Winners of the Nobel Prize in Russian. Russian scientists - Nobel Prize winners in different years
Dedicated to the great Russian writers.
From October 21 to November 21, 2015, the Library and Information Complex invites you to an exhibition dedicated to the work of Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR.
The Nobel Prize in Literature in 2015 was awarded to a Belarusian writer. The award was given to Svetlana Aleksievich with the following wording: "For her many-voiced work - a monument to suffering and courage in our time." At the exhibition, we also presented the works of Svetlana Alexandrovna.
The exposition can be found at the address: Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, 1st floor, room 100.
The prizes established by the Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel are considered the most honorable in the world. They are awarded annually (since 1901) for outstanding work in the field of medicine or physiology, physics, chemistry, literary works, for his contribution to the strengthening of peace, the economy (since 1969).
The Nobel Prize in Literature is an award for literary achievement presented annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm on 10 December. According to the statute of the Nobel Foundation, the following persons can nominate candidates: members of the Swedish Academy, other academies, institutions and societies with similar tasks and goals; professors of the history of literature and linguistics of universities; laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature; chairmen of authors' unions representing literary creativity in the respective countries.
Unlike the winners of other prizes (for example, in physics and chemistry), the decision to award the Nobel Prize in Literature is made by members of the Swedish Academy. The Swedish Academy brings together 18 figures from Sweden. The Academy is composed of historians, linguists, writers and one lawyer. They are known in the community as "The Eighteen". Membership in the academy is for life. After the death of one of the members, the academicians choose a new academician by secret ballot. The Academy elects from among its members the Nobel Committee. It is he who deals with the issue of awarding the prize.
Nobel laureates in Literature from Russia and the USSR :
- I. A. Bunin(1933 "For the rigorous skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose")
- B.L. Parsnip(1958 "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel")
- M. A. Sholokhov(1965 "For the artistic power and honesty with which he depicted the historical era in the life of the Russian people in his Don epic")
- A. I. Solzhenitsyn(1970 "For the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature")
- I. A. Brodsky(1987 "For a comprehensive work imbued with the clarity of thought and the passion of poetry")
Russian laureates in literature are people with different, sometimes opposing views. I. A. Bunin and A. I. Solzhenitsyn are staunch opponents Soviet power, and M. A. Sholokhov, on the contrary, is a communist. However, the main thing they have in common is their undoubted talent, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prizes.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is a famous Russian writer and poet, an outstanding master of realistic prose, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1920 Bunin emigrated to France.
The most difficult thing for a writer in exile is to remain himself. It happens that, having left the Motherland because of the need to make dubious compromises, he is again forced to kill the spirit in order to survive. Fortunately, this fate passed Bunin. Despite any trials, Bunin always remained true to himself.
In 1922, Ivan Alekseevich's wife, Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva, wrote in her diary that Romain Rolland nominated Bunin for the Nobel Prize. Since then, Ivan Alekseevich lived in hopes that someday he would be awarded this prize. 1933 All newspapers in Paris on November 10 came out with large headlines: "Bunin - Nobel laureate." Every Russian in Paris, even a loader at the Renault factory, who had never read Bunin, took this as a personal holiday. For the compatriot turned out to be the best, the most talented! In Parisian taverns and restaurants that evening there were Russians who sometimes drank for "their own" for their last pennies.
On the day of awarding the prize on November 9, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin watched "merry stupidity" - "Baby" in the "cinema". Suddenly, a narrow beam of a flashlight cut through the darkness of the hall. They were looking for Bunin. He was called by phone from Stockholm.
“And my whole old life immediately ends. I go home pretty quickly, but feeling nothing but regret that I didn’t manage to watch the film. But no. You can’t not believe it: the whole house is lit up with lights. ... Some kind of turning point in my life," recalled I. A. Bunin.
Exciting days in Sweden. In the concert hall, in the presence of the king, after the report of the writer, member of the Swedish Academy Peter Galstrem on Bunin's work, he was presented with a folder with a Nobel diploma, a medal and a check for 715,000 French francs.
When presenting the award, Bunin noted that the Swedish Academy acted very boldly by awarding the émigré writer. Among the contenders for this year's prize was another Russian writer, M. Gorky, however, largely due to the publication of the book "The Life of Arseniev" by that time, the scales still tipped in the direction of Ivan Alekseevich.
Returning to France, Bunin feels rich and, sparing no money, distributes "allowances" to emigrants, donates funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invests the remaining amount in a "win-win business" and is left with nothing.
Bunin's friend, poetess and prose writer Zinaida Shakhovskaya in her memoir book "Reflection" noted: "With skill and a small amount of practicality, the prize should have been enough to the end. But the Bunins did not buy either an apartment or a villa ..."
Unlike M. Gorky, A. I. Kuprin, A. N. Tolstoy, Ivan Alekseevich did not return to Russia, despite the exhortations of the Moscow "messengers". He never came to his homeland, even as a tourist.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) was born in Moscow into a family famous artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak. Mother, Rosalia Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Maybe that's why in childhood the future poet dreamed of becoming a composer and even studied music with Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin. However, the love of poetry won. Glory to B. L. Pasternak was brought by his poetry, and bitter trials - "Doctor Zhivago", a novel about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia.
The editors of the literary magazine, to which Pasternak offered the manuscript, considered the work anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then the writer sent the novel abroad, to Italy, where in 1957 it was published. The very fact of publication in the West was sharply condemned by Soviet colleagues in the creative workshop, and Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union. However, it was Doctor Zhivago that made Boris Pasternak a Nobel laureate. The writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize starting in 1946, but was awarded it only in 1958, after the release of the novel. The conclusion of the Nobel Committee says: "... for significant achievements both in modern lyric poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."
At home the award is so honorary award The "anti-Soviet novel" caused indignation of the authorities, and under the threat of expulsion from the country, the writer was forced to refuse the award. Only 30 years later, his son, Yevgeny Borisovich Pasternak, received a diploma and a Nobel laureate medal for his father.
The fate of another Nobel laureate, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, is no less dramatic. He was born in 1918 in Kislovodsk, and his childhood and youth were spent in Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Rostov University, A. I. Solzhenitsyn taught and at the same time studied in absentia at a literary institute in Moscow. When did the Great Patriotic War, the future writer went to the front.
Shortly before the end of the war, Solzhenitsyn was arrested. The reason for the arrest was the critical remarks about Stalin found by military censorship in Solzhenitsyn's letters. He was released after Stalin's death (1953). In 1962, the magazine " New world" published the first story - "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which tells about the life of prisoners in the camp. Most of the subsequent works were refused to be printed by literary magazines. There was only one explanation: anti-Soviet orientation. However, the writer did not back down and sent the manuscripts abroad, where they were published. Alexander Isaevich was not limited to literary activity - he fought for the freedom of political prisoners in the USSR, spoke out with sharp criticism of the Soviet system.
The literary works and political position of AI Solzhenitsyn were well known abroad, and in 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. The writer did not go to Stockholm for the award ceremony: he was not allowed to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who wanted to present the prize to the laureate at home, were not allowed into the USSR.
In 1974 A. I. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country. He first lived in Switzerland, then moved to the United States, where he was, with a considerable delay, awarded the Nobel Prize. In the West, such works as "In the First Circle", "The Gulag Archipelago", "August 1914", "The Cancer Ward" were printed. In 1994, A. Solzhenitsyn returned to his homeland, having traveled through all of Russia, from Vladivostok to Moscow.
The fate of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov, the only one of the Russian Nobel Prize winners in literature, who was supported by government agencies, turned out differently. M. A. Sholokhov (1905-1980) was born in the south of Russia, on the Don - in the center Russian Cossacks. My small homeland- the farm Kruzhilin of the village of Vyoshenskaya - he later described in many works. Sholokhov graduated from only four classes of the gymnasium. He actively participated in the events of the civil war, led the food detachment, which selected the so-called surplus grain from wealthy Cossacks.
Already in his youth, the future writer felt a penchant for literary creativity. In 1922, Sholokhov arrived in Moscow, and in 1923 he began to publish his first stories in newspapers and magazines. In 1926, the collections "Don Stories" and "Azure Steppe" were published. Work on "Quiet Don" - a novel about the life of the Don Cossacks in the era of the Great Break (First World War, revolutions and Civil War) - began in 1925. In 1928, the first part of the novel was published, and Sholokhov completed it in the 30s. "Quiet Flows the Don" became the pinnacle of the writer's work, and in 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize "for the artistic strength and completeness with which he depicted a historical phase in the life of the Russian people in his epic work about the Don." "Quiet Flows the Don" has been translated into several dozen languages in 45 countries.
By the time of receiving the Nobel Prize in the bibliography of Joseph Brodsky, there were six collections of poems, the poem "Gorbunov and Gorchakov", the play "Marble", many essays (written mainly in English language). However, in the USSR, from where the poet was expelled in 1972, his works were distributed mainly in samizdat, and he received the award, already being a citizen of the United States of America.
For him, the spiritual connection with the homeland was important. As a relic, he kept the tie of Boris Pasternak, he even wanted to wear it to the Nobel Prize, but the rules of the protocol did not allow it. Nevertheless, Brodsky still came with Pasternak's tie in his pocket. After perestroika, Brodsky was repeatedly invited to Russia, but he never came to his homeland, which rejected him. "You can't step into the same river twice, even if it's the Neva," he said.
From Brodsky's Nobel Lecture: “A person with taste, in particular literary taste, is less susceptible to repetition and rhythmic incantations, characteristic of any form of political demagogy. It's not so much that virtue is no guarantee of a masterpiece, but that evil, especially political evil, is always a bad stylist. The richer the aesthetic experience of the individual, the firmer his taste, the clearer his moral choice, the freer he is - although perhaps not happier. It is in this rather applied than Platonic sense that Dostoyevsky's remark that "beauty will save the world" or Matthew Arnold's saying that "poetry will save us" should be understood. The world will probably not be saved, but an individual person can always be saved.
The Nobel Prize is one of the main scientific events of the year. This award is one of the most prestigious awards, which has been awarded since 1901 for outstanding Scientific research, revolutionary inventions, a major contribution to culture or to the development of society. The prize was awarded to citizens of Russia and the USSR 16 times, and 23 times the prize winners were people who lived in other countries, but had Russian roots. Our author's selection of Russian laureates in the field of medicine, physics and chemistry allows you to trace several time periods at the turn of which the prize was awarded, and you can also get acquainted with the contribution to science made by these outstanding scientists.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1904 - medicine).
All my scientific career Ivan Petrovich Pavlov built in St. Petersburg. Having entered the Law (!) Faculty of St. Petersburg State University after the Theological Seminary, he transferred to the faculty natural sciences and began to specialize in animal physiology.
During his scientific career, Pavlov, in fact, created the modern physiology of digestion. And in 1904, at the age of 55, I.P. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for research on the digestive glands. Thus, Pavlov became the first Nobel laureate from Russia.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1908 - medicine)
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, following in the footsteps of his great predecessors, studied microbiology. He discovered fungi that cause insect diseases and developed a theory of immunity. His scientific work covered the most terrible diseases of that time, spreading in the form of epidemics - cholera, typhus, tuberculosis, plague ... For discoveries in the field of immunity, Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908.
The sharp increase in life expectancy in the 20th century was mainly due to the victory over infectious diseases, which were responsible for about 50% of deaths in the 19th century. And the works of Mechnikov played an important role in this.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov paid much attention to the issues of aging. He believed that a person ages and dies very early due to the constant struggle with microbes. To increase life expectancy, he proposed a number of measures - to sterilize food, limit meat consumption and consume sour-milk products.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov (1956 - chemistry)
As a scientist, Semenov was engaged in the theory of "chain reaction", explosions and combustion. It turned out that these processes are closely related to physics and chemistry. Thus, N.N. Semenov became one of the founders of chemical physics. His research was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956.
Nikolai Semyonov preferred to focus on one task before getting the result. Therefore, he published a very small number of scientific papers. And if use modern methods assessments of scientific achievements, which are based on the number of articles in scientific journals, Semenov would become the worst employee of the Institute of Chemical Physics for the entire time of its existence.
Lev Davidovich Landau (1962 - Physics)
In the course of his scientific work, Lev Davidovich Landau had a chance to communicate with such pillars of modern physics as Albert Einstein, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, and already at the age of 19, Landau makes a fundamental contribution to quantum theory. His concept of "Density Matrix" became the basis of quantum statistics.
Landau is considered a legend in the world of physics. He contributed to almost all branches of modern physics: quantum mechanics, magnetism, superconductivity, astrophysics, atomic physics, theory chemical reactions etc. Landau is also the author training course on theoretical physics, which has been translated into 20 languages and continues to be reprinted into the 21st century (the last edition in Russian was published in 2007).
Werner Heisenberg nominated Landau for the Nobel Prize three times - in 1959, 1960 and 1962. And, finally, his efforts were rewarded, and Landau's work was appreciated. For the study of liquid helium, Lev Davidovich Landau in 1962 became the Nobel Laureate.
Lev Landau also developed a "theory of happiness". He believed that every person must be happy, and for this you need to have a favorite job, family and close friends.
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov (1964 - Physics)
Based on new fundamental physical principles how discoveries, new laws and inventions rained down from a cornucopia.
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov specialized in quantum electronics. His research first proved the theoretical possibility of creating a laser, and then made it possible to create the world's first maser (it differs from a laser in that it does not use light rays, but microwaves).
It was for "fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle" that Basov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964.
Until the end of his life, Basov continued to work in his chosen field. He designed several types of lasers, which are still used today in a wide variety of fields, and also explored various areas of laser application, for example, in optics, chemistry, and medicine.
Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1978 - Physics)
Kapitsa's scientific specialization was magnetism. The contribution of the scientist to science is appreciated, his name is given to: "Kapitsa's law", linking the electrical resistance of metals and voltage magnetic field; "Kapitza's pendulum" - the phenomenon of stable disequilibrium; the quantum mechanical Kapitza-Dirac effect is also known.
Together with Landau, Kapitsa studied liquid helium and discovered its superfluidity. The theoretical model was built by Landau, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. But Peter Leonidovich had to wait for the recognition of his merits. Niels Bohr recommended Kapitz to the Nobel Committee back in 1948, then repeated the recommendations in 1956 and 1960. But the award found its hero only 18 years later, and only in 1978, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa finally became the Nobel laureate - the last in history Soviet Union.
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (2000 - Physics)
The scientific career of the scientist took place in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Alferov entered the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (LETI) without exams. After graduating from the institute, he began working at the A.F. Yoffe, where he took part in the development of the first domestic transistors.
Alferov's greatest scientific successes are associated with electronics and nanotechnologies. In 2000, his developments in the field of semiconductors and microelectronic components were awarded the Nobel Prize.
Alferov is the permanent dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of St. Petersburg State University, the founding rector of the Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the scientific director of the innovation center in Skolkovo.
Alferov is engaged and public policy, since 1995 being a deputy State Duma Russian Federation, where he defends the interests scientific community, in particular opposing recent reforms Russian Academy Sciences.
Contents 1 Nobel laureates from Russia 2 Physiology and medicine 3 Literature 4 Chemistry ... Wikipedia
How do Nobel laureates manage their prizes?- Each Nobel laureate can independently decide how to dispose of his prize. Some laureates donated funds to charitable causes. For example, the German doctor, missionary, theologian and musicologist Albert Schweitzer (Nobel Prize ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers
This article provides a list of Nobel laureates in relation to their various universities. It is impossible to specify exactly which of the institutions played the most big role work for which the award was received. This list only indicates how ... ... Wikipedia
Medal awarded to the Nobel Prize winner The Nobel Prizes (Swedish Nobelpriset, English Nobel Prize) are one of the most prestigious international prizes awarded annually for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or ... ... Wikipedia
Nobel Prize winners - natives of the USSR and Russia- Among the Nobel Prize winners awarded since 1901, 26 come from the USSR and Russia. Nobel laureates in physics: 1958 - Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm, prize for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect. 1962 - Leo ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers
The Nobel Prize in Literature is an annual award for literary achievement given by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm. Contents 1 Requirements for nominating candidates 2 List of laureates 2.1 1900s ... Wikipedia
The Nobel Prize (Swedish Nobelpriset, English Nobel Prize) is one of the most prestigious international prizes awarded for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or a major contribution to culture or society. ... ... Wikipedia
Contents 1 Russian cultural history 1.1 Ancient Russia... Wikipedia
Books
- Nobel laureates of Russia, Zhores Medvedev, Roy Medvedev. The next volume of the Collected Works of Zhores and Roy Medvedev was made up of works united by the belonging of their heroes to the number of Nobel laureates in Russia. At the end of August 1968 - through ...
The first prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901. There are disproportionately few Russians (Russians, Soviet citizens) among the Nobel Prize winners, significantly fewer than representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France or Germany.
Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 27, 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (May 3, 1845, Ivanovka, now the Kupyansky district of the Kharkov region - July 2, 1916, Paris).
Scientific works of Mechnikov belong to a number of areas of biology and medicine. In 1866-1886. Mechnikov developed questions of comparative and evolutionary embryology. For the work "Immunity in infectious diseases"In 1908, together with P. Ehrlich, he received the Nobel Prize.
Nobel laureates in chemistry.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov (April 3, 1896, Saratov - September 25, 1986, Moscow). Main scientific achievements scientist include the quantitative theory of chemical chain reactions, the theory of thermal explosion, combustion of gas mixtures. In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Cyril Hinshelwood) for his development of the theory of chain reactions.
Ilya Romanovich Prigozhin (January 25, 1917, Moscow, Russia - May 28, 2003 Austin, Texas). Most of his works are devoted to nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of irreversible processes. One of the main achievements was that the existence of non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems was shown, which, under certain conditions, by absorbing mass and energy from the surrounding space, can make a qualitative leap towards complication (dissipative structures). Prigogine proved one of the main theorems of thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes - the minimum of entropy production in an open system. In 1977 he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Nobel laureates in physics.
Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov (July 28, 1904, Voronezh region - January 6, 1990, Moscow). Cherenkov's main works are devoted to physical optics, nuclear physics, particle physics high energy. In 1934, he discovered a specific blue glow of transparent liquids when irradiated with fast charged particles. Cherenkov participated in the creation of synchrotrons. Completed a series of works on the photodecay of helium and other light nuclei.
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (October 10, 1908, St. Petersburg - June 22, 1990, Moscow) and Igor Evgenievich Tamm (June 26, 1895, Vladivostok - April 12, 1971, Moscow) gave a theoretical description of this effect, which occurs when particles move in a medium with velocities exceeding the speed of light in this medium. This discovery led to the creation of a new method for detecting and measuring the speed of high-energy nuclear particles. This method is of great importance in modern experimental nuclear physics.
Academician Lev Davidovich Landau (January 22, 1908, Baku - April 1, 1968, Moscow) or Dau (that was the name of his close friends and colleagues), is considered a legendary figure in the history of domestic and world science. Quantum mechanics, solid state physics, magnetism, physics low temperatures, physics of cosmic rays, hydrodynamics, quantum theory fields, physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles, plasma physics - this is a far from complete list of areas that attracted Landau's attention at different times. For pioneering research in the theory of condensed matter, in particular the theory of liquid helium, Landau was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1962.
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (June 26 (July 9), 1894, Kronstadt - April 8, 1984, Moscow). In 1978, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics" (for studies of the superfluidity of helium, carried out as early as 1938).
In 2000, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (b. March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Belarus). For the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components. His research played a big role in computer science.
In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to V. Ginzburg, A. Abrikosov and A. Leggett for their contribution to the development of the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (b. October 4, 1916, Moscow). The main works on the propagation of radio waves, astrophysics, the origin of cosmic rays, Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation, plasma physics, crystal optics. He developed the theory of magnetic bremsstrahlung of cosmic radio emission and the radio astronomical theory of the origin of cosmic rays.
Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov (b. June 25, 1928, Moscow). Abrikosov, together with E. Zavaritsky, an experimental physicist from the Institute of Physical Problems, discovered a new class of superconductors, superconductors of the second type, while testing the Ginzburg-Landau theory. This new type of superconductors, in contrast to the superconductors of the first type, retains its properties even in the presence of a strong magnetic field (up to 25 T).
Nobel laureates in literature.
After physics, this is the most fruitful Nobel Prize for Russia. AT different years the winners of this award were Ivan Bunin (1933), Boris Pasternak (1958, "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel." Personal pressure was also exerted on Pasternak, which, ultimately, forced him to refuse the prize. In a telegram sent to the Swedish Academy, Pasternak wrote: "Due to the importance that the award awarded to me in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not consider my voluntary refusal an insult" ), Mikhail Sholokhov (1965, for the novel The Quiet Flows the Don. By the way, this was the only Soviet writer who received the Nobel Prize with the consent of the USSR authorities), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1970, "for outstanding achievements in the field of humanitarian work") and Joseph Brodsky (1987, "for an all-encompassing work, saturated with purity of thought and the brightness of poetry").
Nobel Laureates in Economics.
Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich (January 6, 1912, St. Petersburg - April 7, 1986, Moscow), Nobel Prize in Economics in 1975 "for his contribution to the theory of optimal allocation of resources" (together with T. Koopmans).
Nobel laureates in the field of peace.
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921 - December 14, 1989) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and political figure, dissident and human rights activist. Since the late 1960s, he has been one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR. In 1968, he wrote the pamphlet On Peaceful Coexistence, Progress, and Intellectual Freedom, which was published in many countries. In 1975 he wrote the book "On the Country and the World". In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (March 2, 1931, Privolnoye, Stavropol region) – General Secretary Central Committee of the CPSU (March 11, 1985 - August 23, 1991), President of the USSR (March 15, 1990 - December 25, 1991). President of the Gorbachev Foundation. Gorbachev's activities as head of state are associated with a large-scale attempt to reform and democratize the USSR - Perestroika, which ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the end of cold war. The period of Gorbachev's rule is ambiguous.
“In recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important constituent part life of the international community”, October 15, 1990 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
The first Russian Nobel laureate was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.
TASS-DOSIER. On October 2, 2017 in Stockholm (Sweden), the process of announcing the winners of the Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, Literature, as well as the Swedish State Bank Prize in Economics dedicated to the memory of Alfred Nobel begins.
Since 1904, 24 of our compatriots have become laureates of the prizes. Two of them received a prize in physiology or medicine, twelve in physics, one in chemistry, two in economics, five in literature and two in peace.
Chemistry Prize
In 1956, Nikolai Semyonov became the first Soviet Nobel Prize winner in history.
He was awarded the Chemistry Prize jointly with the British chemist Cyril Hinshelwood for research in the field of chemical reactions. Scientists independently developed the theory of chain reactions in the late 1920s.
Academician Nikolai Semenov is one of the founders of chemical physics, the creator of the theory of thermal explosion of gas mixtures. He was among the founders of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1951). In the USSR, Semyonov's work in the field of chain reactions was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1941. Among other Soviet awards of the Order of Lenin and the Red Banner of Labor, the Lenin Prize. He was a member of the academies of several countries, including the New York Academy of Sciences. He held various positions at the USSR Academy of Sciences, including Vice President (1963-1971).
Prize in Physiology or Medicine
In 1904, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the physiologist Ivan Pavlov, professor, academician, founder of Russian Society physiologists and the Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He was awarded for his work in the field of physiology of digestion. At the award ceremony, a representative of the Karolinska Institute (Sweden), which awards the prize, stated that, thanks to the work of Pavlov, "we were able to advance in the study of this problem further than in all previous years, we now have a comprehensive understanding of the impact of one department digestive system on the other." Pavlov became the first Russian Nobel laureate.
In 1908, Ilya Mechnikov, a biologist, embryologist and pathologist, creator of the theory of immunity and founder of scientific gerontology (a science that studies human aging), became a laureate. He received the award with Paul Ehrlich (Germany) for their work on immunity, which helped to understand how the body manages to defeat diseases.
Physics Prize
In 1958, Russian scientists Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of the emission of charged particles moving at superluminal speeds.
In 1962, Lev Landau, noted for the theory of condensed matter and liquid helium, became a laureate. Due to the fact that Landau was in the hospital after severe injuries sustained in a car accident, the prize was presented to him in Moscow by the Swedish Ambassador to the USSR.
In 1964, the physicists Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were awarded the prize. Their work on the creation of quantum generators (masers and lasers), which marked the beginning of a new branch of physics - quantum electronics, was first published ten years earlier, in 1954. Independently of Soviet scientists, the American physicist Charles Towns came to similar results, as a result, the Nobel Prize was awarded all three.
In 1978, Pyotr Kapitsa was awarded an award for his discoveries in low temperature physics (he began to study this area back in the 1930s.).
In 2000, Zhores Alferov won the Nobel Prize for his developments in semiconductor technology (shared the award with the German physicist Herbert Kremer).
In 2003, Vitaly Ginzburg and Alexei Abrikosov (who became an American citizen in 1999) were awarded the prize for fundamental work on the theory of superconductors and superfluid liquids (British-American physicist Anthony Leggett shared the award with them).
In 2010, the prize was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novosyolov, who created graphene, a material with unique properties. Geim left the USSR in 1990 and subsequently received Dutch citizenship. Konstantin Novoselov left for the Netherlands in 1999, and later received British citizenship.
Literature Prize
Ivan Bunin won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1933. He was awarded "for the rigorous skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose".
In 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the prize "for outstanding services in modern lyric poetry and in the field of great Russian prose." However, Pasternak, who was criticized in the USSR for the novel "Doctor Zhivago", published abroad, was forced to refuse the award under pressure from the authorities. The medal and diploma were presented to his son in Stockholm in December 1989.
In 1965, the prize was awarded to Mikhail Sholokhov for his novel "Quiet Don" ("for the artistic power and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia"). Sholokhov is one of nine authors who were awarded not for a set of achievements in the field of literature, but for a specific work.
In 1970, Alexander Solzhenitsyn became a laureate "for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature." By the time the award was given, Solzhenitsyn was in open conflict with the Soviet authorities. Fearing that after participating in the presentation ceremony he would be banned from entering the USSR, he refused to travel to Stockholm. Alexander Solzhenitsyn received the Nobel medal and diploma in 1974, when he was already deprived of citizenship and expelled from the country after the publication of the first volume of The Gulag Archipelago abroad.
In 1987, the award was given to Joseph Brodsky, who emigrated to the United States in 1972, "for his all-encompassing creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and the passion of poetry."
Peace Prize
In 1975, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Soviet academician Andrei Sakharov for "struggle against the abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity."
In 1990, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev received the award in recognition of his role in defusing international tensions.
Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
In 1975, the Soviet mathematician and economist Leonid Kantorovich (together with the American Tjalling Koopmans) was awarded the Economics Prize for substantiating the theory of the optimal use of raw materials.
In 1973, the award was given to the American economist Russian origin Vasily Leontiev for developing the input-output method.
Loading...
