Forest than it is dangerous to humans. Alone in the Forest: Dangerous Animals in the Forest

Ludmila Ovchinnikova
Lesson summary " forest hazards»

Topic: forest hazards.

Introduction to a new topic.

Guys, I suggest you go on a journey through the forest.

slide number 2:

What is a forest for a person? Why do you go to the forest?

Student responses.

What do you think, can the forest conceal in itself danger? What could be for you dangerous? (Berries, mushrooms, insects)

Why do you think we need to know what there are dangers in the forest?

Student responses: to apply this knowledge in life, to expand your horizons, so that in the summer it would be nice to be in the forest.

Are you ready for discoveries? Let's go to the forest!

4. Studying a new lesson topic.

1. forest hazards

2. poisonous berries and plants

3. Not edible mushrooms

4. Stinging insects

I. Poisonous plants and berries of the forest.

Do you know what berries you can eat?

Solve riddles.

1. What berry does the bear pick in the forest? (Raspberry)

2. I am a drop of summer on a thin leg,

Weave boxes and baskets for me.

Whoever loves me is glad to bow.

And the name was given to me by my native land. (Strawberry)

3. In haymaking - bitter, and in frost - sweet, what kind of berry? (Kalina)

Well done! Today we will talk about berries and plants that you should avoid.

Often there are reports in the newspapers about the poisoning of children and adults with herbs or berries, and sometimes it ends very sadly. The fact that children need constant supervision is obvious. But even adults, often, can afford to taste a beautiful berry or chew on an accidentally plucked leaf.

Of the thirty thousand plants found in our country, about a thousand are poisonous. What do you understand by the word poisonous?

Student responses

AT explanatory dictionary Ozhegov gives such an interpretation of the word poison.

A poison is a substance that causes poisoning.

Poisonous plants are plants that produce and accumulate poisons in the process of life, causing poisoning of humans and animals.

Some plants contain poison. It may be contained in different parts plants (leaf, flower, root, berry.)

Now let's take a closer look at some of the poisonous plants that grow in our forests.

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You look at the pictures -

These berries, friends, cannot be picked in the forest!

In every poison dangerous is.

If you eat them once

You can get very poisoned

And you will have to heal.

Pictures poisonous plants.

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1. Wolf bast.

It's beautiful, but very dangerous plant . You can get poisoned by its bright red berries or the bark of branches that are cut off for the sake of beautiful, reminiscent of lilac flowers. The juice of the wolf's bast contains poison - daphne. When the juice of the plant gets on the skin, pain, redness, swelling, then blisters and ulcers appear. When poisoned by berries - burning in the mouth and throat, difficulty swallowing, stomach pain, indigestion, vomiting, in severe cases - cardiac arrest.

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2. Crow's eye.

If you see four wide leaves, and between them a black round berry, this is a raven eye plant. A large black-blue berry resembles a bird's eye. The berry is very beautiful, but do not take it in your mouth - it is poisonous. Poisonous substances have a harmful effect on the heart, and mainly on the stomach and intestines. The plant has an unpleasant odor and often causes headaches.

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3. Black henbane, dope, belladonna (belladonna).

Henbane is found in ravines, wastelands, along roads. Poisonous plant.

After tasting young sweet sprouts, seeds or tasting delicious berries, a person feels dry mouth, speech and swallowing disorders. His pupils dilate and vision is disturbed, the pulse quickens, delirium and hallucinations are possible, in severe cases - loss of consciousness.

This plant is not eaten even by animals.

The story of belladonna.

Belladonna helped the inhabitants of a Scottish village get rid of their enemies. The village was taken over by Danish soldiers. Having drunk beer on the occasion of the victory, they turned from winners into losers. The poisonous belladonna juice that the villagers mixed into their beer turned the Danish soldiers from winners to losers.

Slide number 8. Common honeysuckle (wolfberry).

The height of the shrub is from 1 to 2.5 m. It has yellowish-white flowers, and then dark red berries, located on a common stem.

Slide number 9. May lily of the valley.

All parts of the plant are POISONOUS, care must be taken when growing and propagating. Poison is contained even in a vase of water. Leaves, grass and flowers of lily of the valley contain cardiac glycosides. The leaves contain saponins, flavonoids, organic acids alkaloid-mailin.

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More than 10 thousand species of poisonous plants are known in the world flora. Now let's see who was attentive and found poisonous plants on the slide?

You carefully studied the material on poisonous plants and correctly managed to name them on the slides. All poisonous plants are very beautiful, but you need to be careful when dealing with them. Many poisonous plants have become rare, some of them are used in medicine in small doses. it: celandine, lily of the valley, etc.

In addition to those plants that we have already met, there are plants that pets do not eat. Why do you think? They are poisonous. These plants grow in the fields. Look at them carefully and remember.

Slide number 11 - 14

Show pictures of plants: caustic ranunculus, spotted hemlock, hellebore, milestones.

Independent work: Compiling a memo "How to Avoid Plant Poisoning"

Independent work in a group.

What memo did you make? (One person from the group tells the memo).

So, what conclusion can be drawn from what you heard?

(do not eat any berries, except for raspberries and strawberries, do not collect unfamiliar plants and flowers in bouquets, do not try unfamiliar berries).

II. Poisonous and edible mushrooms.

Interesting creatures - mushrooms. They are not plants or animals. This is the whole separate kingdom. But not only edible mushrooms grow in our forests, but poisonous ones are also found, which are very dangerous to humans.

What edible mushrooms do you know? (children's answers)

Slide number 14. Edible mushrooms

What kind inedible mushrooms you know?

Let's talk to you about inedible mushrooms.

Slide number 15. Fly agaric

And this handsome man on a white leg

He is wearing a red hat

Peas on the hat.

Amanita is very beautiful. It is impossible to confuse it with other mushrooms - it is very noticeable. He dangerous to humans, the poison causes suffocation, fainting. But they like to feast on magpies, squirrels. And moose swallow these mushrooms whole, sometimes several at once. It is believed that fly agaric for moose is a medicine. Do not shoot down the fly agaric, pass by.

Slide number 16. Pale grebe.

Mushroom, according to world statistics, causing the largest number of fatal poisonings. fruiting body completely covered with foil. Hat 5-15 cm, olive, greenish or grayish with white plates. The flesh is white, fleshy, does not change color when damaged, with a mild taste and smell. At the base of the leg is a thickening and a thin white ring. Confuse with champignon or russula

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2. White fungus and gall fungus.

I'm standing on a thick leg

I stand on a smooth leg,

Under the brown hat

Snowy, velvet lining (boletus or white mushroom)

Have an inedible double white fungus. This is a gall fungus. That's what they are different: at the boletus, the cap is white or yellowish below, on the leg there is a pattern in the form of a white mesh. In the gall fungus, the cap is pink below, on the leg black mesh, the flesh turns pink on the cut, while the real one remains white. AT gall fungus there is no poison, it is just very bitter, like bile.

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3. Honey mushrooms and false mushrooms.

These friendly guys

Grow on a stump in the forest

Call them: (honey agaric)

False honeycomb brick-red. This poisonous mushroom has a brighter brick-red hat, and the plates are gray or even black. Its flesh is yellow with an unpleasant odor.

Now let's sit quietly in our seats.

Mushroom poisoning is the most dangerous It's called botulism.

Botulism is an extremely serious disease, characterized by high lethality or mortality. (60-70%) .

Given the difficult, often unfavorable ecological situation and the fact that mushrooms actively absorb and accumulate various substances, including poisonous (pesticides, salts heavy metals) you need to know that mushrooms must be carefully processed and collected in certain places. What do you think, is it possible to pick mushrooms along the road?

People, being in the forest, often knock down poisonous mushrooms feet, trample them.

What do you think, is it possible to do so?

Student responses.

And now try again all together to make a memo for those who like to pick mushrooms in the forest.

Independent work: Drawing up a memo for the mushroom picker. Group work.

Checking the memo

Let's draw a conclusion from what we heard.

1. Do not collect mushrooms unknown to you, do not taste.

2. You can not collect old and wormy mushrooms.

3. You can not pick mushrooms along the roads, you need to go deep into the forest at 300-500 m from the highways.

4. Don't Pick Mushrooms in vain: many animals eat them.

5. Coming from a walk, be sure to wash your hands.

III. Stinging insects.

Slide number 19. Insects

Now let's talk about insects.

What insects do you need fear in the forest? (children's answers)

Have you ever been bitten by stinging insects, and what did you experience?

slide number 20.

Guess the riddles

Stings of wasps, bees.

Too bad the bee injects a small amount of venom. Many insects die from this bite, even large birds and animals. Interestingly, the hedgehog does not react at all to bee venom. The bee, which could not remove its sting from the victim, dies.

But the same bee venom is successfully used to heal some diseases. Medicines are made from bee venom.

A bee will not sting if you do not touch it, do not wave your hands.

slide number 21

Hornets belong to the genus of large wasps.

They nest in hollows, in attics, nests are suspended from tree branches.

Slide number 22. Ticks.

AT last years essential forest mite became a danger, besides carrying encephalitis, is a disease of the nervous system.

The largest danger tick is observed in May-June.

For the prevention of bites, clothes are selected that completely cover and fit the body, the neck and ears are protected with a hood. At home, a complete examination of the body and clothes is carried out.

On one's own.

The game "Find the extra".

- Fly agaric, russula, breast, butterdish.

- Currant, raspberry, raven eye, blueberry.

- Bee, fly, bumblebee, wasp.

V. Reflection

Our walk is over. Did we complete the lesson?

slide number 23

1) Gather mushrooms and berries that you know well.

2) Stinging insect bees, os: do not touch, do not disturb.

3) After the walk, be sure:

4) Not in the forest.

On hot days it is nice to take a walk in the forest. Feel the cool coniferous air in your lungs and plunge headlong into your dreams. But besides pleasant moments, forest clearings also hide unpleasant surprises.


Wild animals
Nobody wants to be scared or even bitten by wild wolves and foxes. Of course, not all animals are evil and want to eat you, but it's better to be on the lookout.


snakes
Even the smallest creeping creatures can be dangerous, if not for life, then for human health. If this still happened, then do not delay the trip to the hospital.


Poisonous plants and fruits
As a child, we were taught not to eat unfamiliar berries, and we did the right thing. In addition to headaches, problems with the digestive tract and nervous system can take you by surprise.

inedible mushrooms
Usually no one eats mushrooms of unknown origin right in the forest. Dangers can lie in wait at home when eating ready-made dishes with mushrooms. But in no case do not eat mushrooms in which you are not sure, consult with experts.


Nightfall
In unfamiliar areas, you can fall into a hole or a trap. So no need for walks at a late hour.


Thunderstorm
It is especially dangerous to walk at night in a thunderstorm. After all, you can not only get caught in a downpour and get sick, but when struck by lightning, you can get a fatal electric shock or get injured from a falling tree.

Parent meeting on the topic:

Forest dangers. Prepared by the teacher of the middle group of the 47th kindergarten Auning Lyubov Yuryevna.

poisonous mushrooms

poisonous mushrooms- mushrooms, the use of which in food can cause poisoning. Most often, mushroom poisoning occurs, which have an outward resemblance to edible mushrooms and are accidentally collected with them. To avoid such a mistake, which can be fatal, it is necessary to study well common signs mushrooms and know characteristic differences poisonous species. Treatment for mushroom poisoning depends on their type. Toadstool poisoning is accompanied by vomiting and dehydration, after gastric lavage, an exchange transfusion is performed. Deadly poisonous mushrooms are filled with a thick, slimy and sticky liquid that does not obey the laws of nature and digestion. Such mushrooms are terribly dangerous and should be avoided.

poisonous berries

When picking berries, do not confuse edible and healthy ones with poisonous ones! Few poisonous berries. They should be remembered so as not to harm either yourself or your comrades. Poisonous berries can attract the attention of little sweet teeth, because they are so similar to edible ones, even adults can be deceived by ignorance or inattention appearance. The consequences of this mistake can be severe. Indigestion, the face becomes pale and the temperature rises, convulsions may appear, pupils dilate, hallucinations may appear. Vomiting is usually delayed

poisonous plants

Plants that produce and accumulate poisons in the process of life. Cause poisoning of animals and humans. In the world flora, more than 10 thousand species of poisonous plants are known, mainly in the tropics and subtropics, and there are many of them in countries with temperate and cold climates; in Russian Federation about 400 species. It is not uncommon for children to be poisoned by seductive-looking poisonous fruits. Poisoning after eating poisonous plants can occur after a few minutes, for example, after eating yew needles, in other cases - after a few days or even weeks.

stinging insects

Stinging insects are most aggressive in July and August. Their bites are very painful and toxic. Some people are more sensitive to stings than others, although children are usually very sensitive. However, the main risk group is 3% of the population, these are people who are allergic to the poison found in the sting. An allergy to a sting can appear at any time, even if there was no reaction last time.

Ticks

snakes

Among the variety of snakes, there are both harmless and poisonous representatives that are very dangerous for humans and animals. All known snakes are predators. The most active period poisonous snakes in the second half of August and September - they crawl to the wintering place. Indian summer is the snake's last opportunity to bask in the sun, which they do, ahead is wintering. It is extremely dangerous to disturb the peace of snakes during this period. Before wintering, snakes are aggressive, they can attack.

Beasts

In summer, animals protect their offspring. And they search the forest in search of prey. For this, you need to be very careful and careful.

Get lost in the taiga you can, on the hunt, picking mushrooms and berries, extracting pine nuts.

Anyone can get lost in the taiga, even an experienced person, and what can we say about amateurs, beginners in forest hikes and walks. It is they who deliver a lot of trouble to themselves and to rescuers.

A lot of advice and recommendations have been written for them, but they are not always implemented.

There are many cases when people, having gone into the forest and not having sufficient experience and knowledge of local conditions, easily lost their way and, having lost their bearings, found themselves in distress.

Take it as a rule: before entering the forest, remember which way the road, river, sun. While moving through the forest, note landmarks from time to time: trees unusual shapes, twisted stump, streams, pits - in general, everything that in case of trouble will do you a good turn.

Move like this: mark a landmark to which you are on your way, and then choose the next one.

If you still realize that you are lost, try to calm down. Panic in this case is a terrible enemy. Taiga does not forgive mistakes.

Stop and listen carefully: sounds help people get out - equipment is working, a dog is barking, etc. It is best to go to the water and move downstream. Look for power lines or a gas pipeline - walking along these objects, you can always go out to people.

If this fails, we must remember the familiar landmarks. Best long and noisy: railway, navigable river, highway. It is easier to "miss" past a village or forestry.

Sounds help to get out to people - a tractor is working (heard 3-4 kilometers away), a dog barks (2-3 kilometers), a train is moving (up to 10 kilometers). The smell of smoke helps: here you have to move against the wind ...

If everything is unfamiliar around, then there is no need to rush in different directions. The main thing is calmness.

We must immediately stop and sit down on a stump. And never take another step without thinking. You can only think about one thing: how to get to the place where the familiar path begins.

Streams, rivers - it's always good guidelines. If, of course, you know where they flow. But even without knowing, it is best to stay near them. If you managed to get on any road or power line, do not leave them under any circumstances. This is your chance for salvation.

Streams often flow into the swamp. If the swamp is not extensive, you need to change direction.

It is easy to get around small wetlands by stepping on hummocks or rhizomes of shrubs, or to wade, having previously felt the bottom with the sixth.

After making sure that it is impossible to pass or bypass dangerous areas, you can sketch a few branches, lay several poles crosswise or tie a mat of reeds, grass, straw, and cross this prepared "bridge" to solid ground.

Remember that even familiar terrain may seem alien when a person does not expect to see it if he comes out from an unusual direction, and even more so if he is frightened, is in great agitation. Therefore, look around more often, look around, try to find familiar signs and objects, even if you are sure that you are away from familiar places.

Being in the taiga, it is difficult to move among the rubble and windbreaks, densely overgrown with bushes. The apparent similarity of the environment (trees, terrain folds, etc.) can completely disorient a person, and he will move in a circle, unaware of his mistake.

We must try to go to higher places. Previously, people walked more, so there must be old and new trails. If the path goes into the swamp, then it is better not to go along it. It could be an animal trail. You can navigate by quarter prosiks. Although they are overgrown, but the zateski remained. Usually quarters go from west to east, and from south to north. There are exceptions, but they are very rare.

Knowing various signs, you can navigate to the cardinal points even without a compass.

So, the bark of birch and pine on the north side is darker than on the south, and tree trunks, stones, ledges of rocks are densely covered with moss and lichens. Resin drops on trunks coniferous trees stand out from the north side less abundantly than from the south. All these signs are clearly expressed in separately standing tree in a clearing or field.

In order to maintain the intended direction, a well-marked landmark is usually chosen every 100-150 m of the route. This is especially important if the path is blocked by a blockage or thick bushes, which force you to deviate from the direct direction. Trying to go ahead is always fraught with injury.

Small taiga rivers are quite passable for light inflatable boats and rafts. You can use deadwood and rope to make a raft. Raw wood is heavier and cannot bear the weight of a person. In the center of the raft, you can build a small shelter (hut) from rain and wind and prepare a place for a fire by pouring layers of sand or pebbles. To control the raft, two or three long poles are cut down. Anchor can be a heavy stone with a strong rope .

If a person walks noisily and does not sneak, wild animals will smell him and bypass him. Therefore, do not look for meetings with animals yourself (the elk, and the deer, and the fox, which may turn out to be sick with rabies and bite), are dangerous, and if you accidentally stumble upon them, give them the opportunity to leave.
Sometimes animals attack a person - if they are injured, frightened by surprise, they protect their cubs. With clearly aggressive behavior, you can use fire as a defense, knock a stick on a tree. When meeting with a wild boar, it is better to climb a tree.

But the most reliable thing is to make it a rule, before entering the forest, to look at a map or at least a hand-drawn plan of the area. Remember directions. It will take no more than five minutes, and you will feel much more confident in the forest (of course, it is even better to make a photocopy).

I hope that these tips will help you in the taiga.

Protect the environment.

Sincerely, Leshy.

We will talk about fishing, hunting, choosing a place for a taiga hut, and much more next time.

How to properly prepare for a hike in the forest read

Forest hikers may encounter ticks, wasps and snakes

The season of berries and mushrooms is in full swing. However, lovers of wandering through the forest may encounter unpleasant surprises. How to protect yourself from insect bites, said Anastasia Olenchuk, an employee of the press service of the Ministry of Emergencies in the Amur Region.

Ticks

Ticks live in tall grass and shrubs, these places should be avoided. These insects are moisture-loving, do not tolerate dry air and direct sunlight. Ticks are most active from April to October. Light-colored, tight-fitting clothing will help protect you from them as much as possible. The presence of a headdress is a must, trousers must be tucked into boots.

In the following days, you should observe the bite site and general well-being. After 5 to 25 days, symptoms may appear that require immediate medical attention:

• a red spot formed at the site of the bite;

• the temperature has risen;

• there was a headache;

• began to worry about pain in the joints,

• photophobia appeared;

• it became more difficult to move the eyes and neck;

• a rash appeared.

Don't turn your back on the snake

Photo: depositphotos.com

snakes

If you accidentally notice a snake crawling, you need to freeze and give it the opportunity to leave. If the snake has taken a threatening posture, you should slowly step back. You can not put your hands forward, turn your back to the snake. If you have a stick in your hands, you can hold it in front of you. Do not try to run away - there may be several snakes, and while running away, you accidentally step on another.

When bitten, first aid can only knowledgeable person. Wrong actions often only harm. Immediately after the bite, the victim must be laid down and provided with complete rest. The victim himself cannot move - the poison will spread faster. The wound should be disinfected, a sterile bandage should be applied, which must be loosened periodically so that it does not cut into soft tissues. Do not apply a tourniquet above the bite site. It is important to remember that alcohol is not an antidote, but, on the contrary, makes it difficult to remove the poison from the body, enhances its effect. Let the victim drink more - tea, broth, water (coffee is not allowed). A large number of drinking liquid helps the poison to leave the body. The victim must be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

Bees, wasps, hornets

These insects are attracted to sweet things, so you should not keep fruits and sugary drinks in the public domain. It is undesirable to walk barefoot on the grass and flowering meadows.

In the event of a bee, wasp or hornet sting, you need to quickly treat the bite ammonia, antiseptic or, in extreme cases, lemon or vinegar. The bite can cause allergies, so allergy sufferers should take antihistamines. After the incident, you should remain calm and drink more hot liquids. Wash the bite site with soap and water.

forest fire

If you have witnessed forest fire, you can provide all possible assistance in extinguishing it. You should immediately inform the rescue service, the administration of the rural district or the forestry. FROM mobile phone You can call the fire department on 112.

If the fire has not gained strength, you can try to put out the fire yourself. Water, earth, sand, branches will help you with this. deciduous trees, tight clothes - depending on what is at hand. Most effective method extinguishing a forest fire - throwing earth at its edge.

When extinguishing a fire, one should not move far from roads and clearings. If the fire flared up too much, it is better not to risk it and leave the scene. In case of a forest ground fire, it is necessary to move perpendicular to the direction of fire along clearings, roads, river banks or clearings. In case of a forest crown fire, it is worth moving through the forest, bending down to the ground and covering your mouth with a damp cloth. If there is no way to get out of the danger zone, try to find some body of water in the forest and enter it.