in battle, the rest were finished off when the enemy army broke through the defenses.

The name of the Ryazan boyar Yevpaty Kolovrat is well known, who, having returned to his native Ryazan and seeing what the invaders had done there, rushed after the Batyev detachments with a small army, fought them to the death.

1242 - Khan Batu founded the newest settlement on the Volga plains Genghisid Empire - Golden Horde. The Russians gradually guessed with whom they were to come into conflict. From 1252 to 1263, Alexander Nevsky was the highest lord of Vladimir, in fact, then the Tatar yoke was established as a concept of legal subordination to the Horde.

Finally, the Russians understood that it was necessary to unite against a terrible enemy. 1378 - Russian squads on the Vozha River defeated the huge Tatar-Mongolian hordes under the leadership of an experienced Murza Begich. Offended by this defeat, the temnik Mamai put together an innumerable army and moved to Muscovy. At the call of Prince Dmitry to save his native land, all of Russia rose.

1380 - Mamai's temnik was finally defeated on the Don River. After that great battle, Dmitry began to be called Donskoy, the battle itself was named after the historical town of Kulikovo field between the rivers Don and Nepryadva, where the massacre took place, called.

But Russia did not come out of bondage. How many years still could not she gain final independence. Two years later, Tokhtamysh Khan burned Moscow, because Prince Dmitry Donskoy left to gather an army, he could not give worthy rebuff to the attackers. For another hundred years, the Russian princes continued to obey the Horde, and it became weaker and weaker due to the strife of Genghisides - the bloodlines of Genghis.

1472 - Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow, defeated the Mongols, refused to pay tribute to them. A few years later, the Horde decided to restore its rights and moved with the next campaign.

1480 - Russian troops settled on one bank of the Ugra River, Mongolian - on the other. "Standing" on the Ugra lasted 100 days.

Finally, the Russians moved away from the coast to make room for a future battle, but the Tatars did not have the courage to cross, they left. The Russian army returned to Moscow, and the opponents returned to the Horde. The question is who won- Slavs or the fear of their enemies.

Attention! In 1480 came the end of the yoke in Russia, its north and northeast. However, a number of researchers believe that Moscow's dependence on the Horde continued until the reign.

The results of the invasion

Some scholars believe that the contributed to the regression of Russia, but this is a lesser evil compared to the Western Russian enemies, who took away our allotments, demanding the transition of the Orthodox to Catholicism. Positive thinkers believe that the Mongol Empire helped Muscovy rise. The strife ceased, the divided Russian principalities united against a common enemy.

After the establishment of stable ties with Russia, the rich Tatar murzas with convoys amicably reached out to Muscovy. The arrivals converted to Orthodoxy, married Slavs, gave birth to children with non-Russian surnames: Yusupov, Khanov, Mamaev, Murzin.

The classic history of Russia is refuted

Among some historians there is a different opinion about the Tatar-Mongol yoke and about those who invented it. Here are some interesting facts:

1. The gene pool of the Mongols is different from the gene pool of the Tatars, so they cannot be combined into a common ethnic group.
2. Genghis Khan had a Caucasian appearance.
3. Lack of writing Mongols and Tatars of the 12th–13th centuries, as a consequence of this - the lack of perpetuated evidence of their victorious raids.
4. Our chronicles, confirming the bondage of the Russians for almost three hundred years, have not been found. There are some pseudo-historical documents that describe the Mongol-Tatar yoke only since the beginning of the reign.
5. Confusion causes lack of archaeological artifacts from the place of famous battles, for example, from the Kulikovo field,
6. The entire territory over which the Horde roamed did not give archaeologists either a lot of weapons of that time, or the burial places of the dead, or mounds with the bodies of the dead on the camps of the steppe nomads.
7. The ancient Russian tribes had paganism with a Vedic worldview. Their patrons were the God Tarkh and his sister, the Goddess Tara. From here came the name of the people "Tarkhtars", later simply "Tartars". The population of Tartaria was Russian, further to the east of Eurasia they were diluted with scattered multilingual tribes, nomadic in search of food. All of them were called Tartars, in the present - Tatars.
8. Later chroniclers covered up the fact of the violent, bloody imposition of the Greek Catholic faith on Russia by the invasion of the Horde, carried out the order of the Byzantine church and the ruling elite of the state. The new Christian doctrine, which received the name after the reform of Patriarch Nikon Orthodox Christianity, led the masses to a split: some accepted Orthodoxy, those who disagree exterminated or exiled to the northeastern provinces, to Tartaria.
9. The Tartars did not forgive the annihilation of the population, the ruin of the Kyiv principality, but its army failed to respond with lightning speed, distracted by the turmoil on the Far Eastern borders of the country. When the Vedic empire gained strength, it repulsed those who planted the Greek religion, the real Civil War: Russians with Russians, the so-called pagans (Old Believers) with the Orthodox. Lasting almost 300 years modern historians filed a confrontation of their own against ours as a “Mongol-Tatar invasion”.
10. After the forced baptism by Vladimir the Red Sun, the Kiev principality was destroyed, the settlements were devastated, burned, most of the inhabitants were destroyed. They could not explain what was happening, so they covered it with a Tatar-Mongol yoke to mask the cruelty transition to a new faith(not without reason Vladimir after that began to be called Bloody) the invasion of "wild nomads" was called.

Tatars in Russia

Kazan's past

The Kazan fortress of the end of the 12th century becomes the patronal city of the state of the Volga-Kama Bulgars. After some time, the country submits to the Mongols, for three centuries it submits to the Golden Horde, the Bulgarian rulers, akin to Moscow princes, pay dues, correct subordinate functions.

By the fifties of the XV century, following the obvious division of the Mongol Empire, its former ruler Udu-Muhammed, who found himself without property, invaded the Bulgarian capital, executed the governor Ali-Bek, seized his throne.

1552 - Tsarevich Yediger arrived in Kazan - the heir of the Khan of Astrakhan. Ediger descended on 10,000 foreigners, self-willed nomads wandering around the steppe.

Ivan IV Vasilyevich, Tsar of All Russia, conquers the capital of Bulgaria

The battle for Kazan was played out not with the native inhabitants of the state, but with the military masses of Yediger, who had been overtaken by him from Astrakhan. The army of many thousands of Ivan the Terrible was opposed by a flock of Genghisides, consisting of the peoples of the Middle Volga region, Turkic tribes, Nogais, Mari.

October 15, 1552 after 41 days courageous defense, during a frenzied assault, the glorious fertile city of Kazan surrendered. After the defense of the capital, almost all of its defenders perished. The city was completely destroyed. A merciless punishment awaited the surviving residents: wounded men, old people, children - all were finished off by victors at the behest of the Moscow Tsar; young women with tiny babies were sent into slavery. If the tsar of all Russia, having finished with Kazan and Astrakhan, planned to perform the rite of baptism against the will of all Tatars, then, of course, he would have committed another lawlessness.

Even Peter I advocated the creation of a mono-confessional Christian state, but during his reign, the peoples of Russia did not reach the universal baptism.

The baptism of the Tatars in Russia took place from the first half of the 18th century. 1740 - Empress Anna Ioannovna issued a decree according to which all the heterodox peoples of Russia were to accept Orthodoxy. According to the prescriptions, it was not fitting for new converts to live with non-Christians; non-Christs were to be resettled in separate localities. Among the Muslim Tatars who recognized Orthodoxy there was a small share much less in comparison with the pagans. The situation gave rise to the displeasure of the crown and the administration, who adopted the practice of the last quarter of the 16th century. Those in power initiated cardinal sanctions.

Radical measures

It was not possible to baptize the Tatars in Russia several centuries ago and remains problematic in our time. Actually, the refusal of the Tatars to accept Orthodoxy, as well as the resistance to the Christianization of the Orthodox priesthood, led to the implementation of the intention to destroy Muslim churches.

The Islamic people not only rushed to the authorities with petitions, but also reacted extremely disapprovingly to the widespread destruction of mosques. It spawned dominant power concern.

Orthodox priests of the Russian army became preachers among non-Christian servicemen. Upon learning of this, some of the heterodox recruits preferred to be baptized even before mobilization. To induce the adoption of Christianity, tax rebates were used by the baptized, additional contributions non-Orthodox had to pay.

Documentary film about the Mongol-Tatar yoke

Alternative history, Tatar-Mongol yoke

conclusions

As you understand, today there are many opinions about the features Mongol invasion. Maybe in the future, scientists will be able to find solid evidence of the fact of its existence or fiction, what politicians and rulers covered up with the Tatar-Mongol yoke, and for what purpose this was done. Perhaps the true truth about the Mongols (the "great" as other tribes called Genghisides) will be revealed. History is a science where there can be no unambiguous view on this or that event, as it is always considered from different points of view. Scientists collect facts, and descendants will draw conclusions.

We all know from the school history course that Russia at the beginning of the 13th century was captured by the foreign army of Batu Khan. These invaders came from the steppes of modern Mongolia. Huge hordes fell upon Russia, merciless horse riders, armed with bent sabers, did not know mercy and acted equally well both in the steppes and in Russian forests, and they used the frozen rivers to quickly move along Russian impassability. They spoke in an incomprehensible language, were pagans and had a Mongoloid appearance.

Our fortresses could not resist skilful warriors armed with wall-beating machines. Terrible dark times came for Russia, when not a single prince could rule without a khan's “label”, to obtain which it was necessary to humiliatingly crawl on his knees the last kilometers to the headquarters of the chief khan of the Golden Horde. The “Mongol-Tatar” yoke existed in Russia for about 300 years. And only after the yoke was thrown off, Russia, thrown back centuries ago, was able to continue its development.

However, there is a lot of information that makes you look at the version familiar from school differently. Moreover, we are not talking about some secret or new sources that historians simply did not take into account. We are talking about all the same chronicles and other sources of the Middle Ages, on which the supporters of the version of the “Mongol-Tatar” yoke relied. Often inconvenient facts are justified by the "mistake" of the chronicler or his "ignorance" or "interest".

1. There were no Mongols in the “Mongol-Tatar” horde

It turns out that there is no mention of warriors of the Mongoloid type in the troops of the “Tatar-Mongols”. From the very first battle of the “invaders” with the Russian troops on the Kalka, there were wanderers in the troops of the “Mongol-Tatars”. Brodniki are free Russian warriors who lived in those places (the predecessors of the Cossacks). And at the head of the wanderers in that battle was the governor Ploskin - Russian.

Official historians believe that Russian participation in the Tatar troops was forced. But they have to admit that, “probably, the forced participation of Russian soldiers in the Tatar army stopped later. There were mercenaries who had already voluntarily joined the Tatar troops” (M.D. Poluboyarinova).

Ibn-Batuta wrote: "There were many Russians in Sarai Berke." Moreover: “The bulk of the armed service and labor forces of the Golden Horde were Russian people” (A. A. Gordeev)

“Let's imagine the absurdity of the situation: the victorious Mongols for some reason transfer weapons to the “Russian slaves” they conquered, and those (being armed to the teeth) calmly serve in the conquering troops, making up the “main mass” in them! Let us recall once again that the Russians were allegedly just defeated in an open and armed struggle! Even in traditional history Ancient Rome never armed the slaves he had just conquered. Throughout history, the victors have taken away weapons from the vanquished, and if they later accepted them into service, then they constituted an insignificant minority and were considered, of course, unreliable.

“But what can be said about the composition of Batu’s troops? The Hungarian king wrote to the Pope:

“When the state of Hungary from the invasion of the Mongols, as from the plague, for the most part, was turned into a desert, and like a sheepfold was surrounded by various tribes of infidels, namely: Russians, roamers from the east, Bulgarians and other heretics from the south ...”

“Let us ask a simple question: where are the Mongols here? Russians, wanderers, Bulgarians are mentioned - that is, Slavic tribes. Translating the word “Mongol” from the king’s letter, we get simply that “great (= megalion) peoples invaded”, namely: Russians, wanderers from the east, Bulgarians, etc. Therefore, our recommendation: it is useful every time to replace Greek word“Mongol = megalion” by its translation = “great”. As a result, a completely meaningful text will be obtained, for the understanding of which one does not need to involve some distant people from the borders of China (there is not a word about China, by the way, in all these reports).” (With)

2. It is not clear how many “Mongol-Tatars” were

And how many Mongols were at the beginning of the Batu campaign? Opinions on this matter vary. There are no exact data, so there are only estimates of historians. In early historical writings, it was assumed that the army of the Mongols was about 500 thousand horsemen. But the more modern historical work, the smaller the army of Genghis Khan becomes. The problem is that for each rider you need 3 horses, and a herd of 1.5 million horses cannot move, since the front horses will eat all the pasture and the rear ones will simply starve to death. Gradually, historians agreed that the “Tatar-Mongol” army did not exceed 30 thousand, which, in turn, was not enough to capture all of Russia and enslave it (not to mention the other conquests in Asia and Europe).

By the way, the population of modern Mongolia is a little more than 1 million, while even 1000 years before the conquest of China by the Mongols, there were already more than 50 million .. And the population of Russia already in the 10th century was about 1 million. At the same time, nothing is known about targeted genocide in Mongolia. That is, it is not clear how such a small state could conquer such large ones?

3. There were no Mongolian horses in the Mongolian troops

It is believed that the secret of the Mongolian cavalry was a special breed of Mongolian horses - hardy and unpretentious, capable of independently obtaining food even in winter. But it is in their steppe that they can smash the crust with their hooves and profit from grass when they graze, and what can they get in the Russian winter, when everything is swept up by a meter layer of snow, and you also need to carry a rider. It is known that in the Middle Ages there was a small ice age (that is, the climate was harsher than now). In addition, experts in horse breeding, based on miniatures and other sources, almost unanimously assert that the Mongol cavalry fought on Turkmen women - horses of a completely different breed that cannot feed themselves without human help in winter.

4. The Mongols were engaged in the unification of Russian lands

It is known that Batu invaded Russia at the time of permanent internecine struggle. In addition, the question of succession to the throne was acute. All these civil strife were accompanied by pogroms, ruin, murders and violence. For example, Roman Galitsky buried alive in the ground and burned his recalcitrant boyars at the stake, chopped “on the joints”, tore off the skin from the living. A gang of Prince Vladimir, expelled from the Galician table for drunkenness and debauchery, walked around Russia. As the chronicles testify, this daring freewoman “dragged girls and married women for fornication, killed priests during worship, and put horses in the church. That is, there was an ordinary civil strife with a normal medieval level of atrocities, the same as in the West at that time.

And, suddenly, “Mongol-Tatars” appear, who quickly begin to restore order: a strict mechanism of succession to the throne with a label appears, a clear vertical of power is built. Separatist encroachments are now nipped in the bud. It is interesting that nowhere, except for Russia, the Mongols do not show such preoccupation with restoring order. But according to the classical version, half of the then civilized world is in the Mongol empire. For example, during its western campaign, the horde burns, kills, robs, but does not impose tribute, does not try to build a vertical of power, as in Russia.

5. Thanks to the “Mongol-Tatar” yoke, Russia experienced a cultural upsurge

With the advent of the “Mongol-Tatar invaders” in Russia, the Orthodox Church began to flourish: many temples were erected, including in the horde itself, and the rise of church ranks The church receives many benefits.

It is interesting that the written Russian language during the “yoke” brings to new level. Here is what Karamzin writes:

“Our language,” writes Karamzin, “from the 13th to the 15th centuries acquired more purity and correctness.” Further, according to Karamzin, under the Tatar-Mongols, instead of the former “Russian, uneducated dialect, writers more carefully adhered to the grammar of church books or ancient Serbian, which they followed not only in declensions and conjugations, but also in pronunciation.”

So, in the West, classical Latin arises, and in our country - Church Slavonic in its correct classical forms. Applying the same standards as for the West, we must recognize that the Mongol conquest was the heyday of Russian culture. Mongols were strange conquerors!

Interestingly, not everywhere the "invaders" were so indulgent towards the church. In the Polish chronicles there is information about the massacre perpetrated by the Tatars among Catholic priests and monks. Moreover, they were killed after the capture of the city (that is, not in the heat of battle, but intentionally). This is strange, since the classical version tells us about the exceptional religious tolerance of the Mongols. But in the Russian lands, the Mongols tried to rely on the clergy, providing the church with significant concessions, up to complete exemption from taxes. It is interesting that the Russian Church itself showed amazing loyalty to the “foreign invaders”.

6. Nothing left after the great empire

Classical history tells us that the "Mongol-Tatars" managed to build a huge centralized state. However, this state disappeared and left no traces behind. In 1480, Russia finally threw off the yoke, but already in the second half of the 16th century, Russians began to move eastward - beyond the Urals, to Siberia. And they did not meet any traces of the former empire, although only 200 years had passed. Not major cities and villages, there is no Yamsky tract thousands of kilometers long. The names of Genghis Khan and Batu are not familiar to anyone. There is only a rare nomadic population, engaged in cattle breeding, fishing, and primitive agriculture. And no legends about great conquests. By the way, the great Karakoram was never found by archaeologists. But it was a huge city, where thousands and tens of thousands of artisans and gardeners were taken away (by the way, it’s interesting how they were driven across the steppes for 4-5 thousand km).

There are also no written sources left after the Mongols. In the Russian archives, no “Mongolian” labels for reigning were found, which should have been many, but there are many documents of that time in Russian. Several labels were found but already in the 19th century:

Two or three labels found in the 19th century And not in state archives, but in the papers of historians. For example, the famous label of Tokhtamysh, according to Prince M.A. were in the hands of the Polish historian Narushevich” Regarding this label, Obolensky wrote: “He (Tokhtamysh’s label - Auth) positively resolves the question in what language and what letters were written the ancient khan’s labels to the Russian Grand Dukes From the acts hitherto known to us, this is the second diploma” It turns out , further, that this label “is written in diverse Mongolian scripts, infinitely different, not in the least similar to the label of Timur-Kutluy already printed by Mr. Hammer in 1397”

7. Russian and Tatar names are difficult to distinguish

Old Russian names and nicknames did not always resemble our modern ones. These are the old Russian names and nicknames that can be mistaken for Tatar ones: Murza, Saltanko, Tatarinko, Sutorma, Eyancha, Vandysh, Smoga, Sugonai, Saltyr, Suleisha, Sumgur, Sunbul, Suryan, Tashlyk, Temir, Tenbyak, Tursulok, Shaban, Kudiyar , Murad, Nevruy. These names were borne by Russian people. But, for example, the Tatar prince Oleks Nevruy has a Slavic name.

8. Mongol khans fraternized with the Russian nobility

It is often mentioned that Russian princes and “Mongol khans” became brothers, relatives, sons-in-law and father-in-law, went on joint military campaigns. Interestingly, in no other country defeated or captured by them, the Tatars did not behave like this.

Here is another example of the amazing closeness of ours and the Mongol nobility. The capital of the great nomadic empire was in Karakorum. After the death of the Great Khan, the time comes for the election of a new ruler, in which Batu must also take part. But Batu himself does not go to Karakorum, but sends Yaroslav Vsevolodovich there to represent his person. It would seem more important reason to go to the capital of the empire, and you can’t think of it. Instead, Batu sends a prince from the occupied lands. Marvelous.

9. Super-Mongol-Tatars

Now let's talk about the capabilities of the "Mongol-Tatars", about their uniqueness in history.

The stumbling block for all nomads was the capture of cities and fortresses. There is only one exception - the army of Genghis Khan. The answer of historians is simple: after the capture of the Chinese Empire, Batu's army took possession of the machines themselves and the technique of using them (or captured specialists).

It is surprising that the nomads managed to create a strong centralized state. The fact is that, unlike the farmer, nomads are not tied to the land. Therefore, with any dissatisfaction, they can simply pick up and leave. For example, when in 1916 the tsarist officials did something to the Kazakh nomads, they took and migrated to neighboring China. But we are told that the Mongols succeeded at the end of the XII century.

It is not clear how Genghis Khan could persuade his fellow tribesmen to go on a trip “to the last sea”, not knowing the maps and nothing at all about those who would have to fight along the way. This is not a raid on neighbors you know well.

All adult and healthy men among the Mongols were considered warriors. In peacetime, they ran their household, and in war time took up arms. But who did the "Mongol-Tatars" leave at home after they went on campaigns for decades? Who tends their flocks? Old people and children? It turns out that in the rear of this army there was no strong economy. Then it is not clear who ensured the uninterrupted supply of food and weapons to the army of the Mongols. This is a difficult task even for large centralized states, not to mention the state of nomads with a weak economy. In addition, the scope of the Mongol conquests is comparable to the theater of operations of World War II (and taking into account the battles with Japan, and not just Germany). The supply of weapons and provisions is simply impossible.

In the 16th century, the “conquest” of Siberia by the Cossacks began, which was not an easy task: it took about 50 years to fight several thousand kilometers to Baikal, leaving behind a chain of fortified fortresses. However, the Cossacks had a strong state in the rear, from where they could draw resources. BUT military training the peoples who lived in those places could not be compared with the Cossacks. However, the “Mongol-Tatars” managed to cover twice as much distance in the opposite direction in a couple of decades, conquering states with developed economies. Sounds fantastic. There were other examples as well. For example, in the 19th century, it took Americans about 50 years to travel a distance of 3-4 thousand km: the Indian wars were fierce and the losses of the US army were significant despite the gigantic technical superiority. Similar problems faced European colonizers in Africa in the 19th century. Only the “Mongol-Tatars” succeeded easily and quickly.

Interestingly, all the major campaigns of the Mongols in Russia were winter. This is not typical for nomadic peoples. Historians tell us that this allowed them to move quickly across frozen rivers, but this, in turn, requires a good knowledge of the terrain, which the alien conquerors cannot boast of. They fought equally successfully in the forests, which is also strange for the steppes.

There is evidence that the Horde distributed fake letters on behalf of the Hungarian king Bela IV, which caused great confusion in the camp of the enemy. Not bad for the steppes?

10. Tatars looked like Europeans

A contemporary of the Mongol wars, the Persian historian Rashid ad-Din writes that in the family of Genghis Khan, children “were born mostly with gray eyes and blonds." Chroniclers describe the appearance of Batu in similar expressions: fair-haired, light-bearded, light-eyed. By the way, the title "Genghis" is translated, according to some sources, as "sea" or "ocean". Perhaps this is due to the color of his eyes (in general, it is strange that the Mongolian language of the 13th century has the word “ocean”).

In the Battle of Liegnitz, in the midst of a skirmish, the Polish troops panic, and they take to flight. According to some sources, this panic was provoked by the cunning Mongols, who wormed their way into battle formations Polish squads. It turns out that the “Mongols” looked like Europeans.

And here is what Rubricus, a contemporary of those events, writes:

“In 1252-1253, from Constantinople through the Crimea to the headquarters of Batu and further to Mongolia, the ambassador of King Louis IX, William Rubrikus, traveled with his retinue, who, driving along the lower reaches of the Don, wrote: “Everywhere among the Tatars settlements of the Rus are scattered; Russians mixed with the Tatars ... learned their customs, as well as clothes and lifestyle - Women decorate their heads with headdresses similar to the headdresses of French women, the bottom of the dress is trimmed with furs, otters, squirrels and ermine. Men wear short clothes; caftans, chekminis and lambskin hats… All routes of transportation in the vast country are served by the Rus; at the crossings of the rivers - everywhere the Rus"

Rubricus travels through Russia only 15 years after its conquest by the Mongols. Didn't the Russians mix with the wild Mongols too quickly, adopted their clothes, preserving it until the beginning of the 20th century, as well as their customs and way of life?

On the image in the tomb of Henry II the Pious with the comment: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Lingnitz on April 9, 1241,” we see Tatar, no different from Russian:

And here's another example. On the miniatures from the 16th century Facial Code, it is impossible to distinguish a Tatar from a Russian:

Other interesting information

A few more interesting points that are worth paying attention to, but which I did not figure out in which section to include.

At that time, not all of Russia was called “Rus”, but only: Kiev, Pereyaslav and Chernigov principalities. Often there were references to trips from Novgorod or Vladimir to “Rus”. For example, the Smolensk cities were no longer considered "Rus".

The word “horde” is often mentioned not in relation to the “Mongol-Tatars”, but simply to the troops: “Swedish horde”, “German horde”, “Zalesian horde”, “Land of the Cossack Horde”. That is, it simply means - an army and there is no “Mongolian” color in it. By the way, in modern Kazakh “Kzyl-Orda” is translated as “Red Army”.

In 1376, Russian troops entered the Volga Bulgaria, besieged one of its cities and forced the inhabitants to swear allegiance. Russian officials were planted in the city. According to the traditional story, it turned out that Russia, being a vassal and tributary of the “Golden Horde”, organizes a military campaign on the territory of the state that is part of this “Golden Horde” and forces it to take its vassal oath. As for written sources from China. For example, in the period 1774-1782 in China, seizures were made 34 times. A collection of all printed books ever published in China was undertaken. This was due to the political vision of history by the ruling dynasty. By the way, we also had a change of the Rurik dynasty to the Romanovs, so the historical order is quite probable. It is interesting that the theory of the "Mongol-Tatar" enslavement of Russia was born not in Russia, but among German historians much later than the alleged "yoke".

Conclusion

Historical science has a huge number of conflicting sources. Therefore, one way or another, historians have to discard some of the information in order to get a whole version of events. What was presented to us in the school history course was just one of the versions, of which there are many. And, as we can see, it has many contradictions.

The Tatar-Mongol Yoke is a concept that is truly the most grandiose falsification of our past with you, and besides, this concept is so ignorant in relation to the entire Slavic-Aryan people as a whole that, having understood all the aspects and nuances of this RELATION, I want to say ENOUGH! Stop feeding us these stupid and delusional stories, which, as if in unison, tell us about how wild and uneducated our ancestors were.

So, let's start in order. To begin with, let's refresh our memory of what tells us official history about the Tatar-Mongol yoke and those times. Around the beginning of the XIII century from R.Kh. in the Mongolian steppes, one very outstanding character was drawn, nicknamed Genghis Khan, who stirred up almost all the wild Mongolian nomads and created the most a strong army that time. After that, they set off, which means they conquer the whole world, crushing and smashing everything in their path. To begin with, they conquered and conquered all of China, and then, having gained strength and courage, they moved west. Having traveled about 5000 kilometers, the Mongols defeated the state of Khorezm, then in 1223 Georgia reached the southern borders of Russia, where they defeated the army of Russian princes in the battle on the Kalka River. And already in 1237, having gathered their courage, they simply fell with an avalanche of horses, arrows and spears on the defenseless cities and villages of the wild Slavs, burning and conquering them one by one, more and more oppressing the already backward Rusichs, and besides, even without encountering serious resistance along the way. After which, in 1241, they already invade Poland and the Czech Republic - truly Grand Army. But being afraid to leave devastated Russia in their rear, their entire numerous horde turns back and imposes tribute on all the occupied territories. It is from this moment that the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the peak of the greatness of the Golden Horde begin.

After some time, Russia got stronger (interestingly, under the yoke of the Golden Horde) and began to be insolent to the Tatar-Mongol representatives, some principalities even stopped paying tribute. Khan Mamai could not forgive them for this, and in 1380 he went to war against Russia, where he was defeated by the army of Dmitry Donskoy. After that, a century later, the Horde Khan Akhmat decided to take revenge, but after the so-called "Standing on the Ugra" Khan Akhmat was afraid of Ivan III's superior army and turned back, ordering to retreat to the Volga. This event is considered the decline of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the decline of the Golden Horde as a whole.

Today, this crazy theory about the Tatar-Mongol yoke does not stand up to criticism, since a huge amount of evidence of this falsification has accumulated in our history. The main misconception of our official historians is that they consider the Tatar-Mongol to be exclusively representatives of the Mongoloid race, which is fundamentally wrong. Indeed, a lot of evidence indicates that the Golden Horde, or how it is more correct to call it Tartaria, consisted mainly of the Slavic-Aryan peoples and there was no smell of any Mongoloids there. Indeed, until the 17th century, no one could even imagine such a thing that everything would turn upside down and such a time would come that the greatest empire that existed during the time of our era would be called the Tatar-Mongolian. Moreover, this theory will become official and taught in schools and universities as the truth. Yes, we must pay tribute to Peter I and his Western historians, it was necessary to distort and defile our past with you in such a way - just trample the memory of our ancestors and everything connected with them into the mud.

By the way, if you still doubt that the "Tatar-Mongols" were precisely representatives of the Slavic-Aryan people, then we have prepared quite a few proofs for you. So let's go...

PROOF FIRST

The appearance of the representatives of the Golden Horde

This topic can even shine separate article, since there is a great deal of evidence that some "Tatar-Mongols" had a Slavic appearance. Take, for example, the appearance of Genghis Khan himself, whose portrait is kept in Taiwan. He is presented as tall, long-bearded with green-yellow eyes and blond hair. In addition, this is not a purely individual opinion of the artist. This fact is also mentioned by the historian Rashidad-Did, who found the "Golden Horde" in his lifetime. So, he claims that in the family of Genghis Khan, all children were born white-skinned with light blond hair. And that's not all, G.E. Grumm-Grzhimailo kept one ancient legend about the Mongolian people, in which there is a mention that the ancestor of Genghis Khan in the ninth tribe of Boduanchar was fair-haired and blue-eyed. Another not unimportant character of that time also looked like Batu Khan, who was a descendant of Genghis Khan.

And the Tatar-Mongol army itself, outwardly, was no different from the troops of Ancient Russia and Europe, as evidenced by the paintings and icons painted by contemporaries of those events:

A strange picture is obtained, the leaders of the Tatar-Mongol, throughout the entire existence of the Golden Horde were the Slavs. Yes, and the Tatar-Mongol army consisted exclusively of the Slavic-Aryan people. No, what are you talking about, they were then wild barbarians! Where are they there, they crushed half the world under themselves? No, this cannot be. It is not sad, but this is exactly what modern historians argue.

PROOF TWO

The concept of "Tatar-Mongols"

Let's start with the fact that the very concept of "Tatar-Mongols" - DOES NOT MEET in more than one Russian chronicle, and everything that was found about the "suffering" of the Rus from the Mongols is described in just one entry from the collection of all Russian chronicles:

"Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, gardens monasteries, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are full of everything, the Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith! From here to the Ugrians and to the Poles, to the Czechs, Germans to Karelians, from Karelians to Ustyug, where the filthy Toymichi live, and beyond the Breathing Sea; from the sea to the Bulgarians, from the Bulgarians to the Burtases, from the Burtases to the Cheremis, from the Cheremis to the Mordtsy - everything, with the help of God, was conquered by the Christian people, these filthy countries obeyed the Grand Duke Vsevolod, his father Yuri, Prince of Kyiv, his grandfather Vladimir Monomakh, with whom the Polovtsy frightened their small children. were not born, and the Hungarians fortified the stone walls of their cities with iron gates so that they great Vladimir did not conquer, but the Germans were glad that they were far away - beyond the blue sea. Burtases, Cheremis, Vyads and Mordovians were beekeeping for Grand Duke Vladimir. And the emperor of Constantinople Manuel, out of fear, sent great gifts to him, so that the Grand Duke Vladimir Constantinople would not take from him.

There is one more mention, but it is not very significant, because. contains a very meager passage that does not mention any invasion, and it is very difficult to judge any events from it. This text was called as "The Word about the death of the Russian Land":

"... And in those days - from the great Yaroslav, and to Vladimir, and to the present Yaroslav, and to his brother Yuri, Prince of Vladimir, disaster struck the Christians and the filthy littered the monastery of the Caves of the Most Holy Theotokos."

PROOF THREE

The number of troops of the Golden Horde

All official historical sources of the 19th century claimed that the number of troops invading our territory at that time was about 500,000 people. Can you imagine HALF A MILLION PEOPLE who came to conquer us, but they didn’t come on foot?! Apparently it was an incredible amount of carts and horses. Since feeding such a number of people and animals required simply titanic efforts. But after all, this theory, yes, namely THEORY, and not a historical fact, does not stand up to criticism, since not one horse will reach from Mongolia to Europe, and it was not possible to feed such a number of horses.

If we take a sensible look at this situation, then the following picture emerges:

For each "Tatar-Mongol" war, there were about 2-3 horses, plus you need to count the horses (mules, bulls, donkeys) that were in the carts. So, no grass would have been enough to feed the Tatar-Mongolian cavalry stretched for tens of kilometers, since the animals that were in the vanguard of this horde had to devour all the fields and leave nothing for those who follow behind. Since it was not possible to stretch a lot or go different routes, because. from this, the numerical advantage would be lost and it would be unlikely that the nomads would have even reached that same Georgia, not to mention Kievan Rus and Europe.

PROOF FOUR

The invasion of the Golden Horde into Europe

According to modern historians who adhere to the official version of events, in March 1241 from R.Kh. "Tatar-Mongols" invade Europe and capture part of the territory of Poland, namely the cities of Krakow, Sandomierz and Wroclaw, bringing with them destruction, robbery and murder.

I would also like to note a very interesting aspect of this event. Approximately in April of the same year, the road to the "Tatar-Mongolian" army was blocked by Henry II with his ten thousandth army, for which he paid with a crushing defeat. The Tatars used strange military tricks for that time against the troops of Henry II, thanks to which they won, namely, some kind of smoke and fire - "Greek fire":

"And when they saw a Tatar running out with a banner - and this banner looked like an "X", and on top of it was a head with a long beard shaking, filthy and stinking smoke from the mouth of the Poles - everyone was amazed and horrified, and rushed to run in all directions could, and so they were defeated ... "

After that, the "Tatar-Mongols" sharply deploy their offensive to the South and invade the Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia, Dalmatia and finally break through to the Adriatic Sea. But in none of these countries the "Tatar-Mongols" try to resort to subjugation and taxation of the population. Somehow it makes no sense - why was it then to capture ?! And the answer is very simple, because. before us is a pure deceit, or rather a falsification of events. Strange as it may seem, these events coincide with the military campaign of Frederick II, Emperor of the Roman Empire. So the absurdity does not end there, then a much more interesting turn takes place. As it turns out later, the "Tatar-Mongols" turned out to be also allies with Frederick II, when he fought with the Pope - Gregory X, and Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary - defeated by wild nomads, were on the side of Pope Gregory X in that conflict. And on the departure of the "Tatar-Mongol" from Europe in 1242 AD. for some reason, the crusader troops went to war against Russia, as well as against Frederick II, whom they successfully defeated and stormed the capital Aachen to crown their emperor there. Coincidence? I don't think.

This version of events is far from believable. But if instead of the "Tatar-Mongol" Rus invaded Europe, then everything falls into place ...

And there are far from four such proofs, as we have presented to you above - there are many more of them, just if you mention each one, then this will not turn out to be an article, but a whole book.

The result is that no Tatar-Mongols from Central Asia we were never captured or enslaved, and the Golden Horde - Tartaria, was a huge Slavic-Aryan Empire of that time. In fact, we are the same TATARS who kept the whole of Europe in fear and horror.