What is RVSN in the army. What is in service with the Strategic Missile Forces? Control of students' knowledge

Textbook for grade 10

§ 43. Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN), their composition and purpose. Armament and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces

The Strategic Missile Forces are an independent branch of the military, designed to implement nuclear deterrence measures and destroy strategic targets that form the basis of the enemy's military and military-economic potential.

Organizationally, the Strategic Missile Forces consist of missile armies and divisions, training grounds, military educational institutions, enterprises and institutions.

Modern Strategic Rocket Forces embody the achievements of advanced design and engineering.

The main armament of the Strategic Missile Forces is currently stationary and mobile missile systems.

Currently, the Strategic Missile Forces are armed with missile systems of the fourth and fifth generations. Of these, four types of mine-based ICBMs RS-18, RS-20B, RS-20V, RS-12M2 and three types of mobile ground-based ICBMs RS-12M, RS-12M2, with a mobile ground-based missile system "Yare". In terms of the number of launchers, silo-based missile systems account for 45% of the strike force of the Strategic Missile Forces, and in terms of the number of warheads, almost 85% of its nuclear potential.

Armament and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces

Ground mobile launcher of the mobile ground missile system "Topol"- designed for transportation and storage of missiles and technological equipment, operation and combat duty at points of permanent deployment of the position area and on marches, launching missiles at any time of the year and day.

Rocket RS-12M— intercontinental strategic missile of mobile soil-based.

Designed to destroy strategic targets at intercontinental ranges from mobile ground launchers.

Rocket RS-22- Intercontinental mobile-based strategic missile.

Designed to destroy strategic targets at intercontinental ranges from mobile rail-type launchers.

conclusions

1. The Strategic Missile Forces are the basis of the combat power of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
2. The Strategic Missile Forces have the ability to widely maneuver with nuclear missile strikes.
3. The Strategic Missile Forces are capable of simultaneously attacking many strategic targets.
4. The combat use of the Strategic Missile Forces does not depend on weather conditions, time of year or day.

Questions

1. What tasks are the Strategic Missile Forces intended for?
2. What weapons of the Strategic Missile Forces do you know?
3. What is the basis of armament of the Strategic Missile Forces?
4. Why, in your opinion, the Strategic Missile Forces form the basis of the combat power of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation?

Exercise

With the help of reference materials, prepare a report on the topic "History of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia."

Additional materials to § 43

The Proton launch vehicle is designed to launch into space the Kosmos, Ekran, Raduga, Horizont satellites, satellites for the study of the Moon, Mars, Venus, Halley's comet, manned orbital stations Salyut and Mir ” and the heavy specialized modules Kvant, Kvant-2, Kristall and other space objects that are part of them.

The Proton launch vehicle (LV) is operated in three- and four-stage versions. The rocket is equipped with liquid propellant rocket engines:

• at the first stage accelerator - 6 autonomous engines with a thrust of 160 tons each;
• at the stage II accelerator - 4 autonomous engines with a thrust of 60 tons each;
• on the stage III accelerator - 1 main engine with a thrust of 60 tons and a four-chamber steering engine with a thrust of 3 tons.

As part of the launch vehicle, the upper stage "DM" is used with a single-chamber engine running on liquid oxygen-kerosene fuel components.

Engine thrust in vacuum - 8.5 tons.

The launch of the launch vehicle can be carried out at any time of the day under any climatic conditions.

(RVSN), a type of the Armed Forces of the USSR, designed to carry out strategic tasks with missile weapons. The Strategic Missile Forces are capable of destroying enemy nuclear attack weapons, large groupings of his troops, military bases, destroying military-industrial facilities, disorganizing state and military administration, logistics and transport. The tasks of the Strategic Missile Forces can be performed independently and in cooperation with the strategic means of other branches of the armed forces by delivering massive nuclear missile strikes.

The main properties of the Strategic Missile Forces as a branch of the armed forces are the ability to deliver nuclear strikes with high accuracy over an almost unlimited distance, to carry out a wide maneuver with nuclear missile strikes and deliver them simultaneously to all the most important strategic objects from their positions, to carry out assigned tasks in the shortest possible time and create favorable conditions other types of armed forces to conduct successful military operations.

Organizationally, the Strategic Missile Forces consist of units armed with intercontinental strategic missiles and medium-range missiles.

The first missile unit was formed as part of the Soviet Armed Forces on July 15, 1946. In October 1947, the first launch of the R-1 long-range guided ballistic missile was made. By 1955, there were already several missile units armed with long-range missiles. In 1957, the world's first intercontinental multistage ballistic missile was successfully tested in the USSR. In January 1960, the creation of a new branch of the Armed Forces, the Strategic Missile Forces, was announced. The Strategic Missile Forces are headed by the Commander-in-Chief - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. The General Staff and the Main Directorate are subordinate to him. The commanders-in-chief of the Strategic Missile Forces were: Chief Marshal of Artillery M. I. Nedelin (December 1959 ≈ October 1960), Marshals of the Soviet Union K. S. Moskalenko (October 1960 ≈ April 1962), S. S. Biryuzov (April 1962 ≈ March 1963), N I. Krylov (March 1963 - February 1972). Since April 1972, the Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces has been General of the Army V. F. Tolubko. There is no special type of Strategic Missile Forces in the armed forces of foreign states. In the US armed forces, units and formations of strategy, ground-based missiles are part of the Air Force Strategic Aviation Command, headed by a commander who is directly subordinate to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on operational issues. The strategic aviation command has missile divisions of intercontinental ballistic missiles, each including ≈ two wings of intercontinental ballistic missiles: "Minuteman-2" and "Titan-2".

Strategic Rocket Forces

The Minuteman-2 wing consists of 3-4 squadrons, each of which includes 5 detachments (10 silo launchers each) and a launch control point, and the Titan-2 wing consists of 2 squadrons (9 silo-type launchers per each). The wing also includes technical units for combat maintenance and logistics. Each wing is located on one missile base. The French armed forces have ground-based medium-range ballistic missiles ("S-2"). The Chinese armed forces have medium-range ballistic missiles and are testing intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Lit .: 50 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR, M., 1967: Military strategy, 2nd ed., M., 1963; Grechko A.A., Armed Forces of the Soviet State, M., 1974: Nuclear Age and War. Military reviews, M., 1964.

V. F. Tolubko.

Strategic Missile Forces, their composition and purpose. Armament.

Strategic Missile Forces are intended for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of the strategic nuclear forces (SNF) or independently massed, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military and military - economic potential of the enemy.

Strategic Missile Forces include stationary and mobile-based missile troops, as well as special troops (rocket-technical, nuclear-technical, engineering, radiation, chemical and biological defense, communications, electronic warfare, geodetic, meteorological, security and intelligence units and subunits) , parts and subdivisions of transport aviation and rear.

The Strategic Missile Forces retained an army-divisional structure - organizationally they consist of missile armies and divisions and special troops.

• 27th Guards Rocket Army (Vladimir), includes several missile divisions
• 31st Missile Army (Orenburg), includes several missile divisions
• The 33rd Guards Rocket Army (Omsk) has several missile divisions.

Strategic Rocket Forces as a branch of the USSR Armed Forces were formed on December 17, 1959.

The first commander of the Strategic Missile Forces was Chief Marshal of Artillery Nedelin M.I.

In the 1990s, within the framework of the agreement between the USSR and the USA on the elimination of medium and short-range missiles (INF), and then the treaties on the limitation and reduction of strategic offensive arms START-1 (1991) and START-2 (1993), strategic missile forces was subjected to a significant reduction in armament and the number of personnel. Missile systems were removed from combat duty, missiles with multiple warheads, which were the main striking force of the Strategic Missile Forces, were eliminated.

According to the plan for the re-equipment of the Russian Armed Forces and within the framework of the strategy for the development of the Strategic Missile Forces, an increase in the share of mobile missile systems in the composition of the troops and putting into service latest missiles mine-based complexes "Topol-M" (SS-27), mobile complexes RT-2PM2 "Topol-M" (SS-27) and mobile complexes RS-24 "Yars".

The Day of the Strategic Missile Forces - a memorable day celebrated annually on December 17 in the Russian Federation - the professional holiday of rocket men was established in 1995 by decree of the President of Russia No.

1.3. Strategic Rocket Forces

Missile armies and their divisions 27th Guards RA (Vladimir) 7th Guards RD (Ozerny / Vypolzovo, Bologoe-4) 14th RD (Yoshkar-Ola) 28th Guards RD (Kozelsk) 54th Guards RD (Krasnye Sosenki/Teikovo) 60th RD (Taman Division) (Svetly/Tatishchevo-5) 31st RA (Rostoshi, Orenburg) - planned to be disbanded 8th RD (ZATO Pervomaisky - formerly Yurya-2) 13 -th roadway (Yasny / Dombarovsky) 42nd roadway (ZATO Svobodny, located 35 km from Nizhny Tagil and 15 km from Verkhnyaya Salda). 33rd Guards RA (Omsk) 35th RD (Sibirskiy / Barnaul) 39th Guards RD (Gvardeiskiy / Novosibirsk-95) 29th Guards RD (Zeleny / Irkutsk) 62nd RD (Solnechny / Uzhur-4)

The emergence of the Strategic Missile Forces is associated with the development of domestic and foreign missile weapons, then nuclear missile weapons, with the improvement of their combat use. In the history of RV:

1946 - 1959 - the creation of nuclear weapons and the first samples of guided ballistic missiles, the deployment of missile formations capable of solving operational tasks in front-line operations and strategic tasks in nearby theaters of military operations.

1959 - 1965 - the formation of the Strategic Missile Forces, the deployment and putting on combat duty of missile formations and parts of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and medium-range missiles (RSMs) capable of solving strategic tasks in military geographical regions and in any theater of operations.

In 1962, the Strategic Missile Forces took part in Operation Anadyr, during which 42 RSD R-12 and R-14 were secretly deployed in Cuba, and made a significant contribution to resolving the Caribbean crisis and preventing the American invasion of Cuba.

1965 - 1973 - deployment of a group of intercontinental ballistic missiles with single launches (OS) of the 2nd generation, equipped with monoblock warheads (MC), the transformation of the Strategic Missile Forces into the main constituent part strategic nuclear forces, which made the main contribution to the achievement of military-strategic balance (parity) between the USSR and the USA.

1973 - 1985 - equipping the Strategic Missile Forces with third-generation intercontinental ballistic missiles with multiple warheads and means of overcoming the anti-missile defense of a potential enemy and mobile range missile systems.

1985 - 1992 - armament of the Strategic Missile Forces with intercontinental stationary and mobile missile systems of the 4th generation, liquidation in 1988-1991. medium range missiles.

Since 1992 - the formation of the Strategic Missile Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the elimination of missile systems of intercontinental ballistic missiles on the territory of Ukraine and Kazakhstan and the withdrawal of mobile Topol missile systems from Belarus to Russia, the re-equipment of obsolete types of missile systems on the DBK with unified monoblock stationary and mobile-based missiles "Topol" -M” 5th generation.

The material basis for the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces was the deployment in the USSR of a new branch of the defense industry - rocket science. In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 13, 1946 No. 1017-419 “Issues of jet weapons”, cooperation between the leading ministries of industry was determined, research and experimental work began, and a Special Committee on jet technology was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

The Ministry of the Armed Forces has formed: a special artillery unit for the development, preparation and launch of FAU-2 missiles, the Research Rocket Institute of the Main Artillery Directorate, the State Central Rocket Test Range (Kapustin Yar test site), and the Jet Weapons Directorate as part of the GAU. The first missile formation armed with long-range ballistic missiles was the special purpose brigade of the RVGK (commander - Major General of Artillery A.F. Tveretsky). In December 1950, the second special-purpose brigade was formed, in 1951-1955. - 5 more formations that received a new name (since 1953) - engineering brigades of the RVGK. Until 1955, they were armed with ballistic missiles R-1, R-2, with a range of 270 km and 600 km, equipped with warheads with conventional explosives (general designer S.P. Korolev). By 1958, the personnel of the brigades conducted more than 150 combat training launches of missiles. In 1946 - 1954, the brigades were part of the RVGK artillery and were subordinate to the artillery commander of the Soviet Army. They were managed by a special department of the artillery headquarters of the Soviet Army. In March 1955, the post of Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR for special weapons and rocket technology was introduced (Marshal of Artillery M.I. Nedelin), under which the headquarters of rocket units was created.

The combat use of engineering brigades was determined by the order of the Supreme Command, the decision of which provided for the assignment of these formations to the fronts. The front commander carried out the leadership of the engineering brigades through the artillery commander.

On October 4, 1957, for the first time in world history, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was successfully launched from the Baikonur test site by the personnel of a separate engineering test unit using the R-7 combat missile. Thanks to the efforts of Soviet rocket scientists, a new era in the history of mankind began - the era of practical astronautics.

In the second half of the 50s. strategic missile launchers R-5 and R-12 equipped with nuclear warheads (general designers S.P. Korolev and M.K. Yangel) with a range of 1200 and 2000 km and ICBMs R-7 and R-7A (general designer S.P. Korolev). In 1958, the RVGK engineering brigades, armed with R-11 and R-11M tactical missiles, were transferred to the Ground Forces. The first formation of ICBMs was the object with the code name "Angara" (commander - Colonel M.G. Grigoriev), which completed its formation at the end of 1958. In July 1959, the personnel of this formation carried out the first combat training launch of ICBMs in the USSR.

The need for centralized leadership of troops equipped with strategic missiles led to the organizational design of a new type of armed forces. In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1384-615 dated 12/17/1959, the Strategic Missile Forces were created as an independent branch of the Armed Forces. According to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1239 of December 10, 1995, this day is celebrated as an annual holiday - the Day of the Strategic Missile Forces.

On December 31, 1959, the following were formed: the Main Headquarters of the Missile Forces, the Central Command Post with a communications center and a computer center, the Main Directorate of Missile Weapons, the Combat Training Directorate, and a number of other departments and services. The Strategic Missile Forces included the 12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, which was in charge of nuclear weapons, engineering formations previously subordinate to the Deputy Minister of Defense for special weapons and jet equipment, missile regiments and directorates of 3 air divisions of the Air Force, missile arsenals, bases and warehouses of special weapons. The structure of the Strategic Missile Forces also included the 4th State Central Range of the Ministry of Defense (Kapustin Yar); 5th Research Test Site of the Moscow Region (Baikonur); a separate scientific and testing station in the village. Keys in Kamchatka; 4th Research Institute of the Moscow Region (Bolshevo, Moscow Region). In 1963, on the basis of the Angara facility, the 53rd Scientific Research Test Site for Missile and Space Weapons of the Moscow Region (Plesetsk) was formed.

On June 22, 1960, the Military Council of the Strategic Missile Forces was created, which included M.I. Nedelin (chairman), V.A. Bolyatko, P.I. Efimov, M.A. Nikolsky, A.I. Semenov, V.F. Tolubko, F.P. Thin, M.I. Ponomarev. In 1960, the Regulations on combat duty of units and subunits of the Strategic Missile Forces were put into effect. In order to centralize combat control The Strategic Missile Forces included strategic, operational and tactical command and control units in the structure of the Strategic Missile Forces command and control system, and introduced automated systems for communication and command and control of troops and combat assets.

In 1960 - 1961. on the basis of the air armies of long-range aviation, missile armies were formed, which included RSD formations. Engineer brigades and regiments of the RVGK were reorganized into missile divisions and missile brigades of IRMs, and the directorates of training artillery ranges and ICBM brigades were reorganized into directorates of missile corps and divisions. The main combat unit in an RSD formation was a missile battalion, and in an ICBM formation, a missile regiment. Until 1966, the intercontinental DBK R-16, R-9A were put into service (general designers M.K. Yangel and S.P. Korolev). Subdivisions and units armed with R-12U, R-14U missile launchers with grouped silo launchers (general designer M.K. Yangel) were formed in the RSD troops. The first missile formations and units were manned mainly by officers from the artillery, navy, air force, and ground forces. Their retraining for missile specialties was carried out at the training centers of the ranges, at industrial enterprises and at courses at military educational institutions, and subsequently by instructor groups in units.

In 1965 - 1973 The Strategic Missile Forces are equipped with DBK OS RS-10, RS-12, R-36, dispersed over a large area (general designers M.K. Yangel, V.N. Chelomey). In 1970, in order to improve the leadership of troops and increase the reliability of combat command and control, directorates of missile armies were created on the basis of the directorates of missile corps. Formations and units with single silo launchers were capable of inflicting a guaranteed retaliatory strike in any conditions of the beginning of the war. DBK 2nd generation ensured remote launch of missiles in the shortest possible time, high accuracy of hitting the target and survivability of troops and weapons, improved operating conditions for missile weapons.

In 1973 - 1985. in the Strategic Missile Forces, the stationary BRK RS-16, RS-20A, RS-20B and RS-18 (general designers V.F. Utkin and V.N. Chelomey) and the mobile ground BRK RSD-10 (“Pioneer ”) (general designer A.D. Nadiradze), equipped with multiple warheads of individual guidance. Missiles and control points of stationary DBKs were located in structures of especially high security. The missiles use autonomous control systems with an on-board computer, which provide remote re-targeting of missiles before launch.

In 1985 - 1992 The Strategic Missile Forces were armed with missile launchers with mine- and rail-based RS-22 missiles (general designer V.F. Utkin) and upgraded mine- and RS-12M ground-based RS-20V missiles (general designers V.F. Utkin and A.D. Nadiradze). These complexes have increased combat readiness, high survivability and resistance to damaging factors. nuclear explosion, operational retargeting and increased autonomy.

Since 1972, the quantitative and qualitative composition of nuclear weapons carriers and warheads of the Strategic Missile Forces, as well as other components of strategic nuclear forces, has been limited by the maximum levels established by the Treaties between the USSR (Russia) and the USA. In accordance with the Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles (1987), RSDs and launchers for them were destroyed, including 72 RSD-10 ("Pioneer") missiles - by launching from field combat starting positions in districts of Chita and Kansk.

In 1997, the Strategic Missile Forces, the Military Space Forces, the rocket and space defense troops of the Air Defense Forces of the RF Armed Forces were merged into a single service of the RF Armed Forces - the Strategic Missile Forces. Since June 2001, the Strategic Missile Forces have been transformed into 2 types of troops - the Strategic Missile Forces and the Space Forces.

The priority areas for the further development of the Strategic Missile Forces are: maintaining the combat readiness of the existing grouping of troops, maximizing the service life of missile systems, completing the development and deployment at the required pace of modern stationary and mobile-based Topol-M missile systems, developing a combat command and control system for troops and weapons, creating scientific and technical groundwork for promising models of weapons and equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces.

Appointment of Strategic Missile Forces

Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN), a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the main component of its strategic nuclear forces. Designed for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massive, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military and military-economic potentials of the enemy.

The role and place of the Strategic Missile Forces in the emerging system of ensuring strategic stability and national security

The modern world is characterized by high dynamism of system transformation international relations. After the end of the era of bipolar confrontation, contradictory trends arose towards the formation of a multipolar world and the establishment of the dominance of one country or group of countries. At the same time, their implementation is often based on military force methods of solving the problems of world politics, which are at odds with existing regulations world law. Thus, relying on military force still tops the list of measures to resolve crises in the world.

Russia, as one of the largest states in the world with a unique geostrategic position, centuries-old history and rich cultural traditions, with significant economic, scientific, technical and military potential, cannot remain aloof from the ongoing world processes. In order to achieve its national interests, it is interested in maintaining stable international relations between the most economically and militarily powerful states and strategic stability in general, both globally and regionally. Therefore, as priority areas for ensuring its military security Russia is considering strengthening a set of measures to maintain strategic stability, prevent military conflicts and prevent their escalation. In implementing these measures, Russia relies on deterrence, the main purpose of which is to prevent and stop attempts by states or coalitions of states to resolve conflicts with the Russian Federation and its allies through military force through a convincing demonstration of determination and readiness to use force.

Today, Russia has sufficient military power. The plan for the construction and development of the Armed Forces provides for their further organizational improvement and the qualitative development of weapons and military equipment. However important feature The current situation is such that the reform of the Russian Armed Forces has not yet been completed. A number of states and their alliances gained significant superiority in general-purpose forces. In the current economic situation in the country, the strategic nuclear forces (SNF) remain the main real military force capable of compensating for potential military threats to Russia.

It should be noted that if in initial period Since its existence, nuclear weapons were seen as a powerful offensive means of achieving superiority in war, today they have largely become a political means of achieving goals, exercising their function of deterring a potential aggressor. Therefore, under the prevailing conditions, Russia, as defined in military doctrine The Russian Federation considers nuclear missile weapons as one of the most important factors in deterring aggression, ensuring its military security, maintaining international stability and peace.

However, it is not only and not so much the presence of nuclear weapons that is holding back, but their real combat characteristics and high possibilities of its combat use in any conditions of the situation. Today, the strategic nuclear forces of Russia are most in line with the geostrategic and economic situation of the country. Possessing a global reach, huge destructive power and not requiring prohibitive maintenance costs, they make it possible to provide, at the lowest cost, deterrence functions against countries that have significant superiority in economic and human resources, as well as in the level of equipment of troops with modern highly effective conventional weapons. In addition, the presence of strategic nuclear forces and their high combat readiness enable Russia to carry out a long and economically difficult reform of the Armed Forces and the entire military organization of the state.

The Strategic Missile Forces are one of the three components of strategic nuclear forces (along with naval and aviation strategic nuclear forces). Due to their geostrategic position, the Soviet Union, and then Russia, traditionally gave priority in the development of their strategic nuclear forces to the ground component - the Strategic Missile Forces. Therefore, even today, approximately 2/3 of all carriers and warheads of strategic nuclear forces are concentrated in their combat strength. The role of the Strategic Missile Forces in strategic nuclear forces is determined not only quantitative parameters, but also their inherent qualitative characteristics, such as: high combat readiness and survivability of missile systems, efficiency and stability of combat control, including under the influence of the enemy.

An indirect confirmation of the "weightiness" of the Strategic Missile Forces in the strategic nuclear forces is that the United States for many years considered the ground-based ICBMs of the Soviet Union as means nuclear destruction representing the greatest threat to their national security. That is why, in the course of the START negotiations, they have always sought to limit the capabilities of the Strategic Missile Forces to a greater extent. Thus, more than 80% of the limitations of the START-1 Treaty relate to ICBMs. Further limitation of ground-based RK is provided for by the START-2 Treaty (elimination of ICBMs with MIRVs, special procedures for the elimination of heavy ICBMs and their silos). The Draft START-3 Treaty, as well as the START-1 and START-2 Treaties, imposes the main restrictions on the ground grouping of fixed- and mobile-based strategic missile systems.

From June 1 of this year. The Strategic Missile Forces were transformed from a branch of the Armed Forces into two independent, but closely interacting types of troops of central subordination: the Space Forces and the Strategic Missile Forces. In the process of reorganization, the Strategic Missile Forces retained their combat capabilities and the ability to timely carry out the combat tasks assigned to them in nuclear deterrence. As before, the Rocket Forces with the entire existing nuclear missile group, the system of centralized combat control and the previously created infrastructure remain combat-ready and now, as a branch of the centrally subordinated troops, continue to carry out the tasks assigned to them.

At the same time, the Construction and Development Plan of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, developed for the period up to 2005, provided for the qualitative development of the Strategic Missile Forces by re-equipping them with the new Topol-M missile system with more advanced combat and technical characteristics. This complex subsequently formed the basis of the grouping of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The planned reduction of the Strategic Missile Forces grouping in the coming years will be carried out taking into account international agreements on strategic offensive arms and the expiration of the service life of the corresponding missile systems and combat control systems.

Based on this, the prospects for the further development of the Strategic Missile Forces provide for the solution of two main tasks:

• Guaranteed provision of nuclear deterrence against aggression against Russia at a minimum sufficient level;
• Bringing the strength of the Strategic Missile Forces into line with the new organizational structure and the combat missions assigned to them.

The quantitative and qualitative parameters of the grouping of the Strategic Missile Forces are determined by a number of factors, of which the following are of paramount importance:

• First, the economic opportunities of the state. It is no secret that these opportunities are currently quite limited. Therefore, the chosen way of ensuring Russia's military security based on nuclear potential, maintained at the minimum level sufficient to solve the problems of deterrence, today seems to be the most appropriate;
• Secondly, the fulfillment of contractual obligations. As you know, in accordance with the START-2 Treaty, by 2007 the Rocket Forces had to eliminate all heavy PC-20 missiles with multiple warheads and re-equip the PC-18 missile for a monoblock warhead, that is, switch completely to a grouping of monoblock missiles;
• Thirdly, the state of the military-political situation in the world and the level of military threats to Russia. Today the situation is such that we have no reason to talk about the possibility in the foreseeable future of large-scale aggression against Russia in traditional forms even if the nuclear deterrence capability is maintained at a lower level. Expert assessments show that in the current military-political situation, the task of nuclear deterrence can be solved by reducing the total number of warheads in the strategic nuclear forces to 1,500 units. Taking into account the economic situation in the country, a mutual reduction of the nuclear potentials of the parties to this level would meet Russia's long-term interests.

Composition of the Strategic Missile Forces and location

The Strategic Missile Forces include three missile armies: the 27th Guards Missile Army (headquartered in Vladimir), the 31st Missile Army (Orenburg), and the 33rd Guards Missile Army (Omsk). The 53rd Rocket Army (Chita) was disbanded at the end of 2002. It is also planned that the 31st Rocket Army (Orenburg) will be disbanded within the next few years. As of July 2004, the missile armies of the Strategic Missile Forces have 15 missile armies, whose divisions are armed with combat missile systems. According to the plan for the development of the Strategic Missile Forces, published in November 2004, the number of missile divisions will be reduced to 10-12.

Now in the Strategic Missile Forces, the main areas for the deployment of silo launchers of intercontinental ballistic missiles are six regions: Kozelsk, Tatishchevo, Dombarovsky, Uzhur, Kartaly, Aleysk, in which the RS-20, RS-18, UR-100UTTKh missiles and some others are on alert, as well as nine patrol areas of the Topol and Topol-M mobile DBKs: Yoshkar-Ola, Teikovo, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Nizhny Tagil, Vypolzovo, Drovyanaya. 12 launchers RS-22 "Scalpel" on railway complex stand in points of permanent deployment in Kostroma, Krasnoyarsk and Perm.

Missile systems of the Strategic Missile Forces

As of July 2004, the Strategic Missile Forces were armed with 608 missile systems of five various types, which were capable of carrying 2365 nuclear warheads:

Technical equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces

At the end of 2003, the new Iskander operational-tactical missile system will enter service with the Russian Ground Forces. Its deliveries, according to Deputy Defense Minister Alexei Moskovsky, are provided for by the state defense order for the current year.

"Iskander" is designed to strike at especially important small targets. The firing range of the complex does not exceed 300 km. It has two missiles on the launcher, which greatly increases firepower missile battalions and brigades. It strikes targets with exceptional accuracy, which is equivalent in effectiveness to the use of a nuclear weapon. "Iskander" was developed in the design bureau of mechanical engineering.

Its sample was first demonstrated at the Ural exhibition of weapons and military equipment in Nizhny Tagil in July 2000.

The development of R-36MUTTKh missiles (also known as RS-20B and SS-18) and R-36M2 (RS-20V, SS-18) was carried out by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine). The deployment of R-36MUTTKh missiles was carried out in 1979-1983, R-36M2 missiles in 1988-1992. The R-36MUTTKh and R-36M2 missiles are two-stage liquid-propellant, can carry 10 warheads (there is also a monoblock version of the missile). The production of missiles was carried out by the Southern Machine-Building Plant (Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine). The plans for the development of the Strategic Missile Forces provide for the maintenance of all R-36M2 missiles (about 50 missiles) on combat duty. Subject to the planned extension of service life to 25-30 years, the R-36M2 missiles will be able to remain on combat duty until about 2020. The R-36MUTTKh missiles were planned to be decommissioned by 2008.

The UR-100NUTTH (SS-19) missiles were developed by NPO Mashinostroeniya (Reutov, Moscow Region). The missiles were deployed in 1979-1984. Rocket UR-100NUTTH two-stage liquid, carries 6 warheads. The production of missiles was carried out by the plant. M. V. Khrunicheva (Moscow). To date, some of the UR-100NUTTH missiles have been withdrawn from service. At the same time, according to the results of test launches, the life of the missile has apparently been extended to at least 25 years, which means that these missiles can be stored for several years. In addition, Russia purchased 30 UR-100NUTTH missiles from Ukraine, which were in storage. It is planned that after deployment, these missiles will be in service until about 2030.

The RT-23UTTH (SS-24) missiles were developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk). Rocket variants were created for the silo-based complex and the railway-based complex. The deployment of the railway version of the complex was carried out in 1987-1991, the mine-in 1988-1989. The RT-23UTTKh missile is a three-stage solid propellant, carries 10 warheads. The production of rockets was carried out by the Pavlograd Machine-Building Plant (Ukraine). To date, the process of removing the RT-23UTTKh missiles from service is underway - all silo-based complexes have been liquidated, and in 2005 it is planned to liquidate the last railway complexes.

Soil missile systems "Topol" (SS-25) were developed at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. The missiles were deployed in 1985-1992. The rocket of the Topol complex is a three-stage solid propellant, carries one warhead. The production of missiles was carried out by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant. To date, the process of removing the Topol complexes from service has begun in connection with the expiration of the service life of the missiles.

Brief description of missiles

Pioneer-3

Pioneer-3 is a mobile ground-based missile system with a two-stage medium-range ballistic missile. The development of the complex was carried out by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. Tested in 1986.

A more advanced launcher, new more efficient and accurate warheads have been developed for the missile. The design bureau of the Minsk Automobile Plant developed a rocket carrier with more comfortable and cozy cabins for personnel. Testing of the complex was interrupted during negotiations on the elimination of medium and shorter range missiles. Serial production of missiles was not deployed.

R-36M. 15A14 (RS-20A)

R-36M is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. It was equipped with a monoblock warhead and MIRV with ten warheads. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Yangel and Vladimir Utkin. Development started on September 2, 1969. LCTs were held from 1972 to October 1975. Tests of warheads as part of the complex were carried out until November 29, 1979. The complex was put on combat duty on December 25, 1974. Adopted on December 30, 1975.

The first stage is equipped with a main engine RD-264, consisting of four single-chamber engines RD-263. The engine was developed at Energomash Design Bureau under the direction of Valentin Glushko. The second stage is equipped with the RD-0228 propulsion engine, developed at the Chemical Automation Design Bureau under the direction of Alexander Konopatov. The fuel components are UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide. The OS silo was finalized in KBSM under the leadership of Vladimir Stepanov. Start method - mortar. The control system is autonomous, inertial. Developed at NII-692 under the leadership of Vladimir Sergeev. A complex of means of overcoming missile defense was developed at TsNIRTI. The combat stage is equipped with a solid propellant propulsion system. The unified gearbox was developed at TsKB TM by the leadership of Nikolai Krivoshein and Boris Aksyutin.

Serial production of missiles was launched at the Southern Machine-Building Plant in 1974.

R-36M UTTH. 15A18 (RS-20B)

R-36M UTTH is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Vladimir Utkin. Equipped with MIRV with ten warheads. Development started on August 16, 1976. LCTs were carried out at the Baikonur training ground from October 31, 1977 to November 1979. The complex was put on combat duty on September 18, 1979. Adopted on December 17, 1980.

• The maximum firing range is 11,500 km.
• Initially established warranty period of storage is 10 years.

The main characteristics of the R-36M UTTKh missile are similar to those of the R-36M.

"Voevoda" R-36M2. 15A18M (RS-20V)

R-36M2 is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. It was equipped with a MIRV with ten warheads and a monoblock warhead. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the direction of Vladimir Utkin. The technical proposal was developed in June 1979. Development started on August 9, 1983. LCTs were held from March 1986 to March 1988. The complex was put into service on August 11, 1988. Placed on combat duty in December 1988.

The first stage is equipped with a sustainer engine RD-274, consisting of four independent single-chamber propulsion units RD-273. Developed under the direction of Valentin Glushko and Vitaly Radovsky. The second stage is equipped with a single-chamber propulsion engine RD-0255, made in a closed circuit. The LRE was developed at the Chemical Automation Design Bureau under the direction of Alexander Konopatov. The steering engine of the second stage has four rotary combustion chambers and one THA. The fuel components are UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide. The autonomous inertial control system was developed under the leadership of the chief designer of the Kharkov Research Institute-692 (NPO "Khartron") Vladimir Sergeev. The unified gearbox was developed at TsKB TM under the leadership of Boris Aksyutin. The missile is equipped with a set of means to overcome the enemy's missile defense system.

Serial production of missiles has been launched at the Southern Machine-Building Plant in Dnepropetrovsk.

MR-UR-100. 15A15 (RS-16A)

MR-UR-100 is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. It was equipped with a MIRV with four warheads and a monoblock warhead. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Yangel and Vladimir Utkin. The development of the project began in 1967. The government decree was issued on September 2, 1969. Flight design tests were carried out from December 26, 1972 to December 17, 1974 at the Baikonur training ground. The complex was put into service on December 30, 1975. Placed on combat duty May 6, 1975.

The launcher was developed at the Leningrad Special Engineering Design Bureau under the leadership of Alexei Utkin. Start method - mortar. A unified shaft type increased security gearbox was developed at the Central Design Bureau TM under the leadership of Nikolai Krivoshein and Boris Aksyutin. The first stage is equipped with a marching single-chamber fixed-mounted liquid-propellant rocket engine RD-268, made according to a closed circuit. The steering engine has four rotary combustion chambers. The first-stage sustainer liquid-propellant rocket engine was developed at Energomash Design Bureau under the direction of Valentin Glushko. The second stage is equipped with a single-chamber fixed installed engine 15D169, developed in KB-4 of Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Ivan Ivanov. The control of the second stage is provided by gas injection into the supercritical part of the nozzle and four steering nozzles. The fuel components are UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide. Breeding of warheads is carried out using a solid rocket engine. The control system is autonomous, inertial. Developed at NIIAP under the direction of Nikolai Pilyugin. Gyroscopic devices were developed at the Research Institute of Applied Mechanics under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. Solid propellant charges of powder pressure accumulators were developed under the guidance of the chief designer of LNPO Soyuz Boris Zhukov. The missile is equipped with a set of anti-missile defense systems developed at TsNIRTI. For the MR-UR-100, R-36M and UR-100N missile systems, the Leningrad NPO "Impulse" developed a unified automated combat control system.

Serial production of missiles was launched at the Southern Machine-Building Plant in 1973.

MR-UR-100 UTTH. 15A16 (RS-16B)

MR-UR-100 UTTKh is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. It was equipped with a MIRV with four warheads and a monoblock warhead. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the direction of Vladimir Utkin. Development started on August 16, 1976. Flight design tests were carried out from October 25, 1977 to December 15, 1979 at the Baikonur training ground. The complex was put on combat duty on October 17, 1978. Adopted on December 17, 1980.

The main characteristics of the MR-UR-100 UTTKh missile are similar to those of the MR-UR-100.

"Perimeter" 15А11

"Perimeter" - command rocket. The development of a draft design of the command missile of the Perimeter system was started at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Vladimir Utkin in accordance with a government decree of August 30, 1974. In December 1975, a preliminary design of the rocket was developed.

In December 1977, a draft design of the 15A11 command rocket with the 15B99 warhead of the Perimeter system was developed. In December 1979, the first launches of 15A11 missiles were carried out for testing and issuing commands for launching missiles in a special period. In March 1982, flight design tests of the rocket were completed.

UR-100N. 15A30 (RS-18A)

UR-100N is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. Equipped with MIRV with six warheads. Developed at the Central Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering under the direction of Vladimir Chelomey and at Branch No. 1 of the Central Design Bureau under the direction of Viktor Bugaisky. Development started on September 2, 1969. Tests were carried out at the Baikonur test site from April 9, 1973 to October 1975. The complex was put on alert on April 26, 1975. Adopted on December 30, 1975.

The OS silo launch complex was developed at Branch No. 2 of the TsKBM (GNIP OKB Vympel) under the leadership of Vladimir Baryshev. The launch method is gas-dynamic. The first stage was equipped with four single-chamber rotary rocket engines RD-0233 and RD-0234. The engines are made in a closed circuit. For the second stage, marching single-chamber rocket engines were created: RD-0235, made according to a closed circuit, and RD-0236, made according to an open circuit. The main engine of the second stage is installed motionless. Marching LREs of the first and second stages and LREs of the combat stage were developed in the Chemical Automation Design Bureau under the leadership of Alexander Konopatov. The second stage is controlled by a steering motor with four rotary combustion chambers. The fuel components are UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide. Brake motors were developed in Design Bureau No. 2 of Plant No. 81 (MKB Iskra) under the direction of Ivan Kartukov. The autonomous inertial control system was developed at the Kharkov Research Institute-692 (NPO "Khartron") under the leadership of Vladimir Sergeev.

Serial production of missiles was launched in 1974 at the Khrunichev Moscow Machine-Building Plant.

UR-100N UTTH. 15A35 (RS-18B)

UR-100N UTTH is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. Equipped with MIRV with six warheads. Developed at the Central Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering under the leadership of Vladimir Chelomey and Herbert Efremov. Development started on August 16, 1976. Tests were carried out at the Baikonur test site from December 1977 to June 1979. The complex was put into service on December 17, 1980. Placed on combat duty in January 1981. Serial production of missiles at the Moscow Machine-Building Plant named after M. Khrunichev continued until 1985.

The main characteristics of the UR-100N UTTKh missile are similar to those of the UR-100N missile.

RT-23. 15Zh43

RT-23. 15Zh43 - combat railway missile system with a solid-propellant three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. The development was carried out at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Yangel in accordance with the order of the Minister of General Mechanical Engineering "On the creation of a mobile combat railway missile system (BZHRK) with the RT-23 missile" dated January 13, 1969. In October 1975, the Pavlograd Mechanical Plant began construction of a solid-propellant engine assembly building for the RT-23 ICBM.

RT-23. 15Zh44

RT-23. 15ZH44 is a three-stage solid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile for silo launchers. The development was carried out in the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Yangel in accordance with the decree of the government of the country of July 23, 1976. The control system was created at the Research Institute of Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Nikolai Pilyugin and Vladimir Lapygin.
The first draft design of a rocket with a monoblock warhead was completed in March 1977. On June 1, 1979, a government decree was issued on the development of an MIRV for the missile. The second, modified, preliminary design of the rocket with MIRV IN 15F143 and increased energy was completed in December 1979. Flight design tests of the silo variant began in December 1982. On February 10, 1983, by the decision of the Council of Defense of the USSR, the RT-23 rocket. 15Zh44 was not accepted into service.

RT-23. 15Zh52 (RS-22)

RT-23.15ZH52 is a three-stage solid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile for the BZHRK. Equipped with MIRV with ten warheads. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Yangel and Vladimir Utkin. Development started in 1976. The government decree was issued on July 6, 1979. The complex was put into trial operation on February 10, 1983, but was not accepted into service.

The autonomous control system was developed at the Moscow Research Institute of Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The launcher was developed at the Leningrad Design Bureau Spetsmash under the leadership of Alexei Utkin. Start method - mortar. The missile is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense. The mixed propellant and solid propellant charge of the first stage of the rocket were developed in Biysk under the leadership of Yakov Savchenko, the second and third stages - in the city of Dzerzhinsky under the leadership of Boris Zhukov. The command module was developed at TsKBTM under the leadership of Boris Aksyutin and Alexander Leontenkov.

The assembly of missiles was mastered at the Pavlograd Mechanical Plant. The railway launcher was mass-produced by the Yurga Machine-Building Plant.

"Well done" RT-23UTTH. 15Zh60 (RS-22)

RT-23 UTTH is a three-stage solid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile for three types of basing. Equipped with MIRV with ten warheads. The development of the Molodets RT-23 UTTKh complex was started at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Vladimir Utkin on August 9, 1983. Tests of the mine version 15ZH60 at the Plesetsk training ground took place from July 31, 1986 to September 26, 1988. The complex in the OS silo was put on combat duty on August 19, 1988. Adopted on November 28, 1989.
The silo was developed at the GNIP "OKB Vympel" under the leadership of Oleg Baskakov. Start method - mortar. The autonomous control system was developed at the Moscow Research Institute of Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The mixed propellant and solid propellant charge of the first stage of the rocket were developed in Biysk under the leadership of Yakov Savchenko, the second and third stages - in the city of Dzerzhinsky under the leadership of Boris Zhukov. The system of temperature and humidity conditions and heat removal was created in the Moscow Design Bureau of Transport and Chemical Engineering. The missile is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense.

Topol-M (SS-27)

The Topol-M missile system (SS-27) was developed at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. The complex is being created in a silo-based version and in a mobile ground-based version. The deployment of the mine version of the complex began in 1997. Testing of the mobile version of the complex was completed in December 2004. The deployment of mobile complexes is planned to begin in 2006. From three to nine complexes will be put into operation annually. The rocket of the Topol-M complex is a three-stage solid propellant, created in a monoblock version. The production of missiles is carried out by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant.

Three engines allow her to pick up speed much faster than all previous types of rockets. In addition, several dozen auxiliary engines and control equipment provide a flight that is unpredictable for the enemy.

R-1. 8A11

R-1 is a single-stage tactical ballistic missile (long-range ballistic missile). Developed at NII-88 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Chief designer - Alexander Shcherbakov. The work was started by Korolev in 1946. The government decree on development was issued on April 14, 1948. Tests at the Kapustin Yar range were carried out from September 17, 1948 to October 1949. The complex was put into service on November 25, 1950.
The marching single-chamber rocket engine RD-100 (8D51) was developed in OKB-456 under the leadership of Valentin Glushko. The fuel components are ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen. The complex of ground facilities was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The starting device is a stationary ground table. The launch method is gas-dynamic (the launch was carried out due to the main engine). The control system is autonomous, inertial. Developed at NII-885 under the direction of Nikolai Pilyugin and at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. The transport units of the missile system were developed by the Moscow Design Bureau under the leadership of Anatoly Gurevich. The rocket installer was developed at the Central Design Bureau for Heavy Engineering under the direction of Nikolai Leikin. Fuel tanks suspended (non-bearing). Controls - air and gas-jet rudders. The rocket has a monoblock non-nuclear warhead that cannot be separated in flight.
The production of missiles is deployed at the NII-88 Pilot Plant in Podlipki. Serial production of R-1 missiles and RD-100 engines was launched in November 1952 at the State Union Plant No. 586 in Dnepropetrovsk.

R-2. 8Ж38

R-2 is a single-stage operational-tactical ballistic missile (long-range ballistic missile). Developed at NII-88 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Sergey Korolev started the project of a rocket with twice the flight range in 1946. A government decree that determined the stages of work on the project was issued on April 14, 1947. The preliminary design of the rocket was defended on April 25, 1947. Tests were carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site from September 21, 1949 to July 1951. The complex was put into service on November 27, 1951.

The marching single-chamber rocket engine RD-101 (8D52) was developed in OKB-456 under the leadership of Valentin Glushko. The fuel components are ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen. The complex of ground facilities was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The starting device is a stationary ground launch pad. The launch method is gas-dynamic. The transport units of the missile system were developed by the Moscow Design Bureau under the leadership of Anatoly Gurevich. The installer was developed at the Central Design Bureau for Heavy Engineering under the direction of Nikolai Leikin. The autonomous inertial control system was developed at NII-885 under the direction of Nikolai Pilyugin and at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. The radio correction system was developed under the leadership of chief designer Mikhail Borisenko. Rocket controls - air and gas-jet rudders. The fuel tank is load-bearing, the oxidizer tank is suspended. The missile has a monoblock non-nuclear warhead detachable in flight.

Serial production of R-2 missiles and RD-101 engines was launched at the State Union Plant No. 586 in Dnepropetrovsk in June 1953.

R-3. 8А67

R-3 is a single-stage medium-range ballistic missile (long-range ballistic missile). The development was carried out at NII-88 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev from April 14, 1947. The preliminary design was approved on December 7, 1949 at a meeting of the NTS NII-88. On October 4, 1950, a government decree was issued on the creation of the R-3 ballistic missile with a firing range of up to 3,000 km. In December 1951, S.P. Korolev stopped work on the project in favor of the R-5 project.

The marching single-chamber rocket engine RD-110 was developed at OKB-456 under the leadership of Valentin Glushko. The fuel components are oxygen and kerosene. The complex of ground facilities was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The starting device is a stationary ground launch pad. The launch method is gas-dynamic. The autonomous control system with radio correction was developed at NII-885 under the direction of Mikhail Ryazansky and Nikolai Pilyugin, as well as at NII-20 under the direction of Boris Konoplev. Command devices (gyroscopes) were developed at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov.

R-5. 8A62

R-5 is a single-stage medium-range ballistic missile (long-range ballistic missile). Developed at NII-88 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Leading designer - Dmitry Kozlov. Development started in 1949. A government decree on the creation of a rocket was issued in 1952. Tests took place at the Kapustin Yar test site from April 2, 1953 to February 1955. In 1954, on the basis of the R-5 rocket, the development of the R-5M rocket began.
The sustainer single-chamber engine RD-103 (8D54) was developed in OKB-456 under the leadership of the chief designer Valentin Glushko. The fuel components are ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen. The starting device - a stationary ground launcher - was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The launch method is gas-dynamic. Inertial control system with radio correction of the flight path. The inertial control system was developed at NII-885 under the direction of Mikhail Ryazansky and Nikolai Pilyugin, and at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. The radio control system was developed at NII-20 under the leadership of Boris Konoplev. Controls - gas-jet and aerodynamic rudders. The missile has a monoblock non-nuclear warhead detachable in flight. Pilot production of rockets was mastered at the Pilot Plant NII-88.

R-5M. 8K51

R-5M is a single-stage medium-range ballistic missile (long-range ballistic missile). Developed in OKB-1 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Leading designer - Dmitry Kozlov. Development started on April 10, 1954. The tests took place at the Kapustin Yar test site from January 20, 1955 to February 1956. The missile was put into service on June 21, 1956.

The RD-103M single-chamber main engine was developed at OKB-456 under the direction of Valentin Glushko. The ground launch complex was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. Transport units were developed at KBTM under the leadership of Vladimir Petrov. The rocket installer was developed at TsKB TM under the direction of Nikolai Krivoshein. The autonomous inertial control system was developed at NII-885 under the direction of Mikhail Ryazansky and Nikolai Pilyugin, and at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. The radio control system was developed at NII-20 under the leadership of Boris Konoplev. Controls - air and gas-jet rudders. The missile has a monoblock nuclear warhead detachable in flight. The atomic warhead was developed in Arzamas-16 under the leadership of Samvel Kocharyants. The means of detonating an atomic warhead were created at the Moscow Branch No. 1 (now the All-Russian Research Institute of Automation named after N.L. Dukhov) KB-11 (Arzamas-16) under the leadership of Nikolai Dukhov and Viktor Zuevsky.

Serial production of rockets and engines was launched in 1956 at the State Union Plant No. 586 in Dnepropetrovsk.

R-7. 8K71

R-7 is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. Developed in OKB-1 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Leading designer - Dmitry Kozlov. Development started on May 20, 1954. The tests took place at the Baikonur test site from May 15, 1957 to June 1958. The missile system was put into service on January 20, 1960, but was not put on combat duty.
The first stage (four side blocks) is equipped with four RD-107 (8D74) four-chamber sustainer rocket engines and four two-chamber steering engines. The second stage is equipped with a four-chamber sustainer rocket engine RD-108 (8D75) and a steering four-chamber engine. Propulsion engines RD-107 and RD-108 were developed in OKB-456 under the direction of Valentin Glushko. Steering engines were developed in OKB-1 under the leadership of Mikhail Melnikov. The fuel components are T-1 kerosene and liquid oxygen. The starting device - a stationary ground launcher - was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The launch method is gas-dynamic. The transport units of the complex were developed at KBTM under the leadership of Vladimir Petrov. Ground handling units were developed at the Central Design Bureau for Heavy Engineering under the leadership of Nikolai Krivoshein. Inertial control system with radio correction of the flight path. The autonomous control system was developed at NII-885 under the leadership of Nikolai Pilyugin. The radio control system was developed at NII-885 under the leadership of Mikhail Ryazansky. Command instruments were developed at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. Rocket controls - steering motors and air rudders. The electrical equipment complex was developed at NII-627 of the Ministry of the Electrical Industry under the leadership of Andronik Iosifyan. The missile has a monoblock nuclear warhead detachable in flight. The atomic warhead was created under the leadership of chief designer Samvel Kocharyants.
Experimental production of missiles was carried out at the Experimental Plant OKB-1 in Podlipki. Serial production of missiles was launched in 1958 at the Kuibyshev Aircraft Plant No. 1. The production of first and second stage main engines was launched at the Kuibyshev Engine Plant No. 24 named after M.V. Frunze.

R-7A. 8K74

R-7A is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. Developed in OKB-1 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Leading designer - Dmitry Kozlov. Development started on July 2, 1958. Tests at the Baikonur test site took place from December 24, 1958 to July 1960. The missile system was put on combat duty on January 1, 1960. Adopted on September 12, 1960.
The first stage (four side blocks) is equipped with four four-chamber sustainer rocket engines RD-107 and four steering two-chamber engines. The second stage is equipped with a four-chamber sustainer rocket engine RD-108 and a steering four-chamber engine. Propulsion engines RD-107 and RD-108 were developed in OKB-456 under the direction of Valentin Glushko. Steering engines were developed in OKB-1 under the leadership of Mikhail Melnikov. The fuel components are T-1 kerosene and liquid oxygen. The starting device - a stationary ground launcher - was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The launch method is gas-dynamic. The transport units of the complex were developed at KBTM under the leadership of Vladimir Petrov. Ground handling units were developed at the Central Design Bureau for Heavy Engineering under the leadership of Nikolai Krivoshein. Inertial control system with radio correction of the flight path. The autonomous control system was developed at NII-885 under the leadership of Nikolai Pilyugin. The radio control system was developed at NII-885 under the leadership of Mikhail Ryazansky. Command instruments were developed at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. Rocket controls - steering motors and air rudders. The electrical equipment complex was developed at NII-627 of the Ministry of the Electrical Industry under the leadership of Andronik Iosifyan. The missile has a monoblock nuclear warhead detachable in flight. The atomic warhead was created under the leadership of chief designer Samvel Kocharyants.
Serial production of missiles has been launched at the Kuibyshev Aircraft Plant No. 1. The production of first- and second-stage sustainer engines has been launched at the Kuibyshev Engine Plant No. 24 named after M.V. Frunze.

Outlook and trends

The reality is that so far there is no alternative to nuclear weapons in solving the global tasks of ensuring the country's security, both now and in the foreseeable future. That is why the leadership of Russia and the Ministry of Defense, within the framework of the agreements reached, are taking persistent steps to preserve and strengthen the nuclear missile potential of our state. These issues are in the center of attention of the military-political leadership of the country and are highlighted as priorities by the President of Russia - Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces V.V. Putin at a meeting of the leadership of the Armed Forces on October 2, 2001 and in the Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The decisions made allowed the Rocket Forces to exclude the early removal from combat duty of missile regiments with systems that had not worked out their service life, including keeping combat railroad missile systems until 2006.

Within the framework of the existing solutions, the complete decommissioning of missile systems, the service life of which will expire, is planned to be carried out only in the next decade. The strength characteristics of missile weapons and the emerging new technologies for assessing its objective state, along with regular testing of the reliability of missiles through training and combat launches, make it possible to implement programs to extend their lifespan. As part of this work, in 2001, a survey was carried out and storage of the so-called "dry" missiles ("Stiletto") was organized. As the survey showed, despite the long storage periods, there are no signs of aging of these missiles. According to the general designer, this will make it possible to extend the maintenance of part of the missile regiments on combat duty until 2020 and possibly beyond. this work was highly appreciated by the President of Russia V.V. Putin and gave him the opportunity to declare at a meeting of the leadership of the Ministry of Defense that "... Russia has a significant stock of strategic ground-based missiles."

This year, work has begun to extend the service life of "heavy" missiles, which will also allow us to keep the most powerful missiles for the coming years.

After 2015, the basis of the grouping of the Strategic Missile Forces will be Topol-M missile systems, both silo-based and mobile, with various combat equipment. Every year we will put on combat duty the number of these missile systems established by the plans. So these days in the Saratov region, another regiment equipped with the Topol-M missile system will take up combat duty.

As for the longer term, the existing scientific, technical and design groundwork allows us to respond flexibly to emerging challenges and threats. But it should be borne in mind that the development of a fundamentally new missile system will take 10-15 years. We still have that much time.

Thus, in the medium term, the Rocket Forces will have the required number of missile formations and, accordingly, launchers, consistent in their capabilities with the country's economic resources and modern military-strategic realities.

By December 31, 2012, according to the SOR Treaty, Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces were to have no more than 1,700 - 2,200 nuclear warheads, which should ensure adequate nuclear deterrence, given various options for the possible development of the military-strategic situation. In view of the foregoing, in the nuclear triad, due to the inherent qualities of the Strategic Missile Forces (efficiency, reliability, independence from weather conditions), the Rocket Forces will continue to be assigned the role of the backbone of the Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces, capable of reliably providing a deterrent potential from unleashing not only a nuclear, but also a large-scale war against using conventional weapons.

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Every year on December 17 in Russia is celebrated memorable date- Day of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN). Next year, the Strategic Missile Forces will celebrate their 60th anniversary, they were formed in 1959. On December 17, 1959, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued, according to which the post of commander-in-chief of the missile forces was established in the structure of the armed forces, the Main Headquarters of the Strategic Missile Forces, as well as other military command and control bodies were formed. Until 1995, the Day of the Strategic Missile Forces was celebrated in Russia on November 19 as part of the "Day of the Rocket Forces and Artillery". Today it is a separate memorable date and a professional holiday for all servicemen and civilian personnel of the Ministry of Defense related to the Strategic Missile Forces.

Today, the Strategic Missile Forces are a separate branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the main component of our strategic nuclear forces (SNF). The Strategic Missile Forces are troops of constant combat readiness, carrying continuous duty and ready to carry out the assigned combat missions at any time by order of the President of the Russian Federation - the Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces. Every day, about six thousand servicemen are at combat posts as part of the duty forces. The Strategic Missile Forces are intended for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression against our country and defeat as part of the strategic nuclear forces or independently massive, group or single missile and nuclear strikes of strategic enemy targets located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military-economic and military potential of the enemy . At present, up to two thirds of the nuclear carriers of the strategic nuclear forces of Russia are concentrated in the Strategic Missile Forces.

59th anniversary of the Strategic Missile Forces

This kind of troops originates after the end of World War II and is inextricably linked with the improvement of rocket technology. The first missile unit in the Soviet Army, the Special Purpose Brigade of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK), was formed in July 1946. The brigade was formed on the basis of the 92nd Guards Gomel mortar regiment. The origin of the Strategic Missile Forces is inextricably linked with the development of domestic and world rocket science and the development of missile, and then nuclear missile systems, as well as the improvement of the possibilities of its use in combat conditions. The material basis for the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces was the deployment in the Soviet Union of a new branch of the defense industry - rocket science.

In 1946-1959, new nuclear missile weapons were actively created and designed in our country, as well as the first samples of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), the formation of missile units capable of solving operational tasks in front-line and strategic offensive operations in all adjacent theaters of war. At the time of the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces in December 1959, the USSR Armed Forces included one formation armed with ICBMs (R-7 and R-7A missiles), as well as 7 engineering brigades and more than 40 engineering regiments of medium-range missiles (RSD) armed with R- 5 and R-12 with a range of 1200 and 2000 km, respectively. About half of these regiments were part of the long-range aviation of the Air Force.

In 1959-1965, there was an active deployment and putting on combat duty of missile units and formations equipped with ICBMs and IRMs. These units were capable of solving any strategic tasks in various military geographical regions and in any possible theater of operations. The process of continuously increasing the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of domestic missile systems being put into service contributed to the establishment of nuclear parity between the two superpowers - the USA and the USSR by the beginning of the 1970s. At the same time, the growth of the combat capabilities of each of the parties was not stopped - more and more powerful and advanced ballistic missiles were adopted, and the traditional monoblock warheads of missiles were replaced by separable ones, and rather quickly such separable warheads of ballistic missiles received individual targeting systems. .

By the mid-1980s, the country began mass production of Topol mobile ICBMs, the development and production of which was a serious step in ensuring the secrecy and invulnerability of strategic forces. The mass deployment of the mobile ground-based missile system (PGRK) "Topol" as part of the RK Strategic Missile Forces grouping made it possible to solve the problem of its survivability in the face of a possible enemy nuclear strike. The main advantages of the complex, experts attributed high mobility, the degree of camouflage, the ability to launch missiles from pre-prepared route points and, due to this, greater survivability.

The achieved balance of nuclear forces, the quantitative and qualitative composition of nuclear weapons carriers and warheads, and later the changes in the military-political situation in the late 1980s and early 1990s made it possible to rethink and assess the futility of the arms race and conclude the USSR, and later and Russia a number of agreements with the United States on the mutual reduction of strategic nuclear weapons. The first such agreement was signed in 1972. In 1987, an agreement was signed between the Soviet Union and the United States on the elimination of medium and short-range missiles; as part of the implementation of this agreement, RSDs and launchers for them, including 72 RSD-10 Pioneer missiles, were destroyed.

Today, the combat structure of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces includes three directorates of missile armies with units and subunits of direct subordination, 12 missile divisions (including 8 mobile-based and 4 stationary). In total, they are armed with about 400 launchers with mobile and stationary missiles. In total, the missile divisions of the Strategic Missile Forces are armed with six types of missile systems. grouping basis Russian missiles stationary-based missiles are "heavy" (RS-20V "Voevoda") and "light" (RS-18A "Stilet", RS-12M2 "Topol-M") classes. The mobile-based group includes the Topol PGRK with RS-12M missiles, the Topol-M with the RS-12M2 missile of monoblock equipment and the most modern Yars PGRK with the RS-12M2R intercontinental ballistic missile equipped with a multiple reentry vehicle in the mobile and stationary basing options. The share of new missile systems in the Strategic Missile Forces is constantly increasing. It is planned that by 2022 the Strategic Missile Forces will have 100 percent of the new missile systems.

Camouflage of the mobile ground missile system of strategic purpose "Topol-M"

During 2018, the Strategic Missile Forces conducted 50 command-staff and tactical exercises (trainings) and more than 30 special exercises by type of comprehensive support, more than 200 tactical exercises and 300 tactical drills with missile regiments (divisions). 100 field exits were carried out with military units and support units, as well as more than 100 exits of missile regiments on combat patrol routes (combat positions), including sudden exits, the official website of the Russian Defense Ministry reports.

Throughout its history, the Strategic Missile Forces have never been used as a military force, however, together with other components of domestic strategic nuclear forces, they were visibly present in the decision a large number problematic issues of a military-political nature. Since the formation of the Strategic Missile Forces, more than 5 thousand missile launches have been carried out in our country, including about 500 combat training in the course of operational and combat training of troops. Since the day of its formation, more than 12 million people have completed military service in the Strategic Missile Forces. Among them were six twice Heroes of the Soviet Union, 101 Heroes of the Soviet Union, two full holders of the Order of Glory and six Heroes of the Russian Federation.

Today, professional personnel for the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia are being trained at the Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, which is located in the Moscow region in the city of Balashikha. It is here that the training of officers of the Strategic Missile Forces is carried out with higher education, also here they train specialists for the 12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the departments of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces. In 2018, this academy and its branch located in Serpukhov planned to accept about 1,000 people for study. Also in 2018, 10 girls were accepted to study at the academy, the competition was 8 people per place. Girls will be trained in the specialty: "Application and operation of automated systems for special purposes", the duration of training is 5 years on the basis of secondary general or secondary vocational education.

December 17 "Military Review" congratulates the current and former military personnel of the Strategic Missile Forces on their professional holiday.

Based on materials from open sources

This is the name of a special department of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is also the ground component of the country's nuclear weapons. This is the full transcript of the Strategic Missile Forces.

Tasks

There are several tasks for the Strategic Missile Forces. First, their duties include deterring a possible threat through the use of nuclear weapons. able to work both jointly with other strategic nuclear forces, and independently. They can also engage in the destruction of bases and other components of the enemy's military forces. Further in the article, we will find out what the Russian Strategic Missile Forces are, what is the composition of the troops, where future missilemen are trained.

general information

The armament of the missile forces consists of ground-based intercontinental ballistic missiles. They may be of the mobile or silo type, and may be supplemented with nuclear warheads. The date of formation of the Strategic Missile Forces is December 17, 1959. In the Moscow region there is a small village of Vlasikha, in which the main headquarters of the army is located. The commander of the strategic missile forces is Sergey Viktorovich Karakaev, who has the rank of colonel general. The license plate code that distinguishes the vehicles of the missile forces of the Russian Federation is the number 23.

History of creation

For the first time, an association of missile forces armed with long-range ballistic missiles arose in mid-August 1946. It was the most important component of the Soviet Army and was formed from members of the reserve engineering brigade, headed by Major General of the artillery detachment Alexander Fedorovich Tveretsky. A year later, the troops were withdrawn to the military missile range, located in the Astrakhan region - Kapustin Yar. Further, the association again changed its place of deployment, ending up in the Novgorod region. In the end, the rocket troops settled in Gvardeysk, near Kaliningrad.

Development

Within five years, starting from the last month of 1950, six more such associations were formed. They received a single name - the engineering brigades of the RVGK (reserve of the Supreme High Command - transcript). The Strategic Missile Forces of that time used ballistic missiles of various models, in the head part of which were located. At that time, the engineering brigades were part of the RVGK artillery detachments, and the head of the Soviet artillery army was also the commander for them. Rocket formations were subordinate to one of the headquarters artillery departments. In the spring of 1955, the appointment of the First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR for rocketry and special weapons was made. They became Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin, who also headed the headquarters department of jet units.

By the beginning of the 60s, medium-range missiles, which were distinguished by the presence of nuclear warheads, were added to the armament of the army. In December 1958, the first ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile - decoding) were at the base in Plesetsk. The Strategic Missile Forces conducted a series of training tests for the new weapon in mid-1959.

The modern composition of the missile forces

The structure of the department includes the main several missile armies of the Strategic Missile Forces. The division is considered elite. The central test site is located in the Astrakhan region, and the territory allotted for testing is located in Kazakhstan. In addition, a special base has been set up in Kamchatka for the same purposes. The Rocket Forces also own a research institute, the Military Academy located in Moscow, and the Institute of Rocket Forces in the city of Serpukhov, repair plants and bases for storing military equipment and weapons. In their ranks, including civilian personnel, at the moment there are one hundred and twenty thousand people, of which eighty thousand are in military service. It is carried out according to army-divisional orders, canceled in other divisions. The army is armed with more than six hundred nuclear missile launchers, but it is worth noting that in recent times their number is rapidly decreasing.

Aviation

An order was considered according to which in the spring of 2011 all air weapons were obliged to be transferred to the ownership of the Air Force. The Russian Rocket Forces own several airfields, as well as helicopter pads. A variety of Mi-8 aircraft and An aircraft of several models are available. At the moment, the condition of half of the weapons is satisfactory.

Education

The Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces has the status of a higher educational institution, which includes a research center for military disciplines and technology. It is located in the city of Moscow, in the building that was once occupied by the Orphanage. Head of the academy

This work is dated 2004. As the access to the archives is opened, new data and documents appear, in some points contradicting the conclusions and information given in this book. Nevertheless, at that time the book became a kind of "introduction" to the history of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The ancestor of the Rocket Forces can be considered the created August 15, 1946 as part of GSOVG 72nd Special Purpose Engineering Brigade RVGK, a year later, withdrawn to the landfill in the USSR Kapustin Yar(then the brigade was relocated to the city of Bear near Novgorod and, finally, in the city of Gvardeysk Kaliningrad region).

Before 1952 10 more brigades were created (in order of formation) with deployment:

73 - me (former 23 -I, in the Volga region - Kamyshin),

77 -Me and 80 -I (Zhytomyr region),

85 -I ( Kapustin Yar, With 1960 city ​​- Lithuania, city Niauliai),

90 -i (Mr. Romny),

54 -i (p. Manzovka, Primorye),

56 -I ( Derzhavinsk, Kazakh SSR)

And others, armed with medium-range missile systems (IRRM) of the R-1 and R-2 types, then, with 1955- R-5M.

The brigades consisted of 3 fire battalions (regiments of 2) with 2 batteries (1 launcher per battery) in each .

AT 1958 on the basis of aviation formations as part of the RVGK Long-Range Aviation, 18 engineering regiments and 3 division control.

Thus, missile units and formations were subordinated to two different chiefs, which significantly hampered their effective use and further development.

Initially, the leadership of the missile units was entrusted to 4th Jet Weapons Directorate of the Main Artillery Directorate ( GAU). And only in March 1953 as part of the GAU, the Office of the Deputy Commander of the Artillery of the Soviet Army (for reactive units) was created, and in March 1955 the post of Deputy Minister of Defense for Special Weapons and Jet Technology was introduced, to which the Chief Marshal of Artillery was appointed M.I. Nedelin.

In September 1958 at the Baikonur test site, a demonstration of rocket technology was held for members of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Government of the USSR. It started with rocket launches R-12. All launches were successful. Then Chief Marshal of Artillery M.I. Nedelin and chief of staff of jet units, lieutenant general M.A. Nikolsky reported on the combat capabilities of the new weapon and the prospects for its further development. They scientifically substantiated the need to create a special type of troops capable of ensuring strategic stability. During the screening N.S. Khrushchev uttered a significant phrase, saying that rockets can and should become a formidable weapon and a reliable shield of the Motherland. Thus, for many years he determined the main path for the development of the strategic nuclear forces of the Soviet Union (though sometimes to the detriment of other types).

AT 1950s-1960s the number of formations and artillery units was significantly reduced, and almost all corps and divisions were disbanded, and brigades and regiments remained the main unit, the number of which also decreased. A significant part of the artillery, mortar and anti-aircraft artillery divisions, brigades and regiments, when creating the Strategic Missile Forces, was turned to the creation of missile divisions and regiments.

December 17, 1959 By a decree of the Government of the USSR, a new type of Armed Forces was created - the Strategic Missile Forces ( Strategic Missile Forces) with the Headquarters in Odintsovo. Organizationally, they consisted of the Main Directorate of Special Construction ( Glavspetsstroy, educated in 1951) and created in 1959:

Main Directorate of Missile Weapons ( GURVO);

Main Directorate of Acquisition and Equipment;

12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense (in charge of weapons arsenals);

Combat Training Directorate;

Management of military educational institutions;

Logistics Departments;

Central command post.

Main engineering department ( SMI RV) formed in 1961.;

The central communication center created in March 1961;

Central Computing Center ( CEC created in 1961;

Main Directorate for the Operation of Missile Weapons ( GUERV), created only in 1968.

These troops were entrusted with the tasks of daily operation of missile systems with ballistic missiles in peacetime, preparation and conduct of missile launches by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief in the event of a war. By the time they were created, the Soviet Armed Forces had several rocket engineering brigades and rocket engineering regiments. RVGK(transferred from long-range aviation), armed with medium-range missiles. Before the personnel of these brigades and regiments, the command has already set specific combat missions in the event of conducting nuclear war to defeat large enemy groupings in the European theater of operations. At the same time, it was envisaged to transfer one missile brigade to operational subordination to each front. After the missile engineering brigades of the missile system entered service with MRBM R-1 2 significantly changed their purpose. Now their use was planned to be carried out strictly centrally, only by decision of the Supreme High Command.

AT 1959 in the western regions of the USSR began the mass deployment of missile regiments armed IRBM type R-12, as well as the construction of two launch stations for launching ICBM R-7.

At the same time, intensive work was underway to test new rocket technology, which was not without tragedies. In preparation for the first launch ICBM R-16 there was an explosion. Among the dead was the first Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces M.I. Nedelin.

AT 1960 the first 2 missile armies ( 43 I'm with headquarters in Vinnitsa and 50 -I - with headquarters in Smolensk), to the formation of which the air armies under the same numbers and most of the formations and units that were part of them were turned. Then the number of armies was brought up to 6 , and there are more divisions 50 . Each division included 3-4 regiment, and sometimes more, depending on the type of missiles - for example, 57 -I division 33 1st Rocket Army in Zhangiz-tobe(Kazakhstan) in 1990 had 10 regiments. The existing air armies and corps, divisions and regiments of various types were sent to form these formations - aviation, artillery, anti-aircraft, jet and even tank and motorized rifles (which, against the backdrop of a general reduction in the Armed Forces, was a boon for the reduced military personnel). Therefore, honorary titles and awards went to the new armies and divisions by inheritance from the distinguished formations of the times of the Great Patriotic War. Total in 1960 more than 100 connections and parts Strategic Missile Forces, for the staffing of which management went 3 artillery, 3 aviation and 2 tank divisions, 2 motorized rifle and several dozen different regiments.

As an example, we can cite the history of the first missile division in the USSR - 24 th Guards. The division was created in 1960 on the basis of the existing 72 th Guards Engineering Brigade, which, in turn, was created in Germany on the basis of 92 th Guards Mortar Regiment (at first the brigade was called 92 th, then, until December 1950 - 22 th). stationed with 1950 in the village Bear Novgorod region, in February 1959 brigade armed with missiles R-5M, in the composition 2 divisions was relocated to the GDR (g. Furstenberg), and her 3rd division is located in Gvardeysk Kaliningrad region, where six months later the first 2 division. By this time, missiles had entered service. R-12, which were available until the disbandment of the division in 1990

AT 1961 the Strategic Missile Forces received missile systems with ground launches from MRBM R-14 and ICBM R-16. The combat capabilities of the missile troops have increased significantly. Two groupings were created in their composition: medium-range missiles and intercontinental-range missiles. They were intended for the preparation and delivery of a nuclear missile strike against strategic targets within the range of the missiles.

A permanent system of combat readiness was introduced in the Rocket Forces. In peacetime, combat readiness No. 4 (permanent) was established. In the event of a real threat of unleashing a war, units of the Strategic Missile Forces were transferred to certain degrees of combat readiness (No. 3 - increased, No. 2 - increased 1st degree and No. 1 - full). Each degree of readiness corresponded to a certain technical state of rocket technology, the main indicator of which was the time before the launch of the rocket from the moment the command arrived for launch (combat readiness of the RK). Very quickly, this indicator, along with the survivability indicator, became one of the determining factors in the evaluation of strategic missile systems.

The first Soviet combat missile systems ( DBK), which entered service in 1959-1963, they were distinguished by low combat readiness (preparation for the launch took up to several hours) and survivability, as well as low firing accuracy and operational complexity. According to these indicators, they were inferior to American complexes with ICBM "Atlas-F", "Titan-1" and "Minuteman-1". Nevertheless, they successfully played the role of a deterrent during the Caribbean crisis, despite their small numbers. AT 1962 The Strategic Missile Forces had only 30 launchers for ICBM R-16 and R-7A, and the US had 203 installation.

In order to turn the Strategic Missile Forces into a reliable "missile shield", work was launched to develop and test new missile systems with ICBM second generation. At the same time, the main goals were considered to be an increase in the indicators of combat readiness, security, the likelihood of bringing orders to executive levels, simplifying and reducing the cost of operation DBK. It was planned to put new missiles on combat duty only in silo launchers.

For the rapid deployment of new DBK the government decided, even before the end of joint testing of missiles and other systems of the complex, to begin construction of silo launchers ( silos), command posts and other infrastructure elements necessary to ensure the daily activities of missile units. This allowed in short time to put new rocket technology on combat duty. Yes, for 1966-1968 number of deployed ICBM has grown since 333 units up to 909 , and by the end 1970- before 1361 , i.e. before reaching parity with the United States in nuclear weapons, in fact, only a few hundred, and not because the ratio 1:13 10 years before.

After the entry into service of missile systems with ICBM R-36 and UR-100 which significantly increased the combat power and effectiveness of the grouping of intercontinental missiles, the Strategic Missile Forces firmly occupied the main place in the structure of Soviet nuclear deterrents. They were entrusted with the main tasks of hitting the strategic targets of a potential enemy in the first nuclear strike. AT 1970 share ICBM amounted to 74% of the total number of all strategic carriers, and to 1973 ICBM were placed in 1398 silos 26 missile divisions: 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27,28, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 50, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62 -I.

By this time, the system of combat control of troops and weapons of the Strategic Missile Forces had received significant development. The command posts were equipped with an automated system that made it possible to implement the principle of strict centralization of the use of nuclear missile weapons and to exclude possible cases of unauthorized missile launches. The reliability of communicating the orders of the High Command to the executive levels has increased significantly. Automated systems for monitoring the technical condition of missiles and systems of missile systems were introduced. The Strategic Missile Forces have become the most advanced branch of the Armed Forces.

Appearance ICBM with individual targeting heads made it possible to sharply increase the combat power of missile weapons without further increasing the number of carriers. Following the path of achieving strategic parity with the United States, the Soviet Union also began to create similar missiles. New DBK With ICBM R-36M, UR-100N and MR UR-100 began to be placed on combat duty with 1974[Pervov M., Missile weapons Strategic Missile Forces, M., 1999, 284 p.] Indeed, missiles UR-100 did not pass all the stages of state tests, which became clear during the control launches of these missiles already from combat positions. At the same time, almost all the parameters of the missiles indicated by the developers turned out to be significantly lower, and the missiles had to be fine-tuned already in the troops (this fact seriously affected the attitude towards the main Soviet rocket builder - Chelomey). Simultaneously with the adoption of new missiles, and in accordance with the Soviet-American agreement on the limitation of strategic offensive weapons ( OSV-1), which put an end to the quantitative increase in the number of carriers, the decommissioning of missile systems with ICBM R-9A and R-16U.

In the middle 1970s The USSR finally reached approximate nuclear parity with the United States, and in the second half the process of modernizing missile systems began with IRBM. The mobile complex began to enter service "Pioneer" with solid rocket RSD-10, equipped with an individual guidance warhead. At the same time, all missiles were removed from combat duty. R-14 and R-12U. Although the total number of missiles and the total TNT equivalent of nuclear warheads have decreased, the combat effectiveness of the group as a whole has increased.

From the end 1970s Two factors began to have a serious impact on the development of the Strategic Missile Forces. First, the Soviet government made a political statement that the Soviet Union would not be the first to use nuclear missiles. Secondly, the restrictions laid down in the Soviet-American Treaty began to operate. OSV-2(although US legislators did not ratify it, the parties said they would adhere to its provisions), to modernize and create new missile systems.

The refusal to be the first to use nuclear weapons for the Rocket Forces meant that in the event of a sudden nuclear attack by the enemy, they would have to operate in extremely difficult conditions. In order to ensure the solution of the tasks of delivering retaliatory and, even more so, retaliatory nuclear strikes against the aggressor, it was necessary to significantly increase the survivability of missile systems as a whole, the resistance of missiles to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, and the reliability of combat control and communication systems.

Implementation of the entire range of works on the modernization of existing weapons DBK required significant financial and material costs. At the same time, work was underway to create mobile missile systems, the main purpose of which was to be involved in delivering a retaliatory nuclear strike. First entered service DBK with ground self-propelled launchers and ICBM RT-2PM "Topol". And also in the middle 70s work began on the creation of a mobile combat railway missile system ( BZHRK), but it was adopted only November 28, 1989, although the first 6 regiments 40 th missile division in Kostroma, armed with this complex, October 20, 1987 went on combat duty. Subsequently, this complex entered service with another 2 missile divisions located in Berchete and Gladkom Krasnoyarsk Territory(on 4 shelf in each). As part of the missile regiment BZHRK included a train of three diesel locomotives and 17 wagons, including three launchers with missile systems RT-23UGTH(Total 12 missiles). Missile launchers occupied 9 railway platforms. There was also a command post and carriages in which systems were equipped to ensure the life of personnel and maintain missiles in readiness for launch while on combat duty. To protect these trains, in addition to their own security platoon, if necessary, it was provided for the allocation of units from military units located along the routes of the train, up to a motorized rifle battalion. In addition, it was supposed to use special units of the Strategic Missile Forces ( see ch. 5).

With putting on duty self-propelled "Topol" and BZHRK the combat capabilities of the Strategic Missile Forces have increased markedly. By that time, this service of the USSR Armed Forces had become the most advanced in technical equipment with highly intelligent automated systems for various purposes. But already in 1988 the process of liquidating a whole class of nuclear missile weapons - medium-range ballistic missiles - began. In the Rocket Forces at the beginning 1988 was on combat duty 65 missiles R-12 and 405 RSD-10. All of them, as well as the missiles that were in storage, were to be destroyed before the summer. 1991 By this time, the Strategic Missile Forces included 28 missile divisions - in relation to 1973 divisions appeared under the numbers 23 , 29 , 30 , 34 , 35 , 51 but were disbanded 4 divisions.

To autumn 1990 in the Strategic Missile Forces was 2500 carriers and 10271 unit of nuclear charges, most of which were intercontinental ballistic missiles - 1398 pieces with 6612 charges (for comparison - to 1997 these figures have decreased in 1,8 times: 15P5 carriers, 6758 charges, of which ICBM - 762 carrier, 3700 charges). In addition, the Soviet nuclear arsenals contained warheads of tactical nuclear weapons ( TNW): surface-to-surface missiles (according to Western classification) Scud-B, "Frog", SS-20, SS-21 in quantity 4300 units, artillery shells and mines to mortars of caliber 152 , 203 , 240 -mm - up 2000 things; air-to-ground missiles AS-2, AS-4, AS-5, AS-6) and free-fall bombs for Air Force aviation with a total strength of more than 5000 units, cruise anti-ship missiles ( SS-N-3, 7 , 9 , 12 , 19 , 21 , 22 ), as well as depth charges and torpedoes ( SS-N-15, 16, FRAS-1, T-65, ET-80) with a total number of up to 1500 units; caliber shells 152 mm coastal artillery and coastal defense missiles ( SSC-1v) in the amount 200 things; as well as atomic bombs and mines - up to 14 000 units. The treacherous policy of its leadership towards its country put an end to the operational-tactical missile systems that were in service in the Ground Forces (and have not been surpassed so far) 9K714 "Oka".

It should be noted that with the coming to the leadership of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev began the process of gradual concessions to the United States and NATO in the reduction of all types of weapons, including nuclear. Without any justification, the thesis was put forward about the advent of a new era in international politics and the primacy of "universal values" (what it is in the West has never been known, as, indeed, in our country). Instead of taking real measures to improve the economy, the country's leadership began talking about reforms and shying away from one concept of a way out of the impending crisis to another. All this affected the Armed Forces of the USSR as a whole and the Strategic Missile Forces in particular. By the end 1990 was on combat duty 7 types of various missile systems, and there are even more modifications of missiles (note 3.2). Near 40% all ICBM belonged to the second generation missiles and required replacement. At the same time, the arrival of new samples went slowly. Although a number of missile divisions that were deployed near cities Barnaul, Upper Salda(Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo(Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teikovo(Ivanovo region), Yuria(Kirov region), Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, village wood burning Chita region, managed to get new ICBM "Poplar". On the territory of Belarus 9 regiments of such missiles ( 81 installation) were deployed in divisions under the cities Lida, Mozyr and Postavy[?].

AT 1991 the Soviet-American treaty was signed 50% reduction of strategic offensive arms ( START-1). It established equal limits for the parties on the total number of carriers of nuclear weapons - according to 1600 units with the number of nuclear warheads on them up to 6000 . Sub-levels were introduced for certain types of weapons. Thus, the total number of warheads per ICBM and BRIL should not exceed 4900 units, of which 1100 on mobile missiles and 1540 - on heavy ICBM (154 R-36M). The total total throwable weight of the missiles was also limited. The treaty banned the creation of new types of heavy ICBM, mobile launchers for existing heavy missiles, devices for high-speed reloading of launchers ICBM.

The Americans, not without the help of the treacherous position of the leadership of the USSR, managed to impose on the Soviet side restrictions on the number of non-deployed mobile-based intercontinental missiles and launchers of such missiles. It was allowed to have 250 such missiles, including 125 for BZHRK, and 110 PU (18 for BZHRK). At the same time, the number of non-deployed BRIL was not limited. In accordance with the provisions of the Treaty, the Soviet Union was to reduce 36 % deployed ICBM and SLBM(about 400 first and 500 second) and 41,6 % of all nuclear warheads, and the United States - respectively 28,8 % strategic carriers and 43,2 % nuclear warheads.

autumn 1991"peacemaker" Gorbachev announced new steps towards disarmament. Even before the consideration of the Treaty START-1 legislative bodies of the state, he made far-reaching decisions. The build-up and modernization stopped ICBM railway-based, were removed from combat duty 503 ICBM, 134 of which are equipped with individual targeting warheads. Thus, it was planned that the number of warheads on Soviet strategic offensive weapons would be reduced to 5000 (51,3 % ). And then the collapse of the Soviet Union followed.

Outside the territory of the Russian Federation were 108 heavy ICBM, 46 latest missiles RT-23U mine-based and 130 UR-100U on which it was installed 2320 nuclear warheads. Very soon it became clear that all of them were irretrievably lost to Russia and they would have to be included in the number of those being liquidated. By the end 1991 distribution of carriers and warheads in Russian nuclear deterrence systems ( strategic nuclear forces) looked like this: the Strategic Missile Forces in the general structure had 51,2% carriers and 56,8% warheads, naval strategic nuclear forces - 44,7% carriers and 37,1% warheads, aviation strategic nuclear forces - 4,1 and 6,1% respectively.

A separate line in the provision of parts of the Strategic Missile Forces was and is the issue of anti-sabotage struggle. After the initial 1980s a number of exercises to capture missiles, positions and launchers by forces of "saboteurs", their insufficient protection was revealed. Therefore, starting from 1986 missile regiments began to be attached to guard and reconnaissance companies. Already after the collapse of the USSR, anti-sabotage (security and reconnaissance) battalions appeared in each of the armies and divisions of the Strategic Missile Forces, whose tasks were to protect and protect launchers, command posts and communications and control networks, search for and destroy enemy sabotage groups in areas where missile positions were located. The missile divisions were even armed with armored vehicles (except for rail-based missile divisions).

Missile units were also present in the ground forces.

Missile brigades, the first of which appeared in the Ground Forces in August 1958 under the name RVGK engineering teams(former OSNAZ RVGK), were originally armed with operational-tactical missiles R-11 (8A61) and R-11M (8K11, on the chassis of self-propelled guns - released 56 self-propelled units) with a firing range of 80-150 km and a high-explosive warhead weighing 1000 kg. First 3 brigades were deployed in the Carpathian ( 77 -i), Kiev ( 90 - me, ex 56 -I OSNAZ) and Voronezh ( 233 -i) districts. Already with 1962 to replace missiles R-11 new missiles began to arrive R-17 (8K14 on chassis ACS and 9K72 on chassis MAZ-543, according to the NATO code, referred to respectively as " Scud-A" and " Scud-B"). Moreover, mobile wheeled launchers 9P117 based on chassis MAZ-543 with missiles R-17- all together complex 9K72 (export version R-300) appeared in 1965 and were in service until the collapse of the Union. But the caterpillar installations were at the beginning 1980s removed from service. The missile brigade of these installations included 3 division (in each - 3 batteries with 1 launcher), control battery, sapper unit, other combat and technical support units.

In total, the brigade had 9 launchers, up to 500 motor vehicles of special and general purpose, 800 personnel (in the starting batteries themselves - 243 man, the number of personnel of one starting platoon was 27 human). In the future, these brigades were armed with missile systems 9K52 "Moon" and 9K72. Such brigades were created 2 types: or 3-4 divisions in each ( 3 batteries by 1 launcher in each), or 4-6 divisions (2 batteries, 1 unit each). Missile systems entered service with brigades 9K714 "Oka"(with range up to 400 km, intended for changing complexes 9K72). Unfortunately, the treacherous position of the country's leadership when concluding an agreement in 1989 on the elimination of medium-range missiles, launched "under the knife" that still has no analogues "Oku". By this time, there were about 100 launchers, which were brought together in 6 brigades and 1 separate regiment GSVG (4 PU). The brigades were stationed: 3 in Belarus (in each 18 PU) and by 1 in GSVG, in Turkmenistan and in Kazakhstan (according to 12 PU in each). And complexes 9K72 by the end 1990 there were about 650 , and about 100 was in the Far East.

In addition, to the top 1988 The RVA of the Ground Forces had 3 brigades 3 - regimental staff and 5 separate regiments of missiles "Temp-C"(in each regiment - from 4 before 6 launchers, range of destruction - up to 300 -900 km), which are in the middle 1970 -s. transferred from the Strategic Missile Forces. They were stationed in GDR (2 brigades and 2 individual regiments) and Czechoslovakia (2 brigades), as well as 5 districts - Belarusian (1 regiment), Far East (1 brigade), Zabaikalsky (1 brigade), Siberian (1 regiment) and Central Asian (1 brigade and 1 separate regiment). There were 135 launchers, 220 deployed and 506 non-deployed missiles OTRK "Temp-C". In accordance with the December 1987 between the USSR and the USA by the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, all OTRK "Temp-C"(NATO code - OS-12 Scaleboard) were in 1988-1989 withdrawn and liquidated.

ANNEXES TO CHAPTER 3

Annex 3.1. Formations and institutions of the Strategic Missile Forces of the period 1960-1991.

1. Rocket armies

2. Missile divisions

3. Some formations of the Strategic Missile Forces with honorary titles and awards transferred from pre-existing formations

4 Main factories - manufacturers of missile systems of the Strategic Missile Forces

5. Arsenals of weapons of the Strategic Missile Forces

Institutions, research organizations, enterprises and military educational institutions of the Strategic Missile Forces

Note. The armies and divisions that remained in the Russian Armed Forces by the mid-1990s, as well as their missile systems, are in bold type.

Annex 3.2. Missile systems, consisting
in service with the Rocket Forces
strategic purpose in the period 1947-1991

Note. The accepted abbreviations in the combat mission designate: BRDD - long-range ballistic missile, BRDS - medium-range ballistic missile, ICBM - intercontinental ballistic missile, silo - silo launcher, RTO - mobile missile system, BZHRK - combat railway missile system.

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* 1 - Here is the largest diameter of the "package" of upper stages (as V. Semerikov correctly points out - the "midsection", i.e. the section of the rocket body by a plane perpendicular to the direction of movement, taken in the place where the sectional area is the largest).

* 2 - According to V. Semerikov (I join - ed.), a number of other complexes should also be included in the table. But in general, it is worth thinking about the formation of a complete, generalizing table, in which modifications of the complexes would also be taken into account. But that is no longer within the scope of this post.

* 3 - The second column in the table should have been called "Customer Index", since the indexes were assigned to products in the Ministry of Defense.

Addendum 3. Armed Forces of the USSR
in the Caribbean crisis (June 20 - October 24, 1962)

The most serious crisis since the end of World War II erupted in 1962 around Cuba, although, fortunately, it did not lead to hostilities. But a small but rather strong grouping of the Soviet Army was redeployed in July-October 1962 as a result of the Anadyr operation to the island of Freedom (Appendix 7.1), where a Group was formed from them Soviet troops in Cuba (GSVK) under the leadership of the commander of the North Caucasian District, General of the Army I.A. Pliev. The main striking force of the group was originally the 51st Guards Rocket Division, consisting of 8 regiments (created on the basis of the 43rd Rocket Army), but the condition for a peaceful resolution of the conflict was precisely its withdrawal, which was done. With this division (which, however, was not fully deployed), other units also lost - 3 motorized rifle regiments (all assigned from the Leningrad District) and 2 regiments cruise missiles, fighter, helicopter and non-deployed bomber (the pilots and maintenance personnel arrived far from being at full strength, and its 32 Il-28 aircraft, which were disassembled, were never fully assembled) air regiments, 11th anti-aircraft division (10th the division, which became a brigade, departed much later). In fact, the 496th motorized rifle regiment remained on the island from fairly large units, deployed into a brigade (later received training status), the 27th air defense division and the GRU radio-electronic center in the city of Lourdes with a long-distance communication center for the Navy (created in 1964). A large load fell on the fleet, mostly civilian, and from the Navy, 5 submarines of the 69th brigade of the Northern Fleet took direct part.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BUT- army

abr- artillery brigade

av. - aviation

awd (ae) - aviation division (brigade, squadron)

AVC (WUA) - aviation corps (regiment)

hell (up) - artillery division (artillery regiment)

AK (ak) - army corps

ADIB (adib) - aviation division of fighter-bombers

apib- fighter-bomber regiment

ACS- automated control systems

dietary supplement (bad) - bomber aviation division

bap (tbap) - bomber (heavy) air regiment

BVI (bf) - Belarusian military district (front)

BMP- Infantry fighting vehicle

BMW- White Sea Military District

BRMO- logistics brigade

brmp (bmp) - brigade (battalion) of the Marine Corps

BPL (DPL, DNPL) - brigade (division, division) of submarines

DBK (BZHRK) - combat missile system (railway)

armored personnel carrier- armored personnel carrier

VA- air force

HAC- military Academy

VVO- Voronezh Military District

air force- Air Force

VGK- Supreme High Command

VBR, vdbr- airborne brigade

Airborne - airborne troops

VDD (vdd) - airborne division

VDK, vdk (vdsp) - airborne corps (rifle regiment)

VIA- air fighter army

VIAK- military engineering academy

Navy (naval base) - Navy (naval base)

INTO THE NOSE- air surveillance, warning and communications

IN- military district

VOSO- military messages

VP-Polish Army

a/c- communications troops

WSBV- East Siberian Military District

VTAD (vtad listen)) - military transport aviation division

vtap- military transport aviation regiment

gabr (gap listen)) - howitzer artillery brigade (regiment)

GB- state security

GW- group of troops

guards. guards (s)

gmp- guards mortar regiment

Ghmch- Guards mortar units

GSVG (GSOVG) - Group of Soviet (occupation) troops in Germany

GSVK- Group of Soviet troops in Cuba

GSD (GSD) - mountain rifle division

gsk GSS- mountain rifle corps

GSS- The hero of the USSR

GU- Headquarters

GSh- General Staff of the Soviet Army

dbo (pbo) - division (regiment) of coastal defense

DVO (DVF) - Far Eastern District(front)

DCBF- Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet

dmp (pmp) - division (regiment) of the Marine Corps

dshbr (dshb) - airborne assault brigade (battalion)

WBVO (ZAVO) - Trans-Baikal (Trans-Baikal-Amur) Military District

WKVO- Transcaucasian Military District - Western Group of Forces

ZGV- Western Group of Forces

zrr (zrp) - anti-aircraft missile brigade (regiment)

WCBVO- West Siberian Military District

ZSU- anti-aircraft self-propelled unit

IAD, iad (iae) - fighter aviation division (squadron)

IAK, iac (iap) - fighter aviation (corps, regiment)

Spanish- engineer regiment

QUO- Kyiv Military District

KVF- Caspian military flotilla

KZ- Red Banner (th) or the Order of the Red Banner

kk (cd, kp) - cavalry (th) corps (division, regiment)

KMG- horse-mechanized group

KSF- Red Banner Northern Fleet

KTOF- Red Banner Pacific Fleet

KChF- Red Banner Black Sea Fleet

kshm- command vehicle

LVO (LF) - Leningrad Military District (front)

MA (OMA) - mechanized army (Special)

MK (mk) - mechanized corps

MD (md) - mechanized division

mb (mp) - mechanized battalion (regiment)

mbr- mechanized brigade

ICBM- intercontinental ballistic missiles

MVO- Moscow Military District

minp (mdn) - mortar regiment (division)

WAMO- Moscow Air Defense District

MRAD (mrad listen)) - Naval Missile Aviation Division

mrap- Naval Missile Aviation Regiment

MSD (msd) - motorized rifle division

MSBR (MSBR) - motorized rifle brigade

SMEs (SME) - motorized rifle battalion (regiment)

MTAD (mtad) - mine-torpedo aviation division

mtap- mine-torpedo air regiment

research institute (NIIII, SIC) - research (testing) institute (center)

OA- combined arms army

oadn- separate artillery division

obs (obpk, obts, olbs, orb,

orrb, ortb) - a separate communications battalion (underground cable, tropospheric communications, linear, radio, radio relay, radio engineering)

obs and RTO- a separate battalion of communications and radio technical support of the Air Force

ATS- Organization of Warsaw Pact countries

OVO- Odessa Military District

ovp- separate helicopter regiment

oisb- a separate engineer-sapper battalion

OK- Special building

OKSV- limited contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan

OPA- Separate Maritime Army

ops- separate communications regiment

OSVO- Special military district

OSNAZ (HE) - special purpose (special purpose)

osapb- separate sapper battalion

otb- separate tank battalion

pabr (dad) - cannon artillery brigade (cannon artillery regiment)

pdp (pdb) - paratrooper regiment (battalion)

PULAD, pulad (pulabr) - machine gun artillery division (brigade)

poolap- machine gun artillery regiment

air defense- air defense

pd (pbr, pp) - infantry division (brigade, regiment)

PL- submarines

PBVO- Baltic Military District

PVVO- Volga Military District

PKVO- Carpathian Military District

PMVO- Primorsky Military District

ATGM (ATGM) - anti-tank guided missiles (or rockets)

PU (silos) - launcher (mine)

RA (rd) - missile army (division)

rap (drape) - reconnaissance aviation regiment (long-range)

rbr- rocket brigade

MIRV IN- split warhead of individual guidance

SSBN- strategic missile submarine

MLRS- multiple launch rocket systems

rtbr (rtp) - radio engineering brigade (radio engineering regiment)

RTO- radio engineering support

electronic warfare- electronic warfare

SA - Soviet army

saber (garden, glanders) - self-propelled artillery brigade (division, regiment)

GARDEN (garden) - mixed aviation division

SAVO- Central Asian Military District

ACS- self-propelled artillery installation

SWVO- Siberian Military District

SW - Ground troops

SC (sk) - rifle corps

SD (sd) - rifle division

cn (Sat) - rifle regiment (battalion)

SKVO- North Caucasian Military District

smap- mixed air regiment

ADVO- Steppe Military District

CH (Special Forces) - special purpose

STOP- North Pacific Flotilla

strategic nuclear forces- nuclear deterrence systems

TA- tank army

t/v- tank troops

TAVO- Tauride Military District

TVD- theater of war

TC (tk) - tank corps

TD (td) - tank division

tbr (tr) - tank brigade (company)

tp (tb) - tank regiment (battalion)

tsp (ttsp) - self-propelled tank regiment (heavy)

ttd (ttp) - heavy tank division (regiment)

performance characteristics- performance characteristics

TVO- Turkestan military district

UA- Shock Army

uap (wavp) - training artillery regiment (air regiment)

ATC (updp) - training airborne division (parachute regiment)

umsd (umsp) - training motorized rifle division (regiment)

HVO- Ural Military District

UR- fortified area

US (PUS) communication center (field)

utd (utp) - training tank division (regiment)

UV- Ukrainian front

HVO- Kharkov Military District

CHF- Central Group of Forces

ShAD (shad) - assault aviation division

cap- assault air regiment

YUGV- Southern Group of Forces

SUVO- South Ural Military District

(? ) - needs clarification

* - no data

~ - Approximately...