Periods of development of ancient Greece. Geography, population of ancient Greece and chronological periods

The history of Greece is usually divided into five major periods:

First period associated with the Cretan-Mycenaean civilization (end of III-II millennium BC) This is the time of the emergence and flourishing in Crete and Mycenae of the most ancient palace civilizations created by the Minoan Cretans and the Achaean Greeks (XIII-XII centuries BC). e.).

Second period- "Homeric" or "prepolis" (XI-IX centuries BC) - characterized by the decomposition of tribal relations and the formation of early states.

Third period -"archaic" (7th-6th centuries BC) - the time of the formation of the ancient polis civilization, the emergence of classical slavery, the era of the great Greek colonization.

The fourth period covers the 5th century BC and is called the "classical period" - the era of the highest flowering of ancient Greek civilization, the polis system, democracy, and culture.

fifth period, called "Hellenistic" (4th century BC - 334 BC) is associated with the conquests of Alexander the Great in the East. This is the time of the spread of ancient civilization beyond the Mediterranean, the era of large Hellenistic monarchies.

3. Historical sources

The history of Greece has come down to our time in material and written evidence. A special role belongs to archaeological sources. In the study of the most ancient eras, they continue to be the main ones. Archaeological finds of the late XIX - early XX century. made it possible to study the early cultures of the Mediterranean. Of the brilliant representatives of archaeologists of that era, the first place belongs to the German amateur archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, who became famous for his excavations in Troy and Mycenae. An outstanding scientist who continued the work of H. Schliemann was the Englishman Arthur Evans. From 1900, he conducted systematic excavations in Crete and, unlike many other scientists, he was the first to attempt to systematize the studied material and recreate the culture and society of ancient Crete and early mainland Greece. The results of archaeological research allow modern man to get acquainted with the monuments of the Athenian Acropolis, Delphi, Olympia, Epidaurus ...

Basic information on the history of ancient Greece of a later time is contained in written sources. These are the works of ancient Greek historians, poets, writers, orators, philosophers, scientists. The most ancient sources on the history of Greece are the poems of Homer "Iliad" and "Odyssey". The Iliad sings of the exploits of the Greek heroes in the Trojan War, the Odyssey is dedicated to the poetic description of the long-term wanderings and adventures of one of the main Achaean heroes, Odysseus. In the 2nd half of the 8th - early 7th centuries. BC. Hesiod's poem "Works and Days" was written. It reflects the life, life, occupations, dreams of a simple Boeotian peasant at the beginning of the archaic era. Changes in the social structure and social life of the Greeks can also be found in the early Greek poetry of Archilochus, Alcaeus, Alcman, Sappho, Theognis, and other Hellenic lyricists.

A special place is occupied by the works of ancient historians. They reflect a fairly complete and detailed picture of the historical development of ancient Greek society. The first works of historical content appear in Greece only in the second half of the 6th - beginning of the 5th century. BC. Their authors were the so-called logographs. Their writings outlined the traditional history of individual cities or regions of Hellas and contained many myths. Among the logographers, Hecateus of Miletus was the most famous. However, the logographers were not yet historians in the full sense of the word: they did not yet separate myth from history. The emergence of historical science is associated with the name of Herodotus (c. 485-425 BC), called by Cicero the "father of history." The work of Herodotus "History" is devoted to the Greco-Persian wars, but it touches on many issues that make his work an indispensable source not only on the history of the Hellenes and Persians. He collected the bulk of historical and ethnographic information himself during his numerous travels in Hellas and the East. The greatest Greek historian of the classical era was the younger contemporary of the "father of history" Thucydides (c. 460-396 BC). Thucydides limits his work in time and space to the world of Greek city-states on the eve and during the Peloponnesian War. He considers it his main task to study the course of events, to understand their historical significance. Xenophon (c. 430-355 BC), the third major representative of Greek historiography, tried to continue his work. For us, the main work of Xenophon "Greek History" in seven books is of great interest. It begins with a description of the event in 411 BC and ends with a description of the famous battle of Mantinea in 362 BC. The work of Xenophon serves as the most important source on the history of Hellas for almost the entire first half of the 4th century BC. BC. The value of the work lies in the fact that Xenophon himself was a contemporary, an eyewitness, and sometimes a participant in many of the events described. However, this source must be treated very carefully, since Xenophon is a subjective and biased author.

Representations, thoughts and feelings of the Hellenes of the 5th century BC. BC. reflected in classical Greek tragedy. The great Greek playwrights Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides used plots from Greek mythology and epic for their tragedies. A wonderful panorama of the life of the Athenians at the turn of the 5th-4th centuries. BC. can be seen in the famous comedies of Aristophanes. The crisis of the Greek polis became the subject of a special study in the works of philosophers of the 4th century BC. BC. Plato (427-347 BC) in his treatise "The State" analyzes contemporary political systems, notes the negative phenomena in the life of the policy. A lot of valuable information of a historical nature is contained in the works of the outstanding Greek scientist and philosopher Aristotle (c. 384–322 BC). His treatises "Politics" and "Athenian polity" contain information on the era of the Athenian archaic, the reforms of Solon, the tyranny of Peisistratus and the legislation of Cleisthenes. When studying the socio-economic history of Greece at the end of the 5th-4th centuries. BC. one can rely on the numerous speeches of Athenian speakers: Lysias, Isocrates, Demosthenes, etc. They contain specific facts about the state of affairs in the economy, about the size of property and the number of slaves of individual citizens, social contradictions that tore apart the daily life of Greek society.

I. Early class societies and states in Crete and in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula (late III-II millennium BC).

1. Early Minoan period (XXX-XXIII centuries BC): dominance of pre-class tribal relations.

2. The Middle Minoan period (XXII-XVIII centuries BC): the decomposition of tribal relations and the social stratification of the Cretan society, the appearance of the first state formations.

3. Late Minoan period (mid-18th-12th centuries BC): the unification of Crete, the flourishing of Cretan statehood and culture, the creation of the Cretan maritime power, the conquest of Crete by the Achaeans and the decline of Crete. History of early class societies and states of mainland (Achaean) Greece:

1. Early Helladic period (XXX-XXI centuries BC): the dominance of primitive relations, the appearance of the first large settlements, the pre-Greek population.

2. Middle Helladic period (XX-XVII centuries BC): the settlement of the Greek-Achaeans in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, the decomposition of tribal relations, the formation of elements of the social stratification of the Achaean society.

3. Late Helladic (or Mycenaean) period (XVI-XII centuries BC): early class societies and the first state formations of the Achaean Greeks, the emergence of writing, the flourishing of the Mycenaean civilization and its decline.

II. Formation and flourishing of Greek policies. system of classical slavery. The maturity of Greek civilization (XI-IV centuries BC):

1. Homeric (pre-polis) period (XI-IX centuries BC): tribal movements in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, the destruction of the Mycenaean states, the resuscitation of tribal relations, the formation of the first elements of the polis structure.

2. Archaic period (VIII-VI centuries BC): the formation of society and the state in the form of policies. Great Greek colonization and the development by the Greeks of the Aegean, the coastal territories of the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

3. Classical period (V-IV centuries BC): the heyday of the polis system and Greek civilization.

III. Ancient Greece and the Near East in the Hellenistic era (30s of the 4th century BC - 30 of the 1st century BC):

1. The Eastern campaigns of Alexander the Great and the formation of the system of Hellenistic states (30s of the 4th century BC - 80s of the 3rd century BC).

2. The functioning of Hellenistic societies and states (80s of the 3rd century BC - the middle of the 2nd century BC).

3. The crisis of the Hellenistic system, the conquest of the Hellenistic states by Rome in the west and Parthia in the east.

Chronological table

The most important dates of socio-economic and political history.

End of III millennium BC. e. - the penetration of Greek tribes (Achaeans) into southern Greece. 2000–1700 BC e. - the period of the "old" palaces in Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia, Kato Zakro in Crete.

1700–1400 BC e. - the period of "new" palaces. Palace ("labyrinth") of Minos at Knossos. XVI - first half of the XV century. - Cretan maritime power. Rise of the Cretan Civilization. BC e.

Mid 15th century BC e. - the capture of Crete by the Achaeans. 16th century BC e. - shaft tombs of the Achaean leaders in Mycenae.

XV-XIII centuries BC e. - the rise of the Mycenaean civilization.

1240–1230 BC e. - Trojan War (accepted date).

11th century BC e. - the penetration of the Dorian tribes into the Peloponnese.

776 BC e. - holding the first Olympic Games.

754 BC e. - the beginning of compiling a list of ephors in Sparta.

Around 750 BC e. - first Greek colony on the island of Pitecussy.

733 BC e. - Founding of Syracuse.

Second half of the 8th century BC e. - First Messenian War.

683 BC e. - the beginning of maintaining a list of higher officials- Archons in Athens. 632 BC e. - Kilon turmoil in Athens.

657–627 BC e. - Tyranny of Kypsel in Corinth.

Second half of the 7th century BC e. - The Second Messenian War.

627–585 BC e. - Tyranny of Periander in Corinth.

621 BC e. - Legislation Draco in Athens.

594 BC e. - Solon's reforms in Athens.

560–510 - The tyranny of Peisistratus and his sons in Athens.

Around 550 BC e. - Creation of the Peloponnesian Union.

537–522 BC e. - Tyranny of Polycrates on the island of Samos.

508–500 BC e. - The laws of Cleisthenes and the reform of the political system in Athens. 500–449 BC e. - Greco-Persian wars.

500–494 BC e. - the uprising of the Greeks in Miletus and the beginning of the Greco-Persian wars.

493 BC e. - Themistocles - Archon of Athens.

490 BC e. - the battle of the Greeks with the Persians at Marathon.

480 BC e. - the campaign of Xerxes to Greece, the battles of Thermopylae, Artemisia and Salamis.

480 BC e. - the battle of Himera, the defeat of the allies of the Persians, the Carthaginians.

480–438 - the reign of the Archeanaktid family in the Bosporus.

479 BC e. - The defeat of the Persians at Plataea.

478–404 BC e. - First Athenian Maritime Union.

469–468 BC e. The victory of the Greeks over the Persians at the Eurymedon.

464 BC e. - uprising of helots in Messenia (Third Messenian War).

462 BC e. - Ephialtes reforms in Athens.

459–454 BC e. - Athenian squadron in Egypt.

454 BC e. - destruction of the Athenian fleet in Egypt.

457–446 BC e. - Small Peloponnesian War. Athens vs Sparta and Thebes.

451 BC e. - Pericles law on Athenian citizenship.

449 BC e. - Callia world. End of the Greco-Persian Wars.

447 BC e. - Formation of the Boeotian Union led by Thebes.

444–429 BC e. - Pericles - the first strategist of Athens.

443 BC e. - the foundation of a pan-Greek colony in Thurii.

457 BC e. The Athenians capture the island of Aegina.

440 BC e. - the uprising of the Athenian allies on the island of Samos.

437 BC e. - Athenian squadron led by Pericles in the Black Sea.

431–404 BC e. - Peloponnesian War.

431–421 BC e. - 1st period of the war. Archidamic war.

427 BC e. - revolt against Athenian rule in Lesbos.

425 BC e. - Capture of Sphacteria by the Athenians.

422 BC e. - Battle of Amphipolis.

422–21 BC e. - foundation of Tauric Chersonesos.

421 BC e. - Nikiev world, the end of Archidamov's war.

419–399 BC e. - Rule of Archelaus in Macedonia.

415–404 BC e. - 2nd period of the Pelopennesian War.

415–413 BC e. - Sicilian expedition of the Athenians and its defeat.

412 BC e. - Allied relations of Sparta with Persia.

411 BC e. - Oligarchic coup in Athens, the abolition of the democratic constitution.

406 BC e. - Battle of the Arginus Islands. The last victory of the Athenians.

06–367 BC e. - Tyranny of Dionysius the Elder in Syracuse. Creation of the Syracusan Territorial Power.

405 BC e. - The defeat of the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami.

404 BC e. Capture of Athens by the Spartans. End of the Peloponnesian War.

404–403 BC e. - The tyranny of the pro-Spartan Thirty in Athens.

403 BC e. - the fall of the tyranny of "thirty" and the restoration democratic system in Athens.

400 BC e. - the law of the Spartan ephor Epitadeus on the freedom of wills.

399 BC e. - plot Kinadon in Sparta.

399–394 BC e. - Sparta's war with Persia in Asia Minor.

398–392 BC e. - War between Syracuse and Carthage. Victory of Dionysius I.

395–387 BC e. - Corinthian War.

395 BC e. - The defeat of the Spartans at Galiart in Boeotia.

394 BC e. - Spartan victory at Coronea in Boeotia.

393 BC e. - restoration of the system of Athenian fortifications ("long walls").

392 BC e. - the outbreak of social struggle in Corinth, the massacre of the oligarchs.

389–349 BC e. - the reign of the Bosporan king Levkon I, the heyday of the Bosporus.

387 BC e. - Antalkidov, or Royal, world. End of the Corinthian War. Persian intervention in Greek affairs.

382–379 BC e. - War of Sparta against the Chalcis Union.

379 BC e. - Democratic coup in Thebes. The beginning of the rise of Thebes in Greece.

378–338 BC e. - Second Athenian Maritime Union.

376 BC e. - the victory of the Athenian fleet over the Spartan at the island of Naxos.

371 BC e. - the conclusion of peace between Athens and Sparta. Recognition of the Second Athenian Maritime Union by Sparta.

371 BC e. - The victory of the Boeotians over the Spartans at the battle of Leuctra.

371 BC e. - the uprising of the poor in Argos (the so-called Argos "wandering").

368 BC e. - treaty of friendship between Athens and Dionysius I.

367 BC e. - formation of the Aetolian Union.

Around 365 BC e. - the foundation of the city of Megalopolis as the center of the Arcadian Union.

362 BC e. - The defeat of the Spartan troops at Mantinea. Dissolution of the Peloponnesian League.

360–357 BC e. - the war of Athens against the Odrysian kingdom of the Thracians.

359–336 BC e. - the reign of Philip II in Macedonia. The transformation of Macedonia into the strongest state in the Aegean.

357–355 BC e. - the war of the Athenian allies against Athens. The defeat of Athens and the actual collapse of the Second Athenian Maritime Union.

355–346 BC e. - Holy War in Greece.

352 BC e. - Philip's victory over the Phocians in Thessaly. Philip's intervention in the Holy War.

348 BC e. - Philip's destruction of Olynthus and the destruction of the Chalcis Union.

346 BC e. - End of the Holy War. Philocratic world. The inclusion of Macedonia in the Delphic Amphictyony.

345–334 BC e. - Timoleon's activities to restore democracy in Syracuse.

338 BC e. - Battle of Chaeronea. Philip II's victory over a coalition of Greek cities.

337 BC e. - Pan-Greek Congress in Corinth. Establishment of Macedonian hegemony in Greece.

336 BC e. - preparations of Philip II for a campaign against Persia. Assassination of Philip II.

336–323 BC e. - the reign of the son of Philip Alexander of Macedon.

334–324 BC e. - Eastern campaigns of Alexander the Great. Creation of the world power of Alexander.

334 BC e. - Battle of the Granicus.

333 BC e. - The defeat of the Persian troops at Issus.

332–331 BC e. - Alexander's stay in Egypt. Founding of Alexandria.

331 BC e. - Alexander's victory over the main forces of Persia at Gaugamela (Arbela). Capture of Babylonia, Elam and Persvda.

331 BC e. - The siege of Olbia by the Macedonian troops of Zopyrion.

329 BC e. - Philota's conspiracy and the defeat of the opposition in the Macedonian army against Alexander.

329–328 BC e. - conquest by Alexander Central Asia. The movement of local tribes under the leadership of Spitamen.

327–325 BC e. - Alexander's conquest of northwestern India.

324–323 BC e. - Alexander in Babylon. Carrying out reforms to strengthen the unity of the "world" power.

323 BC e. - Alexander's death.

323–281 BC e. - wars of successor commanders (diadochi) of Alexander the Great. Creation of a system of Hellenistic states.

321 BC e. - an agreement in Triparadis (Syria) between the Diadochi on the division of spheres of influence.

317–307 BC e. - Tyranny of Demetrius of Phaler in Athens.

316–287 BC e. - Agathocles' tyranny in Syracuse. Revival of the Syracuse Empire.

311 BC e. - the second agreement of the Diadochi on the division of spheres of influence. The murder of the nominal kings of the state, Philip III Arrvdey and the son of Alexander of Macedon, Alexander.

310–304 BC e. - the reign of King Eumelus in the Bosporus.

306 BC e. - Diadochi take royal titles. The beginning of the formation of new Hellenistic states on the ruins of the empire of Alexander.

301 BC e. - the battle of two coalitions of the Diadochi at Ipsus (Central Asia Minor).

281 BC e. - Battle of Curoupedion in Lydia. Seleucus' victory over Lysimachus. End of the Wars of the Diadochi. The formation of the Hellenistic states.

280 BC e. - formation of the Achaean Union.

280–277 BC e. - Invasion of the Celts (Gauls) in the Balkan Greece.

277 BC e. - the defeat of the Celts in the battle of Lysimachia by Antigonus Gonatus and his approval as king of Macedonia.

275–215 AD BC e. - Tyranny of Hieron II in Syracuse.

274–271 BC e. - The first Syrian war between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies.

267–262 BC e. - the war of the coalition of Greek policies against Macedonia (Chremonid war).

258–253 AD BC e. - The second Syrian war.

245–243 AD BC e. - Third Syrian War (War of Laodice).

245–213 BC e. - Arat at the head of the Achaean Union.

245–241 BC e. - reforms of King Agis IV in Sparta.

235–221 BC e. - continuation of the reforms in Sparta by King Cleomenes III.

221 BC e. - The defeat of the Spartan troops by Macedonia at Selassia.

220–217 BC e. - Allied war in Greece (war of Macedonia and the Achaean League against the Aetolians).

219–217 BC e. - The fourth Syrian war.

217 BC e. - the defeat of the Seleucid troops from the Egyptians at Raphia.

215–205 AD BC e. - First Roman-Macedonian War.

207–192 BC e. - Tyranny of Nabis in Sparta.

200–196 BC e. - Second Roman-Macedonian War.

197 BC e. - Battle of Cynoscephalae. The defeat of the Macedonian troops.

192–188 BC e. - The Roman-Syrian War.

190 BC e. - the defeat of the Syrian troops by the Romans at Magnesia (Asia Minor).

188 BC e. - Apamean world. Weakening of the Seleucids.

171–167 BC e. - Third Macedonian War.

168 BC e. - The defeat of the Macedonian troops near Pydna.

149–146 BC e. - the movement of democratic circles against Roman domination in Greece, led by Andris.

146 BC e. - Defeat Andriska. Conquest of Greece and Macedonia by Rome.

132–129 AD BC e. - the uprising of the lower classes of Pergamon under the leadership of Aristonicus against Rome.

129 BC e. - The defeat of Antiochus VII Svdet by the Parthians. Parthian conquest of Mesopotamia.

107–106 BC e. - Savmak's uprising in the Bosporus. The inclusion of the Bosporus in the state of Mithridates VI.

89–85 BC e. - 1st war of Mithridates VI with Rome.

83–82 BC e. - 2nd war of Mithridates VI with Rome.

74–63 AD BC e. - 3rd war of Mithridates VI with Rome. The defeat of the Pontic kingdom and its transformation into a Roman province.

63 BC e. - the transformation of the Syrian kingdom into a Roman province,

30 BC e. - Occupation of Egypt by Roman troops. The transformation of Egypt into a Roman province. end of the Hellenistic period.

The history of development Ancient Greece . The era of ancient Greece begins its existence in the III millennium BC and extended before the 1st century BC. on the south of the Balkan Peninsula and islands in western Asia Minor. By the end of the 7th century BC. Greek culture flourished as much as possible. The Greeks achieved great success in the fine arts, monumental construction, unraveling the mysteries of mathematics and medicine, and in the development of social ideas. They created a system of government in which all citizens had a voice in solving the most important issues.

But Ancient Greece was not a single state. mainland and the islands were divided into many city-states surrounded by rural settlements. The most powerful city-state was Athens, which have become 5th century BC. center of Greek civilization. Athens had a well-trained army and the most powerful ancient navy in the world. Trieres, ships with 3 rows of oars on each side, were most battle fleet Greeks.

Athens

Athens were the most prosperous city in Greece. A huge bronze statue of Athena the Defender towered at a height of 9 meters, and in the temple Erechtheion stood an ancient wooden statue. On the side of the temple was a huge altar. main temple Athens was called Parthenon . It was built in 447-438 BC. in sparkling white marble. The roof was covered with marble tiles. The frieze was decorated with scenes of battles of centaurs - mythical creatures half people, half horses. The magnificent city owned silver mines and conducted international trade through the port in Piraeus . On the hill towered Acropolis(upper city), a sacred place with temples and shrines to the goddess Athena. Below lay a city with cobbled streets, splendid buildings, and a market place called agora, where public gatherings were held. Great Philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle lived in Athens.
On holidays, crowded religious processions went through Athens. They entered the sacred land of the Acropolis through the marble gate - Propylaea.

People power

The city-states of Greece were called policies(from which the word politics). Around 510 B.C. e. policies got rid of the kings and preferred the management of a group of noble people ( oligarchies) or one influential politician ( Tirana). In 508 B.C. originated in Athens democracy, or People power. Under the new device, male citizens decided various issues by voting in assembly- People's Assembly. Women, foreigners and slaves could not take part in the voting.
In 443-429 BC. Athenians elected a major politician as ruler Pericles who started construction temple on the acropolis.

Culture and craft

first appeared in Greece Olympic Games in 776 BC. and later became part of the festivities in honor of the god Zeus. In a democratic society, a politician should have oratory. The first historical thinker by name appears Herodotus, in the near future they began to call him the "father of history." He was able to describe everything truthfully and honestly. historical events. Greeks visited Delphic oracle, which, according to legend, could tell a lot of useful information about the future. Mount Olympus was considered the abode of the gods and was the most sacred place in the Greek religion.
Thessaly was famous for its horse breeding due to its beautiful and extensive pastures. The Greeks made their magnificent painted ceramics from special clay, which acquired a red color when fired. AT Lydia, and later in Athens they began to mint the first coins with the emblem of an owl of one of the goddesses. There were silver mines in Greece Lauria, which were famous for the deposit precious metals.
Greek women themselves wove most of the fabric for making linen and clothes for their home. They wore clothes Ionic and Doric style. During the harvest, the girls winnowed the grain, separating it from the chaff.

Greek architecture

The Greeks built grandiose temples that were built on a stepped platform. They were surrounded by a colonnade. Inside was a main hall with a statue of a god or goddess and a vault for temple treasures.
Outside, the temple was decorated with bas-reliefs and sculptures, traditionally painted in red and blue. At first, the temples were wooden, but from the 6th century AD. they began to be built of stone or marble and covered with tiles.
The Greeks built residential houses of simple brick and wood, with earthen floors. But for public buildings, especially temples, they did not spare either money or labor. Architects strove for harmony of proportions. The buildings usually had colonnades. There were two main styles - Doric, strict, with squat smooth columns, and more refined Ionic, with slender graceful columns. Public buildings were usually decorated with statues and wall paintings.

Science and knowledge

Knowledge of Ancient Greece. In the VI century BC. Greek scientists began to strive to understand the structure of the universe. They were called philosophers, that is, "lovers of wisdom." They studied the structure of the human body, solved mathematical problems and followed the movement of the planets. Alexander the Great's mentor Aristotle, for example, described hundreds of species of animals. Research by Greek scientists laid the foundation modern biology, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and philosophy. Science of Ancient Greece was one of the most unique and original in the ancient world.

Olympic Games

Sports competitions were part of all major religious festivals in Greece. The Olympic Games in honor of Zeus were considered the main ones. They were held every 4 years and lasted 5 days. Many of Olympic competitions, such as javelin throwing or wrestling, were associated with the military training required by every man. During the games, wars were interrupted so that participants from all over the country could come to Olympia. The winners of the games became celebrities.
The female sex was forbidden to watch and participate in the Olympic Games.

Theatre

The first great dramatic works were created by the Greeks. Poets performed their songs at Dionysius - holidays in honor of the god Dionysus. Gradually, the songs became longer, the number of performers grew, and the songs turned into theatrical performances. There were 3 types of plays - tragedies, comedies and satires. The best play in each genre was awarded. Special buildings were built for theaters, without roofs. The actors were wearing masks, and all roles, even female ones, were performed by men.

Religion

Names of the gods of ancient Greece.
The Greeks had 12 main gods :
1) Zeus- the king of the gods, the thunderer. The eagle was considered his cult bird
2) Athena- the daughter of Zeus, was the goddess of wisdom and war, the patroness of Athens. The owl was her cult bird
3) Artemis- huntress, was the goddess of the moon, the patroness of women and children
4) Aphrodite- goddess of love and beauty
5) Demeter- the goddess of fertility and agriculture. During sowing, the Greeks held holidays in her honor
6) Poseidon- the god of the sea, the brother of Zeus and Pluto. With his trident, he could cause a storm
7) Hera- goddess, wife of Zeus, patroness of women
8) Hestia- Goddess of the hearth, Hera's sister
9) Apollo- god of the sun and music
10) Pluto- god of the underworld
11) Ares god, son of Zeus and Hera
12) Hermes- god, son of Zeus and one of his beloved, messenger of the gods

Sparta

Sparta dominated southern Greece Peloponnese. After the conquest messenia and Arcadia it became the most powerful state in Greece. The Spartans devoted themselves entirely to the war. All true Spartans had to be warriors, their training, which began at the age of 7, was extremely harsh.
Boys were subjected to corporal punishment in order to accustom them to pain and the ability to overcome fear in battle.
Girls were raised strong so that they would have healthy children in the future. All this helped Sparta win Peloponnesian Wars with Athens in 431-404 BC.
Spartans who did not show sufficient courage were ordered to shave off half of their beards. They were subjected to universal ridicule and humiliation.
Athens and Sparta were constant rivals and always at enmity.

Greco-Persian Wars

Wars of Ancient Greece. The Persians invaded Greece in 490 and 480 BC. The Greeks survived the sack of Athens and the death of a small Spartan army defending a narrow passage in the gorge. Thermopylae. Despite the losses, they still won, winning the battles of Marathon, at Plataea and sea battle Salamina. The Athenian leader convinced the government to create their own warships. The Greek fleet became a powerful force, the main weapon of which was trireme ship, which rammed enemy ships below the waterline. The battering ram was usually made of bronze. The triremes broke the formation of enemy ships, rammed them and disappeared from view.
The decisive battle took place at Salamis Islands and ended with the defeat of the Persian king Xerxes who invaded Greece. The Persians were lured into a trap - a narrow strait between Salamis and the mainland - and defeated.
Bucephalus. During the campaigns, Alexander left his people in the conquered lands. This contributed to the widespread dissemination of Greek culture and language, and, ultimately, to the development of the achievements of Greek science and architecture by later civilizations.

Military campaigns of Alexander

Conquering Asia Minor, Alexander won the battles with the Persians at Granicus and Issus. Turning south, he conquered Phoenicia, Judea and Egypt, where he was accepted as Pharaoh. The Macedonian visited the temple of the god Amon in Siwa, where he recognized him as his son. Then he defeated the Persians in the battle of Gaugamela. The Persian king Darius III fled after a crushing defeat inflicted on him by Alexander the Great. Soon Darius was killed. After a drunken revelry in Persepolis, Alexander ordered the palace to be burned down before moving on to India. Farther great commander went to India and again became the winner in the battle of the Gidasp River, having entered into a fight with the war elephants of King Por. He would have continued his campaigns further, but the army was already exhausted.

Alexander the Great died 323 BC in Babylon from a fever on the eve of a campaign in Arabia.
He was buried in Alexandria. He was at that time only 33 years old.

History of Europe from ancient times to the end of the 15th century Oleg Usmanovich Devletov

Question 1. Periodization of the history of Ancient Greece

Question 1. Periodization of ancient historyGreece

The history of Ancient Greece, which included the territories of the Balkan Peninsula, the Aegean region, southern Italy, about. Sicily, the Black Sea region, begins at the turn of the III-II millennium BC. e. It was then that the first state formations arose on the island of Crete. The end of the history of Ancient Greece in the II-I centuries. BC e. This is the period when the Greek and Hellenistic states of the Eastern Mediterranean were captured by Rome and became part of the Roman Mediterranean empire.

In the thirty centuries of existence of Ancient Greece, several key points. The first is associated with the emergence of early class societies and early state formations of the 2nd millennium BC. e. This is the history of Crete and Achaean Greece. The second - with the formation and flourishing of policies as independent city-states, as well as the creation of a high culture. This is the period of the XI-IV centuries. BC e. Finally, the third, the shortest, is the conquest of the Persian state by the Greeks, the formation of Hellenistic societies and states. Summarizing, we can propose the following scheme.

Crete-Mycenaean period: XXX–XII centuries BC.

It includes:

Minoan (Aegean) - XXX-XV centuries. BC. and Mycenaean (Achaean) - XV-XII centuries. BC.

Homeric period (XI - IX centuries BC);

Archaic period (VIII - VI centuries BC);

Classical period (V - IV centuries BC);

Hellenistic period (end of IV - I centuries BC)