Galicia-Volyn principality relations with neighbors table. Brief history of the Galicia-Volyn principality and the policy of its rulers

Geographical position of the Galicia-Volyn principality

Relations with Poland, Hungary and Lithuania

Political features of the Galicia-Volyn principality

Political system. The Galicia-Volyn principality, longer than many other Russian lands, maintained its unity, although the power in it belonged to the big boyars. The power of the princes was fragile. Suffice it to say that the Galician boyars disposed of even the princely table - they invited and removed the princes. The history of the Galicia-Volyn principality is full of examples when the princes, who lost the support of the top of the boyars, were forced to go into exile. To fight the princes, the boyars invited Poles and Hungarians. Several Galician-Volyn princes were hanged by the boyars.

The boyars exercised their power with the help of a council, which included the largest landowners, bishops and persons holding the highest government positions. The prince did not have the right to convene a council at will, could not issue a single act without his consent. Since the council included boyars who occupied major administrative positions, the entire state administration apparatus was actually subordinate to it.

The Galician-Volyn princes from time to time, under emergency circumstances, convened a veche, but it did not have special influence. They took part in all-Russian feudal congresses. Occasionally, congresses of feudal lords and the Galicia-Volyn principality were convened. In this principality there was a palace and patrimony control system,

The territory of the state was divided into thousands and hundreds. As the thousand and sotsky with their administrative apparatus gradually became part of the palace and patrimonial apparatus of the prince, the positions of voivodes and volostels arose instead of them. Accordingly, the territory was divided into voivodeships and volosts. Elders were elected in the communities, who were in charge of administrative and petty court cases. Posadniks were appointed to cities. They possessed not only administrative and military power, but also performed judicial functions, collected tributes and duties from the population.

Galicia-Volyn Rus - important political center western Russian lands, which united the lands of such tribes as the Dulens, Tivertsy, Croats, Buzhans, and became part of Kievan Rus at the end of the tenth century. It flourished in the second half of the 19th century. A feature of Galicia was the early and intensive development of feudal relations, which led to the creation of a strong boyar elite, which managed to seize the main lands and peasants. A large princely domain was not formed there. The boyars had, in addition to lands, their trade and craft centers, castles.

A different position was occupied by the Volyn prince - the owner of a large domain, who rallied the boyars around him with land grants. In 1199, relying mainly on the feudal lords of Volyn, the princely power managed to unite both principalities. Its center was Galich, then Hill, and at the end of the 13th century. - Lviv. But this political unity was neither long-lasting nor strong enough. The boyars, who had great political rights, opposed their interests to the princely power, and often led open struggle against the prince, relying on neighboring states - Hungary, Poland. In 1214, the Hungarian king and the Polish prince signed an agreement on the division of Galicia-Volyn Rus. In the XIII century. Western Rus' fell under the rule of the Mongol-Tatar conquerors. Later, her lands were divided between Hungary, Poland and Lithuania.

The social system of Galicia-Volyn Rus is characterized by a strong influence big feudal lords- boyars ("Galician men"), local landowners who grew up in the bowels of decaying communities. They had little connection with the princes, which led to the weakness of princely power in the Galician land.

Another group of feudal lords were service feudal lords, who most often received land for service and for the duration of service. Church nobility and monasteries also had land holdings. The peasants who lived on the lands of the secular in the spiritual feudal lords were in various forms dependencies.

For political system The Galicia-Volyn principality is characterized by the strong influence of the boyars, and in connection with this, the influence of the boyar council.

The Galypka-Volyn principality is characterized by the preservation of the system of the palace and patrimonial organization of management and the feeding system. The princes sent posadniks to the cities, and governors and volostels, who performed administrative and judicial functions, to the places.

16.Court and trial in the Russian feudal republics.

Process wore accusatory nature, The legal proceedings of Novgorod and Pskov were regulated; more detailed and clear than in Russkaya Pravda.

In accordance with the letters of judgment, the role of the court and judicial officials increased. The defendant was summoned to court by subpoena. In case of resistance, a drive was applied to it.! Witnesses were called to court with the help of court agents. The evidence system has changed. To the judicial evidence mentioned in Russkaya Pravda (witness testimony, material evidence, ordeals, oaths)! new ones were added: a court duel and written evidence (“boards” - private receipts and “records” - officially certified documents). There is an institution of judicial representation to protect the interests of women, monks, the elderly and children. Judicial paperwork was assigned to the clerks. The decision of the court was formalized by a judicial charter. The party that won the case received a "right" letter. Cases decided by the court were not subject to review. In Novgorod and Pskov, along with the adversarial process, there was also a search process. The institute of pre-trial preparation of the case was called the vault. Representation of the parties was allowed at the trial. Women, children, old people, monks, the deaf had accomplices who were supposed to represent their interests in court. Officials could not act as a representative of the party, so as not to put pressure on the court. In the event of a dispute over church land, the interests of the church were represented by the headman, i.e. elected representative of the faithful. The process usually started with statement of claim, complaints. The ladle and his master began the resolution of their disputes about the land with a call - a public announcement at the auction about their claims. This announcement was to bring witnesses from among the members of the communities to the case. An important step was to summon the defendant to court; in the event of a 5-day failure to appear, he could be brought to court forcibly. A lot of space in the law is devoted to evidence. Among written evidence first was record. - liners, boards. The proof was also his own confession. Witnesses could give third-party people, neighbors and rumors. Rumor, according to PSG, was supposed to defend his testimony against the defendant in a duel. His failure to appear in court led to the loss of the case by the party that relied on his testimony to prove its case. In cases of theft, “excessive” acted as evidence, i.e. a stolen item found on a person suspected of committing a theft. The property was found red-handed during a search conducted by an official bailiff (the plaintiff was also present here). A duel ("field"), as well as an oath, were used when there was no other, more compelling evidence. The process was oral, but the decision was made in writing. Upon its issuance, court fees were levied. The decision on the case was executed by special servants of the prince or officials cities.

. In Novgorod and Pskov, along with the adversarial process, there was also a search process. The institute of pre-trial preparation of the case was called the vault. Representation of the parties was allowed at the trial. Women, children, old people, monks, the deaf had accomplices who were supposed to represent their interests in court. Officials could not act as a representative of the party, so as not to put pressure on the court. In the event of a dispute over church land, the interests of the church were represented by the headman, i.e. elected representative of the faithful.

The process usually began with the filing of a statement of claim, a complaint. The ladle and his master began the resolution of their disputes about the land with a call - a public announcement at the auction about their claims. This announcement was to bring witnesses from among the members of the communities to the case. An important step was to summon the defendant to court; in the event of a 5-day failure to appear, he could be brought to court forcibly.

A lot of space in the law is devoted to evidence. Among written evidence first was record. Simple receipts also had probative value. - liners, boards. The proof was also his own confession. Witnesses could give third-party people, neighbors and rumors. Rumor, according to PSG, was supposed to defend his testimony against the defendant in a duel. His failure to appear in court led to the loss of the case by the party that relied on his testimony to prove its case.

In cases of theft, “excessive” acted as evidence, i.e. a stolen item found on a person suspected of committing a theft. The property was found red-handed during a search conducted by an official bailiff (the plaintiff was also present here). A duel ("field"), as well as an oath, were used when there was no other, more compelling evidence. The process was oral, but the decision was made in writing. Upon its issuance, court fees were levied. The decision on the case was executed by special servants of the prince or officials of the city.

During the period of specific fragmentation in the south-west, independent Galician and Volyn principalities were formed. Volyn with the main city Vladimir Volynsky was located on the right bank of the Western Bug, and reached the Southern Bug along the Pripyat River. The territory got its name from the local tribe, the Volynians, who, along with the Buzhans and Dulebs, inhabited these lands. Since ancient times, Volhynia was subordinated to Kyiv princes, however, in the XII century, an independent princely branch was formed here: Izyaslav Mstislavich, the grandson of the famous Vladimir Monomakh, settled in Volyn and it was from here that he tried to conquer capital Kyiv. His son Mstislav Izyaslavich, whose descendants founded their fatherland here, did the same. The most powerful Volyn prince was Roman Mstislavich, who annexed the Principality of Galicia to his possessions.

Its main feature geographical location was that its territory was heterogeneous in terms of natural and climatic conditions. The mountainous part of the Galician land adjoined the Carpathians, the flat part - to the Western Bug (the famous "Cherven cities" were located here, which got their name from the city of Cherven). By the decision of the Lyubech Congress of 1097, they went to the great-grandchildren of Yaroslav the Wise, Vasilko and Volodar. Thus, an independent Galician principality was formed. The son of the latter Vladimir in the 40s of the XII century made the city of Galich the capital, expanded the boundaries of his fatherland and began to attract people from other areas here, which contributed to the development of the new principality. The unification of the Galician principality under strong princely power was continued by his son Yaroslav Osmomysl (1152–1187). Under him, the settlement of the region continued not only with newcomers from Rus', but also from the countries Western Europe. After his death, unrest began in the principality, which ended with the capture of the Galician principality by Roman Mstislavich in 1199. Thus, a new state formation was formed in southwestern Rus'.

The features of the Galicia-Volyn principality were as follows: strong princely power, which, however, was limited by the boyar aristocracy, the natural nature of the economy, high level cultural development. Features The history of this land largely depended on the intervention of neighboring states - Hungary, Poland, in addition, local rulers had to fight against the Polovtsians, Tatars, Lithuania, the Teutonic Order. This foreign policy factor weakened the already fragile administration and management, and the ongoing boyar unrest weakened the young principality. However, the Volyn prince Daniel Romanovich, the son of the famous Roman Mstislavich, managed to unite the Galician and Volyn principalities under his rule again. In the struggle for the unification of the southwestern lands, he had to face not only strong internal opposition in the person of the Galician boyars, but also external opponents - Hungary and Poland, as well as other specific Russian princes who claimed his patrimonial possessions. Daniil Romanovich, along with other princes, took part in the battle on the Kalka River in 1223, was wounded, but escaped and managed to hide in his lands. A few years later, he managed to capture Galich, and in 1240 the prince captured Kyiv. The ruler waged a stubborn struggle against the big landowning boyars, relying on urban population and serve to know. He founded new cities such as Holm, Lvov, Ugrovesk. The prince negotiated with the West about an alliance against the Horde and, counting on outside help, accepted the royal title from the Pope in 1253.

In the XIII century, the main features of the political and socio-economic development of the Galicia-Volyn principality were determined. The prince had full power, but he had to constantly fight against the opposition of the aristocracy, relying on cities and troops. Most of the population were smerds - simple community members - peasants who cultivated the land and paid the boyars and the prince in kind. The economy of the Galicia-Volyn principality also had a natural character. This territory was located on the black earth, which favored the development of agriculture. Farmers grew mainly crops such as oats and rye; The main branches of animal husbandry were horse breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding. However, due to the distance from the sea, the level of trade development was low. The Galicia-Volyn principality had land borders: in the east with the principalities of Kyiv and Polotsk, in the south and west - with Byzantium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland; in the north - with the Teutonic Order and Lithuania. An original culture took shape in the principality, a feature of which was the borrowing of traditions not only from Ancient Rus' but also neighboring countries. In Galicia, a chronicle and the Galician Gospel were created; the Metropolitan Cathedral was located here,

Preventive war - suicide for fear of death

Otto von Bismarck

The Galicia-Volyn principality was located in the southwestern part of Rus'. Since the beginning feudal fragmentation the principality separated from the Kyiv authorities and really claimed the dominant role in Rus'. This principality was distinguished by the presence of fertile soils, forests, trade routes and a specific management system.

princes

Princes of Galicia-Volyn principality:

• Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153-1187). Ruled in Galicia.
• Roman Mstislavich. From 1170 he ruled in Volhynia, and in 1199 he subjugated Galich, forming a single principality. Ruled until 1205.
• Daniel Romanovich. 1205-1219 - rule under the guardianship of the mother. Next is self-management.

In times of fragmentation, the boyars enjoyed great influence. suffice it to say that both Roman Mstislavich and Daniil Romanovich waged the main struggle not with neighboring principalities and kingdoms, but with their own boyars. The results were not the best. In 1205, after the death of Roman, his young children were expelled from the principality. Leapfrog began with the invitation of the rulers. It came to the point that for some time the boyar Volodyslav Kormilichich became the prince of the Galicia-Volyn principality. This was unique case local interruption of the Rurik dynasty in a separate principality.

In 1254, Daniel proclaimed himself king, and the principality became a kingdom. After the death of the prince-king in 1264, the principality broke up into a number of small regions that existed until 1352, when Galicia passed to Poland, Volhynia to Lithuania.

Development

The Galicia-Volyn principality, the development of which was carried out in the 12th-13th centuries, can be reduced to the following main dates:

• 1199 - unification into a single principality. Before that, there were 2 centers - Volyn and Galich.
• 1214 - Treaty of Seles between Hungary and Poland. The Hungarians planned to take Eastern Galicia for themselves, and the Poles Western.
• 1234 - Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigov occupied Galich.
• 1236 - Daniil Romanovich captures Galich.
• 1240 - he also captures Kyiv.
• 1264 - the principality was divided into many smaller ones.
• 1352 - Poland captured Galicia, and Lithuania captured Volhynia.

lucky geographical position the principality led to constant attempts by neighbors to seize this territory. It's not just about fighting others specific principalities, but also confrontation with Lithuania, Hungary and Poland. All these countries have repeatedly equipped military campaigns against the principality.

Geographic location and land

The Galicia-Volyn principality was located in the southwestern part of Rus' between the Dniester and the Prut, as well as with access to the Carpathians. the main characteristic of the geographical position of the principality is the presence of a mild climate and fertile lands. There were chernozem lands, extensive forests and deposits of rock salt, thanks to which the principality managed to grow rich. The chronicles indicate that salt was traded with Byzantium, Poland, the Czech Republic and other countries.

Neighbors of the Galicia-Volyn principality:

• Kingdom of Hungary
• Polish kingdom
• Lithuanian principality
• Polotsk principality
• Turov-Pinsk Principality
• Kiev principality
• Polovtsian steppes

To the south were undeveloped lands, views of which were not only the Galician-Volyn princes, but also the Polovtsy with the Hungarians.

Large cities: Galich, Vladimir-Volynsky, Berestye, Lutsk, Lvov, Dorogobuzh, Terebovl.

Map

Map of the Galicia-Volyn principality with a geographical position within the Specific Rus.

Economic development

Features of the economic development of the Galicia-Volyn principality should be sought in the geographical position. Fertile lands had an impact on the wealth of the region, but much more important was the presence of salt mining, the trade of which brought a lot of money to the treasury. Another important economic feature of the region is that international trade routes passed through the principality.

culture

In the Galicia-Volyn principality, chronicle writing flourished. The peak of this process fell on the period of the reign of Daniel Romanovich. This prince in the annals is called an ideal ruler, as well as a magnificent warrior: daring, fearless and wise. If we consider the annals of these lands, they are more like a colorful story. If in other chronicles there is an enumeration of facts and events, then in this case the situation is different - the whole narrative goes in the form of a story.

The architecture of Galich and Volhynia is unique. Left an imprint on her European culture, as well as the proximity of Kyiv with its traditions. As a result, an amazing color was achieved, and the cities began to amaze with their beauty and grace. Architects in construction used colorful glasses that let light through, decorating buildings inside and out, relief images, gold plating and much more. These were rich cities, which was reflected in the culture.

Peculiarities

Political features Galicia-Volyn principality belong to the control system. schematically, it can be depicted as a horizontal straight line.

Power was distributed almost equally between the prince, the veche and the boyars. Therefore, the positions of the boyars were so strong, and therefore there was a struggle for power between rich people and the prince. after all, in other large principalities, triangles of control were traced, where someone was at the top and received a dominant role. This was not the case in this kingdom.

General features of the development of the principality during the period of feudal fragmentation (11-13 centuries):

• Struggle with Kyiv for supremacy in Rus'
• Active development of rock salt mining.
• A large number of arable land and forests.
• Active foreign trade and urban growth at this expense.

Introduction

2. Cities, crafts: development and significance

3. Domestic and foreign trade: features and significance

Bibliography

Introduction

The emergence of the Galicia-Volyn state was facilitated by a favorable geographical position (remoteness from Kyiv weakened the influence of the central government, natural conditions made these lands inaccessible for the steppe nomads, in addition, the principality was located at the crossroads of strategically important trade routes). Also contributed to the need for a common struggle between the two principalities against aggression from Poland and Hungary, and subsequently against Mongol invasion and the yoke and energetic unifying policy of princes Roman Mstislavich (1199-1205) and Daniil Romanovich Galitsky (1238-1264). Importance had the existence of rich salt deposits on the territory of the principality, which contributed to economic growth and intensification of trade.

The relevance of the topic "Galicia-Volyn state: features of economic development" is that during this period there were significant changes in the development of land ownership, cities, crafts, domestic and foreign trade

The object of the study is the Galicia-Volyn state, the subject is the features of economic development

The purpose of the study is to consider the Galicia-Volyn state: features of economic development.

Research objectives to consider:

Land tenure system: forms and character.

Cities, crafts: development and significance.

Domestic and foreign trade: features and significance.

1. The system of land tenure: forms and nature

The formation of mature forms of feudal property is associated with the growth and strengthening of the landownership of princes, boyars, and the church. A significant part of the landowners were the so-called free servants - vassals of princes and boyars. Feudal legislation granted the feudal lords the exclusive right to own land, alienate and inherit, and protect their property.

A hierarchical structure of land ownership was established, which was based on inter-princely and princely-boyar vassal relations. A real feudal ladder arose: Grand Duke, local princes, boyars, boyar servants. The legal side of the seignioral-vassal relations was not clearly worked out. They were established not on land relations, but on the collection of taxes from lands for living.

Some historians defend the idea that in Ukraine systems of the Western European type arose in the XII-XIII centuries, in particular in the Galicia-Volyn principality. Its economic development was characterized by the predominance of boyar land ownership. The princely domain began to form only from the XII century. The process of feudalization took place without the influence of the princely organizing power. Galicia-Volyn princes began to associate land ownership, their servants and boyars with service and vassalage. The lands that were granted for lifetime possession were called the "state". Prince Daniel of Galicia, having liberated the lands from the Hungarians, distributed the cities to the boyars and governors. As a rule, when a prince lost his principality, the boyars loyal to him lost their villages.

With the formation of large landownership and feudal dependent peasantry in the XI-XIII Art. immunity developed as a legal form of feudal domination. Landowners acquired the right to judge, collect tribute and manage all categories of the peasantry.

The princely estates developed most intensively. For them there was a characteristic dispersion in different volosts. The structure of the economy was dominated by crop farming, horse breeding, crafts, labor and in-kind rents.

Private estates in the XII - the first half of the XIII century. grew as a result of the granting of princely lands to the feudal lord and as a result of his private ownership initiative (acquisition and entrainment of land, development of untouched territories). Three forms of rent were combined. In-kind rent prevailed in two forms - fixed rent and zdolshchina. Cash payments were associated with judicial-administrative fines and fees. In the domain economy, regular and periodic developments were used (hayfields, construction works, horse-drawn coercion, field work).

Votchina was a diversified economy. Agriculture, animal husbandry, crafts belonged to it, the most important of which were hunting, fishing, beekeeping, processing of raw materials, and milling. The feudal courtyard-castle was fortified as its economic, administrative and military center. In the center of the territory there were houses and utility buildings (barns, stables, stables, pigs, workshops). There was a system of patrimonial administration: a steward, village and role elders, a groom (groom), a key keeper. The economy of the patrimony had a natural character, a pronounced focus on meeting the needs of consumption. Only an insignificant part of the output went to the market for the sale and purchase of goods that were not produced on the farm.

economic basis peasant economy was a peasant yard-smoke. The size of individual peasant land use was equal on average to one "plough", which was a unit of taxation and amounted to about 15 hectares of land. 10-15 smoked, mostly relatives, united in the courtyard. Over time, strangers joined the yards, who, depending on their property status, either became equal members - "pullers", or became dependent on the owners of the yards, they were called "halves", "dolniks". The grounds of the courtyard consisted of "plots" - smoked that were scattered in different places. There were also small farms and a smaller unit of taxation, the "ralo". Yards were part of the society, headed by the headman (ataman).

In the general use of society were indivisible lands. They distributed government coercion and taxes.

Peasant farms were the basis of economic life, they occupied most of the land of the patrimony, produced most agricultural products, they themselves converted it for direct consumption. The share of the domain economy of the patrimony in the total production was much smaller, but it determined the progress in agriculture, had more opportunity to improve tools of labor, to apply advanced agricultural technology at that time, to grow new crops, and the like.

The seizure of Ukrainian lands by foreign states led to changes in land relations. Landed property of Lithuanian, Polish, Hungarian, Moldavian feudal lords arose and gradually increased.

During the period of feudal fragmentation, the bulk of the peasants - smerds from free farmers-communities turned into holders of lands appropriated by the prince, boyars and the church. Smerdy lost economic independence and personal freedom. There were also changes in the forms of exploitation of the peasants. In the conditions of the low level of agricultural technology, the estates were deprived of the opportunity to widely organize their own economy, therefore the main part of the estates were peasant farms, which paid the feudal lords a rent in kind - dues. “In all European countries,” K. Marx noted in Capital, “feudal production is characterized by the division of land between as many vassal dependent people as possible. The power of the feudal lords, as well as of all sovereigns in general, was determined not by the size of their rent, but by the number of their subjects, and this latter depends on the number of peasants who run an independent economy.

The rent in kind guaranteed a certain economic independence of the ancient Russian peasant. He was interested in the results of his work, and this increased her productivity, ultimately ensuring the subsequent economic development Old Rus'.