The order of formation of orders in the 17th century. The orders of the 16th and 17th centuries were replaced

Order in Moscow.

Painting by Yanov A.S. 1880s.

Serpukhov Art and History Museum.

The authorities in Russia have undergone great changes over the centuries. At first it was the prince's squad, then the Boyar Duma appeared. orders. What was included in the conduct of orders, what were the orders, who introduced them in Russia? Let's answer these questions.

Orders

Orders- These are the state authorities in Russia. The order system of power was established by Ivan the Terrible on the reform of the central government in 155o. However, orders appeared much earlier.

From the history of the name

Where did such a name come from? The explanation is very simple: the tsar “ordered” the boyar to be in charge of one or another sphere of society or a separate region of the country. That's where the name comes from - orders.

From the history of orders

The first orders appeared under Ivan 3, it was around 1512. Then there were the following orders: discharge. State, stable, bed, kholopy, living and the order of the Great Court (He was in charge of the lands of the Prince of Moscow himself). Separate orders were in charge of affairs in the annexed territories, as well as in the state itself.

Vasily 3 - the father of Ivan the Terrible - introduced new positions, so special orders were created for them. These are: hunter, gunsmith, kravchiy. This happened in 1509, 1511 and 1514 respectively.

Finally, under Ivan the Terrible in the Sudebnik, adopted in 1550, the order system was finally formed. All subsequent kings added new orders, combined several or abolished some altogether.

The orders were replaced by collegiums by Peter the Great, but some orders remained and lasted for quite a long time. For example, in 1730 the Siberian order was restored (until 1755). The orders completely disappeared during the reign of Catherine II in 1775, but even then some institutions continued to be called orders (for example, the Order of Public Charity), although their terms of reference were different.

Thus, orders existed in Russia for quite a long time.

Other Order Names:

chambers, huts, palaces, huts, courtyards, thirds, quarters.

These names, although synonymous, have some differences.

Huts are authorities that have less authority than orders.

Yards and palaces were in charge only of economic affairs.

The history of the names "third" and "quarter" is interesting. Under Ivan III, the state was divided into three parts. This means that thirds are the authorities that were in charge of affairs in each of these three parts. The same thing happened with the word "quarter". Only it was under Ivan IV - the country was divided into 4 parts.

Orders in Russia

This is by no means a complete list of orders that existed in Russia.

Composition of orders

At the head of the order was roundabout appointed by the king from the boyars.

One part of the employees was involved in decision-making - judges.

Others were involved in the writing part of this clerks and clerks, oh, there is a clerk - this is the head of the office of the order, the clerk is his assistant, deputy.

Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna

The organs of central administration in the Muscovite state were orders. Moscow orders developed from those originally individual and temporary government orders that Moscow Grand Duke gave to his boyars and free servants, “ordering” them to be in charge of some branch of the palace economy and administration .. In general, an order is a private assignment, not an organ. But in the 16th and 17th centuries, these “sole assignments” turned into complex and permanent government offices, called huts or orders. Together with the order to manage the case, they received certain powers and competence. Orders have become bodies of supreme power. They existed thanks to the power of the king and were inseparable from it.

The reason for the appearance of orders is centralization. These were institutions of the Moscow order with a strict vertical structure.

A feature of the orders was their publicity. When the prince’s inheritance was annexed to Moscow, the territory of his inheritance turned into a “palace”, where the butler was sent - the governor of the Grand Duke of Moscow. (The specific prince went to serve in Moscow, where he lived with his family.) A circle of closest assistants formed around such a governor, who later drew up an order, his hut. The nature of the affairs that such a hut was in charge of was public: the court and finances.

History of creation.

At the turn of two centuries - 15-16 - only the foundations of the order system were formed. Under Ivan 3 and Vasily 3, some territorial orders are already in effect - quarters or quarters, and some branch orders - state, Discharge. The time of Ivan the Terrible is the heyday of the order system of the Moscow state. This was facilitated by the reforms of internal administration carried out by the king.

The order included judicial and administrative functions. They were courts for persons in their respective branches of government. Streltsy sued in the Streltsy Prikaz, foreign specialists in the Foreign Prikaz, etc. Orders, being administrative bodies, considered cases entrusted to their supervision independently. If it was impossible to resolve the matter, it was submitted to the consideration of the Boyar Duma.

Order composition.

The order was headed by a judge, usually a member of the Duma. Sometimes there were several judges, but not more than three if the cases were numerous. Behind the judges were clerks, clerks, attendants, mostly watchmen. Structurally, the orders were divided into trunks and howls. Each order or ship's huts had two watchmen. They opened the doors to those who gave money, and those who had nothing to give were closed before that. In all orders, all cases were recorded in books. In all orders there were clerks - assistant clerks. Their number ranged from 20 to 50, depending on the order. The clerks rewrote the letters cleanly. The clerk took the letter and signed it. A rather complicated procedure for gluing the letter was carried out, it was written on the gluing in such a way that no one could forge the letter. In other words, the letter was protected from forgery.

From time to time, orders were subject to revision by decree of the sovereign. The order of work of orders was streamlined. Over time, special books were opened to record the decisions made by the hand of the clerks. The supreme power often took measures to force the orders to follow the execution of their decrees.

A serious problem of orders was the delimitation of their competence. One and the same business could be in charge of several orders. As a result, there were an extraordinary number of collisions in the Muscovite kingdom.

Classification of orders.

group of orders - financial and treasury. This is primarily the order of the Grand Palace (first mentioned - 1547). Its first function was not finance, but the court. In addition, the order was in charge of stamp duty and a number of other taxes. Then we should mention the Treasury order or the order of the Great Treasury (1578)

The department of this order was the Mint. This order was in charge of state gold and other reserves, as they would say now. Order of the Great Parish, Counting Order, Local, Gold and Silver Case, Bread, Kholopy, New Quarter and other orders. Almost every order was in charge of its own source of income, so all of them could be part of the financial and treasury department ..

2. group of orders - judicial and administrative orders: Rogue, Moscow, Vladimir, Zemsky orders. Rogue (1539) was subject to serious criminal offenses. The office of the Rogue Order was subject to labial elders and prisons. The order also combined purely police functions. The Moscow and Vladimir orders are exclusively class-based institutions. In the Moscow order, the elite, “people of the Moscow ranks” were sued, in the Vladimir order, all the rest. The petition (1571) order was also a court order. A petition order is a necessary instance before the supreme court of appeal, which was the Duma. Often the tsar himself disassembled the petitions from him. The petition order, in addition, was the highest administrative court in Russia.

The order is the highest branch court instance, before it, as a rule, the litigant had to go through the court in the lower instances.

3. group of orders - police orders. The police are the concern of the state for the improvement of the lives of citizens. Yamskoy order (1516), order of Zhitna, Aptekarsky and a number of others.

4. group of orders - orders for military affairs. The discharge order (1535) is an analogue of the General Staff. Shooting order. Reitarsky, Foreigner were in charge of the regiments of the new system. Pushkarsky and Armory (1511) were in charge of the purchase and production of weapons and equipment. Bronny (1573) order was in charge of the manufacture of horse harness, armor, bows and arrows. Cossack order

4. group orders - orders Foreign Affairs: Posolsky (1567). Foreigners were in his charge. The order redeemed the prisoners, carried out the general management of Moscow's relations with the Patriarch of Constantinople. He was in charge of some cities: Kasimov and Romanov, the district of Great Perm. Printed order, which kept state seal applied to state acts sent abroad. Polonyanichny order was subordinate to the embassy order. Existed from 1663 to 1678. Pansky order (Nevolin).

group of orders - regional orders. It's fours and quarters. They appeared as a result of centralization. With the centralization of the state, the destinies began to be divided, first into counties, then volosts, camps, up to individual communities and villages. The heirs no longer receive inheritances, but parts former territories destinies. From the remnants of these destinies, special territorial-taxable units are made up - four and thirds. The couples are named after the clerks, later (with the abolition of governorships) territorial quarters appear. For example: Kostroma, Ustyug, Novgorod and other couples. Along with the couple, there were palaces: the Kazan Palace, Meshchersky, etc. Their difference from the chety is the incorporation of the region by force of arms or by common consent, such as the Little Russian order.

group of orders - orders of the state-church administration. Patriarchal rank, order of church affairs, patriarchal court. The monastic order, which was in charge of the trial of the church authorities.

the last group of orders is separated into a separate group. These were orders created on the occasion of the solution of a single problem. For example: A funeral order, which was in charge of sending memorial services for dead kings. You can also highlight the order of the German feed, the order of the Sovereign of Secret Affairs. The monastic order (1649) was in charge of the management of church lands. It was obvious that the state intended to gradually secularize church lands. The monastic order is the first step in this direction. The order of the Sovereign of Secret Affairs (1658) was engaged in surveillance of the highest officials of the state. He was also in charge of numerous royal affairs. He was personally subordinate to the king. In many ways, it can be considered an organ of the era of absolutism. In the order of the Secret Affairs, clerks "in the sovereign's name" served. They had the right to sign decrees for the king. But that didn't mean they made laws. They simply formalized in this way the private will of the king. These were, as a rule, oral orders, which the clerk put into writing.

Orders can be classified into permanent (Psolsky, Big Treasury, Discharge) and temporary (Extortion, Secret Affairs, abolished after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, Datochny)

Bibliography

Klyuchevsky V.O. Russian history course. Moscow, 1989.

Vladimirsky-Budanov M.F. Review of the history of Russian law. Rostov-on-Don, 1995.

Lectures by Isaev M.A.

Isaev I.A. History of state and law. Moscow, 1994.

Pushkarev S.G. Review of Russian history. Moscow, 1991.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.zakroma.narod.ru/ were used.

A court verdict or on any action of orders, on offenders in general. This unlimited right to petition is so important that it cannot be passed over in silence when studying the order system. The Muscovite tsars did not make attempts to limit it for a long time, even when, with the growth of the state, it became obviously very burdensome for them. For the first time in the Code of 1649, it was decided: “without hitting the forehead in an order, nor about ...

Poland Smolensk region and lost access to Baltic Sea. So, the "Time of Troubles" was a shock to the entire political, social and economic life of the country. It was a test of the Muscovite state for resilience. Gradually, Russia began to emerge from the social catastrophe, to restore the statehood destroyed during the Time of Troubles. In conditions of devastation and a difficult financial situation ...

Evil in them." Then a folk tale about Shemyakin's court was created, the court became terrible, ruinous, because it was based not on the restoration of the truth trampled by evil will, but on the judge's benefit. The Muscovite state arose from a specific principality, was created gradually, as Moscow absorbed the Muscovite sovereign into its borders and under the high hand appanage principalities. This growth of Moscow was, ...

And falconers. In place of the treasurer of the specific era, who accepted and kept princely income until the order of the prince, with the formation of the Muscovite state, with an increase in income and expenses and reporting on them, a number of orders arose, namely: the order of the Great Treasury, which, under the control of the boyar treasurer, collected and kept mainly direct taxes and was in charge of the court and the government of the guests and ...

Story government controlled in Russia Shchepetev Vasily Ivanovich

Orders

In the 17th century, instead of a small group of people to work in public institutions Russia is starting a special special layer, which received the general name of clerks.

ordered people- special, in the XVII century. a group of service people formed into a class, whose main duty was to work in state institutions in the center and in the field.

Feature of the first half of the XVII century. also there was a wide distribution of temporary orders, although they were formalized by a legislative act on their creation, definition of functions, staff, budget and appointment of the head. They differed from the permanent ones in their functional and extraterritorial character, efficiency of work.

When in the 10-20s. 17th century restored the system of government, destroyed in Time of Troubles approximately 20 headquarters have become operational. The need for large financial expenditures for economic needs led to strengthening the fiscal activity of orders. Therefore, they were also recreated quarter orders, set up a number of new permanent and temporary central tax collection institutions (order of the Great Treasury).

The strengthening of the significance in the Time of Troubles of such social groups as the nobility and the Cossacks predetermined the revival local order, in charge of the mass distribution of land, and Cossack order.

New for the command system was the formation Patriarchal simplification in connection with the increasing role of Patriarch Filaret in governing the state. Since that time, a triple division of the order system of state institutions (state, palace, patriarchal orders) has been established in the country.

The department of each order was created as a result of the historical need for a new body. Some orders were in charge in all respects of some territory of the state (Siberian order, Kostroma Chet, etc.), others controlled a certain category of the population (Order of kholopii - serfs, Streltsy - archery army, etc.); still others were in charge of a certain kind of affairs (Rogue - criminal justice, order of the Great Treasury - finances, Bit - military affairs, Posolsky - diplomatic relations, etc.).

Along with large orders, there were small ones, such as Aptekarsky, who was in charge of the court medical unit, Kamenny, who oversaw the stone buildings. Just like orders, palace institutions were arranged, which were in the nature of household economic offices. royal family(workshops, etc.).

The organization of all orders was approximately the same. They consisted of the presence and the office. The presence consisted of the chief of the order (often a member of the Duma) and "comrades". They were called judges and were subordinate to the boss, therefore, being collegiate in form, the orderly presence in fact was not such: cases were decided not by the majority of those present, but at the discretion of the elder. In small orders there was also no collegiality: one boss was in charge of affairs, without a comrade. The office consisted of clerks under the command of clerks; the number of both depended on the size of the clerk's activity.

In the 17th century the number of orders increased from 44 in 1626 to 55 in 1698. The most important orders (Posolsky, Razryadny) were headed by duma clerks. Part-time employment was allowed, that is, the service of clerks simultaneously in two orders. Boyarin B. I. Morozov, for example, was simultaneously a judge in five orders.

In many orders, the staff did not exceed 10 people. In such orders as the order of the Great Parish, the Novgorod quarter, Razboyny, the staff consisted of 22-27 people. special group represented the four largest orders: the Local (73 people), the Grand Palace (73). Kazan Palace (46), Bit (45).

In 1637, a new territorial order appeared in the system of orders - Siberian, separated from Kazan to manage the newly annexed lands of Siberia.

Orders issued a variety of documents: letters of commendation, decrees on behalf of the king, memos, orders-instructions officials, reports and torture letters. Letters were systematized by issuing consolidated documents - statutory letters.

In the second half of the XVII century. significant changes are taking place in the life of Russia: serfdom is finally taking shape, at the same time an all-Russian market is being formed, the social stratification of the countryside is deepening, urban uprisings are taking place, outbreaks of a national movement in the Volga region, a powerful peasant war led by Stepan Razin. At the same time, it is possible to return the main part of the lands lost at the beginning of the century. Siberia continues to be developed, the defensive line is moving south, southeast, southwest, new fertile lands are being developed, new cities are being created.

All these processes could not but affect the state bodies.

After acceptance Cathedral Code 1649 satisfied the basic requirements of the nobility and the top tenants, their political activity weakened. The nobility was most interested in suppressing the resistance of the enslaved peasants. Since the old state apparatus did not cope well with these tasks, it was necessary to change the forms of government by strengthening the absolutist principles and restructuring the army.

A feature of absolutism in the XVII century. was no standing army and regular financial system. The army consisted of a noble militia, which was assembled for each military campaign, and archery regiments, in Peaceful time engaged in crafts and trade. The financial system was not unified, the collection of taxes was administered by different orders, as well as their distribution. There was no unified tax system. Taxes and duties were both permanent and temporary, introduced by the government in connection with specific events, such as wars.

Troubled times at the beginning of the 17th century. had a profound effect on the army. Total population warriors decreased sharply, and it was possible to restore it only by the beginning of the 30s. Since 1630, the creation of regiments of a new system began in Russia - soldiers, reiters, dragoons. After 20 years, peasants and townspeople began to be recruited into these regiments. The number of soldiers and archers gradually increased, while the role of the local cavalry decreased. If in 1651 there were 37.5 thousand nobles and boyar children, then in 1680 - 15.8 thousand. Foreigners began to enter the service in the Russian army. The armament of the regiments became uniform: muskets and carbines instead of heavy squeakers, hand grenades, regimental artillery, rifled multi-barreled weapon, cannon grenades.

Changes in the 17th century applied to all government agencies. There is a bureaucratization of the supreme administration. The significance of the Boyar Duma is decreasing: at the end of the century it turns into a kind of deliberative body of clerks. The change in the nature of the Duma is evidenced by the increase in its unborn part - Duma clerks (from 2-3 to 11-12 people).

Significant changes are taking place in the orders as central institutions. New territorial orders emerged to manage the liberated new lands (Lithuanian and Little Russian), as well as two orders related to new phenomena in management: Monastic and Reitarsky, created to organize the management of the troops of the new system, gradually replacing the noble militia.

He took a special place in the order system secret orders, headed by the king himself. It was created in 1654 and existed until 1675. The order was a new type of institution, it exercised control over the activities of other orders, but above all it was the personal office of the king.

This time was characterized by the development of palace institutions, their number increased from 14 to 19, and in 1664 a special Court order. At the end of the 50s. created count order, controlling financial activity orders. In the 80s. carried out a reform to consolidate orders, which led to a reduction in their number to 37–38.

In 1682, localism was abolished, that is, the principle of occupying a position depending on the nobility of origin and the official position of the ancestors. "Bit books", where pedigrees and appointments were recorded, were burned. Since then, the principle service compliance.

Since local institutions could not cope with the search for runaway peasants, commissions or orders of detective affairs were organized. Only for 1658-1663. from the Local Order, 25 commissions were sent to the places. From the 60s. 17th century The creation of commissions has assumed a massive character.

Second feature development of orders of this period - a sharp increase in the number of people employed in them. If the number of ordered people in Russia was in the 40s. 17th century 1611 people, then in the 90s. it increased almost three times and reached 4567 people. Of them most of was employed in Moscow orders, and 1918 people - in local government agencies.

In connection with the growth in the number of bureaucratic apparatus, the remuneration of officials became a significant item of state spending. The government attempted to reduce their salaries and halt the growth of their numbers. The trend towards an increase in staff has led to the need for training personnel suitable for order work. Such training was organized under the Local Order.