General psychology read online. Need to know

Name: General psychology

Type of: textbook

Publisher: Peter

The year of publishing: 2008

Pages: 583

Format: PDF

File size: 8.58 MV

Archive size: 7.98 MV

Description: The textbook was written in accordance with the training program for psychologists and teachers in training course"General Psychology". In it, taking into account modern achievements Psychological and pedagogical science deals with general issues of psychology, mental and cognitive processes, states and properties, emotional-volitional sphere of personality, all individual characteristics.

The textbook is intended for teachers, graduate students and students of the faculties of psychology and higher pedagogical educational institutions.

===================================================== =======

PART I INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter 1. The subject of psychology, its tasks and methods

1.1. Methodological foundations study of man

1.2. Human and Human Sciences

1.3. Psychology as a science

1.4. Basic methods of psychological research

Chapter 2. Psychology in the structure of modern sciences

2.1. Representations of ancient and medieval philosophers about the soul and consciousness

2.2. The method of introspection and the problem of introspection

2.3. Behaviorism as a science of behavior

2.4. The formation of domestic psychology

2.5. Relationship between psychology and modern sciences

2.6. The main branches of psychology

Chapter 3. The concept of the psyche and its evolution

3.1. The concept of the psyche

3.2. The development of the psyche of animals

Chapter 4

4.1. The concept of consciousness

4.2. Cultural and historical concept of the development of the human psyche

4.3. The development of the human psyche

4.4. Physiological foundations of the human psyche

Chapter 5

5.1. General psychological characteristics of activity

5.2. Basic concepts of the psychological theory of activity. Operational and technical aspects of activity

5.3. Activity Theory and the Subject of Psychology

5.4. Physiology of movement and physiology of activity

Chapter 6

6.1. general characteristics problems of unconscious mental processes

6.2. Unconscious stimuli of conscious actions

6.3. "Supraconscious" Processes

PART 2. MENTAL PROCESSES

Chapter 7

7.1. General concept about feeling

7.2. Types of sensations

7.3. Basic properties and characteristics of sensations

7.4. Sensory adaptation and interaction of sensations

7.5. Development of sensations

7.6. Characteristics of the main types of sensations

Chapter 8

8.1. General characteristics of perception

8.2. Physiological basis of perception

8.3. Basic properties and types of perception

8.4. Individual differences in perception and its development in children

8.5. Object and background in perception

8.6. The relationship between the whole and the part in perception

8.7. Perception of space

8.8. Perception of movement and time

Chapter 9

9.1. Definition of a view and its main characteristics

9.2. View types

9.3. Individual features of the representation and its development

9.4. Primary memory images and persevering images

Chapter 10

10.1. Definition and general characteristics of memory

10.2. Main types of memory

10.3. Basic processes and mechanisms of memory

10.4. Individual features of memory and its development

Chapter 11

11.1. General characteristics of imagination and its role in mental activity

11.2. Types of imagination

11.3. Mechanisms for processing representations into imaginary images

11.4. Individual features of imagination and its development

11.5. Imagination and creativity

Chapter 12

12.1. Nature and basic types of thinking

12.2. Basic forms of thinking

12.3. Theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of thinking

12.4. The main types of mental operations

12.5. Solving complex mental problems and creative thinking

12.6. Development of thinking

Chapter 13

13.1. General characteristics of speech

13.2. Physiological basis of speech

13.3. Theoretical problems of the emergence of speech

13.4. Basic types of speech

13.5. The development of speech in a child

Chapter 14

14.1. The concept of attention

14.2. Main types of attention

14.3. The main characteristics of the properties of attention

14.4. Development of attention

Chapter 15

15.1. General characteristics of volitional actions

15.2. Basic psychological theories of will

15.3. Physiological and motivational aspects of volitional actions

15.4. Volitional structure

15.5. Volitional qualities of a person and their development

Chapter 16

16.1. Types of emotions and their general characteristics

16.2. Physiological bases and psychological theories of emotions

16.3. The development of emotions and their significance in human life

Chapter 17

17.1. Mental processes from the point of view of cybernetic science

17.2. Signal Theory and Mental Processes

17.3. Information structure of nervous processes and mental images

PART 3. MENTAL STATES AND THEIR REGULATION

Chapter 18

18.1. General concept of human adaptation

18.2. General idea of ​​the functional state of the body

18.3. General characteristics of the states of the body and psyche

Chapter 19

19.1. The concept of emotional stress

19.2. Regulation of emotional states

PART 4. MENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE PERSON

Chapter 20

20.1. General concept of personality

20.2. The relationship of social and biological in personality

20.3. Formation and development of personality

Chapter 21. Theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of personality

21.1. Personality theories

21.2. Methodology of experimental studies of personality

22.1. The concept of personality orientation. and motivation

22.2. Psychological theories of motivation

22.3. The main patterns of development of the motivational sphere

22.4. Motivated behavior as a personality characteristic

Chapter 23

23.1. General characteristics of human abilities

23.2. Ability Development Levels and Individual Differences

23.3. The nature of human ability

23.4. Ability Development

Chapter 24

24.1. The concept of temperament

24.2. Short review doctrines of temperament

24.3. Physiological basis of temperament

24.4. Psychological characteristics temperament and personality traits

Chapter 25

25.1. The concept of character

25.2. Theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of character

25.3. character building

TEXTS IN BOXES

Ananiev Boris Gerasimovich

Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich

Aristotle

Watson John Broadus

Chelpanov Georgy Ivanovich

Rubinshtein Sergei Leonidovich

Pavlov Ivan Petrovich

Vygotsky Lev Semenovich

Anokhin Petr Kuzmich

Leontiev Alexey Nikolaevich

Bernstein Nikolai Alexandrovich

Freud Sigmund

Sherrington Charles Scott

Fechner Gustav Theodor

Luria Alexander Romanovich

Helmholtz Hermann

Wundt Wilhelm

Teplov Boris Mikhailovich

Ebbinghaus Herman

Smirnov Anatoly Alexandrovich

Zinchenko Petr Ivanovich

Binet Alfred

Piaget Jean

Galperin Petr Yakovlevich

Ukhtomsky Alexey Alekseevich

Uznadze Dmitry Nikolaevich

Kornilov Konstantin Nikolaevich

James William

Lange Nikolai Nikolaevich

Selye Hans

Jung Carl Gustav

Adler Alfred

Horney Karen Clementine

Rogers Carl Ransome

Maslow Abraham Harold

Janet Pierre Marie Feli

Allport Gordon Willard

McDougall William

Bandura Albert

Galton Francis

Fromm Erich P.

Need to know

Validity and reliability of the psychodiagnostic test

Moral principles of the activity of a psychologist

Perspectives for Psychology Graduates

What " brainstorm»?

Homeostatic mechanisms of the body

Antisocial personality

From the history of psychology

Classical experiment of I. P. Pavlov

Studies of functional brain asymmetry

learning theory

Theories of hearing

Theories of color vision

Phenomenal numbness

Will pathology

It is interesting

What are the mechanisms of consciousness?

Does the phenomenon of "her" exist?

How is information transmitted from the receptor to the brain?

How does a person recognize objects?

What allows a person to adequately perceive the world?

Is it possible to study representations?

How information is encoded and stored in memory

childhood amnesia

What is a creative person?

What is the physiological basis of thinking?

Can other species take over human language?

What is the material basis of attention?

What is human emotion?

Can " artificial intelligence» replace the human brain?

What forms personality: heredity or environment?

Aggressive behavior

Archive size 7.98 MB

St. Petersburg: 2008 - 583 p.

The textbook was written in accordance with the training program for psychologists and teachers in the course "General Psychology". In it, taking into account modern achievements of psychological and pedagogical science, general questions of psychology, mental and cognitive processes, states and properties, the emotional-volitional sphere of the personality, and all individual characteristics are considered. The textbook is richly illustrated, equipped with a convenient service reference and bibliographic apparatus.

The textbook is intended for teachers, graduate students and students of the faculties of psychology and higher pedagogical educational institutions.

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Format: doc(2008, 583s.)

The size: 9 MB

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I. Introduction to General Psychology
Chapter 1. The subject of psychology, its tasks and methods
1.1. Methodological foundations for the study of man
1.2. Human and Human Sciences
1.3. Psychology as a science
1.4. Basic methods of psychological research
Chapter 2. Psychology in the structure of modern sciences
2.1. Representations of ancient and medieval philosophies of the soul and consciousness
2.2. The method of introspection and the problem of introspection
2.3. Behaviorism as a science of behavior
2.4. The formation of domestic psychology
2.5. Relationship between psychology and modern sciences
2.6. The main branches of psychology
Chapter 3. The concept of the psyche and its evolution
3.1. The concept of the psyche
3.2. The development of the psyche of animals
Chapter 4
4.1. The concept of consciousness
4.2. Cultural and historical concept of the development of the human psyche
4.3. The development of the human psyche
4.4. Physiological foundations of the human psyche
Chapter 5
5.1. General psychological characteristics of activity
5.2. Basic concepts of the psychological theory of activity. Operational and technical aspects of activity
5.3. Activity Theory and the Subject of Psychology
5.4. Physiology of movement and physiology of activity
Chapter 6
6.1. General characteristics of the problem of unconscious mental processes
6.2. Unconscious stimuli of conscious actions
6.3. "Supraconscious" Processes

Part 2. Mental processes
Chapter 7
7.1. General concept of sensation
7.2. Types of sensations
7.3. Basic properties and characteristics of sensations
7.4. Sensory adaptation and interaction of sensations
7.5. Development of sensations
7.6. Characteristics of the main types of sensations
Chapter 8
8.1. General characteristics of perception
8.2. Physiological basis of perception
8.3. Basic properties and types of perception
8.4. Individual differences in perception and its development in children
8.5. Object and background in perception
8.6. The relationship between the whole and the part in perception
8.7. Perception of space
8.8. Perception of movement and time
Chapter 9
9.1. Definition of a view and its main characteristics
9.2. View types
9.3. Individual features of the representation and its development
9.4. Primary memory images and persevering images
Chapter 10
10.1. Definition and general characteristics of memory
10.2. Main types of memory
10.3. Basic processes and mechanisms of memory
10.4. Individual features of memory and its development
Chapter 11
11.1. General characteristics of imagination and its role in mental activity
11.2. Types of imagination
11.3. Mechanisms for processing representations into imaginary images
11.4. Individual features of imagination and its development
11.5. Imagination and creativity
Chapter 12
12.1. Nature and basic types of thinking
12.2. Basic forms of thinking
12.3. Theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of thinking
12.4. The main types of mental operations
12.5. Solving complex mental problems creative thinking
12.6. Development of thinking
Chapter 13
13.1. General characteristics of speech
13.2. Physiological basis of speech
13.3. Theoretical problems of the emergence of speech
13.4. Basic types of speech
13.5. The development of speech in a child
Chapter 14
14.1. The concept of attention
14.2. Main types of attention
14.3. The main characteristics of the properties of attention
14.4. Development of attention
Chapter 15
15.1. General characteristics of volitional actions
15.2. Basic psychological theories of will
15.3. Physiological and motivational aspects of volitional actions
15.4. Volitional structure
15.5. Volitional qualities of a person and their development
Chapter 16
16.1. Types of emotions and their general characteristics
16.2. Physiological bases and psychological theories of emotions
16.3. The development of emotions and their significance in human life
Chapter 17
17.1. Mental processes from the point of view of cybernetic science
17.2. Signal Theory and Mental Processes
17.3. Information structure of nervous processes and mental images

Part 3. Mental states and their regulation
Chapter 18
18.1. General concept of human adaptation
18.2. General idea of ​​the functional state of the body
18.3. General characteristics of the states of the body and psyche
Chapter 19
19.1. The concept of emotional stress
19.2. Regulation of emotional states

Part 4. Mental properties of personality
Chapter 20
20.1. General concept of personality
20.2. The relationship of social and biological in personality
20.3. Formation and development of personality
Chapter 21. Theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of personality
21.1. Personality theories
21.2. Methodology of experimental studies of personality
Chapter 22
22.1. The concept of personality orientation and motivation of activity
22.2. Psychological theories of motivation
22.3. The main patterns of development of the motivational sphere
22.4. Motivated behavior as a personality characteristic
Chapter 23
23.1. General characteristics of human abilities
23.2. Ability Development Levels and Individual Differences
23.3. The nature of human ability
23.4. Ability Development
Chapter 24
24.1. The concept of temperament
24.2. A Brief Overview of Temperament Teachings
24.3. Physiological basis of temperament
24.4. Psychological characteristics of temperament and features of personality activity
Chapter 25
25.1. The concept of character
25.2. Theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of character
25.3. character building
TEXTS IN BOXES
Names
Ananiev Boris Gerasimovich
Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich
Aristotle
Watson John Broadus
Chelpanov Georgy Ivanovich
Rubinshtein Sergei Leonidovich
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich
Vygotsky Lev Semyonovich
Anokhin Petr Kuzmich
Leontiev Alexey Nikolaevich
Bernstein Nikolai Alexandrovich
Freud Sigmund
Sherrington Charles Scott
Fechner Gustav Theodor
Luria Alexander Romanovich
Helmholtz Hermann
Wundt Wilhelm
Teplov Boris Mikhailovich
Ebbinghaus Herman
Smirnov Anatoly Alexandrovich
Zinchenko Petr Ivanovich
Binet Alfred
Piaget Jean
Galperin Petr Yakovlevich
Ukhtomsky Alexey Alekseevich
Uznadze Dmitry Nikolaevich
Kornilov Konstantin Nikolaevich
James William
Lange Nikolai Nikolaevich
Selye Hans
Jung Carl Gustav
Adler Alfred
Horney Karen Clementine
Rogers Carl Ransome
Maslow Abraham Harold
Janet Pierre Marie Feli
Allport Gordon Willard
McDougall William
Bandura Albert
Galton Francis
Fromm Erich P.
Need to know
Validity and reliability of the psychodiagnostic test
Moral principles of the activity of a psychologist
Perspectives for Psychology Graduates
What is "brainstorming"?
Homeostatic mechanisms of the body
Antisocial personality
From the history of psychology
Classical experiment of I. P. Pavlov
Studies of functional brain asymmetry
learning theory
Theories of hearing
Theories of color vision
Phenomenal numbness
Will pathology
It is interesting
What are the mechanisms of consciousness?
Does the phenomenon of "her" exist?
How is information transmitted from the receptor to the brain?
How does a person recognize objects?
What allows a person to adequately perceive the world around him?
Is it possible to study representations?
How information is encoded and stored in memory
childhood amnesia
What is a creative person?
What is the physiological basis of thinking?
Can other species learn human language?
What is the material basis of attention?
What is human emotion?
Can "artificial intelligence" replace the human brain?
What forms personality: heredity or environment?
Aggressive behavior.

General psychology A. G. Maklakov

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Title: General psychology

About the book "General Psychology" A. G. Maklakov

“Look at the root!” is a quite suitable aphorism for defining the many-sided psychology - the science of the psyche, consciousness and human behavior. As a separate subject, it arose about a century ago in the medical and philosophical faculties, but as a teaching, it is rooted in Ancient Greece, which owes its name (psyche - soul + logos - teaching). Born from the synthesis of biology and philosophy, psychology has grown into a whole network of different schools and directions. But the basis of science remains unchanged.

The book "General Psychology" by Anatoly Maklakov can be called the ABC of psychology. The author has created a universal manual for universities, in the curriculum of which there is a course in general psychology, and for everyone who wants to learn the basics of human behavior. Summarizing the works of compatriots and foreign scientists, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor A. Maklakov outlined in the textbook all the main topics in psychology from well-established and generally recognized positions in the textbook.

The textbook "General Psychology" is based on the classic works of Russian psychologists S. Rubinstein, L. Vygotsky, B. Ananiev, B. Teplov, A. Leontiev, B. Lomov and others, which the author supplemented with results innovative research modern psychologists A. Rean, R. Nemov, J. Gippenreiter, etc. In addition, A. Maklakov used in the book quotes from the works of more than 40 world scientists, from the time of Aristotle to Freud.

The book "General Psychology" has 4 sections and 25 chapters. On its six hundred pages, the subject, methods, the history of the formation of psychological science, the basic concepts of the mental properties of a person, mental processes and the regulation of mental states are described in detail. How does thinking work, what is will, character and temperament, what are emotions, sensations, motives, memory mechanisms and features of imagination, what is the nature of human abilities and what influences the formation of personality - here is everything that makes up the theoretical foundation of knowledge that everyone needs who wants to understand the motives of human actions.

The information is presented concisely and clearly, so reading the textbook "General Psychology" is easy and pleasant. The detailed table of contents of the book makes searching by topic convenient and fast. Material contains a large number of clear and illustrative examples that help to understand the essence of a particular issue. A. Maklakov does not miss the opportunity to illustrate the information with an appropriate image. Each chapter ends with a series of review questions and a bibliography on the topic.

Maklakov A. General psychology

Part I Introduction to General Psychology 11

Chapter 1 The subject of psychology, its tasks and methods 12
11 Methodological foundations of the study of man 12
12 Human and Human Sciences 16
13 Psychology as a science 22
14 Basic methods of psychological research 26
Security questions 36
Recommended Reading 37

Chapter 3 The concept of the psyche and its evolution 70
31 The concept of the psyche 70
32 Animal mental development 76
Security questions 86
Recommended Reading 86

Chapter 4 The Origin and Development of Human Consciousness 88
41 The concept of consciousness 88
42 Cultural and historical concept of the development of the human psyche 95
43 Development of the human psyche 98
44 Physiological foundations of the human psyche 105
Security questions 120
Recommended reading 120

Chapter 6 Unconscious Mental Processes 149
61 General characteristics of the problem of unconscious mental processes 149
62 Unconscious stimuli of conscious actions 156
63 "Supraconscious" processes 159
Security questions 161
Recommended Reading 162

Part 2 Mental processes 163

Chapter 7 Feeling 164
71 General concept of sensation 164
72 Types of sensations 169
73 Basic properties and characteristics of sensations 173
74 Sensory adaptation and interaction of sensations 180
75 Development of sensations 183
76 Characteristics of the main types of sensations 184
Security questions 198
Recommended Reading 199

Chapter 9 Performance 234
91 Representation definition and its main characteristics 234
92 Views 238
93 Individual features of representation and its development 242
94 Primary memory images and persevering images 245
Security questions 246
Recommended Reading 246

Chapter 10 Memory 247
101 Definition and general characteristics of memory 247
102 Basic types of memory 255
103 Basic processes and mechanisms of memory 261
104 Individual features of memory and its development 275
Security questions 281
Recommended Reading 282

Chapter 11 Imagination 283
111 General characteristics of imagination and its role in mental activity 283
112 Types of imagination 286
113 Mechanisms for processing representations into imaginary images 290
114 Individual characteristics of imagination and its development 292
115 Imagination and creativity 294
Security questions 296
Recommended Reading 296

Chapter 13 Speech 333
131 General characteristics of speech 333
132 Physiological basis of speech 336
133 Theoretical problems of the emergence of speech 340
134 Basic types of speech 344
135 Development of speech in a child 348
Security questions 353
Recommended Reading 353

Chapter 14 Attention 354
141 The concept of attention 354
142 Basic types of attention 363
143 The main characteristics of the properties of attention 366
144 Development of attention 370
Security questions 372
Recommended Reading 372

Chapter 15 Will 373
151 General characteristics of volitional actions 373
152 Basic psychological theories of will 376
153 Physiological and motivational aspects of volitional actions 379
154 Structure of volitional action 383
155 Volitional qualities of a person and their development 387
Security questions 391
Recommended Reading 391

Chapter 16 Emotions 392
161 Types of emotions and their general characteristics 392
162 Physiological foundations and psychological theories of emotions 400
163 The development of emotions and their significance in human life 408
Security questions 414
Recommended Reading 415

Chapter 17 Mental Processes as Structural Elements of Managing Mental Activity 416
171 Mental processes from the point of view of cybernetic science 416
172 Theory of signals and mental processes 423
173 Information structure of nervous processes and mental images 428
Security questions 435
Recommended Reading 435

Part 3 Mental states and their regulation 437

Chapter 18 Human Adaptation and the Functional State of the Organism 438
181 General concept of human adaptation 438
182 General idea of ​​the functional state of the organism 442
183 General characteristics of the state of the body and mind 448
Security questions 455
Recommended Reading 455

Chapter 19 Emotional Stress and the Regulation of Emotional States 456
191 The concept of emotional stress 456
192 Regulation of emotional states 462
Security questions 468
Recommended reading 468

Part 4 Mental properties of personality 469

Chapter 20 Personality 470
201 General concept of personality 470
202 Relationship between social and biological in personality 472
203 Formation and development of personality 481
Security questions 489
Recommended reading ………………………… 489

Chapter 21 Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to the Study of Personality 490
211 Personality theories 490
212 Methodology of experimental studies of personality 503
Security questions 510
Recommended Reading 510

Chapter 22 Orientation and motives of personality 511
221 The concept of the orientation of the personality and motivation of activity 511
222 Psychological theories of motivation 517
223 Basic patterns of development of the motivational sphere 524
224 Motivated behavior as a characteristic of personality 528
Security questions 534
Recommended Reading 534

Chapter 23 Ability 535
231 General characteristics of human abilities 535
232 Ability levels and individual differences 539
233 The Nature of Human Ability 545
234 Development of abilities 548
Security questions 551
Recommended Reading 551

Chapter 24 Temperament 553
241 The concept of temperament 553
242 A brief overview of the teachings on temperament 555
243 Physiological basis of temperament 560
244 Psychological characteristics of temperament and features of personality 562
Security questions 565
Recommended Reading 565

Chapter 25 Character 567
251 The concept of character 567
252 Theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of character 570
253 Character building 579
Security questions 581
Recommended Reading 582

TEXTS IN BOXES
Names
Ananiev Boris Gerasimovich 13
Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich 32
Aristotle 42
Watson John Broadus 51
Chelpanov Georgy Ivanovich 54
Rubinstein Sergey Leonidovich 55
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich 81
Vygotsky Lev Semyonovich 94
Anokhin Petr Kuzmich 114
Leontiev Alexey Nikolaevich 126
Bernstein Nikolai Alexandrovich 138
Freud Sigmund 158
Sherrington Charles Scott 170
Fechner Gustav Theodor 174
Luria Alexander Romanovich 182
Helmholtz Hermann 190
Wundt Wilhelm 230
Teplov Boris Mikhailovich 240
Ebbinghaus Herman 251
Smirnov Anatoly Alexandrovich 262
Zinchenko Petr Ivanovich 264
Binet Alfred 312
Piaget Jean 327
Galperin Petr Yakovlevich 328
Ukhtomsky Alexey Alekseevich 358
Uznadze Dmitry Nikolaevich 360
Kornilov Konstantin Nikolaevich 378
James William 387
Lange Nikolai Nikolaevich 431
Selye Hans 451
Jung Carl Gustav 494

Adler Alfred 495
Horney Karen Clementine 497
Rogers Carl Ransome 498
Maslow Abraham Harold 500
Janet Pierre Marie Feli 503
Allport Gordon Willard 507
McDougall William 521
Bandura Albert 533
Galton Francis 544
Fromm Erich 577

Need to know
Validity and reliability of the psychodiagnostic test 27
Moral principles of the activity of a psychologist 30
Perspectives for Psychology Graduates 66
What is "brainstorming"? 323
Homeostatic mechanisms of the body 440
Antisocial Personality 515
From the history of psychology
Classical experiment I P Pavlova 82
Studies of the functional asymmetry of the brain 112
Theory of learning 128
Theories of hearing 192
Color vision theories 196
Phenomenal crush 280
Pathology of will 381
It is interesting
What are the mechanisms of consciousness? 96
Does the phenomenon of "her" exist? 154
How is information transmitted from the receptor to the brain? 166
How does a person recognize objects? 204
What allows a person to adequately perceive the world around him? 226
Is it possible to study representations? 237
How information is encoded and stored in memory 256
childhood amnesia 278
What is a creative person?287
What is the physiological basis of thinking? 302
Can other species learn human language? 342
What is the material basis of attention? 356
What is human emotion? 406
Can "artificial intelligence" replace the human brain?418
What forms personality: heredity or environment? 474
Aggressive behavior 530

FROM THE AUTHOR

The book offered to the reader's attention is written in accordance with curriculum course "General psychology". The author did not set himself the task of giving a reassessment of the system of psychological views, but focused on the most objective and most accessible presentation of educational issues from generally recognized positions. The materials presented in this textbook are the result of a synthesis of the works of well-known domestic and foreign psychologists and meet the requirements State standard training of specialists.

The textbook is based on the works of the classics of Russian psychology:

S. L. Rubinshtein, L. S. Vygotsky, B. G. Ananiev, B. M. Teplov, A. N. Leontiev, B. F. Lomov and many other famous Russian scientists But psychology is replenished with more and more new knowledge, in connection with this, certain theoretical provisions of this scientific discipline are being revised. Therefore, there is a need to periodically update the classic educational material. When creating this book, an analysis of a significant number of textbooks was carried out and teaching aids, including such authors as Yu. B. Gippenreiter, R. S. Nemov, A.A. Rean, E. I. Rogov et al. The positions and views of representatives of two leading Russian psychological schools- Moscow and St. Petersburg

The publication of this textbook would not have been possible without the help of many people. The author expresses sincere gratitude for assistance and support in the work of the Dean of the Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogy of the Leningrad State Regional University V. L. Sitnikov, as well as Professor A. A. Rean, who took on the work of reviewing the book. The author expresses special gratitude to the staff of the Piter publishing house, who were directly involved in preparing the book for publication.

A. G. Maklakov

PETER
St. Petersburg
Moscow Kharkov Minsk
2001

Maklakov Anatoly Gennadievich
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
Series "Textbook of the new century"

BBK 883ya7 UDC 1599(075)

Maklakov A. G.
M15 General psychology - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001 - 592 p: ill - (Series "Textbook of the new century")
ISBN 5-272-00062-5
The textbook was written in accordance with the training program for psychologists and teachers in the course "General Psychology". In it, taking into account modern achievements of psychological and pedagogical science, general questions of psychology, mental and cognitive processes, states and properties, the emotional-volitional sphere of the personality, its individual characteristics are considered. The textbook is richly illustrated, equipped with a convenient service reference and bibliographic apparatus.
The textbook is intended for teachers, graduate students and students of the faculties of psychology and higher pedagogical educational institutions.

© A G Maklakov, 2000
© Piter Publishing House, 2001

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the copyright holders.

15VM 5-272-00062-5

CJSC Piter Buk 196105, St. Petersburg, Blagodatnaya st., 67 License ID No. 01940 dated 050600 Tax benefit - all-Russian classifier of products OK 005-93, volume 2;
953000 - books and brochures
Signed for printing 250601 Format 70x100"/^ Conv. 47.73 Additional circulation 7000 copies Order No. 976 Printed from photo plates at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Pechatny Dvor" named after A. M. Gorky, Ministry of the Russian Federation for Press, Broadcasting and Mass Communications 197110, St. Petersburg, Chkalovsky pr, 15

It is interesting

in one study of war veterans with various spinal cord injuries, all subjects were divided into five groups depending on the nature of the injury. One group included subjects with injuries closer to the neck with a complete loss of innervation of the sympathetic system. In the other group, injuries were at the base of the back (at the level of the sacrum) with partially preserved innervation of the sympathetic nerves. The remaining three groups were located between these two extremes. In the course of these studies, it was found that the higher the spinal cord injury was localized in a person (i.e., the less Feedback from autonomous nervous system), the less was his emotionality after the injury. Moreover, a decrease in autonomic excitability led to a decrease in the strength of emotional experience. The comments of patients with the highest localization of spinal cord injury indicate that they can react emotionally to exciting situations, but do not actually feel emotions. For example:

“It's a kind of cold anger. Sometimes I act angrily when I see some kind of injustice. I scream and swear.... but there is no such vehemence as before. It's mental anger." Or: “I say that I’m scared, like when I had a really difficult exam at school, but I don’t really feel fear: there is not all that tension, shaking and feeling of emptiness in the stomach, as it used to be.”

Thus, our subjective experiences are closely connected with physiological processes. In this regard, the question arises: can certain physiological processes cause certain emotional processes? Today there is no clear answer to this question. The contradiction in the views on this issue has existed since the emergence of two theories: Cannon and Djem-sa-Lange, which answered this question in different ways. The James-Lange theory argued that since the perception of autonomous arousal (and possibly other changes in the body) constitutes the experience of emotion, and since different emotions are experienced differently, each emotion must have a separate source of autonomous activity. Therefore, emotions differ in the source of autonomous excitation.

In the 20s. 20th century this theory has been subjected to serious criticism (especially that part of it that is associated with autonomous reactions). Among the opponents of this theory, the name of the physiologist Walter Cannon stands out, who made three main criticisms:

1. Because internal organs -this is relatively insensitive structures, internal changes occur too slowly to serve as a source of emotional experiences.

2. Artificially induced changes in the body associated with emotions - for example, an injection of epinephrine - do not cause a feeling of real emotion.

3. Autonomous arousal differs slightly in different emotional states; for example, anger makes the heart beat faster, but the same thing happens at the sight of a loved one.

The third argument thus explicitly denies the possibility of differentiating emotions according to their autonomous reactions. Psychologists have attempted to refute Cannon's third proposition by making increasingly precise measurements of subcomponents of autonomic arousal. Although in the 1950s several experimenters reported finding physiological patterns in various emotions until the 1980s. most researchers have found virtually no evidence for this. However, recent research provides compelling evidence that there are autonomous patterns for different emotions.

Subjects were asked to express six emotions—surprise, disgust, sadness, anger, fear, and happiness—following instructions on which facial muscles to contract. While they maintained emotional expression for 10 seconds, their heart rate, skin temperature, and other parameters of autonomic arousal were measured. A number of these measurements made it possible to reveal the differences between emotions. Heart rate was higher with negative emotions of anger, fear, and sadness than with emotions of happiness, surprise, and disgust; and the first three emotions partly differed in that the skin temperature was higher in anger than in fear or sadness. Thus, although both anger and the sight of a loved one make the heart beat faster, only anger makes it beat much faster; and while anger and fear have much in common, anger is "hot" and fear is "cold."

However, today it is impossible to give absolute preference to one or another position. The available experimental data are too contradictory. Most likely, the answer to such an interesting and complex issue will be obtained in further studies.