Brief historical information about the Novosibirsk region. History of the Novosibirsk region

The main events of history 1206. Temujin, the successor of Yesugei-Bagatur, unites the Mongol tribes. At the Great Kurultai, Temujin was proclaimed Khan. From that moment on, he is known as Genghis Khan. Within 20 years, he forms the Mongol Empire. Cities appear in Transbaikalia,

The main events of history 1653. Servicemen led by the explorer Peter Beketov founded the Irgen prison on Lake Irgen. This year is considered the beginning of the accession of Eastern Transbaikalia to the Russian state. 1653. P. Beketov sent foreman Maxim Urasov

The main events of the history of 1598. At the mouth of the river. Irmen, a decisive battle took place between the Russian armed detachment and the army of Khan Kuchum. Kuchum was defeated and fled to the south. This opened the gates to Siberia for Russia. 1695. The village of Kruglikova was founded on the Ob in 1713. Chaussky delivered

The main events of history 1630. The Ilim prison was founded. 1631. Fraternal prison was founded in 1641. Verkholensky prison was founded in 1652. On the island, at the confluence of the Irkut River with the Angara, the Russian Cossacks set up the Irkutsk winter hut. 1682. The Irkutsk province was formed in 1686. Irkutsk prison

The main events of the history of the 1620s. The beginning of the accession of the Baikal region to Russia.1648. Aginsk Buryats accepted Russian citizenship - from that time on, intensive settlement of the region by Russians began, mainly by the Cossacks of the Transbaikal Cossack Host. 1689. signed

The main events of history 1598. The first Russian settlement was founded on the Tomsk land. 1604. The city of Tomsk was founded in 1629. Tomsk is declared a regional city, to which Ketsk, Yeniseysk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuznetsk are assigned. 1636. A detachment of Tomsk Cossacks led by D. Kopylov set off

The main events of history 1096. The first mention of Yugra in Russian chronicles. The chronicle tells about the unknown people of Yugra - the Ostyaks, Voguls and neighbors of the Yugric people - the Samoyeds. XII century. Formation of the Ugric principalities. XIII century. The entry of the Lower Irtysh region into the Golden Horde. XIV century.

The main events of history The first inhabitants of IndiaArchaeological finds on the territory of India indicate that primitive man lived here already in the Paleolithic era. The most ancient objects of material culture - rough wedge-shaped tools were found in the north

The main events of the history of the 1st millennium BC. e., early The Apennine Peninsula was inhabited by peoples of various language groups; in the names of some regions, the names of tribes have been preserved (Liguria - Ligures, Umbria - Umbrians, Tuscany - Etruscans). A tribe of Latins gradually emerged, living in

This order was given by the head of the region Vladimir Gorodetsky. What is interesting about the new textbook, what amazing facts will be able to tell from the history of his native land, the correspondent of the site found out.

Ancient City of Chicha

From the history course, we know a lot about the ancient cities of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India. On the territory of the Novosibirsk region in the Bronze Age, there was also a huge settlement, with an area of ​​​​up to 240 thousand square meters with a population of up to two thousand people. At that time, this was a huge figure, a real metropolis. This proto-city, located in the Zdvinsky district, was named Chicha after the name of the nearby village. The settlement has defensive ramparts and other structures dating back to the 8-7th century BC. And the very first settlers came to this territory 15 thousand years ago.

Bronze Age men's fashion

An amazing discovery of the Bronze Age (8-7 century BC) was discovered by archaeologists in the Vengerovsky region. At the excavations of the Sopka-2 archaeological complex, scientists found an object resembling a real razor.

This is a thin sharpened metal plate, which, among other things, could be used as a surgical instrument. Not far from this place, on Vengerovo-2, scientists unearthed another interesting artifact - ceramic, which brought to us the sounds of antiquity. It is quite possible that this is the very first children's toy on Earth.

big crossroads

Novosibirsk owes its rapid development to its favorable location. The city exists as a transport hub, a place where roads cross from east to west, from south to north, from Europe to Asia and in other directions. Finds of antiquity and the Middle Ages in this area are also represented by artifacts of various cultures and civilizations.

These are Chinese coins, Iranian household and luxury items, a bronze Indian image of the Buddha, and even an iron sword made on the island of Gotland (modern Sweden), where a famous weapons workshop existed in the Middle Ages. The Carolingian type of sword means that the weapon dates back to the era of Charlemagne. The blade is engraved with a dedication to the Virgin Mary. How he got here is still a mystery to historians.

Thus, in ancient times, our city was at the crossroads of various paths.

Three Kolyvan

The name "Kolyvan" was the first in Siberia to receive (and still retain) a settlement founded near Lake Kolyvansky in Altai. Since 1727, the first Demidov copper smelter was located here, as well as the office of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories district.

Trading shop of the Vassinsky consumer society (Toguchinsky district). From the exposition of the Toguchin Museum of Local Lore

When three governorships were established in Siberia in 1783, the capital of Kolyvansky was made Berdsky prison, located in the center of the region. It was renamed and became the second Kolyvan. However, the new province did not last long; three years later, Berdsk was returned to its original name. But in the course of the city reform of M. M. Speransky in 1822, “the city of Kolyvan was re-established, and he was appointed from the Chausy prison.”

Delivery of oil by the peasant artel "Red Eagles in the Chulym region (1920s)

This is how the third Kolyvan appeared, this name has been attached to the settlement on the Chaus to this day.

Peasant uprising near Novonikolaevsk

The Bolsheviks ended the New Economic Policy (NEP) after a peasant uprising in central Russia. Much less is known about another uprising that took place in the village of Kolyvan in June 1920.

The Kolyvan peasants, impoverished by the endless requisitioning carried out by the "red" government, almost captured Novonikolaevsk, as a result of which a state of siege was declared in the city.

Together with the Kolyvans, the peasants of the villages of Kochenevo, Chik, Vyuny, Novotyryshkino, Oyash, Dubrovino and others rose up to fight for bread. All disparate performances were brutally suppressed, many participants were shot.

World record for bricklaying

On December 7, 1945, in Novosibirsk, at the construction of houses No. 5, 7 and 11 on Mira Street, Semyon Maksimenko set a new world record for laying bricks. With his helpers, he laid 121,000 bricks in eight hours.

For greater clarity, a clock dial and shields were installed on the transformer box, on which the number of bricks laid was hung out. For rationalization proposals that made it possible to speed up construction and save materials, Maksimenko was awarded the Stalin Prize.

Three Presidents of France and Nixon

The capital of Siberia was visited by many high-ranking guests from abroad, in particular, US Vice President Richard Nixon (1959), Finnish President Urho Kekkonen (1961), French Presidents Charles de Gaulle (1966), Georges Pompidou (1970) and François Mitterrand (1986), Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito (1968), Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme (1976), future Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1983).

Visit of Charles de Gaulle (left) to Academgorodok. June 1966

In 1997, the then First Lady of the United States visited Novosibirsk. Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev repeatedly visited Novosibirsk. The first came four times (in 1956, 1959 and 1961), the second - twice (in 1972 and 1978). Mikhail Gorbachev visited Novosibirsk in 1979, but during the years of leadership of the country he never came to the city.

The first man on the moon set a mandatory visit to Novosibirsk as one of the conditions for a visit to the USSR. Here he collected a handful of earth near the house where Yuri Kondratyuk worked - the first scientist who developed the optimal flight path to the moon. And the flight of a man to the moon passed along the “Kondratyuk route”.

The editors of the site are grateful for the help in writing the material to the authors of the textbook - an employee of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography Elena Solovieva and the head of the department of national and general history of the National State Pedagogical University Olga Khlytina. Photos provided by the authors of the textbook.

Novosibirsk region is one of the largest regions of Siberia and Russia. Its territory covers an area of ​​178.2 thousand square meters. km. The population as of January 1, 2000 was 2740 thousand people, and according to the results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2010 - 2665.8 thousand people. The region belongs to the large subjects of the Federation within the Siberian Federal District. It accounts for 3.5% of its area, 13.2% of the population. The region gives 11.2% of the gross regional product, 17.5% - industrial and 8% agricultural products.

Novosibirsk has regional centers of three academies of sciences, powerful cultural forces are concentrated, which gives it the status of the unofficial capital of Siberia. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2000, Novosibirsk became the center of the Siberian Federal District. In the 20th century, the city developed rapidly, and the number of its inhabitants grew. In 1893, 740 people lived in the village of Aleksandrovsky (since 1895 - Novonikolaevsky), in 1897 - 7.8 thousand people. In 1926, the city had 120.1 thousand inhabitants, and in 1962 it crossed the one million mark. It reached 1 million inhabitants in less than 70 years. For comparison, it took Chicago 70 years to overcome this bar, and New York - 250 years. In 2002, Novosibirsk ranked third in Russia in terms of population after Moscow and St. Petersburg. 1387.8 thousand people lived in it. The region has always been the largest producer of agricultural products, providing food to other regions.

In the context of numerous changes in the administrative-territorial division, it seems difficult to absolutely accurately trace the dynamics of demographic and socio-economic processes. But as a starting point, it seems reasonable to take 1921, when the first administrative-territorial entity was formed, comparable to the Novosibirsk region in its modern borders - Novonikolaevskaya province. Its area at the time of its creation was 144.2 thousand square meters. km, and the population is 1301 thousand people.

The issue of separating a new administrative-territorial formation from the Tomsk province was raised by the Siberian government in 1918, but was finally resolved on June 13, 1921 by the corresponding decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR. On May 25, 1925, the Novosibirsk, Barabinsky and Kamensky districts were formed on the territory of the Novonikolaevskaya province, which became part of the formed Siberian Territory. In December 1925, Novonikolaevsk was renamed Novosibirsk. In February 1926, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR approved this renaming. Novosibirsk became the capital of the Siberian region. In 1930, the districts were abolished, and the territory of the future Novosibirsk Region became part of the West Siberian Territory, formed in the same year. On September 28, 1937, the Novosibirsk region was again separated from Zapsibkrai with the inclusion of modern Kemerovo and Tomsk regions into it. Only after the separation of these regions (in 1943 - Kemerovo, and in 1944 - Tomsk) did the administrative-territorial boundaries of the Novosibirsk region acquire their modern outlines.

Thus, until 1921, the territory of the Novosibirsk region was part of the Tomsk province, from 1921 to 1925 - the Novonikolaev province, from 1925 to 1930 - the Siberian Territory, and from 1930 to 1937 - the West Siberian Territory. On September 28, 1937, the West Siberian Territory was divided into the Novosibirsk Region and the Altai Territory. This date is considered the official day of the formation of the region. Compared with the period 1925-1944. the borders of the modern Novosibirsk region were significantly reduced. In our essay, we will try to rely on the territorial borders of the region that developed after 1944 and roughly correspond to the territories of the Novonikolaevskaya province in 1921-1925.

Prehistory and the beginning of Russian colonization. The history of the appearance of people and their settlement on the territory of the modern Novosibirsk region has many millennia. The ancient inhabitants gave their own names to the rivers, steppes, settlements on the territory of the upper Ob region, which have survived to this day and have become an integral part of the cultural space. During the Mongol conquests of the 13th century. the Turkic-speaking population of southern Siberia mixed with the Mongols, but retained their language. The Baraba Tatars lived in the western part of the Novosibirsk region, while the Chat Tatars lived in the northeastern part, along the banks of the Ob. At the end of the XV century. the lands of the Baraba Tatars and their relatives, who settled along the Tobol and the middle reaches of the Irtysh, united into one khanate. The lands of the Tyumen Khanate joined it, and this state formation with its capital in the city of Isker (Kashlyk) received the name of the Siberian Khanate.

The annexation of Siberia to Russia, which began in the last decades of the 16th century, is associated with an important event that took place on the territory of our region. Here, in the summer of 1598, on the left bank of the Ob, not far from the mouth of the Irmen River (near modern Ordynsk), the Siberian Khan Kuchum was defeated, which created the prerequisites for the deployment of peaceful colonization. An active resettlement of Russians to Siberia began, mainly from the northern regions of the European part of the country. The government sent here "cleaned up" (recruited) by the tsarist governors peasants, exiles, residents of cities (townspeople). Free settlers played a decisive role in the formation of a permanent peasant population. They were attracted by rumors of free fertile lands and a free life. The government actively stimulated the occupation of arable farming, since the importation of food from the central regions of the country was burdensome.

The first mention of settlements. Krivoshchekovo. The settlement of the territory of the region began from the Tomsk-Kuznetsk agricultural region, which was located along the Tom River and around Tomsk. There was not enough bread produced here at the end of the 17th century, and the governors, instead of issuing salaries to service people, endowed them with land. At the end of XVII. early 18th century Russian villages began to appear in the basins of the Oyash, Chaus, Inya, Barlak rivers. The first zaimka was founded in 1695 by the boyar's son Aleksey Kruglik. The village of Kruglikovo still exists in the Bolotninsky district. The villages of Gutovo and Izyly in the Toguchinsky district have been preserved. The village of Kubovaya in the Novosibirsk rural area (16 km from modern Pashino).

The document of 1708 mentions the village of Krivoshchekovskaya - a settlement on the territory of the future Novosibirsk. Its founder is Fedor Krenitsyn, nicknamed Krivoshchek. Krivoshchekovo at the beginning of the 19th century. was the center of the volost of the same name, and the peasants living in it were assigned to work off the state tax to the Altai mining plants.

In 1823, 88 revision souls lived in 30 courtyards of the village, and the total population was 194 people. In the structure of the family composition, the Pogadaevs (6 families) were in the first place, then the Karengins (5 families), the Shmakovs, Nekrasovs, Kuznetsovs (4 families each). The remaining 12 surnames consisted of 1-2 families. Compared to other volost centers, Krivoshchekovo looked poor. On average, there were 4 dess. crops, 5 horses and 4.5 cows. The main occupations of the population were arable farming, fishing and carting.

Ostrog and defensive lines. Peasants settled under the protection of defensive lines created in the southern regions. Western Siberia. They were based on military engineering structures. In 1703, the Umrevinsky prison grew up near the mouth of the Umreva River. In 1713, the Chaussky prison was set up on the banks of the Ob, and in 1716, at the mouth of the Berdi River, the Berdsky prison was built. In 1722, in the Baraba steppe, along the road that connected Tara with Tomsk (and later became part of the Moscow-Siberian tract), Ust-Tartassky, Kainsky and Ubinsky fortified points were founded. The presence of defensive lines created the prerequisites for the industrial development of the territory.

In August 1764, the laying of a unique enterprise began with the construction of a dam on the Nizhny Suzun River. Suzunsky copper smelter. In 1765, the plant produced the first smelting of copper, and at the end of 1766, on its basis, a mint was launched, minting copper coins with an admixture of silver until 1781. At the end of the XVIII-beginning of the XIX century. the fortress cities of Kainsk and Kolyvan began to lose their military significance. Their location in favorable natural and climatic conditions contributed to the development of agriculture and cattle breeding to a greater extent than industry and trade. In 1830, a gold placer was discovered on the southwestern slope of the Salair Ridge and the Yegoryevsky mine was laid.

The development of capitalism. In the second half of the XIX century. agriculture, handicraft industry and trade are noticeably progressing. The villages of Ordynskoye, Krivoshchekovskoye, Berdskoye, Chingisskoye, and the settlement of Suzun are becoming major centers of handicraft industry. Small industrial enterprises of the capitalist type begin to be founded: leather, soap, candle-tallow, salotope, distilleries, breweries, and flour mills. In terms of their importance, the tannery in the Berdsky volost of the merchant Chuvakov, the soap and candle factory in Kolyvan, which belonged to Zhernakov, and large mills in the villages of Zavyalovo and Berdsky stood out.

The growth of industry and trade was accompanied by an increase in the urban population. About 6 thousand people lived in Kainsk in 1899, there were 2 large fairs and 7 factories: a distillery, a beer and mead factory, two tanneries, two soap factories and a steam mill. But the main occupation of the inhabitants was agriculture and cattle breeding. About 12 thousand people lived in Kolyvan, who were engaged in arable farming, cattle breeding, and trade. The industry of the city was represented by small factories: two lard-making, three soap-making, five candle-making, six oil-pressing, eight leather-working, nine fur-dressing and one coarse mills. Once a year - from November 1 to November 10 - a fair was held. Cities also became centers of culture. In Kainsk, a county and a women's school worked. In Kolyvan, the first school opened in 1870. There was a women's department under it. Soon the Kolyvan city school was opened, transformed in 1880 from one-class to two-class. Initially, it was financed by private individuals, then it began to be partially financed by the city. Rural volost schools were maintained at the expense of peasants and worked in Berdsk, Ordynsk, Krivoshchekovo, Chaussa, Maslyanino. For three years, peasant children mastered reading, writing, and counting in them. There were also small parochial schools where children were taught by priests. In some of the larger villages, such as Morozovo and Chemskaya, private schools were opened for boys. Libraries appeared in Kainsk, Kolyvan, Suzun, Berdsk, maintained at the expense of private individuals. However, in general, the development of education and culture was of a local nature, and the level of culture of the population remained low - the bulk were illiterate.

The beginning of the formation of Novonikolaevsk. In 1893, in connection with the construction of a railway bridge across the Ob, the village of Alexandrovsky appeared, which was renamed in 1895 into Novonikolaevsky. The first large industrial facility in the village was the cabinet sawmill (1895), then the locomotive depot (1896), which employed 450 workers. In 1902, a five-storey steam mill was put into operation, and in 1903, a rusk factory with a capacity of 1 million rusks per year. Novonikolaevsk becomes the center of the flour-grinding industry. In 1913 it operated 8 steam mills with an annual output of 12 million poods of flour. On the eve of the First World War, there was a trend towards concentration in the flour-grinding industry. The brewing industry was also based on the processing of bread. There were two breweries in Novonikolaevsk: "Brothers Jelinek and Co" and the partnership "Progress", which produced about 50 thousand buckets of beer per year. In 1910, the only mechanical malting plant in Siberia was built in the village of Bugry, two metalworking plants were operating: Trud and Peters and Verman. The woodworking industry was represented by two sawmills equipped with sawmills. The city was one of the main points in Western Siberia for meat processing. In 1911, over 15 thousand heads of large cattle and 19 thousand heads of small cattle. All other numerous industrial establishments were semi-handicraft workshops. High rents hindered the development of industry. Attempts by the city authorities to attract large entrepreneurs to the city with the help of the preferential lease of land announced in 1910 were not successful.

Agriculture. Dairy farming and butter-making have become of great importance in the region. In connection with the opening in 1896 of traffic along the Trans-Siberian Railway to Krasnoyarsk, the territory of the modern Novosibirsk region, which was part of the Tomsk province, turns into one of the largest butter-making centers along with the commercial butter-making zones that have developed around Kurgan and Omsk. From Barabinsk and Kainsk (modern Kuibyshev) in the west to Krivoshchekovo in the east, numerous private and artel oil refineries appear along the railway line. “Now,” a contemporary wrote, “decidedly everyone went into business - local peasants and city dwellers, burghers and merchants, retired officials and peasant chiefs, exiled settlers - everyone got the necessary initial amounts, going into debt, and rushed into the stream of the general entrepreneurial movement » . In 1897, the Alexander Agricultural Farm was opened in Kainsk, from which the famous school of dairy farming, which produced masters of butter making, later spun off. In 1913, the maximum volume of oil export from Siberia (within the borders of the Siberian Territory) was reached - about 4.6 million poods. (73.8 thousand tons), which went exclusively for export. The cost of oil exported from the region was 2 times higher than that of mined gold. In 1909, 1,240 thousand pounds were shipped through the Ob and Krivoshchekovo stations. oil, or 35.2% of the total volume of export, which significantly exceeded the amount of oil sent from the Kainsky, Omsk, Petropavlovsk and Kurgan regions. In 1913, more than 2 million poods were exported from the Novonikolaevsky agricultural region. butter, or slightly less than half.

The agricultural zones of the Novosibirsk region are being actively developed. During 1895-1904. 1673 km of drainage canals were built in the Baraba steppe, 157 km of riverbeds were cleared, 109 bridges and 2.5 km of gates were built. In the next 13 years, another 1465 drainage canals were laid. Behind this was the work of tens of thousands of migrants from European Russia, who, without the use of any technology, settled in a new place.

Railways. Of great importance for the development of Nonikolaevsk and the entire adjacent territory was the adopted in 1911-1912. decision on the construction of the Altai railway, adjacent to the Trans-Siberian Railway, along the route Novonikolaevsk-Barnaul-Biysk-Semipalatinsk with a length of 764 versts. Regular traffic on it was opened on October 21, 1915. The implementation of this project increased the economic efficiency of transportation of Altai bread and the competitiveness of agricultural products. In Novonikolaevsk, within the framework of this project, an overpass and a bridge across the Kamenka were built and the Altaiskaya railway station (now Novosibirsk-Yuzhny) was built. With the construction of the Altai railway, the freight turnover of the Novonikolaevsky hub increased significantly. In 1913, 11.3% of the cargo of the entire railway passed through it, and Novonikolaevsk overtook the old Siberian cities of Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul in this indicator. Bread, oil, iron, coal, tea, machinery, and manufactory dominated the total volume of cargo. A third of all cargo was for bread. Until 1912-1913 the Chelyabinsk tariff change was in effect, which made it unprofitable to export Siberian bread to European Russia. A large number of cargoes for navigation were delivered by water. Novonikolaevskaya pier was the busiest on the Ob: in 1913 its cargo turnover amounted to 20 million pounds. Almost half of the volume of cargo transported along the river accounted for bread, timber and oil from the Altai.

Urban development. On January 1, 1909, Novonikolaevsk received rights in the amount of a full city status, which made it possible to develop and actively use the resource of local self-government to solve economic and social issues. The city Duma and its executive body, the city council, is elected, consisting of the mayor, the secretary and three members of the council. The mayor headed the Duma and the Council, coordinated their work on issues of improvement, education, health care and urban trade.

At the end of 1911, the construction of a power station building was completed in the city, which in December 1912 gave the first current. Although the power of the station allowed the use of electricity by a small part of consumers, the new symbol of technological progress had a significant impact on the formation of the modern image of the city at that time. On August 31, 1910 P.A. visited Novonikolaevsk. Stolypin. His visit helped to find sources of funding for the improvement of the city at the expense of a passing collection from freight traffic. Due to the convenient geographical location and the development of the transport system, not only the trade and economic, but also the credit and financial importance of the city rapidly increased. Branches of domestic and foreign banks began to open in the city: Siberian Commercial, State, Russian-Asian, Moscow People's. Representative offices of foreign firms engaged in the export of oil and the import of agricultural engineering products and implements were created. The number of urban population grew mainly due to the influx of peasants. In 1902, the city had 22.2 thousand inhabitants, in 1909 - 53.7 thousand, in 1913 - 62.6 thousand people.

World War I (1914-1917) made Novonikolaevsk and the surrounding areas one of the centers for the supply of equipment and food to the front. During the war years, the village increased the output of agricultural products, and the industry - the traditional range of products. Production at rusk, butter, sausage, cheese, leather and footwear enterprises grew rapidly. At the same time, there were no significant changes in the structure of production. The main part of the cost produced industrial products still accounted for the flour-grinding industry. Private entrepreneurs sought to obtain military orders for supplies to the army of fat, meat, convoy harness, soap, boots and leather products.

The industry produced items of horse equipment (saddlery workshops and a tannery), lumber. Shells for a 9-cm bomb-launcher and horseshoes were manufactured by the Trud plant. But the main products supplied to the army were flour and oats. In Novonikolaevsk, Siberian cooperative centers have launched their work: Zakupsbyt and Sinkredsoyuz. The establishment of government monopolies for the purchase of bread and butter sharply increased the role of cooperative organizations in the economic life of all Siberia, including Novonikolaevsk, where in 1915 a branch of the Moscow People's Bank was opened. The Bank began to finance trade and commercial operations of cooperative unions not only in Siberia, but also abroad. In the city itself, in 1913, the consumer cooperative "Economy" was established, focused on serving the townspeople, and on February 27, 1915, at the congress of rural consumer societies, the district consumer union "Obsky cooperator" was established, in which, as of January 1, 1919, there were 280 consumer societies.

Created in Novonikolaevsk Military Industrial Committee contributed to the expansion of the production of metal products at the joint-stock factories "Trud" and "Peters and Verman". In 1915, with the assistance of the military-industrial complex, a tannery was built in the city with a capacity of 50-75 thousand leathers per year, which accounted for half of all leathers produced in the city. The power plant of the city government supplied electricity to the military department, allocated bricks for the construction of a refrigerator, a disinfection chamber, an infectious barracks, and a concentration camp for prisoners of war. At the expense of the municipality for the needs of the army, firewood was harvested and coal. The city government expressed its readiness to allow the construction of a plant for the production of red blood salt, used in the preparation of asphyxiating gases. The costs of the city council for the maintenance of the troops of the Novonikolaevsky garrison ranged from 20 to 50% of the entire city budget.

The war had a contradictory effect on the development of the economy. On the one hand, the conscription of men caused labor pressures, and the imposition of monopoly purchase prices on basic agricultural products led to a reduction in dairy farming and butter production. On the other hand, the increasing purchases of bread and fodder grain for the army stimulated the growth of sown areas. But common economic problem there was a breakdown in the financial system, a growing shortage of food and industrial consumer goods, the high cost of living, and rising unemployment. In the summer of 1916, dozens of confectionery enterprises stopped working due to the depletion of sugar reserves. The number of unemployed was replenished by refugees. As of January 1916, only 358 out of 5471 refugees had an income. A noticeable burden on the city budget was provided by the maintenance of prisoners of war, who in the fall of 1915 numbered about 4 thousand people. They were involved in public works and private enterprises. Particularly hard working sections of the city suffered from rising prices associated with a shortage of goods, speculation. In 1915, the prices of basic necessities rose by 40-60%, and fuel by 100%. The sale of flour began to be carried out by cards. From August 1915, sugar was also sold using cards.

The increased pressure on the urban environment with a poor city budget has led to a deterioration in the sanitary condition and the threat of epidemics. Reduced spending on education and health care. Many schools were occupied by infirmaries. To help refugees and the wounded, public organizations were created: the Union of Cities, the Siberian Society for Providing Assistance to the Wounded, and the Society of Craftsmen to Help Families Taken to War and Wounded Wars. The population of the city collected warm clothes, tobacco, etc. for the soldiers of the army. In 1916, the construction of the House of Invalids (now the House of Officers) began.

The Novonikolaevsky garrison played a significant role in preparing reinforcements for the front. The city housed Siberian rifle reserve battalions of 4-company composition. The term of training in military affairs was 4-6 weeks, after which marching companies left for the front. The short period of training led to the fact that from the active army there were constant complaints about the poor quality of training of soldiers who did not know how to handle a rifle, dig themselves, and act in loose formation.

Since 1915, the attitude of the population to the protracted war began to deteriorate steadily. Discipline fell among conscripts who did not want to go to the front and fled from the echelons. Among the soldiers and officers, under the guise of letters, revolutionary proclamations were circulated in which the military were called upon to help eliminate the tsarist regime. In the army, signs of a crisis clearly appeared, which later led the country to a revolution.

Dissatisfaction with the war and everyday problems resulted in various spontaneous protests. During the war years, trade unions defending the interests of workers were disbanded, strikes and demonstrations were prohibited. But the underground Social Democratic organizations launched propaganda work among the workers. On June 5, 1915, a strike of loaders of all mills and the steamship pier began in the city. 2 thousand people took part in it. Despite police reprisals, the strikers persevered and won. In the autumn of 1916, riots of female soldiers broke out in the city, who, along with their families, suffered from the high cost of food. These speeches indicated that the economic crisis that had engulfed the country had not bypassed Novonikolaevsk either.

Revolution and Civil War (1917-1920). After receiving news in Novonikolaevsk on March 2, 1917, about the overthrow of the autocracy, new authorities began to form. From representatives of the stock exchange and military-industrial committees, a number of cooperative organizations, the Committee of Public Order and Security (CSO) is formed. Almost simultaneously, on March 5-6, the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies is formed. Prohibited political parties and trade unions were legalized in the city. On March 6, the Social Democrats (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) elected the city committee of the RSDLP. Social democratic organizations were created in Barabinsk, Tatarsk and Kainsk. Prior to the adoption of the decree of the Provisional Government of June 17, 1917 on the introduction of zemstvos in Siberia, the COB exercised real authority together with the city people's assembly elected on April 3, 1917 and its executive committee. The Provisional Government and its local authorities failed to control the situation. The intensification of the economic and political crisis eventually led to October revolution and the Civil War.

The news of the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the proclamation of Soviet power came to Novonikolaevsk on November 9, 1917. Local authorities adopted decrees on land, on the nationalization of large industry and banks. First of all, the Russian-Asian and Siberian commercial banks were nationalized. This was followed by the nationalization of water transport and railways. The privately owned Altai Railway was nationalized. In May 1918, after the performance of the Czechoslovak Corps, Soviet power in Siberia fell. Novonikolaevsk and the region adjacent to it were in the rear of the whites. By the summer of 1919, the Red Army launched a general offensive on the Eastern Front. On November 14, the capital of Kolchak, Omsk, fell, and a month later the Red Army entered Novonikolaevsk.

During the Civil War, industry on the territory of the modern Novosibirsk region fell into decay. The closure and looting of enterprises, interruptions in the work of the railway due to the destruction of the track and the explosion of the bridge across the Ob, the fuel crisis and, as a result, the use of dilapidated housing stock had a negative impact on the population. Mortality increased significantly as a result of mass epidemics of typhoid and cholera. The population of Novonikolaevsk, according to various sources, decreased by 3-4.5 thousand people. and amounted to 67.5 thousand people on January 1, 1920, on January 1, 1921. 67.2 thousand, while at the beginning of 1918 71.7 thousand people lived in Novonikolaevsk. Typhus raged in the city, from which several thousand people died in the winter of 1919/20.

The townspeople sought salvation in the countryside, which suffered to a much lesser extent. The area under crops on the territory of the Novonikolaevskaya province decreased slightly: from 1052 thousand dess. in 1917 to 997 thousand dess. in 1920, and a good grain yield created a margin of safety in peasant farms. But the rural industry, the basis of which was the flour-grinding and butter-making industries, degraded. Buildings and equipment of butter factories, mills and shellers fell into disrepair. The number of handicraftsmen and craftsmen decreased.

On December 14, 1919, the Red Army entered Novonikolaevsk, and the organs of the new government controlled- revolutionary committees, national economic councils, party and Soviet committees. The nationalization of industrial enterprises began in the cities. At the end of 1919-beginning of 1920, 21 soap factories, 8 chemical plants, 10 for processing food products, 9 tobacco, 10 textile enterprises and 6 printing houses. The change of owners temporarily disorganized production. Assignments for food allocation spread to the countryside, which brought the province's agriculture into a deep crisis. Cultivation areas and livestock numbers have been sharply reduced. In 1921, 546,000 dessiatins were sown, or almost two times less than in 1917. In 1922, less than 2 dessiatins were sown per farm. compared with 5.5 dess. in 1917. One of the main tasks of the local leadership was to provide food for the central regions of Soviet Russia.

The task of surplus appropriation fell heavily on the shoulders of the peasantry. In addition, two years in a row - 1921 and 1922 - Western Siberia suffered a drought, which caused a massive slaughter of livestock. Kainsky, Tatarsky and Novonikolaevsky counties - the largest suppliers of agricultural products - were on the verge of starvation. In the summer and autumn of 1920, spontaneous anti-government demonstrations took place in rural areas of Siberia. One of the dangerous centers of armed resistance to the authorities was the Vyunsko-Kolyvan region.

The efforts of local authorities focused on carrying out shock work to restore the railway bridge across the Ob River and industrial enterprises. By the middle of 1920, the bridge was restored and regular train traffic was opened throughout the Trans-Siberian Railway. With the advent of Soviet power in Siberia, fundamental changes took place in the nature of political and economic management. On January 14, 1921, the Siberian Bureau of the RCP (b) decided to transfer the administrative center of Siberia from Omsk to Novonikolaevsk. The decisive factor was the convenient geographical location of the city and the intersection in it transport communications. The political and ideological factor also worked in favor of Novonikolaevsk. Potential competitors - Omsk and Tomsk compromised themselves during the Civil War as centers of counterrevolution. On April 28, 1921, the Sibrevkom adopted a resolution on the transfer of all-Siberian institutions to Novonikolaevsk. They were located in the City Trade Building along Red Avenue, in a military camp and in a real school. The transfer of all-Siberian state, party, economic governing bodies to Novonikolaevsk meant the transformation of the city not only into a provincial, but also an administrative center of Siberia.

New economic policy (1921-1929). Peasant resistance and the threat of a general peasant explosion forced the authorities to switch to a new economic policy, replacing the surplus with a food tax. In March 1921, the Tenth Congress of the RCP(b) adopted a decision on the transition to the New Economic Policy. Due to the unsuccessful launch pad (the drought of 1921-1922 in Siberia and the famine in the Volga region), the introduction of the NEP principles into the agriculture of Siberia was delayed. Due to lean years, the tax in kind was actually equated to the surplus appraisal of the period of war communism, which did not contribute to the revival of agriculture and led to famine in a number of volosts. Only in 1922/23 was a single tax in kind introduced, and when it was paid, the peasantry was granted up to 10 different benefits. In the Novonikolaevskaya province, as in most other regions of Siberia, there has been an increase in agricultural production. The structure of agriculture was dominated by animal husbandry, which in 1924 accounted for 56% of marketable products, and the remaining 44% was formed by field farming. Since 1923, oil exports have improved. In March 1924, the Cain Union of Agricultural Cooperatives announced that the first carload of oil had been sent to the London market after a thorough examination. But dairy farming and butter production have degraded due to the destruction of the material and technical base and low purchase prices for milk. Marketability of butter-making in the most favorable years of 1926-1927. amounted to no more than 70% of 1913. Priority development was given to grain farming and beef cattle breeding.

The NEP as a whole made it possible to restore agricultural production, which gave impetus to the development of industry. In January 1922, a commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the STO and the NKPS arrived in Novonikolaevsk, headed by the People's Commissar of Railways F.E. Dzerzhinsky. Thanks to the activities of the commission, the efforts of the railway workers were mobilized to solve urgent problems, the supply of coal to the stations increased, and traffic along the Trans-Siberian Railway was completely normalized. In accordance with the GOELRO plan, one of the priorities is the development of the electric power industry. In 1922, a district power plant was put into operation in Cherepanovo, the foundation of which was laid back in 1918 at the expense of the Altai Union of Cooperatives. In Novonikolaevsk, on May 10, 1924, the foundation was laid for a thermal power plant of medium power (1 thousand kW), which on March 14, 1926 gave the first current and became the main source of electricity in the city (CHP-1). In 1928, its power reached 2.4 kW. The entire industry of the city received electricity from CHPP-1. In addition to CHPP-1, as of October 1, 1927, there were 28 more small power plants operating in the city at individual enterprises.

In addition to the thermal power plant in Novonikolaevsk, a city dairy plant, a plant for processing vegetable oil, a saddlery factory, and a cold store were built. On the basis of a small workshop located in a former bathhouse, the Avtomat garment factory was re-created. In 1926, the factory was named after the Central Committee of the Union of Garment Workers (now OAO Sinar). The Trud plant continued to operate, producing equipment for butter factories, the timber and gold mining industries. In 1928, a cutting and planting factory was built, which, together with the tannery No. 6, the saddlery and shoe factory "Competition", became part of the Tannery. The handicraft industry played a huge role in the economy of the Novosibirsk Okrug. Handicraftsmen and craftsmen received tax benefits since 1925 and made a significant contribution to the production of consumer goods and the expansion of the service sector. In October 1925, 719 people applied to the tax authorities for the return of overpayments from the patent fee. single handicraftsmen (blacksmiths, shoemakers, photographers, cab drivers, etc.) and owners of private enterprises. 8237 people registered and chose patents for personal fishing activities. Hundreds of handicraft artels worked in the district: "Red Saddler", "Zenith", "Eubiolit", "Sibiryak", "Zhirprom", "Red Baker", "Victory", "Tailors", "Needle", "Beijing Shoemakers" ”and others. Small-scale industrial production accounted for at least half of the gross industrial output produced in the Novosibirsk District. In 1927, the industrial output of the city increased by 4 times compared to 1913, and by 2.3 times in the region.

An important place in the city's economy was occupied by the trade sector, represented by cooperative, state and private enterprises. On May 25, 1925, by the decision of the Novonikolaev Provincial Executive Committee, she switched to the metric system. The use of Russian pre-revolutionary measures of volume, weight and length was prohibited. The state discriminated against private traders and supported consumer cooperation, which took a key place in wholesale and retail trade. In 1926, in the building of the Siberian Krai Union on Krasny Prospekt, the largest store in the city of the TsRK (Central Workers' Cooperative) was opened. In the system of consumer cooperation of the Siberian Krai Union in 1924-1930. worked A.N. Kosygin - the future Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In 1928, the TsRK bakery (Fabrichnaya Street) united a bakery, a bakery, mills, a grain mill, a grain dryer and became, along with the Soyuzkhleb state association, the largest producer of flour and bakery products.

In the 1920s rather active construction began, the pace of which was restrained by the weak development of the production of building materials. The shortage of space forced the construction of administrative, public and commercial buildings in an accelerated mode, which changed the provincial appearance of the city before our eyes, turning it into the capital of Siberia. During 1923-1927. the buildings of Sibdalgostorg (now the M.I. Glinka Conservatory), the House of State Institutions (now the Academy of Architecture and Art), the Kraypotrebsoyuz (now the Regional Consumer Union), the Profitable House, the Industrial Bank (now the city hall), the Lenin House, in which for a long time hosted the Youth Theater, and others. They determined the boundaries and architecture of the central square of Novosibirsk. Other important buildings along Krasny Prospekt and adjacent streets were the Palace of Labor, the Sovkino cinema, the clubs of Soviet trade employees (now the October Revolution) and railway workers (now the Railway Workers' Palace of Culture), the Sibrevkom building.

Since 1923, housing construction has been revived. Mostly private wooden single-apartment houses are being built in the Central and Vokzalnaya parts of the city. In 1925, 260 private houses were built along the banks of the Ob, Kamenka, First Eltsovka and the railway line. Due to the lack of a general development plan, the placement of the housing stock was not controlled and up to 1,500 unauthorized buildings appeared in the city every year. Huts were built en masse and dugouts were dug, which the people dubbed "nakhalovki". Since 1926, 3- and 4-storey stone residential buildings began to be built in the city center. During 1922-1929. the housing stock of the city increased by 2.5 times, but due to the rapid growth of the population, the provision of housing did not improve and amounted to 4 square meters. meters per inhabitant. An acute housing crisis persisted: for example, the construction of housing and social infrastructure facilities constantly lagged behind population growth. In 1926, 120.1 thousand people lived in the city, including 35.0 thousand workers, 44.2 thousand employees. Some residents were unemployed and registered at the labor exchange. In 1924, 5635 unemployed people were registered, in June 1929 - 8 thousand people, in June 1930 - 4 thousand people, of which 2 thousand people. did not have any qualifications.

In January 1929, a significant event took place in Novosibirsk. In the printing house of the Siberian Krai Union, at the expense of the author, Yuri Kondratyuk, the book “Conquest of Interplanetary Spaces” was published with a circulation of 2 thousand copies. His work played an important role in the exploration of outer space in the second half of the 20th century. A crater on the Moon and a square in Novosibirsk were subsequently named after Kondratyuk.

Industrialization (1929-1941). On October 1, 1928, the first five-year plan began to be implemented. The village became the main source of funds for the implementation of grandiose plans for the modernization of industry. January 18, 1928 I.V. Stalin, during a trip to Siberia, arrived in Novosibirsk, where he spoke at a meeting of the bureau of the Sibkraikom of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and demanded that emergency measures be introduced against the peasantry, including criminal prosecution and confiscation of property. This was the prologue to the impending forced collectivization of agriculture. In 1931, the West Siberian Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution “On the liquidation of the kulaks as a class,” which began the expropriation of property and the deportation of peasants to special settlements. Only in the Narym Territory were evicted 42.5 thousand peasant families - about 193 thousand people. The level of grain alienation in the collective farms of the West Siberian Territory in 1930/31 amounted to 25% of the gross harvest, and in 1931/32 - 33.5%. Many collective farms have lost their seed fund, the vast majority of collective farmers have lost food grain completely or have kept its stocks for 2-3 months. The famine of 1933, although to a lesser extent, affected the inhabitants of the region.

The material hardships of creating an industry also fell on the shoulders of the urban population. In 1928, difficulties arose in food supply, and in 1929 in Novosibirsk, as well as other large cities, the rationed sale of bread and other food products was introduced, the financial situation of workers and employees deteriorated sharply. In August 1930, one of the railroad workers at the Barabinsk station wrote a letter to the Pravda newspaper, in which it was reported: “We are living poorly, we are almost starving. And most importantly, when we start talking about these needs, we are called buzzers, grabbers. It’s absolutely impossible to talk about this, otherwise you will get fired. ” In 1931, on the card of a worker included in the 1st (highest) list, one could buy 4.4 kg of meat, 2.5 kg of fish, 3 kg of cereals, 1.5 kg of sugar, 400 g of butter, 10 pieces per month. . eggs. The daily allowance of bread was 800 g. The normalized distribution of goods was carried out through a special system of trade in closed workers' cooperatives (ZRK), formed in the structure of consumer cooperation at industrial enterprises. In 1931, 13 new consumer cooperatives were organized in Novosibirsk: ZRK at the Mining Equipment Plant and Sibcombain, 4 transport cooperatives, closed military cooperatives of the Siberian Military District and the OGPU, 1 lumberjack and 4 state farm workers. In 1933, 100 air defense systems operated in Western Siberia. The card system operated until 1935.

On the territory of the Novosibirsk region, transport and industrial new buildings were deployed in connection with the Ural-Kuznetsk project to create a second coal and metallurgical base in the east of the country. The main source of replenishment of the workforce was the local peasantry, recruited as part of an organized recruitment campaign. In 1931, in the southwestern regions of Zapsibkrai, it was necessary to attract industrial facilities 20 thousand collective farmers. As part of a special recruitment campaign, collective farmers were delivered to railway stations and sent to new buildings. On November 25, 1931, 250 recruited peasants left the Karasuk station for the construction of Kuznetskstroy. In order to provide the coal and metallurgical complex with uninterrupted supplies of raw materials, the network of railways adjacent to the Trans-Siberian Railway began to be actively completed. The construction of the Turkestan-Siberian railway, begun in 1927 and completed in 1931, increased the transit value of the territory of the Novosibirsk region. It became the place where Turksib connected with the Trans-Siberian Railway. Timber, coal, metal, bread went to Central Asia, and a stream of cotton, rice and other products went to Siberia.

In 1934, the construction of the Novosibirsk-Leninsk-Kuznetsky railway line was completed. The priority object of this branch was the construction of a bridge across the Ob (Komsomolsky), which was carried out at an accelerated pace and was completed on October 17, 1931. The double-track supports and arched forms of the bridge were built within 9 months. Novosibirsk received a second railway bridge across the Ob, located 7 km upriver from the first. In Novosibirsk itself, railway lines to industrial enterprises were actively built, and the city developed rapidly as a transport hub. On the Kuzbass railway branch, the construction of one of the largest stations in the USSR, the Inskaya sorting station with 169 km of shunting tracks, and next to it, a village for 15 thousand inhabitants, was unfolded.

Already in the 1930s. Novosibirsk is becoming a major center of mechanical engineering. The formation of the machine-building complex took place simultaneously in different parts of the city, due to which labor resources were used more efficiently and social infrastructure was formed. In 1930, on the left bank of the Ob, the construction of the Sibkombain plant began, which aimed at the production of complex agricultural machines. In 1933, the plant was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry and became known as the Sibmetallstroy plant. On July 4, 1931, on the right bank of the Ob, in the north-eastern part of the city, in the modern Dzerzhinsky district, a mining equipment plant was laid, which was supposed to produce cutters, winches and other equipment for the mines of Kuzbass. In 1933, the plant was reoriented to the production of spare parts for agricultural machinery and became known as Sibmashstroy, and since 1936, aircraft construction began to unfold on its premises. A year later, the first I-16 fighter took off from the factory airfield.

Bolshevikskaya Street becomes the third center of mechanical engineering in Novosibirsk, where, along with the Trud plant, in 1931 the iron foundry and mechanical plant of the Zapsibkraydetkommissiya named after. XVI Party Congress (now OAO Stankosib). Since 1934, the plant switched to the production of lathes and planers. For the manufacture of parts for machine tools, former street children were involved, who were trained at the plant in turning and plumbing.

During the first five-year plan, the reconstruction of existing enterprises was widely developed. The fixed assets of the Trud plant increased more than 4 times. By 1932, the plant was brought up to a capacity of 2000 tons of casting and carried out orders for mechanical, boiler and transmission equipment for Kuzbass. Further development of mechanical engineering in the city took place in the second and third five-year plans. In 1939, a sheet-rolling shop (now the Kuzmin plant) was separated from the Sibmetallstroy plant (now Sibselmash) into independent production. Novosibirsk turned into a city with a highly developed mechanical engineering, which in 1937 accounted for a third of the city's industrial output.

Along with heavy industry, branches of light industry also developed in Novosibirsk. In 1930, along the banks of the Pervaya Eltsovka River, chrome leather factories, an oil mill, an alcohol-vodka factory, and a saddlery factory operated. A confectionery factory "Red Siberia" was built on Frunze Street. The soap factory was transformed into a large fat plant.

The rapid development of industry required the expansion of the capacity of the electric power industry. The expansion of capacities at the right-bank CHPP-1 continued. Due to the commissioning of new boilers and turbines, its capacity by the beginning of 1940 reached 11.5 thousand kW. In 1931, the construction of the left-bank CHPP-2, designed for 44 thousand kW, began. At the end of 1935, its first stage of 24 thousand kW was put into operation, equipped with completely domestic equipment, which marked the creation of a unified energy system in the city.

In the 1930s The infrastructure of river transport began to develop actively, regular air communication with Moscow and Siberian cities was opened, and the first tram tracks were laid. The formation of industrial regions was accompanied by the development and implementation of building plans for individual urban areas. On May 31, 1930, the laying of a “socialist city” took place on the left bank, which was supposed to reflect new forms of social life and life. In the subsequent development of the district, many elements of the "Sotsgorod" were preserved. Housing construction expanded widely in whole blocks-complexes, which included a public canteen, nurseries and playgrounds, a reading room, an assembly hall, and a pharmacy. The residential quarters of Pechatnik, Kuzbassugol on Krasny Prospekt, near the railway station, the NKVD combine, as well as residential buildings of the cooperatives "Working Five-Year Plan", "Working Tanner", "Medic" were put into operation. The basements of the new houses housed showers and laundry rooms. The apartments were designed in 2-3-4 rooms and had separate bathrooms and kitchens with cast-iron stoves. In 1930 alone, housing cooperatives built 11 residential buildings for 1,300 apartments, of which 7 were stone multi-storey buildings and 4 were wooden houses with two floors. Most apartments had 2 living rooms and shared kitchens for 2-3 apartments.

In the 1930s a number of public and residential buildings were built, which to this day are the pride of the architecture of Novosibirsk. This is the building of a 100-apartment residential building of the regional executive committee, the project of which received gold medal and a Grand Prix diploma at the World Exhibition in 1937 in Paris, the building of the Regional Executive Committee, the State Bank of the USSR, the city hospital complex, the building of the Sovetov Hotel, the Dynamo residential building and the Dynamo sports club. On January 25, 1939, the building of the Novosibirsk-Glavny railway station was put into operation.

In the 1930s Novosibirsk is turning into a major educational center. Since 1930, universal primary education has been introduced, and in 1940-1941. the majority of children finished seven-year school. Developed secondary vocational education. In 1929, a chemical technical school was opened, and in 1930, a theater school, land management, field farming, veterinarian, machine-building, pedagogical, cooperative and economic technical schools. A network of higher educational institutions is being formed in the city: the Siberian Institute of National Economy (1929), the Siberian Communist University (1930), the Novosibirsk Railway Institute of Transport Engineers, which was soon transformed into the Institute of Military Transport Engineers - NIVIT (1932), the Novosibirsk Engineering -construction institute (1933), medical and pedagogical institutes (1935), agricultural institute (1936), institute of engineers of geodesy, aerial photography and cartography (1939).

Thus, before the start of the war, 8 institutes were constantly working in the city, not counting the inter-regional school of the NKVD, created in 1935. 5.5 thousand students studied in them in the 1940/41 academic year. During the years of the first five-year plans, the situation in health care improved markedly, health centers were created at almost all enterprises, which made it possible to quickly provide first aid at the place of work. In 1932, a hospital was created to provide emergency care, cars and doctors were allocated. The technical equipment of polyclinics and hospitals is being improved. In 1930, the central polyclinic began its work on the street. Serebrennikovskaya. Sanitary supervision services are being strengthened, mass vaccinations of the population against typhoid fever are being carried out. The undoubted achievements of medicine in those years include a sharp decrease in the incidence of tuberculosis in the population. Venereal diseases, trachoma and scabies are disappearing as mass diseases.

Work on the protection of motherhood and childhood has achieved great success. The network of maternity hospitals, nurseries, children's sanatoriums, and recreation areas has expanded. In 1940, for the recreation of children, 68 pioneer camps were organized with an enrollment of 13 thousand people, 7 children's sanatoriums for 2600 children, 64 kindergartens were taken to dachas with an enrollment of 3030 children, 3 orphanages with 240 children. At schools, sports grounds were organized with coverage of 5 thousand children, a one-day recreation center was organized in the park of culture and recreation for 6 thousand children per season.

Mass cultural work was concentrated in clubs, which were centers of education and were created at industrial enterprises. Theatrical culture progressed noticeably. The Operetta Theater (1929), the Theater of the Young Spectator (1930), the Red Torch (1932), the Kolkhoz-Sovkhoz Mobile Theater (1933, since 1942 - the Regional Drama Theater) were created in Novosibirsk, puppet theater "Petrushka" (1934). On January 15, 1939, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR issued a resolution on the creation of an opera and ballet troupe in Novosibirsk. On January 25, 1941, the first concert took place in Novosibirsk. The public (one and a half thousand spectators) was presented with the opera by P.I. Tchaikovsky "Iolanta". Along with theaters, a symphony orchestra, an orchestra of Russian folk instruments worked in the city, and in 1937 the Novosibirsk Philharmonic was formed. Creative unions of architects, writers, artists, composers are registered in the city. Publishing activity has been widely developed.

According to the All-Union Population Census conducted in January 1939, the population of Novosibirsk was 437.3 thousand people. and increased in comparison with 1926, when it was 120.1 thousand people, 3.6 times. Novosibirsk became the largest city in Siberia.

Directly in the prewar period, according to the plan of the third five-year plan, it was planned to build factories: tin, turbo-generator, boring machines, automobile and sheet-rolling. They were conceived as backup enterprises in order to give stability to the defense complex of the USSR in case of a possible war. The war, which began on June 22, 1941, confirmed the far-sightedness and validity of the course towards the creation of a second coal and metallurgical base and a complex of defense enterprises in the east of the country.

In the second half of the 1930s. the production of agricultural products in the collective farms and state farms of the Novosibirsk region, as well as in personal subsidiary plots of the population, stabilized and began to increase. If in 1913 the average grain yield was 7.1 c/ha, then in 1928 it was 10.3, in 1939 it was 12.9 c/ha. In the early 1940s 1 million tons of grain, 585 thousand tons of milk, 74 thousand tons of meat were produced in the region. On March 1, 1941, at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition, the Ukrainian collective farm in the Dovolensky district for high grain yields in 1937-1939. (at the level of 15.3 c/ha) received a diploma of the 1st degree, and the chairman Gavrilenko - the Big Gold Medal of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition. Diplomas of the II degree, 5 thousand rubles each. and a motorcycle were received by the Maslyaninsky flax sovkhoz, the Yarkovskaya MTS of the Irmensky district and the collective farm named after. Budenny Kupinsky district. The life of the villagers improved. In April 1938, the collective farmers of the region received 150 vouchers for resorts of allied significance and more than 700 vouchers for local health resorts. There was a process of enlargement of settlements. In 1938, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the working settlement of Iskitim was transformed into a city of regional subordination. In 1939, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the village of Suzun was transformed into a workers' settlement.

But in 1940, due to crop failure in 22 southwestern districts of the region (Dovolensky, Zdvinsky, Barabinsky, etc.), a difficult situation arose with bread and fodder. Losses in animal husbandry amounted to 72 thousand heads of cattle, 80 thousand sheep, 30 thousand horses. There was a high turnover of leading personnel in the collective farms.

Major successes in socio-economic development, which occurred due to the mobilization of the labor and creative activity of the people, took place against the backdrop of increased repressive and punitive measures. Stalin's postulate about the aggravation of the class struggle as socialism was built, formulated at the February 1937 Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, contributed to the formation of the discipline of fear. On the territory of the Novosibirsk region was the Siberian Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps, Colonies and Labor Settlements (SibLAG) as part of the Gulag. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, there were 30 divisions (departments, separate camp points, labor colonies, transit points) in which more than 63 thousand people were kept.

The commandant's offices of Narym and Kuzbass accommodated more than 170 thousand labor settlers ("dispossessed"). In the early 1940s thousands of repressed, deported residents of Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, Moldova, and the Baltic states are pouring into this stream.

Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). On June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War began, which affected every Soviet family, including Siberians who found themselves in the rear. The inhabitants of the Novosibirsk region suffered no less trials than those who lived in the European part of the country and were subjected to direct occupation. Novosibirsk en masse began to apply to the military registration and enlistment offices with a request to send them to the army, and on the battlefields they showed exceptional heroism and stamina. With the outbreak of hostilities, mass mobilization of men of draft age into the active army began. In 1941, 212 thousand people were drafted from the Novosibirsk region into the army, in 1942 - 300 thousand, in 1943 - 82 thousand, in 1944 - 34.5 thousand, in 1945 - 5.3 thousand people In total, during the war years, 4 divisions, 10 brigades, 7 regiments, 19 battalions, 62 companies, 24 different teams were completed on the territory of the region. On June 25, 1941, the 24th Army under the command of S.A. left Novosibirsk for the front. Kalinin, which in August-September near Yelnya inflicted a serious defeat on the Nazi troops.

Local government bodies, relying on the decisions of the central leadership, launched work to expand military production and mobilize labor resources. On June 30, the bureau of the Novosibirsk City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided within seven days to prepare a labor force reserve of 25 thousand people at the expense of the second family members.

A number of people's commissariats and main departments under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the RSFSR moved to Novosibirsk. On June 26, 1941, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the regime of workers and employees in wartime” was adopted, according to which vacations were canceled and the length of the working day was increased. The Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 23, 1941 gave the executive committees of local councils the right to redistribute labor in the interests of military production. By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 26, 1941, workers and employees of military and related enterprises were declared mobilized and assigned to permanent work at this enterprise. This contributed to the retention of personnel and the improvement of labor discipline.

Target figures communicated to the leadership of the city and defense enterprises to increase the output of ammunition, aircraft and other military equipment strictly followed. First of all, the existing enterprises of the defense complex were mobilized. At the factories of the region (mainly the Sibmetallstroy plant, now Sibselmash), 125 million shells and mines were produced during the war, which accounted for 27% of the Union's production. The plant produced 10 types of ammunition, ranging from rifle cartridges, artillery shells of various calibers, mines and air bombs, to rockets for the legendary Katyushas. Plant them. V. Chkalova produced during the war half of all fighter aircraft. By 1944, the total number of assembled aircraft amounted to over 15 thousand units. Plant them. Kuzmina produced over 270 thousand tons of metal during the war years, having mastered several new types of rolled products. Enterprises of light industry and handicraft cooperation switched to the production of uniforms, clothing and footwear for the needs of the Red Army. In November 1941, an urgent order for the manufacture of 500 thousand pairs of skis for the Red Army, as well as special skis for moving 45-mm anti-tank guns and 152-mm howitzers, was placed at local industry enterprises and in the artels of trade cooperation of the Regional Industrial Council. Since 1942, mass production of machine-gun carts, kerosene lanterns, military convoys, field kitchens, bowlers and horseshoes has been launched - about 70 items in total.

In Novosibirsk and the region, work has begun to receive defense enterprises evacuated from the European part of the country. From July to November 1941, 50 large industrial enterprises and tens of thousands of workers were evacuated to Novosibirsk. During the war years, the city alone received from 140 to 200 thousand people. evacuated from the central regions of the USSR.

To these must be added ethnic deportations: Soviet Germans, Kalmyks and other deported peoples. Of the 318 thousand Germans deported to Siberia of the abolished ASSR, the Germans of the Volga region, 120 thousand people. located in the Novosibirsk region (within the boundaries of 1937, taking into account the Tomsk and Kemerovo regions). In the camps and colonies, 50 thousand prisoners worked for the Victory, since 1944 15 thousand German prisoners of war were added to them.

The evacuated enterprises were housed in existing factory complexes or new sites. A few months passed from the arrival of echelons with equipment to the start of production of finished products. For example, in August 1941, from Sestroretsk, Leningrad Region, the instrumental plant named after. Voskova was located on the Sibstroyput site and in December began to produce tools for the metalworking industry and ammunition. In shock mode, new buildings are being completed and the Tyazhstankogidropress plant, a tin plant, CHPP-3 and others are being put into operation.

An endocrine plant (now a chemical-pharmaceutical plant), a chemical plant, a radio plant (now the Elektrosignal plant), a searchlight plant (now Electroagregat), the Svetlana plant, and others arrived in Novosibirsk and were located. -industrial center and predetermined the rapid growth of the metalworking, chemical and electrical industries. At least 40% of Novosibirsk's industrial output came from evacuated enterprises. During the war years, the utilization rate of machine tools and equipment increased by 2-3 times at the enterprises of the city. The terms of development of new technology have been reduced. The volume of gross industrial output increased 5.4 times, including engineering and metalworking products - 12.6 times.

The high indicators of industrial development have become a direct consequence of the mobilization economy, the high quality of management and organization of labor, exceptional labor heroism and the full dedication of workers and employees of defense enterprises. People worked 12 hours a day, seven days a week, but they clearly understood that the front line passed through their shops and factories. The collective-farm peasantry also worked selflessly. The people gave all their strength for the front and for victory, despite the most difficult financial situation. Since September 1941, Novosibirsk, like other cities, switched to a rationing system for distributing food, which was clearly not enough, especially for those working in difficult winter conditions. The inhabitants of the village, who experienced the greatest difficulties in the middle of the war, were also in a half-starved state. In the spring of 1943, in most districts of the Novosibirsk region, there were facts of death from malnutrition and exhaustion - a total of 50 cases.

Women, girls, teenagers replaced the men who had gone to the front. As of October 1, 1942, at the enterprises of Novosibirsk, women accounted for 52% of the total number of workers and employees, compared with 41% on January 1, 1940. By the end of 1941, 13 thousand housewives and unemployed workers came to the plants and factories of the city former family members. More than 70 thousand teenagers were employed at the industrial enterprises of Novosibirsk during the war years. For 7-10 days new recruits with the help of individual and brigade forms of training mastered 1-2 operations and started independent work. Factory training schools (FZO) became a reliable source of replenishment of workers with qualified personnel. In Novosibirsk, during the war, more than 203 thousand people were covered by all types of industrial training, of which 43 thousand went through the schools of the FZO and RU. This made it possible to provide enterprises with a skilled workforce.

An effective tool for increasing labor productivity has become socialist competition for overfulfillment of output standards by a factor of two or more. By the end of 1941, there were 3800 people in the enterprises and transport of Novosibirsk. "dvuhsotnikov", which twice overfulfilled the established norms. In 1942, the movement of "thousanders" unfolded, and the first of them in Siberia was the Novosibirsk turner of the Sibselmash plant P.E. Shirshov, then a fitter-marker of the plant. Chkalova M.D. Sanin, bricklayer of the Sibmetallstroy plant S.S. Maksimenko. The latter, with three assistants, laid out a 2-story 12-apartment residential building in 9 days. In transport, the Lunin movement unfolded. Engineer of the locomotive depot of Novosibirsk station N.A. Lunin initiated the movement of railway workers to increase the daily mileage of the locomotive and drive heavy (twin) coal trains. During the war years, Lunin transported 585 thousand tons of various cargoes, while saving 854 tons of coal, saving 75 thousand rubles for repairs. In 1943, he was the first in our city to be awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. In addition, N.A. Lunin was awarded the title of laureate of the State Prize. Among the youth, a competition of Komsomol youth brigades unfolded, the condition of which was the fulfillment of the two-month plan by no less than 150%. There were 2338 such brigades in 1944, and they received the right to be called a front-line Komsomol youth brigade.

Being in the rear, Novosibirsk became the location of numerous hospitals, 80 ambulance trains ran between the front and the city. Thanks to the selfless work of medical workers and the general care of the population for the wounded, 219 thousand people returned to duty. On August 2, 1941, at the initiative of the Novosibirsk region, a fund for the defense of the Motherland was created, into which people contributed money, jewelry, and bonds. The collected funds went to the construction of military equipment: 6 air squadrons, a Katyusha regiment (24 vehicles) and one submarine. Warm clothes, food and gifts were collected for the Red Army.

In the summer of 1942, the formation of a volunteer division began in the region, to which 42,000 applications were submitted. November 16, 1942 150th Rifle Division, consisting of 13,100 people. began its combat path and on April 16, 1943, for military merit, was transformed into the 22nd Guards. And only six Novosibirsk divisions received the honorary title of guards. In the summer of 1943, near the village of Rubezhanka, Kaluga Region, 18 soldiers of the Red Army entered into an unequal battle with the Nazis. Then only two Novosibirsk residents remained alive - G.I. Lapin and K.N. Vlasov, about whom the famous song "At the Nameless Height" was composed. The feat of A. Matrosov, who covered the embrasure of an enemy machine gun with his body, was repeated by our fellow countrymen P. Barbashov and N. Seleznev, the pilot A. Garanin repeated the feat of N. Gastello, having made a night ramming of an enemy bomber. Sanitary instructor O. Zhilina, poet-warrior B. Bogatkov, regiment commanders I. Nekrasov and M. Batrakov, partisan brigade commander K. Zaslonov and many other Novosibirsk citizens, 200 people in total, became Heroes Soviet Union. And the famous pilot A. Pokryshkin became three times Hero of the Soviet Union. During the war years, he made 560 sorties, conducted 156 air battles, shot down 59 enemy aircraft. In September 1944, a delegation of workers from the region handed over to A.I. Pokryshkin, who arrived in Novosibirsk, several fighters with commemorative inscriptions “A.I. Pokryshkin from the workers of Novosibirsk.

A great contribution to the Victory was made by the collective farm peasantry, who were assisted in the harvest by workers, office workers, housewives and students. In September-October 1941, 170 thousand people were sent to the village from cities, regional centers, and villages of the region to harvest the crop. Instead of the chairmen of collective farms drafted into the army, about 1,043 members of the CPSU (b) were nominated for leading work in the countryside, of which 579 people. from cities. Shock worker of collective farm production I.A. S.Ya. Ryazanov on a hitch of two combines in the Suzunsky district - 76 hectares each. As a result, by October 1, it was possible to mow 92% of the grain. In 1941, the region collected 1 million poods more grain than in 1940. On the fields and farms, women and teenagers replaced the men who had gone to the front. On May 28, 1942, on May 28, 1942, on May 28, 1942, on the initiative of the collective farmers of the artel "The Way of the Peasant", the All-Union competition of agricultural workers unfolded. In the future, the position agriculture deteriorated sharply. In 1943, compared with 1941, the grain yield decreased from 10.1 to 6.2 c/ha, grain crops - by 30.35%, the number of cattle - by 233.8 thousand heads. The collective farms of the region did not fulfill their obligations to hand over grain to the state and did not provide themselves with seeds for spring sowing. Therefore, it was envisaged to give them a seed loan of 20,000 tons of grain from the state reserves.

On February 5, 1944, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On measures to improve agriculture in the Novosibirsk region", and in February 1945 - "On measures to develop livestock breeding and create a forage base on the collective farms of the Baraba steppe of the Novosibirsk region", which was aimed at restoring the status of the region as the most important breadbasket of the country. The Novosibirsk region (within the borders of 1940) in the prewar years ranked third in livestock productivity after Ukraine and Belarus.

Novosibirsk, together with the whole country, took part in the restoration of the areas liberated from occupation, taking patronage over the Voronezh region. On August 4, 1943, N. Lunin led the first echelon with building materials and food to Voronezh. The collective farmers of our region handed over to the Voronezh farms more than 15 thousand heads of cattle and 26 machine tools for machine and tractor stations.

A lot of work to improve combat and specifications aircraft were carried out by employees of TsAGI evacuated to Novosibirsk under the leadership of Academician S.A. Chaplygin. Given the presence of significant scientific forces that were concentrated in Western Siberia and worked for defense, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided on October 21, 1943 to form the West Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. The branch included mining and geological, chemical and metallurgical, biomedical and transport and energy institutes. The first chairman of the branch was Academician A.A. Skochinsky, a well-known specialist in the field of mining. On August 21, 1943, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, Novosibirsk was classified as a city of republican subordination.

Many theaters from Moscow, Leningrad, Ukraine, Belarus were evacuated to Novosibirsk, which showed the audience Russian classics and plays by Soviet authors, often went to villages, visited hospitals, propaganda centers, where their concerts were held to the warm applause of the audience. In 1942, the government decided to complete the construction of the opera house. At that time, the treasures of the Tretyakov Gallery, the Hermitage, the Military Artillery Museum, as well as the famous Roubaud panorama "The Battle of Sevastopol" were stored in its premises. The first concert in the theater took place on November 7, 1942, on February 7, 1944, the state commission accepted the building of the theater. On May 12, 1945, the theater opened its first season with M. Glinka's opera Ivan Susanin. Refrain from the opera “Glory, glory, native land! Hail, my holy fatherland! May it be strong forever and ever! Our beloved native country! symbolized the triumph of national self-consciousness, pride and joy of the victorious people and was received with enthusiasm and enthusiasm by the public.

Difficult and long was the path to victory. For 1418 days, fierce battles did not stop, work in the rear at factories and plants did not stop. This war claimed the lives of 27 million Soviet people, and among them the lives of more than 30,000 Novosibirsk residents. Our region lost about 180 thousand people during the war years. military personnel, of which 79,300 died, 18,300 died of wounds, 80,700 went missing, 1,415 died in captivity. The population of the Novosibirsk region since 1966 thousand people. in 1940 it decreased to 1 million 859 thousand people. in 1945, or by 6%, while the population decline in the whole country was 24-25%. The decline in the population in the Novosibirsk region was largely offset by the influx of evacuees.

The heroes of the Great War, immortalized in the monuments and obelisks of cities, villages and district centers of the region, in the names of streets and schools, the Monument of Glory in the Leninsky district of Novosibirsk, live in our memory. The Victory Day is a vivid demonstration of nationwide respect for war veterans, heroes of the front and rear.

Post-war reconstruction and peaceful construction (1946-1960). The first post-war years were difficult for the whole country, including the inhabitants of the region. Agriculture was in deep crisis: crop areas, productivity and livestock decreased. Due to the failure to fulfill the inflated state plans, grain and livestock products were confiscated from collective farms and state farms. The labor of collective farmers remained almost free, and they satisfied their vital needs mainly at the expense of income from personal subsidiary plots. At the end of 1946-beginning of 1947, famine gripped the village. The consequences of the war and non-economic methods of withdrawing agricultural products continued to affect in the early 1950s. For 1950-1953 the number of livestock in the collective farms of the Novosibirsk region decreased by 15%, and the volume of milk and meat production was below the pre-war level. The yield of cereals remained extremely low, which ranged from 3.5 c/ha to 7.3 c/ha.

The situation of the townspeople was not so catastrophic, but also not easy. Industrial production was reduced due to a sharp decrease in defense orders. Factories were re-profiled, reconstruction was carried out. Already in 1946, the share of defense products in the total volume of industrial production in the region decreased to 22% compared with 76% in 1945. Only in 1950 was the level of industrial production of 1945 surpassed. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, the Berd Radio Plant was created.

In 1947, a monetary reform and the food rationing system was abolished. Old money was exchanged for new money at a ratio of 10:1. Preferential exchange was subject to deposits in savings banks (up to 3 thousand rubles - in a ratio of one to one). Broad propaganda of the reform began in the press and on the radio as "the main blow against speculative elements." In fact, it was this category of shadow economy dealers who managed to secure their cash by converting it into gold, jewelry, breaking up their deposits. First of all, people who did not keep their savings in savings banks suffered from the reform.

In the 1950s The most important direction in the development of the Novosibirsk region is the development of enterprises of the defense complex, electric power industry, science and education. In 1952, at the plant. Chkalov, mass production of modifications of the MIG-15 and MIG-17 aircraft was launched, and since 1955, high-speed jet fighters MIG-19. Plant them. The Comintern was the only enterprise in the east of the country that produced radar stations. The Elektrosignal plant completely switched over to the production of military radio engineering products. On July 20, 1954, the USSR Council of Ministers decided to start construction of the Himapparat defense plant. Along with the expansion and reconstruction of existing enterprises, new ones were built: Sibelektrotyazhmash, Sibelektroterm, Siblitmash. In 1954, a state district power station with a capacity of 50 thousand kW was put into operation in Kuibyshev, which was intended for the electrification of the Chulymskaya-Barabinsk-Tatarskaya railway line.

In the 1950s Novosibirsk is expanding its borders and changing the natural environment. In 1950, the construction of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station began and the vast Ob reservoir was formed. In 1959, the hydroelectric power station is launched at full capacity. Near the building of the HPP on the left bank, a settlement of hydro-builders is being built, and on the right bank of the Ob, in 1957, on the basis of a government decision, the construction of a scientific center, the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, began. In October 1953, the Novosibirsk Electrotechnical Institute of Communications was opened. In October 1958, the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to create in Novosibirsk on the basis of the State scientific library Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The library was opened in 1966. In the late 1950s. in Novosibirsk there were 12 universities (26,800 students), 31 secondary specialized educational institution(18,900 students), 179 schools (13,900 students), 5 theaters, 12 cinemas, 543 libraries. An important event in the life of the city was the opening of traffic on the Communal (October) bridge across the Ob at the end of 1955, which made it possible to accelerate the development and development of the left-bank part of Novosibirsk.

Since 1953, after a several-fold increase in purchase and procurement prices and tax cuts, there has been a rise in agriculture, and pre-war indicators of sown areas have been achieved. But the number of cattle was only 84%, horses - 54% of the level of 1941. Since 1954, the development of virgin and fallow lands began. Until 1960 inclusive, 1,586,000 hectares were plowed up in the Novosibirsk region, which was one-fourth of the plowed area in Western Siberia. Due to natural fertility, it was possible to double the average grain yield and bring it up in the second half of the 1950s. up to 12-13.5 q/ha. The average annual gross harvest of grain increased by 2.3 times. In 1954, the farms of the region handed over to the state three times more grain than in the previous year. For this and other records, the Novosibirsk Region was awarded the Order of Lenin.

But in the late 1950s the resource of natural fertility was exhausted. Violation of the rules of soil-protective agricultural technology, non-compliance with crop rotations, reduction in the area of ​​pure fallows, the transition to a permanent wheat monoculture inevitably formed the preconditions for a crisis in agricultural production. Attempts to reform by transferring machine and tractor stations to collective farms and transforming collective farms into state farms were unsuccessful. Together with the thoughtless planting of corn and discrimination against the households, this caused a decline in agricultural production. Residents of the region in the early 1960s. experienced difficulties in food supply. The diversion of fixed assets for the development of virgin lands predetermined the curtailment of land reclamation work in the Baraba steppe. Of the more than 300 thousand hectares of land drained in the past, by the beginning of the 1960s. collective farms and state farms used 37 thousand hectares, or 12.3%, including 5 thousand hectares for arable land. The transfer in 1963 of on-farm drainage systems to the balance of collective farms and state farms, which did not have the means to maintain them, put an end to the land reclamation of Baraba.

Main achievements and problems (1960s-mid-1980s). Since the second half of the 1960s. dynamic economic growth began, which was due to the abandonment of the economic councils and the return to the sectoral management system, the introduction of self-supporting principles, and an increase in investment in agriculture. Industrial production continued to progress in the oblast, with advanced rates of development of mechanical engineering and metalworking. If in 1955 these industries accounted for 27% of the total volume of industrial production, then already in 1966 - 41%. The electric power industry developed rapidly, which made it possible to electrify railway transport, which, in terms of electricity consumption, came in second place after heavy industry. The consumption of electricity in public utilities, construction, and the agricultural sector has increased. By the mid 1980s. about 200 enterprises of the region represented more than 40 branches of the national economy. Novosibirsk products were exported to 40 countries of the world. Novosibirsk has become the largest transport hub beyond the Urals (railway, road, river, air).

Since the second half of the 1960s. agricultural production began to grow. The average yield of grain crops was in 1966-1970. 9.6 c/ha, and in the next five years - 12.6 c/ha. In 1973, the Suzunsky livestock breeding complex for the production of beef for 600 heads was put into operation. In 1974, the Shagalovsky livestock breeding complex for the production of milk for 600 heads was put into operation. In 1975, the Kudryashovsky pig farm was put into operation. The main production assets were growing in the agricultural sector as a whole.

In August 1964, the Novosibirsk Scientific Center was commissioned. AT short time The SB RAS of the USSR and Akademgorodok gained high international prestige. The experience of creating Akademgorodok was then used in the organization of the Siberian Branch of the Agricultural Academy. In 1969, its research center was established near Novosibirsk and the village of Krasnoobsk arose. In 1970, the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Medical Sciences began its work, which in 1979 was transformed into the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Novosibirsk turned into a city of three academies and became the largest scientific center, which later gained world fame due to the fundamental discoveries made in the field of natural sciences and the wide development of humanitarian research. In November 1970, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR was adopted on awarding the Novosibirsk Region with the second Order of Lenin for success in the development of industry, science and culture.

In 1978, the second communal bridge across the Ob was opened, the construction of which began in 1971. The length of the bridge crossing with access roads was 5 km. In 1979, the construction of the Novosibirsk Metro began. On December 28, 1985, the State Commission signed an act on the acceptance of the first metro launch complex with a length of 7.3 km from the Studencheskaya station to the Krasny Prospekt station. As of 2003, the Novosibirsk metro includes 11 stations, a unique metro bridge, the Yeltsovskoye metro depot, and more than 1,700 employees. The share of the subway in the citywide passenger traffic was 17%.

But in general, at the turn of the 1970s-1980s. the pace of economic development slowed down. The structure of industrial production, in which the main part fell on the production of means of production (75%) and defense products, had a negative impact on the development of the economy and social sphere. The development of agriculture slowed down. Huge capital investments did not give a corresponding return due to the imperfection of agrarian relations. The birth rate decreased and the death rate increased against the background of an increase in drunkenness and alcoholism.

Perestroika and its consequences. The population of the region accepted with optimism and hope the ideas of “perestroika and acceleration” put forward by the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev in 1985. Programs for the modernization of the economy, the political sphere, and public relations in general are long overdue. However, the political elite did not have a clear idea about the causes and nature of the crisis. Soviet society, and the proposed methods of modernization were not adequate to the nature of the civilizational challenge. The declared goals were vague, and the means to achieve them were unclear and utopian. Suffice it to mention the program to provide each Soviet family with a separate apartment by the year 2000. Perestroika ultimately led to the disintegration of the USSR and a change in the world order.

Market reforms in the 1990s accompanied by a decline in economic development indicators, both in industry and agriculture. In October 1992, the issuance of privatization checks-vouchers began and the process of corporatization of state enterprises began. A significant part of the objects of cooperative property was privatized, including collective-farm cooperative markets. The implementation of the land reform began, in accordance with which, on the basis of collective farms and state farms in the Novosibirsk region, peasant (farm) enterprises began to be created with an area of ​​agricultural land from 100 to 200 hectares. At the session of the Regional Council held on April 8, 1993, it was stated that in 1992 the volume of industrial production decreased by 21%, the procurement of the main types of agricultural products fell sharply: milk - by 26%, meat - by 21, eggs - by 33, grain - by 16%. Residents of the Novosibirsk region have experienced a deterioration in their financial situation. In 1990, the Department of Trade of the Novosibirsk City Executive Committee introduced "vouchers for soap." For 1 person a piece of household soap, two pieces of toilet soap, two boxes of washing powder were given out. In January 1991 coupons for essential goods were introduced in Novosibirsk. Norm for 1 person. for a month: meat - 1 kg, animal butter - 400 g, vegetable oil - 100 g, margarine - 250 g, egg - 10 pcs., sugar - 1 kg, pasta - 250 g, cereals - 500 g, tea - 100 g , salt - 500 g, alcohol - 2 bottles, tobacco products - 3 packs, matches - 3 boxes. Since the beginning of 1992, a policy of price liberalization has been carried out. In Novosibirsk, the cost of basic foodstuffs increased by an average of 10-20 times. Sugar has risen in price by 75 times, animal oil and flour - by 47 times. In rural areas of the region for 1992-1994. 472 consumer cooperative stores were closed, and trade services for the population deteriorated sharply, in many areas there were interruptions in essential goods. Humanitarian aid from foreign countries began to arrive in Novosibirsk.

The deterioration of socio-economic conditions has led to increased politicization of public life. In March 1991, the All-Union referendum about the preservation of the USSR. In the Novosibirsk region, 69.3% of the voting participants voted for the preservation of the Union, in Novosibirsk - 55.4%. On June 12, the elections of the first President of Russia took place. For B.N. Yeltsin in the region voted 57% who came to the polls, in Novosibirsk - 71.3%. On August 21, a mass rally against the State Emergency Committee was held in the central square of Novosibirsk in support of the constitutional authorities of the RSFSR. On April 11, 1993, the All-Russian referendum took place. 54.6% of those who took part in the referendum expressed confidence in the President of Russia. 42.9% voted for the early elections of the Supreme Council. In June 1996, Novosibirsk was visited by the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin. In the second round of the presidential elections in 1996, Novosibirsk supported G.A. Zyuganov. In the future, a critical attitude towards the ongoing reforms among Novosibirsk persisted. The course chosen by the political elite in the early 1990s. in favor of market reforms and received a mixed assessment of the population, in the 2000s. was continued and led to the stabilization of social relations. The Novosibirsk region, as before, has a sufficiently high potential to occupy a worthy place in modern Russia.

Novonikolaevskaya province. Novosibirsk region. 1921.2000: Chronicle. The documents. Novosibirsk, 2001, p. 3; preliminary results of the All-Russian population census 2010: Stat. Sat. M., 2011. S. 32, 70, 71.

Novonikolaevskaya province. Novosibirsk region. 1921.2000. Chronicle. The documents. Novosibirsk, 2001, p. 3

Umbrashko K.B. Historical review: “Novonikolaevskaya province. Novosibirsk Region: People, Events, Facts // Novosibirsk Region in Context Russian history: Materials II Vseros. scientific-practical. conf. Novosibirsk, 2011. Part 1. P. 6.

The history of the lands on which the Novosibirsk region is located goes back to the depths of centuries. Early settlements of the first settlers on the territory of the current Novosibirsk region, according to archaeologists, appeared 10-14.5 thousand years ago.

In the 7th-6th centuries BC. e. Mongoloids lived here, and in the III-II centuries BC. e. - northern forest tribes. As a result of the merger of local tribes (Altai Kipchaks) and conquerors (Tatar-Mongols), the Siberian Tatars appeared: Baraba (in the west) and Chat (in the northeast). At the beginning of the XIII century. this territory was under the rule of the Golden Horde, the collapse of which in the XIV-XV centuries. led to the formation of warring khanates - Ishim, Tyumen and Siberia.

On September 1, 1582, a detachment of the legendary Russian Cossack ataman Yermak Timofeevich was sent to Siberia, who on October 26, 1582 defeated the local Khan Kuchum. On the very border of the modern (where the highway now passes, going into the forest, beyond which the territory of the Altai Territory begins), in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe village of Novopichugovo, the voivode Voeikov attacked Kuchum's army, which was encamped, and practically destroyed it. Kuchum, surrounded by a detachment of bodyguards, fled, but the pursuers overtook him at the place where the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station is now. A decisive battle took place, which secured the advance of the Russians to the East and finally broke the resistance of the Siberian Khanate. Kuchum's guards, covering the retreat of the owner, perished in an unequal battle, and the elderly khan himself (Kuchum was over 70) was able to leave by boat down the Ob with several close associates [Unfortunately, the place where the famous battle took place is now at the bottom of the Ob Sea] .

On the territory of the modern Novosibirsk region and the entire Altai Territory, the territory of the state was located, which in the reports to the Moscow Tsar was called “Teleut land” [From the word “telengi”, which means “royal servants” in Turkic. "Teleut land" in Russian archival documents called the territory of today's Novosibirsk region (up to Lake Chany) together with Altai. The residence of the ruler of this state was located near the river. Meret, which is a tributary of the river. Ini. The population was a little over a thousand people. The Teleuts (in Russian documents they are often called "white Kalmyks" - for their European appearance) roamed in the steppe and forest-steppe foothills of the Altai on both sides of the Ob. At the end of the XVI century. immigrants from the European part of the country begin to arrive here. The subjects of the "White Kalmyks" did not show much hospitality to the newcomers, so the Russian colonists called them "devils" behind their backs (from the name "tsattyr" or in Russian "chats") [The Suzun Museum of Local Lore has interesting exhibits about the relationship between Russians and Teleuts in XVII century, when Russian explorers began active development of the territory occupied by Turkic-speaking peoples].

On February 2, 1609, the khan of the “Teleut land” concluded an agreement with the Moscow state on a military-political alliance, and throughout the 17th century. the state of the Teleuts played the role of a kind of buffer between the Russian districts and the possessions of the "black Kalmyks" (Western Mongols). 100 years after the establishment of diplomatic relations with Muscovy, the Teleut nobility, realizing that the state could not be kept, accepted the citizenship of neighboring Dzungaria [Geographical and historical region of Central Asia in northern Xinjiang in northwestern China]. The tribes that inhabited the future Novosibirsk region and Altai (Azkyshtym, Abin, Baraba, Chats, Shors and Kumandins) accepted the change of the ruling elite with an extremely non-confrontational attitude.

Around 1644, a village appeared on the banks of the Berdi. After almost three quarters of a century, the Berdsk prison was founded, and then on the banks of the river. Chaus - Chaussky prison. In 1695, the boyar son Alexei Kruglik founded a zaimka (the village of Kruglikovo still exists) on the territory of the modern. Soon after this, several more villages arose - Pashkova, Krasulina, Gutova and Morozova (in the Berdsk region). From that time, the villages of Gutovo and Izyly have been preserved. In the 17th century in the place where the city is now located, there lived steppe teleuts, who called themselves "ishkitims" [The development of the richest natural non-metallic minerals and the birth of Iskitim are associated with the industrialization of Siberia, with the development of the production of building materials. In 1927, geologists discovered a large deposit of limestone and shale on the left bank of the river. Berd 2 km from the station Iskitim, which was the impetus for the construction of the largest in Siberia cement plant. In 1933, the ancient Russian villages of Koinovo, Vylkovo, Chernorechka and Shipunovo were merged into the working settlement of Iskitim. In 1938, the settlement received the status of a city of district subordination, and in 1951 - of regional subordination]. At the end of the XVII century. in the region, the first Russian villages arose on the banks of the Oyash, Chaus and Inya rivers.

The main occupations of the population in the territory of the modern Novosibirsk region were arable farming, fishing, hunting and carting. The peaceful labor of farmers and road coachmen was protected by fortified fortresses and outposts: Umrevinsky (1703), Chaussky (1713), Kainsky, Ubinsky, Ust-Tartassky (1722), Berdsky (beginning of the 18th century). The Berdsk prison was filled mainly with immigrants from the Chausy department and villages of the Tara district. As the risk of military raids by nomads decreased, the number of migrants increased, and many migrants did not have official permission to change their place of residence and, to one degree or another, were persecuted by the authorities.

There are no materials from the Berdsk prison of early times, the period of foundation and the first twenty years of its existence. The earliest materials on the history of the prison date back to the late 1920s. 18th century and are found only in single copies. The bulk of the documents date back to the 30s and 40s of the 18th century. Therefore, not all researchers agree on the issue of establishing the Berdsk prison. According to some reports, the Berdsky prison was erected already in 1710.

Berdsky prison. The laying of the fort dates back to 1717. The fort, like the city of Berdsk, got its name from the name of the Berd River, at the mouth of which it was located. Ostrog, located on fertile lands, soon became the agricultural center of the upper Ob region. The population of the prison was replenished by peasants from the European provinces of Russia, which included fugitive rebels and freethinkers. In the 1730s the Moscow tract passed here, which gave impetus to the new development of the settlement: trade arose, artisans appeared. In 1782 it received the status of a city. In the early 1780s. a project appeared on the transfer of the provincial center from Tomsk to the Berdsky prison with renaming it to the city of Kolyvan, and the province - to Kolyvanskaya, but in 1797 they were forced to abandon the project because of its high cost and fears about a possible flood of the river. Obi. The Kolyvan province was abolished, its territory became part of the Tobolsk province, and Kolyvan, having lost the status of a provincial center, became known as the "village of Berskoye (Berdskoye)". By the beginning of the XX century. the village - the administrative center of the Berdsk volost of the Novonikolaevsky district - retained its role as a major center for processing grain, which was brought from the upper Ob basin, covering the territory of the present Novosibirsk region and Altai Territory; especially this role increased after the laying of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In the 1920s With. Berdskoye becomes a regional center, since 1944 - a city of regional subordination. In connection with the construction of the Novosibirsk reservoir ("Ob Sea"), the main territory of the city was in the flood zone. As a result, the city was rebuilt around the existing area at the railway station 8 km from the old location. The transfer of the city was started in 1953 and completed by 1957. The main part of the territory of the old Berdsk fell into the flood zone of the reservoir. Due to the transfer of the city, there are no historical buildings left in modern Berdsk: the oldest buildings of the new city were built near the station (circa 1915). Berdsky prison is completely hidden under water. The remains of the prison are a small preserved section of the shaft and the inner platform, located on an island in the Novosibirsk reservoir.

On October 22 (according to other sources on October 26 or 28), 1721, Tsar of Moscow Peter I assumed the titles of "Father of the Fatherland", "All-Russian Emperor" and "Peter the Great". For residents of the Novosibirsk Region and Altai Territory, the date of the proclamation Russian Empire- this is a legally accurate starting point of local history in the composition Russian statehood, because there is no other legal act formalizing the annexation of the "Teleut land". Ostrogs, outposts and the settlements formed around them became the basis of the first cities of the Novosibirsk Ob region: Kainsk (now) and. Around 1710, the village of Krivoshchekovskaya was founded.

Kainsk. After the construction of the Moscow tract, Kainsk became the most important point on the way from Omsk to Tomsk. In 1782, the Kainskaya Sloboda received the status of a district town of the Tobolsk governorship, then Kolyvansky, and later, in 1834, the Tomsk province. In 1785, the city coat of arms of Kainsk was established. In 1893, 8896 inhabitants lived in the city. In the 19th century Kainsk was the place
political exile and a staging post for exiles heading along the Moscow highway to Eastern Siberia. The Pugachevites, Decembrists, Petrashevists, Narodnaya Volya and Polish rebels passed through the city. At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. the economic situation of Kainsk deteriorated due to the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. As a result, Kainsk remained aloof from transit routes. However, by that time the city had become the center of butter-making, in 1910 there were 443 butter factories operating in it and the county with a total annual production of 180,000 poods, and the quality of the butter was much higher than in Europe. At the beginning of the twentieth century. the architectural appearance of the city was formed, built up with two-story stone merchant houses, with cobbled streets.

. As you know, there are two settlements with the name "Kolyvan" in Siberia. One is located in the Altai Territory and is known for the fact that they made the “queen of vases” there. Another Kolyvan - Novosibirsk - an ancient village on the Moscow-Siberian highway, once called the Chaussky prison. The heyday of Kolyvan fell on the 1890s. Unfortunately for the city, the Trans-Siberian Railway ran 50 km south of Kolyvan, and the old Moscow Highway lost its significance. Further changes in the life of the city are associated with dramatic post-revolutionary events (the "Kolyvan kulak uprising" of 1920 - a revolt against the Soviet regime, which was brutally suppressed by it). By 1922, the population of Kolyvan had decreased by 2 times compared to 1880. Having lost its former spirit and “forgetting its proud lineage”, by the 1940s Kolyvan had turned into a provincial village with several handicraft enterprises. The past for many decades froze in old mansions, in an intricate pattern of architraves, in non-village wide streets, reminiscent of past prosperity.

In the first half of the XVIII century. the settlement of the southeastern part of Baraba and the northern part of Kulunda began. However, the farms and villages under construction were very small and, as a rule, consisted of only a few households. The settlement of the Baraba Plain was facilitated by the construction in 1733-1735. Siberian (Moscow) tract. In 1764-1765. a unique enterprise arose - the Suzun copper smelter, and from 1766 the Suzun mint began to operate, minting copper coins with an admixture of silver.

. In 1726, in connection with the discovery of deposits of silver and copper ores, A. Demidov built not far from the present city of Rubtsovsk (Altai Territory) the first copper smelter in the system of Kolyvano-Voskresensky plants. Less than 20 years after its construction, a significant amount of gold and silver was found in the copper coming from the mines, so the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories transferred the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty ["The Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty" - so in 1704 Peter I called the chancellery, in charge of the personal property of the royal family, the treasury and property. In 1727, the Petrovsky office was closed, but restored in 1741 as the personal office of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. With the formation of the Ministry of the Imperial Court in 1826, the Cabinet became part of it]. Built in 1765, the Suzunsky copper smelter and the mint under it occupied a particularly important position in the metallurgical complex of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories. The uniqueness of the object is that it is the only one of the eleven copper smelters in Russia that minted Siberian coins. The copper-smelting factory surpassed all other plants in the Altai mining district in terms of output. The village located on the The Lower Suzun, a tributary of the Ob, was called the Nizhne-Suzunsky Zavod from the moment of its foundation, in December 1828 it was renamed Zavod-Suzun, and in the 1930s. The village became known as Suzun. Fragments of a factory, a hut, a dam bank, a pond, and the historical layout of the village have survived to this day in Suzun.

All visitors from Russia tried to settle down closer friend to each other, so by the end of the XVIII century. in the Upper Ob region, there were 37 villages, villages and farms, which practically merged into one. It was the territory of the modern Novosibirsk Left Bank, on which the villages of Bolshoe and Maloye Krivoshchekovo, as well as the villages of Perovo, Vertkovo, Erestnaya, Krivodanovka, Bugry, etc. were located - a total of 636 households.

A placer of gold was found on the southwestern slope of the Salair Ridge, and in 1830 the Egoryevsky mine was founded.

Egoryevsky mine. Yegoryevsky mine is located 38 km to the north-east. The first gold deposits near the village. Egoryevskoye was discovered in 1781 by the exiled miner D.M. Popov. The mine was founded in 1830, after the mining engineer Mordvinov explored on the river. Fomikha (left tributary of the Suenga river) the first rich placer of gold beyond the Urals. A year later, the Minister of Finance of Russia G. (E). F. Kankrin presented the king with an ingot of Salair gold weighing 3 pounds (1.2 kg). The tsar, in gratitude, ordered to name the mine Georgievsky (Egoryevsky). The mine was alternately owned by the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, English and German concessionaires, and the Russian Gold Mining Society. Total gold mined here, according to various estimates, ranges from 11 to 14 tons.

April 30, 1893 in the village. Krivoshchekovsky, the first batch of bridge builders arrived. This day is considered to be the official date of birth of the future Novosibirsk. The village grew up on the banks of the Kamenka River, not far from its confluence with the Ob, and to the north of it, the Ob railway station and the village of service personnel were built. Soon the two villages were united.

With the construction and opening of the Trans-Siberian Railway in 1897, the territory of the future Novosibirsk region, which at that time was part of the Tomsk province, received a new impetus for development. Due to the convenient geographical position, due to the intersection of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the navigable river and transport routes connecting Siberia with the European part of the Russian Empire, the trade and economic importance of Novo-Nikolaevsk quickly increased, the Ob station became the largest station in Siberia.

Industry gradually developed in the cities and towns of the region. In many villages, small oil factories based on manual labor produced oil for export. By 1907 there were several dozen of them. According to P.A. Stolypin, Siberian oil began to give more funds to the treasury than Siberian gold.

At the end of 1906, in accordance with the agrarian law of November 9, a new mass resettlement of peasants to Siberia began (the so-called "Stolypin reform"). The government gave the settlers benefits, but the living conditions here were not easy. The territory was actively developed by settlers from Ukraine, Belarus and central Russia. For 1906-1914 About 3 million people moved to Siberia.

The First World War made Novo-Nikolaevsk one of the centers that supplied soldiers, equipment, food to the front. Production at rusk, butter, sausage, cheese, leather and footwear enterprises grew rapidly. But the decrease in the male population led to the fact that half as much grain was harvested in the villages in 1915 as in 1914.

From 1917 to 1921, the territory of the Novosibirsk region was part of the Tomsk province. The issue of separating a new administrative entity from its composition was officially raised by the Siberian government in 1918. Later, in one of the memorandums of the Novo-Nikolaev city executive committee, filed with the Sibrevkom, it was noted that in 1920 “the two main types prevailing in the Tomsk province industries - agriculture and mining - divide the province by territory into two halves, mutually not connected either by the interests of production or by the interests of distribution (as local exchange). The Novonikolaevsky agricultural region covers the territory of the Novo-Nikolaevsky district and parts of the Kainsky and Tomsk districts with a developing industry for processing agricultural products and raw hides, with the undisputed center of economic and economic gravity, the city of Novonikolaevsky.<...>Two economically administrative centers in the Tomsk province - Novonikolaevsk and Tomsk - both claiming to be provincial residences, are not able to serve the province, which is vast in territory, disunited by the interests of production.<...>The separation of the Novo-Nikolaevsky and Tomsk uyezds and into the composition of an independent province cannot in any way weaken the economic power of the remaining part of the Tomsk province. The singling out will only separate both regions in terms of production, and will enable each center to devote all its attention to their development. Since 1921 Novonikolaevskaya province appeared on the map of Russia.

On May 25, 1925, the Siberian Territory was formed with the center in the city of Novonikolaevsk, which included the Omsk, Novonikolaev, Altai, Tomsk, Yenisei provinces, as well as the autonomous region of Oirotia. February 12, 1926 Novonikolaevsk was renamed Novosibirsk.

In the summer of 1930, in the course of the socio-economic reforms that began, the administrative-territorial structure of the region was again changed. The districts were abolished, the main unit was the districts that were directly part of the newly formed West Siberian Territory (July 30, 1930), the capital of which was Novosibirsk. On December 7, 1934, the Omsk Region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory were separated from its composition.

By 1937, the West Siberian Territory included the current Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo regions, Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai.

On September 28, 1937, the West Siberian Territory was divided into the Novosibirsk Territory and the Altai Territory, with the center in Barnaul. At the time of the formation of the Novosibirsk region, it consisted of 58 districts and 8 districts of the Narymsky district, and at the end of 1944 - after the separation of the Kemerovo and Tomsk regions from its composition - 36 districts. But already during 1954-1957. a number of districts of the region were abolished, and by 1963 the Novosibirsk region consisted of 32 districts.

In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of February 1, 1963 "On the enlargement of districts and the change in the subordination of districts and cities of the Novosibirsk Region" by the decision of the Novosibirsk (rural) Regional Executive Committee of March 13, 1963, the total number of rural areas in the Novosibirsk Region was reduced by almost two times. Instead of the previously existing 32 districts, 19 enlarged rural districts were formed: , , , . But the tasks expected from the territorial transformations were not implemented, and work began on a new reorganization of the network of districts.

On March 9, 1964, by the decision of the Novosibirsk (rural) regional executive committee, in accordance with the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 4, 1964, Vengerovsky and Chistoozerny districts were formed. On January 11, 1965, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR “On changes in the administrative-territorial division of the Novosibirsk region”, 6 new districts (,) were formed, and by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of November 3 of the same year, two more districts were formed - and . By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 31, 1972, the district was formed - as a result of the disaggregation of Novosibirsk and Bolotninsky.

Currently, the Novosibirsk region consists of 30 districts, 15 cities (including 8 cities of regional subordination), 17 urban-type settlements, 428 rural administrations.

The Novosibirsk agglomeration is the seventh largest agglomeration in Russia, its population is about 1.9 million people. The Novosibirsk agglomeration includes cities that have a direct common border with Novosibirsk (the first zone): , urban settlement, urban settlement Krasnoobsk (previously there were proposals to merge these municipalities with Novosibirsk). The second belt includes the city of Iskitim, the Novosibirsk region and part of the regions adjacent to it. The Novosibirsk agglomeration is the most significant interregional center of socio-economic development and attraction for the entire macro-region of Siberia.

The administrative center of the region is Novosibirsk. It arose in 1893 as Novaya Derevnya (informal name - Gusevka [In the Guide to the Great Siberian Railway, 1901-1902" (St. Petersburg, 1902) it is written: "Before the construction of the railway began, a small peasant village of Gusevka existed near the location of the station , Krivoshchekovskaya volost, Tomsk district, in 24 households, with a population of 104 souls of both sexes, endowed with land from the possessions of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty", which gives reason to Novosibirsk local historians and historians every time to mention the "settlement of Gusevka" as a settlement that preceded Novo- But there is no historical data that would confirm the existence of a settlement with such a name and with such a population.Even the "founding fathers" of Novo-Nikolaevsk in their memoirs write about the "new village", without mentioning any Gusevka. On the right bank of the Ob, indeed, there was the village of Gusinsky Vyselok and the whole area was officially listed as the Gusinsky estate of the Cabinet. The river that crossed the Ob along the Cow Brod (a railway bridge was built along this line) was called the Gusinsky road. And r. The Kamenka, which flowed into the Ob at this point, was once called Gusinka, and in its upper reaches there was a village with the characteristic name Gusiny Brod... The modern Novosibirsk Ob region was first included in the composition of cabinet lands in 1747 under the official name "Gusinsky estate" , sometimes the area was called by the name of the main settlement "Gusino fortress", which, judging by the ruins of the 20th century, was in full bloom in the middle of the 18th century]) in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, in particular, with the construction of a bridge over the river. Ob. In 1894, the settlement was renamed Aleksandrovsky, in 1895 - Novo-Nikolaevsky. “The settlement of Novo-Nikolaevsk at the Ob station” [According to the wording of the highest decree of the Emperor Nicholas II of December 28, 1903 in rescript No. -Nikolaevsk became in December 1908, a county town (the center of the Novonikolaevsky district) - after the February Revolution of 1917. In 1921-1925. Novonikolaevsk - the administrative center of the Novonikolaev province, in 1925-1930. - the center of the Siberian region. February 12, 1926 Novonikolaevsk was renamed Novosibirsk.

In 1930-1937. - Novosibirsk was the administrative center of the West Siberian Territory, in 1943-1958. - a city of republican subordination, a city of regional subordination - from June 3, 1958

At present, Novosibirsk has the status of an urban district, performs the functions of the administrative center of the Novosibirsk region, the Novosibirsk region and the Siberian Federal District; is a scientific, cultural, industrial, transport, trade, business center and the unofficial capital of Siberia. The city covers an area of ​​506.67 km² (12th in Russia).

Novosibirsk has always been at the forefront in terms of population growth. In 1893, the population of the village was 740 people, and in 1897 - already 7832 people. By 1913, the population of Novonikolaevsk amounted to 86 thousand people, in 1921 it was 67,000 people, in 1934 - 176,000 people. The millionth resident of the city was born on September 2, 1962.

As of January 1, 2012, the population of the city is 1,498,921 people. (according to the current estimates of Rosstat, this is the third city with more than 1.5 million inhabitants after Moscow and St. Petersburg).

The entire population of the Novosibirsk region at the beginning of 2012 is 2686.9 thousand people. ( urban population, thousand people - 2084.2; rural population, thousand people - 602.6). In terms of urbanization, the Novosibirsk Region ranks 4th in the Siberian Federal District.

Representing a small part of the south-east of Western Siberia, the Novosibirsk region has witnessed ancient events in human history. Settlements, graves, sacrificial places, fortresses, cities, roads, bridges, churches, architectural structures - we call all this historical and cultural heritage. The first law on state protection of ancient monuments appeared in Russia thanks to Peter the Great. We are talking about “bumping” or “bumping” [The word “bumps” is generally quite common in the toponymy of the Novosibirsk region, especially in the south, where the Iskitimsky, Suzunsky, Ordynsky, Cherepanovsky, Maslyaninsky, Moshkovsky, Toguchinsky districts are located, although there are no hills or anything something similar is not observed in local landscapes], which shook the Upper Ob region during the first decades of mass colonization. According to historians, in this era no one plowed or sowed here. Everyone was engaged in excavation of treasures hidden in the “mounds” - this is how the Russian colonists called the countless mounds inherited from the “White Kalmyks”. The wealth and luxury of the graves left by the Teleuts and the artistic level of the items found in the burials spoke of the brilliant culture of the civilization that gave birth to them. Based on the collections of Siberian (the so-called "Scythian") gold, the very first expositions of future European art museums were created. But most often, the golden things obtained from the barrows were melted down, as a result of which a huge number of priceless items were irretrievably lost. According to some data, the volumes of precious metals "pumped out" from the Ob mounds in the period 1715-1725 were comparable to the volumes of gold mining in the Klondike ["Grave" gold, unlike mine gold, was not subject to any taxes]. On February 13, 1718, a law was passed, according to which the “antiquities” dug out during the “bumping” had to be surrendered to the state without fail.

The first scientific descriptions and information about archaeological sites located on the territory of the Novosibirsk region were obtained during academic expeditions in the 18th century. Expeditions D.G. Messerschmidt (1720s, Kolyvansky district), I.G. Gmelina (1730-40s, Uen River), I.P. Falka (1771-1772, Baraba), V.V. Radlov (1866, Kargat district), N.M. Yadrintseva (1879, forest-steppe Ob and Baraba forest-steppe), G.O. Ossovsky (1894, Tatar region), S.M. Chugunova (late 19th - early 20th century, Vengerovsky and Kuibyshevsky districts) and others described in detail a large number of mounds and "hillforts" that no longer exist today. Serious archaeological research in the Novosibirsk region was carried out in the 1920-40s. In the fifties of the last century, created as a result of cooperation between the NSPI and the Museum of Local Lore, the Novosibirsk Archaeological Expedition began its work [The organizer in 1959 of the Novosibirsk Archaeological Expedition (NAE) and the founder of the Novosibirsk archaeological school is Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor T.N. Troitskaya. The first archaeological work of T.N. Troitskaya were started in 1957, and the Novosibirsk archaeological expedition under her leadership begins work already as a result of cooperation between the NSPI and the Museum of Local Lore] under the leadership of T.N. Troitskaya.

In the 1970s in the Novosibirsk region, archaeological research is carried out by the West Siberian detachment of the North Asian complex expedition Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) under the leadership of V.I. Molodin (now Academician, Deputy Director of IAET SB RAS). It was then, on the initiative of Academician A.P. Okladnikov, the country's first open-air historical and architectural museum was created [Founded in 1972 near Akademgorodok. Of the 15 monuments of wooden architecture, real restoration and restoration work was carried out only at 8 objects, the central of which was the Spaso-Zashiverskaya Church with a bell tower. Together with the Kazymsky (Yuilsky) prison from the Lower Ob (beginning of the 18th century), the estate of the old-timers of Eastern Siberia (19th century), ancient stone sculptures and rock paintings moved here, they constitute today the museum complex]. A certain result of the results of archaeological research was summed up in the second half of the 1990s, when, on the instructions of the Scientific and Production Center for the Preservation of the Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Administration of the Novosibirsk Region (NPC), an inventory of the archaeological sites of the Novosibirsk Region was carried out.

Today, archaeological research in the Novosibirsk region is organized mainly by two organizations - IAET and SPC - both actively involve employees and students of the NSPU and NSU, members of children's archaeological clubs in Novosibirsk.

The beginning of the period of Russian development on the territory of the Novosibirsk region was marked by the formation of a chain of quickly constructed and lightly armed military points (forts, settlements, outposts, passes, fortified villages and zaimkas), which did not survive and were replaced by later buildings. However, the territory of the Umrevinsky prison, located near the modern village of Umrevy, Moshkovsky district, was not built up later, and therefore can provide invaluable material on one of the least studied periods in the history of the culture of the Russian population of Siberia. The first Orthodox church in the name of the Three Hierarchs in the Novosibirsk Ob region was also located here.

At the end of the XVIII century. The main tract of Siberia - Moscow - passed through the territory of the region. Much, connected with the Moscow-Siberian tract, has irrevocably gone into the past: milestones, and transit points, and inns. But on the territory of the Novosibirsk region, a historical monument has been preserved - the post office in Kolyvan, the most important object of the communication infrastructure of the second half of the 19th century, which is still used for its original purpose. Another indirect evidence of the work of the tract can be “rooms for visitors” in the house built in Kainsk (now the city of Kuibyshev) by Livshits for rest on the way for numerous travelers, merchants, business people, officials.

The architectural and historical value of the monuments of wooden architecture in the Novosibirsk region is constantly growing against the background of their loss both in Russia and around the world. Monuments of wooden architecture are becoming increasingly rare and require special care and attention. careful attitude becoming an invaluable historical and cultural heritage of the region.

A small but very important part of the historical and cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region is religious architecture. There are only five temples under state protection in the Novosibirsk region, of which only three are active. Among the heritage of Orthodox culture is the only wooden one preserved in the Novosibirsk region in the village. Turnaevo Bolotninsky district, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the village. Zavyalovo, Iskitimsky district, the church in the name of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky, the Cathedral in the name of the Holy Life-Giving Trinity (the first stone building) in Kolyvan. The surviving churches show us a great variety of forms, in the architecture of only two churches there is some similarity. These are the Church in the name of John the Baptist in the city of Kuibyshev and the Church in the name of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in Pokrovka of the Chistoozerny District.

For the formation of the historical and cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region, we should be especially grateful to the Siberian merchants, who left behind churches, shops, apartment buildings and residential buildings. Among them are the names, K.K. and F.K. Krivtsov, Pastukhov, Shkroev, Gribkov, Shcheglov and others.

A significant layer of cultural heritage in the Novosibirsk region was left by the building at the end of the 19th century. of the Great Siberian Railway, the movement on which was opened in the western part of the region to the river. Ob in 1896, and east of the river. Ob - in 1898. The road was Great not only in its length, but also in the number and complexity of the erected engineering structures. In Barabinsk, Chulym, Oyash, Karasuk, Chistoozerny, Bolotny and other railway stations, water-lifting structures, passenger buildings, depots, workshops, station complexes have survived to this day. And, finally, the most powerful layer of historical heritage in the Novosibirsk region and evidence of the time of troubles that claimed hundreds of thousands of human lives are the numerous mass graves of participants in the Civil War - supporters of Soviet power scattered throughout the territory.

The cities of Kainsk and Kolyvan began to play an important role in the trade, economic, cultural, and social life of Russia in the second half of the 19th century, turning into peculiar nodes of the West-East communication network. Kainsk received the status of an urban settlement in 1782, and Kolyvan - in 1822. The "highest approved" plans of these cities, on the basis of which their planning structure, were designed in 1834 by the Tomsk architect collegiate assessor K. Tursky. Until now, the central parts of these settlements have retained their historical layout. Of particular value in the historical and cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region are the monuments of wooden architecture that have been preserved in Kolyvan: the house of V.E. Paisov, Pomytkin's house, residential building on the street. Gorky, 37.

In 1990, by a resolution of the boards of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR and the Gosstroy of the RSFSR, the presidium of the Central Council of the All-Russian Federal Opinion and Culture Institute, the historical settlements of Kainsk, Kolyvan and Suzun and the city of Novosibirsk were classified as historical places in Russia.

Among modern Novosibirsk residents, there is a strong misconception that the city was built from scratch. But the first inhabitants of Novo-Nikolaevsk were of the opposite opinion. At the highest point of the modern right bank of Novosibirsk, where the Oktyabrskaya metro station is now, there was once a fortified city of the local people Tsattyr. Already at the beginning of the XX century. the inhabitants of Novo-Nikolaevsk observed only the remains of an ancient fortress "at the end of Samarskaya Street." One of the first influential residents of Novo-Nikolaevsk N.P. Litvinov wrote: "from this point, as from an eagle's rock, the spreading surroundings are visible." That is why the fortress could not pass Khan Kuchum, who was fleeing in 1589 from the Cossacks of Tsar Fedor who were pursuing him. Residents called the fortress "devil's settlement". In September 1917, "a conscious group of residents of the Zakamensk part" appealed to the authorities not about the growth of revolutionary unrest in the city, but about the preservation of the "monument of hoary antiquity" - as they called the ruins of the "devil's settlement". The monument was not preserved by chance - as the initiative group wrote, under the tsar it was “protected from destruction”, and the current government began to distribute rifles there to the “landless poor”, which, according to the authors of the letter, “brings terrible harm to the city”. From this it follows that the inhabitants saw their city in an inseparable integrity with ancient ruins.

The result of archaeological research on the territory of the Novosibirsk region today is 1,702 archaeological sites identified and placed under state protection. In percentage terms, the territory of the Novosibirsk region has been studied archaeologically by no more than 20%, while its huge area still remains uncovered by archaeological research. In addition, there are 53 natural monuments of regional significance on the territory of the Novosibirsk Region. Their total area is 43.933 thousand hectares. Work has begun on the creation of a historical and cultural reserve on the basis of Kudryashovsky Bor, which will become one of the largest in Western Siberia. It will be located on 3,600 hectares and will include over 200 archaeological sites located in the Kolyvansky, Kochenevsky and Novosibirsk regions of the region.

In recent years, the Novosibirsk region has declared itself as a major tourist center of the Siberian region. The region has a stable favorable ecological situation. Monuments of history, culture and nature are carefully protected here, and unique landscapes are treated with care.

Starting from Chany and up to Barabinsk, any turn on the federal highway M-51 "Baikal" will lead to the shores of one of the largest Siberian lakes - Lake Chany. Despite the considerable length of the coastline of Lake Chany, there are few settlements on the shore - the swampiness of coastal lands affects.

From Chany in a northerly direction, you can return to Lake Danilovo, the most famous lake from the Five Lakes group, located on the territory of the Kyshtovsky district. The lake differs from the typical reservoirs of the Omsk and Novosibirsk regions - it is very deep, with clean, clear water, practically not overgrown with aquatic vegetation, it resembles a mountain one. According to legend, Danilovo Lake was formed as a result of a meteorite fall, the legend led to the appearance of a second name near the lake - Silver. Its pure water contains an abnormally large amount of silver, thanks to which the water of the lake has healing properties.

The road, passing between two lakes - Chany and Sartlan - opens the way to southern regions area, and the first of them - Zdvinsky. A few kilometers from the district center with. Zdvinsk is, without exaggeration, a unique archaeological site - ancient city Chichaburg. The proto-city is the remains of a large settlement with an area of ​​​​more than 240 thousand m², approximately from the 9th-7th centuries. BC (transitional period from bronze to iron). The monument was opened in the summer of 1999 by the West Siberian archaeological team headed by V.I. Molodin (SB RAS). A great contribution to the study of the monument was also made by German archaeologists, employees of the German Archaeological Institute, especially G. Parzinger. Geophysical surveys revealed that the territory of the settlement is surrounded by powerful defensive fortifications - ramparts and ditches. The settlement is divided into separate sectors, inside which there are various houses and buildings, while each sector, like the whole city, had a clear planned development. Judging by the excavations carried out and the fragments of household utensils found, people of almost European appearance, but of different cultures, lived in each sector. This gives grounds to assume that the paths of various peoples crossed in Chichaburg.

The road from Novosibirsk in a northerly direction (to Tomsk, Kemerovo) will lead to district center Moshkovo, from where you can get to the partially restored Umrevinsky prison- the oldest military settlement on the territory of the Novosibirsk region.

Not far from Novosibirsk, in a southerly direction along the M-52 "Chuysky Trakt" highway, the village is located. A spoon, near which, on the site of one of the Gulag camps, there is a source of the Holy Key. In the village of Lozhok (9 km southeast of Iskitim) from 1929 to 1954 there were special camp points No. 4 (OLP-4) and No. 2 (OLP-2) of the Siberian Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps, Colonies and Labor Settlements (SibLAG). The OLP-4 camp was considered a penal camp and was known among the prisoners under the name Iskitimsky [OLP-4 Siblaga (Spoon) was, in fact, an extermination camp. The prisoners worked in lime quarries, where the poisonous dust quickly eroded lung tissue. Those who could no longer go to work were not entitled to rations. The holy spring allegedly gushed in the 1940s at the site of the execution of Siblag prisoners, including clergy. By 1955 the camp was liquidated]. OLP-2 was a member of KUITU - Regional Department of Correctional Labor Institutions. Among the prisoners of the SibLAG there were many famous people, in particular, doctor Berezovsky, artist Baturin, professor N.N. Pokrovsky, A.M. was here for some time. Larina (wife of N.I. Bukharin, Soviet statesman and party leader).

After Barabinsk along the M-51 highway, after a little over a hundred kilometers - the city of Kargat, from where the adjoining road, leaving in a southerly direction, leads to a remarkable place - with. Mammoth, located on the "Wolf's Mane" - the habitat of the last Siberian mammoths. From this remarkable place, continuing south to Novosibirsk, you can drive past the villages of Verkh-Irmen and Novopichugovo on the right bank of the mouth of the Irmen River, where a memorial stone is installed, and on the left bank - the Poklonny Cross in memory of the last battle of the Russian Cossack squad with the Khan's army Kuchum, culminating in the complete defeat of the Kuchum army.

The "List of objects of cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region" includes 265 items; in the "List of objects of cultural heritage of the city of Novosibirsk" - 214, including monuments of federal significance - 9, local (municipal) significance - 5 (as of 2011). Members of the regional government adopted a long-term target program "Formation of a system of places of interest, historical and cultural reserves and museum and tourist complexes in the Novosibirsk region for 2012-2017." Within the framework of the program, four tourist zones will be created, including in Suzunsky, Moshkovsky, Kochenevsky, Kolyvansky districts, one historical and cultural reserve and six museum and tourist complexes. In total, more than 1 billion rubles are planned for the implementation of the program, of which 774 million are from the federal budget.

Historical and cultural heritage, making up the wealth of our region, distinguishes it from others and is a source of knowledge about our "small motherland". It should be comprehended as a unique part of world culture, requiring careful and careful attitude. It should not be forgotten that as the development of the historical and cultural heritage, it can be turned into the main fund and resource for the development of the Novosibirsk region.

Prepared by A. Yumina