Cultural portal of the Perm region. Ancient history of the Kama region

The pedestrian tourist route "Green Line" appeared on June 11, 2010. Such a walking route appeared in Perm as the first in the Urals. A green line has been marked on the asphalt along the entire route, information boards have been installed near the objects.

In the first decade of the twentieth century, in the Bashkir volosts of the Osinsky district of the Perm province, there was an unprecedented construction of zemstvo schools, volost boards, and zemstvo hospitals. At the same time, the construction of zemstvo tracts and reinforced concrete bridges was actively going on in the villages of Barda and Yelpachikha.

The Ater portage has been known since 1660. This is a 75-kilometer section from the Iren River in the village of Yenapaevo to the Tyui River in the village of Burma in Bashkiria. There are mentions of him in the writings of P.S. Pallas and Bibikov in the 18th century, as well as N.K. Chupin in the 19th century. V.K. also went through the Civil War here. Blucher with partisans.

The Kvazhva Biological Station is located in the Dobryansky District of the Perm Territory on the site of the former logging camp of the same name Verkh-Kvazhva. The biostation conducts not only field practices in various subjects, but also scientific research.

The construction of the Bisersky iron foundry and ironworks began on September 30, 1786, at the direction of Count B.G. Shakhovsky. At present, this plant is interesting in that it has largely retained the appearance of a small Ural plant of the 19th century. Thanks to this, episodes of the film "The Ridge of Russia" by Leonid Parfyonov and Alexei Ivanov were filmed here.

The view of the majestic Church of the Annunciation opens already from the Cherdyn highway. For the unprepared traveler, the sight is bewitching. But as soon as you drive closer and examine the church building carefully, it becomes clear that time and people have worked hard on it. “We worked hard,” of course, not in a favorable sense: the church is being destroyed.

Prikamye is not rich in white stone architecture. This is due to the availability of bricks and the absence of bricks in most of the territory of the region. rocks suitable for creating architectural decoration. The exception is the Oktyabrsky district, the southernmost point of the Perm Territory. The flourishing of stone construction here is connected with the abundance of oolitic limestones and dolomites here.

The city of Kungur is widely known for its ice cave and the Sky Fair ballooning festival. The city has preserved many old merchant mansions. There are many interesting sights here. I propose to get acquainted with the history of Kungur and its most curious places.

Lysva is one of the industrial centers of the Perm Territory, an old mining town that appeared at the end of the 18th century, with the only helmet museum in Russia. The initiator of the construction of the ironworks and the settlement under it was Princess Varvara Alexandrovna Shakhovskaya, daughter of Count Alexander Stroganov. In 1785, construction began on the plant, put into operation on December 27, 1787.

Dear readers, I invite you for a short walk along Osa. A small town with an unusual name is located in the southwest of the Perm Territory, on the banks of the Votkinsk reservoir. Like ancient Cherdyn, Osa perfectly preserved the atmosphere of an old county town. Walking along its streets will not leave you indifferent.

Cherdyn is the oldest city in the Urals. Arriving in Cherdyn, it is as if you are transported by a time machine into the past. Here, as nowhere else in the Urals, a lot of old buildings have been preserved. This is a real open-air museum. The city is pleasant, sincere, in which you want to return. Everyone should visit here, walk along the Cherdyn streets, feel the atmosphere of this place!

The city of Chermoz, located in the Perm region, has an interesting and eventful history. There are also interesting sights here. The Chermoz chimes are 3 years older than the Moscow chimes installed on the Spasskaya Tower of the Kremlin, and the lunar calendar has no analogues in Russia at all.

Chusovoi is a city of metallurgists, a city of sports glory, it is often the place where rafting on the Chusovaya River ends. The convenient location of Chusovskaya station allows tourists to easily leave the city by rail. Vysh-mountain escorts them, at the foot of which the station is located. From this mountain, from the so-called "Balcony", a beautiful view of the city opens up.

This village was founded at the beginning of the 17th century on the lands of the Stroganovs, where Yermak's Cossacks, who returned from the Siberian campaign, had already settled a little earlier. These lands near the Ordinka River were given by the Stroganovs to Belyanitsa Zyuzin, the future governor of the Verkhoturye province.

Picturesque nature and wilderness attracted the Mari people here from persecution for paganism. And today among the inhabitants there are representatives of the worship of Birch. The ethnic way of life has changed over the past almost 250 years, but not as dramatically as that of other ethnic groups inhabiting the Oktyabrsky district.

The city with such a kind and sweet name is located on the shores of the bay of the Kama reservoir. The city is small, only about 36 thousand inhabitants, but with an interesting history. And the preserved color of the old Ural mining town, despite the fact that the old plant was hidden by the waves of the Kama Sea more than 60 years ago.

Climbing along the road (the old Birsky tract) to the Vakhit-Tau mountain from the Yenapaevskaya Ice Cave to the crossroads (the lapel to Ust-Ariy), the road appears almost in its original form and is difficult to pass. The forest alley along which the road passes is very picturesque. As if on a "time machine" you can find yourself in the old days...

On the high left bank of the Koiva, above the village of Kusye-Aleksandrovsky, the ruins of a large building made of rubble stone, a bit like the ruins of a medieval castle, rise. Now there is rarely anyone comes, except perhaps tourists. And few of them realize that diamonds were mined in these places in the 40-50s of the last century.

Cross Mountain rises high above the Kosva valley. Now on its slopes there is a ski center, as it should be with a cable car. But it turns out that in Gubakha there used to be another cable car, only it was not skiers who rode it, but wagons with coal.

Quite near the northern tip of Kvarkush, the Kutim River flows into Uls. And three and a half kilometers from the mouth, 120 years ago, an iron-smelting plant was working with might and main, which was called Kutimsky. A plant with a short but very rich history...

Salt mining in the Solikamsk region has a long history. It was evaporated from the springs back in the days of the Rodanovsky culture (starting from the 9th century). And at the beginning of the 15th century, the Kalinnikov brothers, townspeople from Vologda, founded salt works near the present village of Verkh-Borovaya. In 1430, they moved them to the vicinity of present-day Solikamsk, since the brines were richer here.

20.02.2012

Almost 300,000 years ago, the first man appeared on the territory of the modern Perm Territory. People lived along the banks of the Kama and Chusovaya rivers. In the 6th millennium BC, on the banks of the Kama and the Volga, the basis for the future Finno-Ugric peoples of Eurasia was formed. In the 1st millennium BC, a single Finnish-speaking community, the Ananyino culture, developed there. In the 1st millennium CE, the unity of the Ananyin people began to disintegrate into a number of tribes, which in the 1st half of the 2nd millennium CE turned into ancient peoples, incl. ancestors of modern Komi-Permyaks. From the north and southeast, tribal lands of the Chepetsk and Vym cultures, the ancestors of the Udmurts and Komi-Zyryans, adjoined their territories.

Already in the first millennium of the new era, this territory was actively involved in trade relations, incl. with distant peoples through the Sarmatian and Turkic-speaking steppes. In exchange for luxury goods and weapons, they exported timber, furs and bread. Since the 10th century, Bulgarian merchants have been trading here, and salt has become one of the main export items. From the 11th-12th centuries, part of the south of the modern Perm Territory, where the Chulpan people lived, was part of the Volga Bulgaria. The Bulgars settled together with the Permians and partly mixed with them.

Since the 14th century, Novgorod merchants began to show interest in the Perm lands, who repeatedly sent squads of ushkuins here for furs and tribute. Gradually, the principality of Novgorod gained a foothold in this territory, but from the beginning of the 15th century, Moscow began to encroach on these territories, which was part of a large process of formation of a single Russian state. It was with the participation of Moscow princes that the first Russian settlements began to appear in Perm the Great at the beginning of the 15th century. Boyar Anfal Nikitin in 1401-09 founded in upstream Kamy fortified ʼʼAnfalovsky townʼʼ. Following this, the Vologda townspeople Kalinnikovs built varniki along the tributary of the Kama River, the Borovaya River, and began large-scale salt production. It was this fishery, transferred around 1430 to the neighboring tributary of the Kama River Usolka, that gave birth to a new settlement - Sol-Kamskaya (Solikamsk). In 1451, the Vychegda-Vyn chronicle for the first time mentioned the main city of Perm, Velimka - Cherdyn. New Moscow governors appear in this arena - Yarmolich. In 1455, Bishop Pitirim arrived in Cherdyn, who tried to baptize the Cherdyn people, but unsuccessfully - he was killed by Voguls who resisted the adoption of Christianity. Shortly after that, the construction of churches began on the Permian land, the first was the St. John the Theological Monastery in Cherdyn. These measures, however, did not yet ensure the firm power of Moscow in Great Perm. Perm lands were subjected to raids from the Siberian and Kazan khanates. The governor also did not seek to fulfill the will of Moscow - during the war between Moscow and Kazan in the 60s of the 15th century, he refused to participate in the campaign, without the sanction of the Moscow prince he entered into military alliances with neighbors, in particular with the Vyatchans against the Voguls, did not break ties with Veliky Novgorod.

After a campaign against Novgorod in 1471, Ivan III organized a campaign against Great Perm. In the spring of 1472, the Moscow army under the command of the Starodub prince Fedor Motley defeated the Perm army and captured Prince Mikhail Ermolaevich. This event was called ʼʼCherdyn campaignʼʼ. After that, Great Perm finally became part of the Moscow principality.

In 1505, Prince Vasily III sent a new governor from Moscow - V. A. Kobra. His reign was determined by a special statutory charter. Later, in Cherdyn, the governors were replaced by governors who were subordinate to the Novgorod order.

Since the 16th century, patrimonial towns began to appear on the Permian land. The city of Solikamsk developed mainly, the main industry of which was salt production. This branch of industry became a source of wealth for the Stroganovs, who took these and the Trans-Ural lands under protection. It was from the Stroganov fortresses that in 1581 Yermak's detachment moved to Siberia. The largest roads passed through the Perm Territory, especially after the inclusion of the Kazan Principality into Russia. In 1597, the main Russian route through the Urals was opened - the ʼʼBabinovskaya roadʼʼ from Solikamsk to Verkhoturye.

In the 17th century, Solikamsk finally became an important stronghold in the military, economic and cultural development of the Middle Urals. A large number of small Russian settlements arose around it, providing workers for the saltworks. Thanks to this, gradually the Russians in the Cherdyn district began to prevail in numbers over the indigenous population. At the same time, from these areas of early Russian settlement, there was an outflow to other territories of the Middle Urals, mainly to the newly formed Kungur district. The newly built city of Kungur (1663), due to its geographical location and favorable natural conditions, attracted the newly arrived peasant population. In addition to Russians, Udmurts and Tatars settled compactly there. In some areas of Great Perm in the basin of the Tuva River, the lands were assigned to the Bashkir tribes and clans. There, the newly arrived peoples could only rent land.

In the 18th century, in its first quarter, about 46,000 people lived on the territory of Perm the Great, 64.5% were Russians. Experience of settlement of territories and development natural environment useful in the creation and improvement of the mining industry. The main part of the working and artisan people was formed from the peasants.

The rapid development of the region under Peter. In connection with northern war– rum development. The first manufactories began to be created. In 1704, in the Kungur district, a native of Ufa, Fyodor Molodoy, founded a water-working plant, where peasant kriegs were forged into strips (krieks are a very polluted metal that can be mined from the ground, swamps are the most primitive processing).

A year later, in 1705, Nikita Demidov received the right to develop copper in the Kungur district. From the very beginning of the 18th century, significant changes took place in the administrative division and management of the Perm lands.

In 1708, the Solikamsk district was included in the Siberian province, and the Kungur district was included in the Kazan province. In 1722, Solikamsk became the center of a large province, the borders of which approximately coincided with the modern borders of the Perm Territory - Cherdyn and Kungur were included in its composition.

The center of economic life increasingly moved to the South (from the capital of Solikamsk) to the banks of the Chusovaya and Sylva rivers, where there was a direct short path from Kungur to Yekaterinburᴦ. Kungur as the center of the copper-smelting and iron-making industry of the Western Urals. Finally, in 1735, the famous Siberian Highway was opened, which included a segment from Kungur to Yekaterinburg. It was the shortest, safest, direct road to Tobolsk, the center of the Siberian province. It also increased the importance of Kungur.

In 1728, the Solikamsk province was transferred to the Kazan province. In 1738 the center of the province was moved to Kungur.
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Kungur has become one of the most prominent cities in the Urals in terms of its economic and political significance. The importance of Kungur increased even more when in 1759 the management of the Perm mining district was transferred here.

But even in the first quarter of the 17th century, Kungur began to have a competitor. Among the first metallurgical enterprises of the Middle Urals, the Egashikhinsky copper smelter arose. The preliminary development and site selection was carried out by the geographer, historian, mountaineer Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev, who was sent to the Urals by order of the Berg Collegium. In May 1723, the construction of the plant began, which was later named Egashikhinsky. The Egashikha River was blocked by a dam to form a dam needed for industry. Soon the plant began to produce metal.

Later, several other plants were built in this area, among which Egashikhinsky occupied a central position (in total, in the 18th century, 28 iron-working and 28 copper-smelting plants were built on the territory of Perm land).

Until 1759, the administration of the mining district existed at the Egashikhinsky plant. Gradually, small working buildings began to be created around the plant, then grew into Big City. This plant gave rise to the city of Perm, the official date of foundation of which is 1723.

The plant has worked for 65 years. During this time, copper reserves were depleted, the plant was closed, but the factory settlement grew and developed, initially due to the fact that the district administration was located here. + Located at the crossroads of important roads, the village was different from other places. Along the Chusovaya River there were caravans of ships with copper and iron, which fell along the Kama into the Volga (from there to the Caspian Sea or the Baltic). These ships stopped at the Egashikhinsky pier, where teams were updated, provisions were updated. Here, the Chusovye pilots changed Kamsky. All this made Yegashikha an important milestone on the waterway from the Urals to the Center of Russia. Goods went through this region to Siberia.

All this later made Yegashikha the administrative center of the newly formed governorship. In 1780, the corresponding decree was signed by Catherine II. In accordance with this decree, on the site of the working settlement, Catherine ordered to organize a viceroy center and name the future provincial city - Perm.

The official opening of the city and the governorship took place on October 18, 1781 in a solemn atmosphere. Lieutenant General Yevgeny Petrovich Kashkin became the first governor of Perm. A merchant from Kungur Nikita was elected the first mayor? Obramovich Popov.

In order for the city to have merchants and philistinism from which city self-government was formed. By the time the city was opened, 16 families from Kungur, 12 from Solikamsk and 6 Cherdyn merchants had been resettled here.

Initially, Perm little resembled a city. There were no stone buildings, cobbled streets, and the size of the city was more like a village. At the same time, at the same time (80s of the 18th century), a general plan for the construction of the city of Perm was approved in St. Petersburg. Over the next 30 years, the city has radically changed its appearance. In the forest surrounding the former urban settlement, wide clearings were cut, which later became streets. The center of Perm was formed around the square of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. State-owned buildings were built for the governor, governor, vice-governor, government offices, as well as apartments for officials (all these buildings were immediately built of stone). The population of Perm grew rapidly. Numerous merchants came to the provincial city to live (a favorable geographical position), and Perm itself became the residence of local officials, a trading center and an important river port.

The outlying position of Perm in the European part of Russia from the end of the 18th and the entire 19th century used this city as a place of exile for objectionable subjects. Zhil Herzen (2 days), Speransky, Korolenko, participants Polish uprising 1830, etc.

Finally, the Perm governorship received the status of a province in accordance with the decree of Emperor Paul I of December 12, 1796. Moderakh was appointed governor, who stayed in his post until 1811 and left a noticeable mark in the Perm province and in Perm itself. Addition to the City Plan Moderach carried out himself. It was carried out throughout the 19th century.

AT early XIX century, the growth of Perm slowed down somewhat due to the beginning of stagnation in the mining industry of the Urals. The shipping company, established in the middle of the century, again strengthened the importance of Perm as a city located on trade routes. main role began to play water transport

In the navigation of 1851, 11 steamships already ran along the Kama, and after another 7 years, regular passenger flights Perm - Nizhny Novgorod began, which are in great demand. By 1860, a passenger line was opened from Perm to Cherdyn. At that time, 43 ships were already cruising along the Kama.

During this period, shipbuilding and other plants arose in the city, for example, the phosphoride plant of Tupitsin very soon replaced imported English phosphorus and began to export its products itself. Also, at the end of the 19th century, metallurgical enterprises expanded their production in Perm and its immediate environs. The largest of them is the Motovilikha plant.

The last quarter of the 19th century was also marked by the rapid construction of railways. On August 24, 1878, the opening of the Ural railway from Perm to Chusovskaya took place. The end of the 19th century became a period of active railway construction in the Perm province. So in 1874-78 the Perm-Ekaterinbur line was put into operation. In 1897-98, the Perm-Kotlas railway was laid, which, later, connected the Ural region with European Russia. A big role in the construction of this w / d Witte. Part of the Transsib.

In connection with the construction of factories, there was an influx of labor, due to which the population of Perm increased. If at the beginning of the century about 4,000 people lived in Perm, by the end of the century the number of inhabitants increased to 28,000 people. This also affected the appearance of the city. Cobbled streets, water supply (end of the 19th century), railway station, new residential areas. In 1901, a power plant was built in Perm - one of the first power plants in Russia.

Until the end of the 19th century, the Perm province had over 110 mining plants that smelted steel and iron. The main supplier of copper in Russia. Salt production progressed. By the end of the 19th century, the salt industry of the Perm province accounted for 1 quarter of the all-Russian volume.

The development of the salt industry, the Ural railway stimulated the extraction of coal. Kizelovsky basin - in the East of the region - for a long time it is the only area of ​​coal mining in the Urals. In addition, the Western Urals was the largest region in which platinum deposits were exploited. By the end of the 19th century, gold mining had doubled.

By the end of the 19th century, the industrial revolution was completed at Perm enterprises. But, as elsewhere in Russia, foreign capital played a huge role in this process ( English, French, Germans). In 1908-10, an industrial boom began at the Perm factories, which led to the fact that the factories of the Perm province began to produce qualitatively different products. For example, at the plant in Nytva they began to produce plows and threshers. The Perm factories also played an important role in supplying the army during the First World War. For example, the Dobryansky plant specialized in the production of shell steel, the Chusovsky plant - shells and barbed wire, helmets. The salt industry continued to be of great importance (20% of the total volume of salt mined in Russia).

On the territory of the Perm province there was a deposit of coal. At the beginning of the 20th century, the significance of the Kizelovsky coal basin increased, it remained the only one in the Urals. Coal mining was stimulated by the development of metallurgy and rail and water transport. In 1899, Mendeleev visited Kizel, highly appreciating the Kizel coal and recommending the use of this coal in industry. At the beginning of the 20th century, the engineering industry developed. The most versatile enterprises were the Motovilikha and Pozhev plants, as well as the Perm railway workshops. Motovilikha plant was an artillery plant. The builder of the new plant was the metallurgist and mechanic NV Vorontsov. During the construction of the artillery plant, the latest advances in technology were used. A 50-ton steam hammer was made, intended for the production of barrels. The guns of Motovilikha were not inferior to the guns of Krupp.

Perm artillery factories were the largest gun manufacturers in Europe. The production of machine tools and equipment for metallurgy to order and for the needs of the plant was also carried out. The production of steamboats was also carried out - 60 ships were built.

The largest event in the history of Perm was the construction in 1897-98 of a railway bridge across the Kama.

In December 1905, there were major demonstrations of workers in Motovilikha. In 1914, as a result of the Kama flood, the largest flood occurred. The water rose 11 meters. The city, the Motovilikha plant suffered.

Perm was also a cultural center. In 1870, an opera theater was opened in Perm.
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By the beginning of the 20th century, there were more than 20 secondary educational and professional institutions in Perm, and in 1916, on the basis of the university evacuated from Tartu, the first Perm University in the Urals was founded, the last one founded in the Russian Empire.

Perm region in the XX century.

March 2, 1917 in Perm from Pertograd received the first information about February Revolution On March 5, a public security committee was formed, which included mainly Cadets and Social Revolutionaries.

On October 26, 1917, news of the October Revolution reached Perm; on October 27, the city duma, with the exception of the Social Democrat faction, condemned the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. By the end of the month, the situation changed and on December 17, 1917, the first provincial congress of councils took place in the building of the opera theater, proclaiming Soviet power in the province.

The power of the Bolsheviks in Perm was overthrown in December 1918 in connection with the offensive of Kolchak. On December 9, 1918, Kolchak's troops occupied Lysma, in the middle of December - Chusovaya, on December 21 Kungur was taken, on December 24, Pepelyaev's troops occupied Perm, but were stopped.

To clarify the reasons for leaving Perm, a special commission was appointed consisting of Dzerzhinsky and Stalin. According to its conclusions, measures were taken to strengthen the 3rd army, and personnel changes were made.

In mid-January, attempts were made to drive the Kolchakites out of Perm, but unsuccessfully. In the spring of 1919, Kolchak resumed the offensive and occupied Votkinsk, Izhevsk and Glazov. At the same time, in mid-April 1919, the counter-offensive of the Red Army began. In early June, Sarapul and Izhevsk were taken, then Glazov. On July 1, Perm and Kungur were recaptured.

Even before the end civil war The Perm province was divided into Yekaterinburg and Perm. In 1923, as a result of zoning, the Ural region was formed in the Urals, which included the former Perm, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk provinces. In 1925, the Komi-Permyatsky Okrug was singled out - the first national district in the country.

During the years of NEP, the economy was being restored in the Perm region. According to the results of the census conducted in 1926, the population of Perm was 84,804 people. The 1939 census showed that the population of the city had more than tripled and amounted to 306,000 people.

In 1929, in the Kama region, simultaneously with the beginning of collectivization, the system of Vishera camps of the NKVD began to form. In 1931, the Vishera Pulp and Paper Mill gave its first production, in 1932 the first stage of the Bereznyakovo Chemical Plant was launched. In 1933, the construction of the Solikamsk magnesium plant began. In Perm in the 1930s, aircraft engine, shipbuilding, and chemical plants were built and modernized. The city grew due to the inclusion of neighboring settlements in its composition. In the late 1920s, Motovilikha became part of the city. In 1831, Motovilikha became an independent settlement called Molotovsk, and in 1938 it again became a district of Perm.

In 1934, the Ural region was split into 3 units, the Perm region was still part of the Sverdlovsk region until October 3, 1938. In 1940-57 the city and the region were named after Molotov (Molotov and Molotov region)

In the second half of 1941 and the first half of 1942, 124 enterprises and 320,000 people were evacuated to the Molotov region. In the region, 500,000 people were drafted into the army, of which more than 100,000 died. After the war in the Perm Territory, the chemical industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, began the development of oil fields and so on. In the second half of the 1940s, aggregate, bicycle, margarine, telephone factories, a tobacco factory, and a house-building plant were put into operation only in Perm. In the 50s: Kamskaya HPP, oil refinery, long-distance communication equipment plant, cable plant, and so on. In the 60s: instrument-making, electrical plants, a printing plant, a garment factory, several thermal power plants.

On November 1, 1967, traffic was opened on the Communal Bridge - a 1 km long automobile and pedestrian bridge across the Kama, connecting the city center with the right bank of the Kama. January 22, 1971 Perm was awarded the Order of Lenin.

In 1990, there was a ʼʼtobacco riotʼʼ in Perm, when city residents protested against the shortage.

Today, the Perm Territory has reserves of oil, gas, coal, potassium-magnesium salts, table salt, peat, gold, diamonds, building materials. Retains the value of the Kizelovsky coal basin. The main industries are mechanical engineering, chemical industry, petrochemistry, timber industry, oil production and processing, agriculture is relatively developed - meat and dairy cattle breeding, poultry farming, fur trade.

On March 29, 2004, the FKZ ʼʼOn the formation of a new subject of the Russian Federation as part of the Russian Federation as a result of the merger of the Perm Region and the Komi-Permyak Region was signed. autonomous region a. Since December 1, 2005, a single executive power has been operating in the new entity. On December 3, 2006, the unification process was completed by elections to the Legislative Assembly of the region.

The end of the 2000s was marred by a number of incidents. On December 14, 2008, a Boeing 737 ʼʼ plane crashed in the city, killing 82 passengers and 6 crew members. On December 5, 2009, a nightclub fire broke out, killing 156 people and injuring 78.

Interesting Facts about Perm:

1) The Perm coat of arms was present on one of the 6 shields from the large coat of arms of the Russian Empire in 1882.

2) The first Soviet stamps were issued in Perm.

3) The Permian geological period, identified in 1841 by the British geologist Roderick Burchens in the area of ​​the city, is named after the city.

4) In Chekhov's Three Sisters, the main characters also lived in Perm.

5) The river, which is more like a stream, separating a residential area from the central part of the city from the Yegoshikha cemetery, is commonly called the Styx.

The history of the Perm region - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "History of the Perm Territory" 2017, 2018.

History of the Perm Territory (from ancient times) I will not write this story based on my materials (my historical atlas peoples, tribes, cultures from 17 million years ago), their articles, maps, and other scientific materials. Until 1 million years ago, the territory of the Perm Territory was the bottom of the ocean. This territory became land (began to rise above the surface of the ocean) about 800 thousand years ago. And it was a new continent, which included the territories of modern Siberia - it was the extreme western tip of this continent. On the opposite side, by this time, a new continent, Europe, began to form. The territory between the Urals and modern river Unzha (the northern tributary of the Volga) was still under water. Approximately 199 thousand years ago, the continents of Europe and Siberia merged into one and the large continent of Eurasia appeared (the continent of South Asia also joined it). At this time between the Urals and Upper Volga there were many lakes and swamps. There were no permanent residents (people) in this territory. By this time, three groups of peoples lived on Earth - Asuras (the first people on Earth - Australoids) lived in East Africa, Magadascar, Ceylon, India, Burma, Indochina, the islands of Indonesia. Muans (eastern asuras) lived on the islands of the Pacific Ocean, Japan, and the Philippines. Atlantes (western descendants of the Asuras) at that time inhabited two large islands in the Atlantic Ocean - Ruta and Laitia, as well as in Western Europe, on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea (then it was still connected to the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantes by this time had a Caucasoid appearance(Mediterranean race). Approximately 79 thousand years ago, the territory of the Perm Territory was in the zone of a large glacier. At about 38 thousand years ago, the territory of the Perm Territory was again covered with glaciers. During interglacial periods, this territory was freed from ice and covered with forests and inhabited by animals. But there was no permanent population (people) in these times on the territory of the Perm Territory. Approximately 30 thousand years ago there was a glacier again on the Permian land. Approximately 17,500 years ago, tribes of the Gagarin culture settled on the territory of the Perm Territory (in the southern part of the Kama River valley). They were Caucasians of the Mediterranean race, who came to the Perm Territory from the south - from the Middle Volga. Approximately 12,000 years ago in the north of Eurasia there was again an ice age, but the glacier did not capture the territory of the Perm Territory. Therefore, residents of the northern mainland - Hyperborea - came from the north to the territory of the Perm Territory. The Hyperboreans were Caucasians with a fair face and blond hair. Subsequently, all the Indo-European and Ural peoples came from the descendants of the Hyperboreans. In ancient times, the entire territory, including the Perm Territory, the Vyatka Land and the Komi Republic, was called by another name "Biarmia". Some researchers of ancient history believe that Biarmia was the birthplace of all the Indo-European peoples of the world (from the Irish in the west to the Indians in the south). Much later, the name "Biarmia" changed to the word "Permia", and even later to the word "Great Perm". For this reason, in the following, I will call this territory differently. Approximately in 7500 AD on the territory of Biarmia (the valley of the Kama River and the Middle Urals), a new archaeological culture, the Shigir culture, was formed on the basis of the southern descendants of the Hyperboreans. The tribes of this culture basically all became Indo-European peoples. By 6500 BC, the Shigir tribes settled over a vast territory - from the southern part Western Siberia to the shores of the Baltic Sea. To the north of the valley of the Kama River, the northern groups of the descendants of the Hyperboreans continued to live (these are the future Ural Finno-Ugric peoples). By 4800 BC, three groups of tribes left the total mass of the Shigirs to the south - the western (Narva archaeological culture), the central (Upper Volga archaeological culture) and the eastern (these are the tribes of the future ancient Pit culture). But we will not write anything about them, since they lived outside the territory of ancient Biarmia. In Biarmia itself, the Shigir tribes still lived, and only to the north of the Upper Kama did the future Ural peoples live. By 4100 BC there were basically no Shigirs on the territory of Biarmia. The Volga-Kama archaeological culture was formed in the valley of the Kama River. The tribes of this culture became the basis of many peoples of ancient Biarmia (Perm the Great). By 3100 BC, the Gorbunovskaya culture was formed in the southern part of the Kama River basin, and the Alien Yol culture (these are also the ancestors of the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples) was formed in the northern part of the basin. By 1500 AD, a new culture appeared in the upper reaches of the Kama River (in addition to the already existing ones) - Turbinska (these are also ancient Finno-Ugric peoples). By 1100 AD, the Prikazanskaya culture (based on the Gorbunovskaya culture) had formed in the Kama valley. By 700 AD, the Ananyinskaya archaeological culture (based on the Prikazanskaya culture) had formed in the Kama river valley. By 350 AD, due to the strong settlement of the Sarmatians (Iranian nomadic tribes), some of them reached the southern territories of the eastern Kama region. By 100 AD, the Pyanobor archaeological culture (based on the Ananyino culture) had formed in the dilin of the Kama River. These were also Finno-Ugric tribes. By 400 AD, the mostly ancient Ugric tribes had already fully formed in the east of Ural mountains. And on the territory of Perm the Great, the process of formation of Finnish-speaking peoples continued (of course, the Finnish-speaking peoples of Perm the Great were closer in their language to the Ugrians than to the Finns). By 750, the Bulgar tribes settled in the southern part of the Kama valley. These are Turkic tribes, they came from the south - from the North Caucasus. These tribes founded their own state there - Volga-Kamsukuyu Bulgaria. By 950, on the territory of Perm the Great, a group of tribes was formed (more precisely, it stood out from the total mass of Finnish-speaking tribes in the north of Eastern Europe) - these are Permian tribes (Permian tribes). To the west (west of Perm the Great) lived the Chud tribes (Chud tribes). The space to the west from the Urals to the rivers Pechora, Vychegda, Kama and Volga bore the names "Perm", "Perem", "Permia" in ancient Russian chronicles and treaties. Around the year 1000, the city of Cherdyn (on the right bank of the Kolkhva) arose - the main city of the Perm land. It is believed that Cherdyn was the center historical area Perm the Great, which in the 10th - 12th centuries conducted extensive trade with the Volga Bulgars, Iran, Veliky Novgorod. and northern peoples (Yugra - modern Komi). Since the 10th century, Bulgarian merchants have been trading here, and salt has become one of the main export items. From the 11th-12th centuries, part of the south of the modern Perm Territory, where the Chulpan people lived, was part of the Volga Bulgaria. The Bulgars settled together with the Permians and partially mixed with them. By the year 1000, in the southern part of Perm the Great, a new people emerged from the total mass of the Permian tribes - the Votyaks (this is the old name of the modern Udmurts, they also had the name "vot" or "vod"). They inhabited not only the southern part of the Kama valley, but also a significant part of the Vyatka river valley (the name of the river also came from the Votka people), since that time the Vyatka river valley has been increasingly called the Vyatka Land. The name "Great Perm" is first encountered by Saint Epiphanius, in the life of Saint Stephen of Perm, compiled in 1396-1397. For the first time in Russian documents, Perem is mentioned in The Tale of Bygone Years as a non-Slavic people paying tribute to Russia. From the 10th century, Perm was under the influence of Volga-Kama Bulgaria. It is known that the first Russian campaigns to the Urals took place north of the Kama basin, therefore, it is assumed that, most likely, the population of the Vychegodsk basin, the ancestors of the Komi-Zyryans, was called Permian. In Russian chronicles, later this territory was called Perm Staraya, Perm Vychegodskaya. In the XIII century, the Permian lands fell under the rule of the Golden Horde. From 1323 to 1505, on the territory of Perm the Great, there was a Komi-Permyak medieval principality on the Upper Kama, in the interfluve of the Kama, Vishera, Kolva and Yazva. The intertribal center is Cherdyn, the residence of the supreme prince is Pokcha (a village in the Cherdyn region), the spiritual center is Iskor. Around 1430, a new settlement arose - the city of Sol Kamskoy, Solikamsk. In the 15th century, the economic and political significance of the Great Perm - Cherdyn reached its peak. In addition to furs, highly valued in Europe, the so-called Zakamsky gold, that is, highly artistic silver products, was concentrated in the Perm Territory. This Zakamsky silver is one of the mysteries of Russian history. According to Russian chronicles, silver was allegedly mined in the XIII-XV centuries. in the Kama region, subject to Veliky Novgorod. But when these lands came under the rule of Moscow, no silver mines were found. Silver is not mined in the Urals even now. However, in the Urals until the 20th century, numerous treasures of silver utensils made in medieval Iran and Byzantium were constantly found, which are also often called Zakamsky silver. Most of these treasures were left by the Komi-Permyaks long before the appearance of the Slavs in the early Middle Ages. 1451 - for the first time the city of Cherdyn is mentioned in written documents (Vychegdo-Vymskaya chronicle). Since that time, the Perm principality has been a vassal of Moscow. In 1451, the Grand Duke of Moscow, Vasily II the Dark, installed Prince Yermolai and his son Vasily as his deputies in Perm Vychegodskaya, and another son of Yermolai, Mikhail, became the ruler of Great Perm. It is assumed that these were local Komi-Permyak princes, perhaps, however, they were Christians and had Russian names. In 1472 Perm was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Ivan III took advantage of some insults inflicted on Moscow merchants in Cherdyn as a pretext for an invasion. In the spring of 1472, Moscow regiments under the command of the voivode of the Starodub prince Fyodor Pyostroy defeated the Permian army and captured Prince Mikhail Yermolaevich. Since 1505, the Perm land began to be ruled by Moscow governors. In 1505, Prince Vasily III sent a new governor from Moscow - V. A. Kobra. His reign was determined by a special statutory charter. Later, in Cherdyn, the governors were replaced by governors who were subordinate to the Novgorod order. In 1535 Cherdyn was officially recognized as a city. The capture of Kazan in 1552 and the conquest of Siberia by Yermak (1581 - 1585) removed the last obstacles to joining the Ural lands to the Russian state. The merchants Stroganovs received a charter for the construction of salt pans in Solvychegodsk, and in 1558 for land along the Kama and Chusovaya rivers. The letter obligated them to build "towns" and settlements for the state, to cook varnitsa, to cook salt. Both they and the state were interested in the conquest of Siberia. In 1579, the village of Zyryanka is mentioned, this is the future city of Bereznyaki. By 1600, in the northern part of Perm the Great, new peoples had formed - Komi and Komi-Permyaks. In the scribe books of the 16th and 17th centuries, in the sovereign's charters and other decrees, the name "Great Perm" is used - in the sense of the whole country, and "Great Perm-Cherdyn" - in the sense of the name of the main city of the country. By this time, the Vyatka Land had its own history. At the beginning of the 17th century, the village of Egoshchikha arose (this is the site of the future city of Perm). In 1617, the Stroganov serf Yakov Litvinov found copper ore on the high bank of the Kama. Expeditions began to arrive in the Urals, which included invited foreign masters. the blacksmith of the Nevyansk prison was lucky to discover deposits of marsh iron ore at the confluence of the river. Nitsa in the river. Neiva. In 1631, the state-owned Nitsinsky ironworks, the first in the Urals, was put into operation on this site. 16 peasant families were appointed to work at the enterprise, which, with the help of four house houses and several forges, produced up to 400 pounds of iron per year. The first-born of the Ural metallurgy worked for several decades. In 1634, the Pyskorsky state-owned plant was founded - the first copper-smelting enterprise in Russia. In 1648, the city of Kungur was actually founded by the Cherdyn and Solikamsk governors: the Duma nobleman Prokopy Elizarov. In 1663 the city of Kungur was officially founded. In fact, it was founded earlier. In 1670, the mountain town of Dedyukhin (future Bereznyaki) appeared. In 1696, Peter urged hunters to make several halberds according to a foreign model. Only Nikita Demidov responded to the sovereign's call. A month later, he delivered to Peter 300 halberds, superior in quality to foreign ones. When the war with the Swedes began, Demidov made 20 thousand guns. Being brought in as an expert on Ural iron, Demidov determined that it was better in quality.<свейского>(Swedish). In 1702, a special decree was issued on the transfer of the Nevyansk plant to Demidov. The tsar gave the plant on purpose: in this way he wanted to attract private capital to turn the region far from the capitals into the main metallurgical base of the country. In 1704-1720. the government founded 4 factories in the Urals, and private capital - 5, three of which were launched by Nikita Demidov and his son Akinfiy. Not all plants turned out to be durable, but the birth of a new industrial region took place. In 1722, the Stroganovs turned from eminent people into barons of the Russian Empire. The Stroganovs built cities and fortresses, roads and temples. They built fortresses-fortresses - Ochersky, Sylvensky, Yaivensky, in order to protect their brewhouses and people. They founded their first "capital" - New Usolye, where the beautiful Stroganov churches still stand. In 1723 the city of Perm was founded. A copper smelter was built there. In 1796, the Perm governorship was transformed into the Perm province. The city of Perm became the center of the province. In 1835 A.I. Herzen was exiled to Perm. On August 24, 1878, the opening of the Ural railway from Perm to Chusovaya took place. In 1874, the construction of the Opera and Ballet Theater began. In 1896, the first cinema was opened - "Illusion". It was located at the corner of Zheleznogorskaya Street until 1899 (now Pushkin) and Kungurskaya (now Komsomolsky Prospekt). In 1897-1898, the Perm-Kotlas branch was laid, connecting the Ural railway with the railway network of European Russia. At the beginning of the twentieth century. The Perm province, both in terms of territory and population, was the largest in the Urals and one of the largest in the Russian Empire. In terms of population, the province occupied the 5th place, about 3 million people lived on its territory. By the beginning of the century, 45 thousand people lived in the provincial city of Perm. In October 1901, the Perm Commodity Exchange was opened. In 1902, the Perm Committee of the RSDLP was established in Perm. On November 23 (December 6), 1917, power in Perm passed to the Soviets. On December 25, 1918, power in Perm was seized by Kolchak's army. On July 1, 1919, Perm was liberated from the White Army. In the 30s of the 20th century, an engine-building plant was built in Perm (now - JSC<Пермские моторы>), which, thanks to its design office (now JSC<Авиадвигатель>) soon became the leading enterprise in the domestic aircraft industry. Perm Shipbuilding Plant (JSC<Кама>), built in 1930-1936, produced tugboats and boats. Prikamye became the largest center of mechanical engineering. The discovery in 1926 of the Verkhne-Kama potassium-magnesium salt deposit, which is one of the largest in the world, gave impetus to the construction of the Solikamsk Potash Plant (JSC<Сильвинит>) and a magnesium plant (JSC<Соликамский магниевый завод>), which is currently the oldest operating magnesium plant in the world. In 1932, the city of Bereznyaki was created by combining several settlements - Veretia, Dedyukhin, Lenva, Ust-Zyryanka and Churtan October 3, 1938 - the Perm Region was formed (separated from the Ural Region) March 8, 1940 the Perm Region was renamed the Molotov Region " . In 1950, the volume of industrial output in the Perm region doubled compared to 1940. In 1957, the name Perm Region was returned. Since the beginning of the 1960s, two new industrial regions have emerged - an electrical plant in the Gaiva region (“Kamkabel”) and an oil refinery complex in Osentsy (PNOS). On December 1, 2005, in accordance with the results of the referendum held on December 7, 2003, the Perm Territory was formed as a result of the merger of the Perm Region and the Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug.

Perm region in ancient times

Almost 300 thousand years ago, for the first time, a human foot set foot on the banks of the Chusovaya and the ancient Kama. Until the 17th century AD. man in the Kama region has come a long way. About 6 thousand years BC on the banks of the Kama and Volga, the foundations for the future Finno-Ugric peoples of Eurasia were formed.
In the 1st millennium BC on the banks of the Kama and the Volga, a single Finnish-speaking community is formed - the Ananyino. Her tribes became the ancestors of the modern Finnish-speaking peoples of the Volga and Ural regions.
In the 1st millennium AD this unity breaks up into a number of tribes, which in the first half of the 2nd millennium AD. turned into ancient peoples. Among them were also the ancestors of modern Komi-Permyaks: the tribes of the Lomovatovskaya, Nevolinskaya and Rodanovskaya archaeological cultures.
From the north and southeast, tribal lands of the Chepetsk and Vym cultures, the ancestors of modern Komi and Udmurts, adjoined their territories. Through the Sarmatian, and then through the Turkic steppes, caravans come here carrying silver vessels, beads, beautiful swords and other things. Merchants bring back furs of sable, beaver, squirrels, salt and even grain.
In the 10th century, Bulgarian merchants traded in the Permian lands, and in the 12th century. the lands of the Visu people (chulman) become part of the Bulgar feudal state. The Bulgars settled together with the Permyaks, and a certain amount of Bulgar blood flows in the modern Komi-Permyaks.
For the first time, the word "Perm" is found in an outstanding monument of Ancient Russia at the beginning of the 12th century. "The Tale of Bygone Years". Among the peoples who "already give tribute to Russia," Perm is also named. If we take into account that the first Russian campaigns to the Urals took place north of the Kama basin, then, most likely, this was the name of the population of the Vychegodsk basin, the ancestors of the Komi-Zyryans. Subsequently, this territory in Russian chronicles was called Perm Staraya, Perm Vychegodskaya.
As the Russians get to know the indigenous population of the Kama basin, the name "Perm" is assigned to these lands as well. Unlike Perm Vychegodskaya, the Upper Kama lands became known as Great Perm. This name is often found in written monuments of the XIV century.

Perm region in the XIV-XVI centuries.

In the XIV - the first half of the XV century. the Moscow principality encroached more and more persistently on the lands along the Upper Kama. The advance of the Moscow princes to the northeast was part of the struggle for the creation of a unified Russian state. With their participation in Perm the Great at the beginning of the 15th century. the first Russian settlements began to appear. There is an ancient Russian city of the Kama region - Cherdyn - Great Perm.
The first temples are being built on the ancient Permian land. In Cherdyn itself, the first St. John the Theologian Monastery appeared in the Urals.
However, the appointment of a viceroy and Christianization did not yet ensure the firm power of the Moscow princes in Great Perm. She was repeatedly subjected to devastating raids from the Kazan and Siberian Khanates,
The boyar Anfal Nikitin founds the fortified Anfalovsky town on the upper Kama. At the same time, the Kalinnikovs, the Vologda townsmen, built varniki along the tributary of the Kama - the Borovaya River - and laid the foundation for salt production in Perm. It was this trade, transferred around 1430 to the neighboring tributary of the Kama - the Usolka River, that gave birth to a new settlement - the city of Sol Kama, Solikamsk.
And from the 16th century Perm land, an integral part of the Russian state, patrimonial towns appeared, Solikamsk was built. In the 16th century, the Permian lands served as a source of funds for the development of Siberia. Salt production is flourishing here, a large branch of the Russian manufacturing industry, which has become a source of wealth not only for the eminent people of the Stroganovs, but also for many other Ural residents.
The territory of Perm the Great was one of the first in the Urals to finally become part of the Russian state, which became important historical event. Expansion options available state borders in the east and the development of new natural resources.
Since then, the new title of Ivan III has been reproduced on the state seal: " Grand Duke Vladimir, and Moscow, and Novgorod, and Pskov, and Tver, and Yugor, and Perm, and Bulgarian, and others.
Russians began to predominate in comparison with the indigenous population earlier in the Cherdyn district than in other regions of the Kama region.
Many Russian settlements arose in the Solikamsk district, because salt production developed here, which required workers.
Due to its geographical location and natural conditions, the Kungur district had many advantages for settlement by the newcomer peasantry. The Sylvensko-Irensky river region (Kungur district) became part of the Russian state after the Kazan Khanate was annexed to Moscow (1552). An agricultural market arose early here.
Russians began to settle around the Novonikolskaya settlement, although the lands in the Tulva basin were assigned by royal decrees to the Bashkir tribes and clans. All newly arrived peoples could live on the Bashkir land only on allowance, i.e. on lease. In addition to Russians, Tatars and Udmurts settled compactly here. In the second half of the XVI century. in the area of ​​the future Perm, the Russian population began to penetrate, mainly from the north.
In 1558, vast lands on the Upper Kama to the mouth of the river. Chusovaya Tsar Ivan IV gave the Stroganovs to the rich salt merchants, and in 1568 he granted them all the lands along Chusovaya "from the mouth to the top and from the Chusovaya River down the Kama River to Lasvinsky Forest." In 1579, according to the census of I. I. Yakhontov, the lands along the Chusovaya and below “from the mouth of the Chusovye rivers down the Kama river and to the Lasva river - 20 versts” were listed in the southern part of the Stroganov estate with the center in Nizhny Chusovsky town.

Perm region in the XVII-XVIII centuries.

Near the end of the 16th century. and in the 17th century. Russian settlers, who traveled to the future Perm along the Volga and Kama from the central and southern regions of Russia, were added to the main migration flows from the north.
The Stroganovs began to oust the Tatars - Bashkirs from their lands. The Tatar murza Kultai Shigirev, together with his yurt, moved to the upper reaches of the Lower Mulyanka, and the place of his settlement became known as the Kultaev Field.
At the beginning of the XVII century. his son Shigiley Kultaev received a granted royal charter for the possession of his patrimony. However, the Tatar population was gradually forced out to Upper Mulyanka, where they founded the villages of Koyanovo and Tasimki (Kasimovo). Tatar-Bashkir settlements were surrounded by Russians. Part of the Tatars and Bashkirs moved to Russian villages, which got their names from the rivers (Upper Mulls and Lower Mulls).
The administrative center of this part of the Stroganov estate was with. Nikolskoye (since 1647 - Upper Mulls).
In the 17th century An important stronghold in the military, economic and cultural development of the Middle Urals in the north is the city of Sol Kamskaya (Solikamsk), and in the southeast - the newly built city of Kungur. The main Russian route through the Urals went along the Babinovskaya road opened in 1597 from Solikamsk to Verkhoturye.
In order to provide more convenient management of the regions, Peter I introduced provincial government in 1708. Until 1727, the entire Middle Urals was part of the Siberian province with the center in the city of Tobolsk, then the Perm lands were transferred to the Kazan province, and later in 1781, by decrees of Catherine II, the Perm viceroy was formed.
By the end of the XVII century. in the Permian lands, as well as in the Urals as a whole, conditions are emerging for the emergence and rapid development of heavy industry, without which it was impossible to imagine new Russia. In many places of the Kama region in the XVI-XVII centuries. there were peasant ironworks. The main part of the working and artisan people was formed from the peasants.
In the first years of the XVIII century. on the river Mazuevka, a tributary of the river. Sylva, one of the first ironworks in the Urals of the 18th century, the plant of Fyodor Molodoy, also appeared in the Kungur district. In 1704, Fyodor Molodoy, a native of Ufa, founded a water-working plant in the area of ​​traditional peasant iron crafts. To do this, he bought a small mill from one of the peasants, and Young reforged peasant kritz into strips, and he himself smelted iron in small forges. The source of iron ore was a deposit in Mount Sovetnaya.
Among the first large metallurgical enterprises of the Middle Urals, the Yegoshikha copper smelter arose. Census books of the 17th century. show that the area in which the Yegoshikhinsky plant arose, long before its creation, was inhabited by Komi-Permyaks, Tatars, Bashkirs and Russian peasants.
By the end of the XVII century. there were more than 30 Russian settlements here, including one at the mouth of the Yegoshikha, and the other on the Visim. Several settlements were located no more than 10 kilometers from the Yegoshikha repair. A village at the mouth of the Yegoshikha (Yagoshikha) at the end of the 17th century. named after the river, sometimes by the name of the predominant number of inhabitants - Bryukhanovka, Bryukhanovka. The plant, built here in 1723, was named after the river and the village.

Perm region in the XIX-XX centuries.

In the Kama region in the first half of the XIX century. the industrial revolution began, which, however, compared with other European countries went very slowly and ended no earlier than the 80s. centuries.
The reform of 1861 was reflected in all aspects of the life of the Perm province. Metal production began to decline. The Ural metal could not stand the competition with the products of Europe, where by that time the industrial revolution had already ended.
The introduction of a new customs tariff in 1857 caused a great resonance in the Perm industry, which actually abolished the state patronage of the Ural industry and the policy of protectionism.
The situation was aggravated by the fact that as a result of four lean years (1857 - 1860), prices for bread and fodder rose sharply in the Kama region and throughout the Urals.
Crisis phenomena were already overcome in the 70s, and the last two decade XIX in. brought a rapid and stable growth of the mining industry associated with the final stage of the industrial revolution in Russia, which was based mainly on the Urals metallurgy.
However, the growth of ferrous metallurgy was accompanied by the collapse of copper-smelting production. This fall was associated with the development of a new area of ​​non-ferrous metallurgy in the Eastern Urals, where in the XIX century. large and convenient deposits of copper pyrites were discovered and non-ferrous metallurgy based on the most advanced technology developed rapidly.
Of all the more than three dozen copper smelters operating in the Western Urals in the 17th - 19th centuries, by 1900 only the Yugovskie copper smelters (the village of Yug on the river of the same name, a tributary of the Babka River) survived, but even those in 1902 the depletion of the local ore base were closed.
In the Kama region, the existing plants were mainly expanded and modernized. One of the catalysts for factory construction was the railway, whose construction required an increase in the production of rolled products and other types of high-quality metal and products from it.
The largest and most modern iron and steel enterprise in the Western Urals was the plant, founded in 1879 by the Russian-French joint stock company near the Chusovskaya Ural mining railway station.
In fact, this is the first plant of a new type in the Urals. It was built in accordance with the technical standards of Europe and, unlike the old enterprises, did not have a factory pond, since it was not water-powered, but was based on steam engines and electricity.
In 1908-1910, an industrial boom began at Perm factories. The Nytvensky plant began to produce plows. Yugo-Kamsky - threshers, Lysvensky metallurgical plant switched to the production of tin, galvanized iron and utensils from it, and somewhat later mastered enameled utensils. The Suksun plant manufactured anchor capstans and other parts for barges, while the Aleksandrovsky plant produced mining equipment.
In the 20th century, even before the end of the civil war (1919), the Perm province was divided into Yekaterinburg and Perm.
The structure of the Perm province included Cherdynsky, Solikamsky. Perm, Kungur, Osinsky and Okhansky counties. In 1923, in the Urals, as a result of new zoning, the vast Ural region was formed, which included the former Perm, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk provinces.
The territory of the modern Perm region then consisted of the Verkhnekamsk, Perm, Kungur and partially Sarapul districts (today Sarapul is located within Udmurtia).
In 1925, the Komi-Permyatsky District, the first national district in the country, was separated from the Verkhnekamsk Okrug.
In 1934, the Ural region was again divided into three independent economic and administrative units - the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Ob-Irtysh regions. But soon, on October 3. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the first of them is divided into two regions: Sverdlovsk and Perm.

Perm Territory during the Great Patriotic War

In the twentieth century Perm played a special role during the Great Patriotic War.
Artillery guns, aircraft engines, weapon and the famous Katyushas. One of the largest industrial centers of the country played a crucial role in supplying Soviet army weapons, ammunition and human resources. From the first days of the war, all efforts were aimed at rapid restructuring National economy, switching industrial enterprises to fulfill front orders. The main link in the restructuring was the Ural machine building, reoriented to the production of defense products.
124 industrial enterprises and production facilities were evacuated to the Perm region, 64 of them were located in Perm. Metallurgical plants in the south of the country installed equipment in Chusovoy, most of the 22 chemical enterprises were located in Solikamsk and Berezniki, pulp and paper enterprises - in Krasnovishersk, Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk.
During the war years, the Perm region became not only a powerful forge of weapons, but also the largest region in which military units were being formed for the front. One of the first to engage the enemy was the 112th Rifle Division, formed from metallurgists Lysva and Chusovoy, chemists from Berezniki and Solikamsk, miners from Kizel and Gubakha. In June 1941, the division as part of the 22nd Army took on the blow of the Nazi troops in the Kraslava region in Latvia.
The 21st Perm Red Banner Rifle Division also fought, which began hostilities against the White Finns in Leningrad region. The 94th Osinsky Regiment under the command of Major I. Zorin took the first baptism of fire.
In October 1941, Perm soldiers fought as part of the troops of the Karelian Front and the Northern Fleet.
In August 1941, the 379th Rifle Division was formed, which was one of the first military formations in the Western Urals to defend Moscow. Of the four combat divisions of the 30th Army, three were Ural. During the battle near Moscow from December 8, 1941 to January 21, 1942, the division fought 170 km, liberated 32 settlements and destroyed over 7 thousand Nazis. Later, the division took part in breaking the blockade of Leningrad. In August 1943, the Urals launched an offensive in the direction of Tortilovo-Mishkino, destroying the enemy's operational reserves that were aimed at Leningrad. During the winter campaign of 1944, the 379th division participated in the liberation of the Right-Bank Ukraine, and in the summer - in battles in Latvia. For the liberation of the city of Rezhitsa, the Ural division was given the name Rezhitsa.
In just 3 years of the war, the 379th Rezhitsa Rifle Division fought more than 750 km, freeing more than a thousand settlements, destroying, injuring and capturing more than 60 thousand Nazis.

The 82nd motorized rifle division, formed in the Kama region, took part in the battle for Moscow. Its 603rd motorized rifle regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
For courage and courage, the soldiers of the Western Urals received 135 thousand orders and medals. Almost 200 became Heroes of the Soviet Union, and M. Odintsov and G. Sivkov were awarded this title twice.
Also, during the Great Patriotic War, a large number of evacuation hospitals were launched in Perm and the Perm region. This was facilitated by the convenient geographical location of the Kama region, a high level of economic and cultural development, the presence of three medical universities (medical, dental, pharmaceutical), highly qualified teaching staff, medical personnel, and a wide network of medical institutions.

Perm region in the postwar years

The post-war years were marked by a rapid build-up of the industrial potential of the Perm region. There was a development of deposits of oil, coal, timber. The Kamskaya HPP and the Votkinskaya HPP, the Bereznikovskaya and Permskaya HPPs, and the Yayvenskaya SDPP were built. The Urals Kama region is becoming a region with a powerful oil refining industry, mechanical engineering, and the electrical industry.
Since the beginning of the 1960s, the settlement in the Perm industrial hub has been losing its pronounced ribbon structure. Away from the river, two new industrial regions are emerging - the oil refinery complex in Osetsy (PNOS) and the electrical engineering plant in the Gaiva region (“Kamkabel”).
Housing construction in these years is carried out on large massive in free territories. So two large residential areas were created - City Gorki (on the site of the village of Gorki) and Balatovo.
The Perm Territory was formed on December 1, 2005 as a result of the merger of the Perm Region and the Komi-Perm Autonomous Okrug in accordance with the results of a referendum held on December 7, 2003.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Perm province was divided into Yekaterinburg and Perm. Now Cherdynsky, Solikamsky, Permsky, Kungursky, Osinsky and Okhansky districts are part of the Perm province. The territory of the modern Perm Territory then consisted of Verkhnekamsky, Permsky, Kungursky and partially Sarapulsky districts (today Sarapul is located within Udmurtia). In 1925, the Komi-Permyak District was separated from the Verkhnekamsky District, in 1934 the Ural Region was divided into three units: the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, and Ob-Irtysh Regions. Then the first of them was divided into Sverdlovsk and Perm. In 1996, authorities were delimited between the state authorities of the Perm region and the Komi-Permyatsk Autonomous Okrug.

The 20th century in the Kama region was a period of powerful industrial growth, which subsequently played a very important role for the whole of Russia. The industrial rise at the Perm factories fell on the years 1900-1910. Lysvensky metallurgical plant switched to the production of tin, galvanized iron and utensils from it, Suksunsky produced anchor capstans, Aleksandrovsky produced mining equipment. During the First World War, factories began to produce shell steel, barbed wire, etc. The salt industry continued to occupy a leading role in importance. By the beginning of the 20th century, salt production had quadrupled compared to the end of the 18th century. Appears in the salt pans new technology, and Perm salt is 20% of the total Russian production.

The construction of railways and the development of water transport stimulated the extraction of coal. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Kizelovsky basin remained the only one not only in the Kama region, but also in the Urals as a whole. D. I. Mendeleev, the great Russian chemist, who visited Kizel in 1899, recommended using local coal in all areas industrial production. Perm cannon factories in Motovilikha were the largest manufacturers of artillery pieces, carriages and shells in Russia and Europe. The engineering industry developed. The most versatile machine-building enterprises are the Motovilikhinsky, Pozhevsk plants and the Perm railway workshops. The Motovilikha plant was transformed into a cannon plant.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Perm found itself in a whirlpool of revolutionary events. Workers, students and representatives of the radical intelligentsia became active participants in the revolutionary uprisings of 1905. A monument to the events of those years can now be seen in the Museum - Diorama, which is located on Vyshka - 1. The 1917 revolution left a sad memory of itself in Perm. It was in Perm that he lived his last days Nikolai Romanov's brother is Mikhail Romanov. After the abdication of the throne by Nicholas II, Mikhail was supposed to take his place, but was exiled to Perm. He lived in the provincial capital for several days, after which he was secretly taken out at night in an unknown direction and killed. The house on the street has been preserved. Siberian, where he spent his last days. Previously, there was a hotel - Royal rooms.

Period Soviet power was also tragic for the Perm region. The presence of large-scale industrial buildings, forest resources- all this played a role in the formation of the Gulag camps. It was the Perm Territory that became one of the mass areas for the exile of political prisoners in the Soviet years. The notorious objects in the Perm region, which were built by the labor of prisoners, are many factories (among them, the Berezniki Chemical Combine, the Dzerzhinsky Plant, etc.). Known throughout Russia and not only, one of the 100 unique museums in the world, the exile camp "Perm - 36". Now it is an open-air museum that keeps a terrible and tragic story of a thousand lives.

The Perm Territory has always been a factory center. It is no coincidence that during the war years it was here that various weapons for the front and household items were produced, for example, helmets were produced at the factory in Lysva, which saved many lives of Soviet soldiers during the war. In 2009, a unique helmet museum will open in the city on the basis of the Lysvensky Museum of Local Lore. You can get acquainted with weapons production at the Museum of Artillery in Motovilikha. Here are the product samples different years: cannons, artillery systems, harpoon guns and more. The legendary cannon A-19, which marked the great victory over the Nazi invaders in 1945, was also produced at the Motovilikha Plants.

During the war, artists from the Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theater named after V.I. S. M. Kirov together with the choreographic school. After their departure, on the basis of the Leningrad Ballet School, a local one was created, which is now one of the most prestigious ballet schools in the world. Every year, the Perm Choreographic School accepts a large number of children not only from Russia, but also from many foreign countries. Ballet is a visiting card of the Perm Territory.

On the stage of the Perm Opera and Ballet Theater, not only graduates of the world-famous school dance, but also artists from the world's leading theaters. Once every two years, the Perm stage hosts the Arabesque international ballet festival. Also, once every two years, another cultural event takes place - the international festival "Diaghilev's Seasons: Perm-Petersburg-Paris", within which a large number of not only ballet, but also opera premieres and other events take place: exhibitions, fashion shows, etc. .

Another important milestone in the history and culture of the Perm region occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1920s, art historian Nikolai Serebrennikov organized several expeditions to the north of the region. Thanks to his work, 248 unique original cult sculptures were found, known throughout as "Perm gods" or "Perm wooden sculpture". Serebrennikov not only collected a collection, systematized it, but also published a catalog, collecting colossal historical material. The exhibits are stored in the Perm Art Gallery and, along with the Perm animal style, are the "brands" of the Perm land.

In the 20th century, very significant event for the entire region - the first university was opened. The emergence of the university in the Urals corresponded to the strategy of cultural and geopolitical development of Russia: a huge region with a growing industrial potential required its own scientific, educational and educational center. This idea has already been discussed on turn of XIX-XX centuries. It was actively supported by D. I. Mendeleev, A. P. Popov, D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak, A. G. Denisov-Uralsky and others. But the fact that it was Perm that became the first university city in the Urals was not accidental. A significant role was played by the civil initiative of the prominent industrialist Nikolai Vasilyevich Meshkov. The city offered the most favorable material and financial conditions, and the choice of the government was made in favor of Perm. Soviet time left an imprint in the name of the center of the Perm region. In 1940, the city was named after the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V. M. Molotov. The city of Molotov existed until 1957, then the name Perm was returned. Perm and many cities of the region also owe their modern appearance to the times of the Soviet period. That's when it appears new style in architecture - the Stalinist Empire style. A lot of buildings with stucco, columns, arches and bas-reliefs were built in this style: residential buildings, theaters, palaces of culture. A striking example is the development of Komsomolsky Prospekt (residential buildings and recreation center named after Soldatov) in Perm, a building popularly called the “Death Tower”, but rightfully bearing the title of one of the most beautiful buildings in Perm.

There are many legends and disputes about its name. Many associate this with the fact that once there was a branch of the NKVD here, they talk about the dungeons and the massacres that took place in them.

AT Soviet period in parks, children's camps and other public places, monuments to Lenin, sculptural images of pioneers, swimmers, etc. appear in large numbers. In 2009, a park of Soviet sculpture was opened in Lysva with monuments that have become symbols of the Soviet era.

The 20th century was the impetus for the development of new territories. New cities of the Perm Territory appeared on the map of the Perm Territory: Tchaikovsky, Nytva, Chernushka, Aleksandrovsk.

In the 20th century, public urban and intercity transport systems are actively developing. There are new roads and bridges that allow you to easily get to remote and hard-to-reach areas of the region. In 1929, the first tram appeared on the streets of Perm. In the 1960s, trolleybuses appeared, first in Perm, and then in Berezniki. In the 1970s, the air gates opened - the Bolshoe Savino airport was built.

In 1965, the eighth manned flight of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft in the history of Russian and Soviet cosmonautics ended in the Perm region. The cosmonauts landed near the village of Kurganovka, on the border of the Usolsky and Solikamsk regions, 30 kilometers from the town of Berezniki. In memory of this event, streets appeared in Perm - Leonova and Belyaev, named after the pilots of Voskhod-2. The road leading to the airport is called the Cosmonauts Highway. Near the Perm printing factory "Goznak" there is a stele to the conquerors of space, in the village of Kurganovka and at the entrance to Usolye there are monuments to cosmonauts. But no, only the successfully completed landing of Voskhod-2 connects the Permian land with space. A few years before this event, on March 12, 1958, the production of rocket engines began in Perm, and after a while the Proton-Perm Motors enterprise (now Proton-PM) was founded, known throughout the world, which still produces reliable aircraft engines.

In 2005, the Perm Region and the Komi-Permyatsk Autonomous Okrug, which is part of it, were unified. This event was the first in the modern history of Russia to unite regions and change the composition of the state after the adoption of the constitution in 1993. So a new subject appeared on the map of the Russian Federation - the Perm Territory. The merger took place in accordance with the results of referendums held in the Perm Region and the Komi-Permyak District on December 7, 2003. Now the Perm Territory is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia.