Why the West is so surprised by the staged "murder" of Babchenko is absolutely incomprehensible. After all, this has been going on for more than four years.

Doctors continue to work in their places

Cherkessk, November 17. Alla Rusakova, a resident of Cherkessk, has been seeking a fair investigation into the death of her son in a city hospital for more than four years. Not months have passed since the tragedy, but years, and all this time the doctors who are accused in the case of the death of a young man are working in their places, but no verdict has been issued against them. The woman is sure that this is no coincidence, and there is only one goal - to drag out the trial and not let the doctors answer for their mistake, which cost the life of a young man.

“The case has been in court for more than a year,” notes Alla Rusakova. “I think that they just want to close it, not to give it a go.”

The tragedy that forever changed the life of a resident of Cherkessk occurred in January 2013. Her 30-year-old son died after being treated by the doctors of the city hospital of Cherkessk. Alla Rusakova herself became an invalid of the third group. All the years that have passed since that terrible day, the woman is trying to prove that the death of her son was not an accident, but the result of the negligence of doctors. She demands that action be taken against those hospital workers who, in her opinion, are guilty of what happened.

The investigation of the criminal case against doctors, who, according to a resident of Cherkessk, are guilty of the death of her son, was completed a year ago. The suspect was treated by a pulmonologist and the head of the pulmonology department of the city hospital, as well as an anesthesiologist-resuscitator and the head of the anesthesiology-resuscitation department. Now the case is being considered by the court. However, despite the fact that the doctors are in the dock, they continue to work in the same hospital. The woman does not understand how this is possible, because they can make the same unforgivable mistakes as with her son.

“They continue to work, endanger the lives of other people. They are not fired, despite the fact that the examination showed a bunch of violations that they committed, - says Alla Rusakova. “What other violations had to be committed to get them fired?”

The woman points to the conclusions that were made by the experts. As early as December 2015, specialists from the Russian Center for Forensic Medical Examination of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation indicated that at all stages of the provision medical care young man shortcomings were made, including when the condition of a resident of Cherkessk became so serious that it was decided to hospitalize him.

“At this stage of medical care, there were the following shortcomings:

1) The examination at admission was not carried out in full.

2) The subsequent examination and treatment were incomplete and not adequate to the patient's condition,” the experts clearly point out, after which they list a number of violations committed by doctors. So, according to experts, although the man was taken to the hospital by ambulance on January 21, but until 8.30 the next day, dynamic monitoring of his condition was not carried out, despite the fact that he "had signs of respiratory failure and hyperthermia." For seven days, even after the man was placed in intensive care, according to the expert opinion, “an ineffective antibacterial drug was used,” while “timely correction of antibiotic therapy was not carried out.”

But the most important thing, and the experts point to this in their conclusions, was “untimely transfer of T. to the intensive care unit - only at 20.50 on January 22, 2013 (the transfer should have been carried out already at 9 am on January 22, after the appearance of signs of cardiovascular insufficiency". The whole day, until late in the evening, as can be understood from the expert's conclusion, the doctors were in no hurry to transfer the patient to intensive care, although they had all the necessary reasons for this.

Then, having already been in intensive care, as the same experts note, the man again was not provided with all the necessary assistance.

“The examination and treatment in the intensive care unit were incomplete and did not correspond to T.'s condition,” the report says.

"The listed shortcomings in the provision of medical care (at all stages) adversely affected the course of the underlying disease, its complications and contributed to the death of T.", - such is the conclusion of the experts.

A resident of Cherkessk believes that these reasons are more than enough to fire doctors. In the meantime, she managed to achieve only one thing - the diplomas of the head of the pulmonology department were canceled. But the woman believes that this is not enough, and doctors should be fired.

“What facts should still be substantiated for the leadership of the hospital, the city health department of the municipality of Cherkessk and the Ministry of Health for the KChR? Who is responsible that such violations will not lead to the next crime against other patients who have applied to the City Hospital?” - asks Alla Rusakova.

The woman believes that the trial of her son's case is being delayed for hidden reasons, and is seriously afraid that the court will not take into account the conclusions of the experts, which, in her opinion, are unambiguous. The woman admits that all this time attempts to achieve justice are given to her very hard.

“Four years and ten months have passed since the death of my son. They've been destroying and torturing me all this time. They want me to shut up and be silent,” says Alla Rusakova. She demands a fair trial in the case of the death of her son and assures that she will not remain silent in any case. And he will fight until he achieves justice.

Russia for more than four years

work is underway to create

conditions for the implementation

securitization of financial

assets. What is

the need to make changes to

legislation? Why such changes

Tuktarov Yu.E. encounter resistance?

Partner Legal Capital Partners

We live in an era when the main asset

SECURITIZATION: participants of civil turnover become

contractual monetary claims. One of BETWEEN DOGMA AND the largest specialists in this field of financing, S. Bazinas, writes that the growing REALITY segment of world money is currently "closed" in monetary claims (issued housing, consumer, automobile and other loans;

[The original article was published in the corporate, municipal, state publication "Corporate Lawyer", No. 7 for bond issues; debt for 2006] delivered goods, rendered services and performed works; forthcoming payments for the use of inventions, works, trademarks - all this is future money that now exists in the form of claims. - Approx. ed.). Securitization allows you to turn future money (claims) into real money in the present. The decision to simplify the assignment of monetary claims was made taking into account the fact that economic growth is now possible only if this asset is freed from unnecessary restrictions, otherwise huge volumes Money, "closed" in the rights of claim, become "dead capital", which can in no way be used in the economy2.

In many legal systems, the assignment of both future monetary claims and a set of non-individualized claims is null and void. This is based on the principle of specialty3 recognized in the doctrine of civil law, according to which one cannot dispose of what cannot be individualized: one can only dispose of a specific car, and not a car in general. This principle, developed first in the field of property law and property law, was subsequently extended to the rights of claim. Its operation in practice has two important implications. First, since the claim does not pass at the moment the assignment agreement is concluded, then there is a need for another special agreement directly aimed at the transfer of the claim (the so-called assignment act). Secondly, since the assignment agreement only gives rise to the obligation of the assignor after the emergence of demands to assign them, the position of the acquirer from the moment such an agreement is concluded until the relevant act is performed remains uncertain (if the seller refuses the assignment, then the buyer has the right to demand only the recovery of damages from him) .

See: Schwarcz S.L. Towards a Centralized Perfection System for Cross-Border Receivables Financing // 20 U. Pa. J. Int., 1999. P.

See: Bazinas S.V. An International Legal Regime for Receivables Financing: UNCITRAL "s Contribution // 8 Duke J. Comp. & Int" l L. 315 (Spring, 1998).

See, for example: Zom R. Institutions: A Textbook on the History and Systems of Roman Civil Law. SPb., 1910. S. 46;

Enneczerus L. The course of German civil law. T. 1. Polutom 2. M., 1950. S. 128; Venkshtern M. Fundamentals of property law // Problems of civil and entrepreneurial law in Germany. M., 2001. S. 172.

The mentioned restrictions foreign literature considered as factors that significantly increase the cost of obtaining financing.

B. Markell writes that the costs associated with the individualization of the requirement from the moment it arises can lead to a significant increase in the total cost of obtaining a loan. In this case, the amount of administrative work that is necessary to ensure the validity of the transfer increases. This can be detrimental to credit, as the parties to the transaction would have to enter into a new agreement every time a claim (collection of claims) arises4. In general, such inconveniences always negatively affect the attractiveness of contractual monetary claims for use as security for the performance of loan obligations.

International acts of recent years, such as the UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade of 2001 (clause 1 of Article 8, hereinafter referred to as the UN Convention), the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts of 2003 (Articles 9.1.5 and 9.1 .6, hereinafter referred to as the UNIDROIT Principles), the Principles of European Contract Law 2004 (art. 11:102, hereinafter referred to as the European Principles), provide a mechanism for resolving the problem of assignment of future and non-individualized claims. They establish the possibility of assignment of such claims, if at the time of their occurrence they can be defined (individualized) as claims in respect of which the assignment was made. It is noteworthy that in the official comments on these acts, first of all, arguments of an economic nature are heard. Thus, the explanatory note to the UN Convention clarifies that the approach of the Convention can be better understood in terms of the goals it pursues, namely, to ensure that monetary claims are used to obtain financing that enriches the entire economy as a whole. The ability to use monetary claims, for example as collateral for the repayment of credit funds, increases the chances of each organization to obtain a loan on more favorable terms, in other words, increases the availability of credit. In such a situation, the assignor will be able to increase the volume of his business. At the same time, this leads to better conditions for buyers/debtors who will then have the opportunity to buy more goods or services, which is likely to have a beneficial effect on all international trade.

Similar arguments are contained in the European Principles: “The commercial importance of using monetary claims to obtain funds, and the practical impossibility of complying with the requirement that the right of claim be determined individually or determinable at the time of assignment, has led to the widespread acceptance of assignments of future claims without the need for the assignor to make any or a new act of transfer after the claim has arisen.

The abolition of restrictions on the assignment of future and non-individualized claims did not remain without a justified dogmatic interpretation. For example, the European Principles state that, although claims cannot pass to the assignee until they have arisen, but once they have been created, the assignment takes effect from the moment the assignment agreement is concluded. Reverse force, enshrined in paragraph 2 of Art. 11:401, refers primarily to disputes over priorities, but may also be of independent importance in determining whether an assignment is paid or unpaid, since the value given after the assignment and before the demand arises constitutes a new value that is not equal to the previous one6.

AT Russian law there were many problems with the assignment of claims. In order to create conditions for effective securitization, it is extremely important to reduce the costs that arise in its implementation. The example of the assignment of claims shows that in order to achieve this goal, Markell B.A. UNCITRAL's Receivables Convention: The First Step, But not The Last // 12 Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law. 2002. P. 402.

Principles of European Contract Law. Oxford, 2003. P. 123.

Article 9.1.

5 of the UNIDROIT Principles is accompanied by the following comments: "This article provides that between the assignor and the assignee the assignment of a future claim has retrospective effect" to apply special legal techniques, in particular to use such a legal fiction as the retrospective effect of the assignment.

Reorganization and Liquidation of an Entity Created for Securitization According to popular belief, a corporation is created primarily to bring profit to its participants, therefore, corporate law ensures their priority7. Many researchers justify this statement by the thesis that the participants are the actual "owners" of the corporation. For example, A. Berl and G. Means call shareholders "owners" and pay attention to the fact that corporate governance should focus on the problems arising from the separation of ownership and control8.

Confirmation of the priority of the interests of corporation participants in Russian legislation can be seen in securing their right to reorganize or liquidate the corporation. For example, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides that the reorganization of a legal entity (merger, accession, division, separation, transformation) can be carried out by decision of its founders (participants) or a body of a legal entity authorized to do so by constituent documents (clause 1 of article 57) . In paragraph 2 of Art.

61 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation contains a similar provision, but regarding liquidation: "A legal entity may be liquidated by decision of its founders (participants) or a body of a legal entity authorized to do so by constituent documents." The participants (founders), as well as the owners, as a general rule, are assigned complete freedom to "dispose" (by reorganization or liquidation) of the corporation they own. G. Hansmann and R. Kraakman believe that corporate law is mainly devoted to protecting the property of investors - participants (founders) of a legal entity9.

We observe a completely different logic in the case of an organization specialized for the purposes of securitization - a special legal entity (Special Purpose Vehicle, SPV). As a rule, the "owners" of such organizations are limited by securitization legislation in exercising their right to reorganize or liquidate them, which has obvious economic reasons. It is necessary to protect SPV creditors (owners of Asset Backed Securities, ABS) from those adverse consequences, including the risk early repayment valuable papers(ABS), which arise in connection with the reorganization and liquidation of their issuer (SPV). Removing these kinds of risks naturally increases the value of ABS. Legislation in this case acts as a tool to improve the quality of securities issued in the course of securitization. As a consequence, the "owner" of a pool of financial assets (the initiator) using securitization can expect to receive bigger size cash (premiums) from investors stock market, including due to the absence of risks inherent in the securities of conventional corporations. Even if corporate law considers the rule on the possibility of reorganization (liquidation) as dispositive (implemented by agreement of the "owners"), the principle of freedom of contract will still allow these persons to make changes to the constituent documents, which may lead to deception of investors' expectations regarding the stability of the SPV . Thus, it is the legislation that should fix the restriction of the right of participants (founders) to reorganization and liquidation.

From the point of view of the current corporate legislation and its logic, in this case, the improvement in the quality of securities occurs due to a violation of the priority principle See: Hansmann H., Kraakman R. What is Corporate Law? The Anatomy of Corporate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach. 2004. P. 2. For a review of this book, see: Corporate Lawyer. 2006. N 2. S. 59.

Berle A.A., Means G. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. 1932.

Hansmann H., Kraakman R. Ibid Ref. 8. P. 14.

"owners" of the corporation (who "spawned" it, and therefore can claim to give them the right to change it or "kill it"). In this case, the initiative of the "owners" is sacrificed for the safety of investors. Thus, the legislator offers, although atypical, but a simple and effective way to protect investors, for which the latter are forced to pay extra, which makes securitization even more profitable.

The Federal Law of November 11, 2003 "On Mortgage Securities" (hereinafter - the Law on Mortgage Securities) does not contain restrictions on the reorganization and liquidation of mortgage agents, which significantly reduces the attractiveness of mortgage-backed bonds.

This Law establishes a number of other features of a mortgage agent: such an organization cannot have a staff, and the powers of its sole executive body must be transferred to commercial organization. These restrictions are actually aimed at excluding, in the event of bankruptcy, for bankruptcy creditors the possibility of obtaining an advantage over the owners of mortgage-backed bonds - first priority creditors, which include citizens with claims for payment of wages and compensation for harm caused (Federal Law of October 26, 2002 "On insolvency (bankruptcy)"). Such norms are not typical for foreign legal orders, since the right of pledge there most often provides an advantage for secured creditors over all other creditors of a legal entity. When developing a law on securitization, it is necessary to provide for a rule on limiting the rights of participants to reorganize and liquidate a legal entity that is a special legal entity (SPV).

Disposable nature of SPV

) considered the issue of mortgage-backed bonds as a systematic activity of a mortgage agent and therefore did not limit the number of issues of such bonds in any way. Meanwhile, in world practice, it is recognized that the creation of a mortgage agent for multiple issuance of mortgage-backed bonds has significant drawbacks. For example, the risks of poor-quality mortgage-backed bond issues may reduce the benefits of quality issues; failure to perform on one of the bond issues may lead to a breach of obligations on others; an increase in the operational burden on the issuer increases the level of risks associated with its activities.

In addition, when a mortgage agent is created to issue an unlimited number of issues of mortgage-backed bonds, market costs increase significantly, the costs of collecting information on the previous performance of obligations by such an agent, on the status of issues of bonds in circulation, as well as on bonds planned for placement .

The Law on Mortgage Securities does not exclude the possibility of creating a mortgage agent to issue one issue of mortgage-backed bonds, for which an appropriate indication must be made in its constituent documents. The disadvantage of this provision is that the constituent documents can be changed by the shareholders of the mortgage agent at their discretion.

In the new edition of the Law on Mortgage Securities (dated December 29, 2004), the legislator provided that if a mortgage agent is indicated in the constituent documents about its creation for the issue of one issue of bonds with mortgage coverage (several issues of bonds secured by one mortgage coverage), such a provision cannot be changed; after the fulfillment of obligations under mortgage-backed bonds, such a mortgage agent is subject to liquidation (paragraph 6, clause 1, article 8 of the Law on Mortgage Securities).

Securities issued in securitizationDisclosure

Securities settled with funds from a segregated pool of contractual cash claims (ABS) differ markedly from conventional securities. Payments under ABS are primarily dependent on cash flow, which is generated by a pool of qualifying claims, as well as guarantees or other means of securing performance of obligations, referred to as credit collateral. For this kind of securities, there is no need to characterize entrepreneurial activity, since the issuer does not conduct it in this case. In the case of ABS, the most important information for investors is: a description of the structure of the securitization transaction and the quality of the pool of contractual monetary claims (statistics on debtors, monetary obligations), as well as information about the experience and role of various participants in the securitization, including the initiator, service agent, depository, management company and providers of collateral. Disclosure rules in this area should be designed to ensure that investors receive the information they need useful information in the indicated areas. Thus, the current disclosure rules relating to corporate securities, as a rule, do not provide for the disclosure of the information that investors need for securities issued in the course of securitization.

Tranching of securities

Securities, the performance of which depends on the cash flow from a separate pool of contractual claims, have another important feature: they are usually divided into classes in order to manage the risks that are inherent in the pool of contractual cash claims (early repayment, delay or non-performance by the debtor at all). his obligation). Such risks are removed from one class of securities and transferred to others. Often, different terms and (or) the sequence of fulfillment of obligations under securities are used for this. At the same time, the classes of securities are divided into high-quality (preferred) and lower-quality (absorbent) ones.

The seemingly simple issue of risk management through the subordination of securities classes poses complex problems that lawyers in many countries are racking their brains over. For example, Professor H. Verhagen notes that only the use of a trust in English law made it possible to "create a large number of different tranches of securities"10. American professor D. Langbein also writes about this: "Persons planning a property securitization deal bypass the restrictions on traditional classes of corporate shares by using the opportunity to freely construct the rights of beneficiaries under a trust. They manipulate the trust to create a dizzying field of so-called tranches, each embodying a different class of rights under the trust."11

AT Russian law on Mortgage Securities (as amended on November 11, 2003), an attempt was made to secure the possibility of structuring mortgage-backed bonds. In paragraph 2 of Art. 11 provided that mortgage coverage could be pledged to secure the fulfillment of obligations under bonds of two or more issues. However, the possibility of structuring such bonds was not fully provided by this norm. The point is that according to Art. 816 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a bond certifies the right to receive its face value or other property equivalent within the period specified in the bond. Taking into account this norm, within the framework of domestic law, several issues of bonds with one mortgage coverage and successive Verhagen H.L.E. could be issued. Trusts in the Civil Law: Making Use of Experience of "Mixed" Jurisdictions // European Review of Private Law.

2000 Vol. 8. No. 3. P. 481.

Langbein J.H. The Contractarian Basis of the Law of Trusts // Yale Law Journal. 1995 Vol. 105. N 3. P. 105.

due date (from one issue to another). However, this situation does not create any obstacles to the execution of bonds with a later maturity, with a detriment to bonds with more early term, and therefore does not provide a ranking of releases.

Another thing is the establishment of the order of execution for bond issues secured by one mortgage collateral. In this case, there is a real advantage of one issue over another, since until the bonds of one issue are fully redeemed, it is impossible to start fulfilling obligations on another. The Law on Mortgage-backed Securities (as amended on December 29, 2004) provided that "in the event of the issue of bonds with one mortgage coverage of two or more issues, their issuer has the right to establish the sequence of fulfillment of obligations under bonds with mortgage coverage" (paragraph 2 of part 2 verse 11).

Unlike mortgage-backed bonds, the issue of structuring mortgage participation certificates is completely bypassed by the current legislation. The allocation of classes of participation certificates is also aimed at providing advantages in one class at the expense of others.

Is it legitimate to provide for such a hierarchy within the framework of common property? World practice universally recognizes the possibility of issuing certificates of participation in relation to one pool of financial assets (in our case, "mortgage coverage"), in a single set of which several classes are distinguished, some conditions for which are different. Such conditions, in particular, include: the term for making payments for this class of participation certificates and the sequence of fulfillment of obligations for the classes of this set of participation certificates.

Example 1. Two classes of certificates can be issued under one mortgage coverage: the first is redeemed within the first five years, and the second - within the next five years.

Due to the presence of the risk of early repayment, most likely in the second class income in the form of interest on mortgage loans will be low, while the first class will receive the maximum.

Example 2. Also two classes, but between them the order of distribution of funds is established.

All certificate holders are the owners of the coverage, but payments for certificates of the second class are made only after the payment of funds for the first. In this case, the second class is the risk of default on mortgage loans.

Holders of participation certificates are recognized as co-owners of the mortgage coverage and are therefore subject to the common ownership provisions. To determine the applicable norms of Ch. 16 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation "Common Property" it is necessary to keep in mind the following.

Firstly, the funds received under the mortgage coverage are included in the mortgage coverage and are in the shared ownership of the participation certificate holders. Secondly, the allocation of classes of participation certificates is based on the introduction of various conditions for the distribution of funds between the owners of such certificates.

In the process of distribution among the holders of participation certificates of funds that are in mortgage coverage, from a legal point of view, the common ownership of these funds is terminated and individual ownership arises for everyone to whom they were paid.

In terms of the relevant provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, we are talking about such a method of terminating common property as "separation of property that is in shared ownership" (Article 252 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Meanwhile, in Art. 252 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes the principle of freedom in relation to making a decision on the division of property that is in shared ownership: property can be divided between the participants "by agreement between them." And this implies that the participants can independently determine the term and (or) the sequence of this division. This possibility also follows from paragraph 2 of Art. 209 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, according to which the owner of property has the right, at his own discretion, to carry out any actions in relation to property, including alienating his property into the ownership of other persons.

We believe that the provision in the Law on Mortgage Securities of the possibility of dividing participation certificates into classes with different terms and (or) the sequence of payment of funds does not contradict the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and is consistent with the provision of Art. 209, 252 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

The above examples show that securitization is indeed based on a special logic of legal regulation, which differs markedly from that which is usually demonstrated by a modern legislator. The needs of organizations for more efficient way refinancing of their financial assets, on the one hand, and the needs of the financial market for new investment instruments, on the other, force legislators different countries to consolidate the institution of securitization. The description proposed in this article of the contradictions arising in connection with this between dogma and reality will make this process more conscious.

HIPPOTHERAPY AS A CHANCE FOR RECOVERY

The horse is one of the symbols of kindness, freedom and fortitude. Imagine this picture: a field along which a stallion runs, cutting open spaces. The view alone is breathtaking. And to be a part of this process is a real pleasure.

Adults squeal with delight when they first sit on a horse. And what can we say about children, and even more so "special" boys and girls. What flurry of emotions does a child with developmental disabilities experience when he is in the saddle? He does not know how to walk, but he sits on a horse himself and is unreasonably happy from this!

It has been proven that contact with horses has a positive effect on human health Hippotherapy is one of the the most effective methods treatment of animals through horses. It is aimed at fighting many diseases.

This direction has been successfully developing in the Oryol region for more than four years. On the basis of the Orlovsky Horse Yard "Vyazki", the Children's Rehabilitation Equestrian Center "Boni Club" was created and is successfully operating. The hippotherapy section is visited by boys, girls and even adults with diseases such as cerebral palsy, various disorders of the musculoskeletal system, as well as autism.

Some call hippotherapy therapeutic riding. Indeed, the main effect is achieved precisely through exercises performed on a horse. However, it cannot be said that these two concepts are absolutely identical. After all, an important condition for healing is not only riding, but also just communicating with a horse, caring for it, - said trainer Alla Kameneva. - Our pupils visit the section 2 - 3 times a week. We use an integrated approach: a person warms up and develops muscles while riding a horse, gets a crazy boost of energy and just great pleasure from communicating with this animal.

GOLD AND SILVER AT ALL-RUSSIAN COMPETITIONS

The results of such classes have not only a therapeutic effect. The Oryol guys, under the guidance of their mentors, went further and became real athletes. Para Olympic equestrianism is the newest discipline International Federation equestrian sport. Paralympic dressage is currently the only para-equestrian event included in the Paralympic program.

Who knows, probably very soon among the participants, and possibly the winners, will be the pupils of the "Boni Club". In any case, both the athletes themselves and their coaches have such hopes.

Having noticed good results from hippotherapy, we decided that our guys can go further and engage in equestrian sports. Our hopes were justified. For the first time in the history of the region, two of our pupils became participants in the Open Traditional Moscow Equestrian Cup named after P. Gurvich, - said trainer Maria Semenikhina.

More than 30 athletes from the regions of Russia took part in the competition. Despite the serious competition and the fact that the Oryol participants had to rent horses (the cost of transportation is too high), our fellow countrymen performed brilliantly.

Nine-year-old Valeria Ritarovskaya won a gold medal in her debut competition.

I didn't believe it until the very end when I heard my name. The opponents were so strong, and in age they are all older than me. I am grateful to my coach - this is our common victory, - Valeria shared her impressions.

The girl now cannot imagine her life without horses. She has been studying at the Oryol "Boni Club", located in the village of Vyazki, for three years now.

It all started with hippotherapy, which became a real salvation for us. In a short time, my daughter got rid of the hyperactivity syndrome, became more diligent and attentive. And the horses made her character soft and docile. Nobody expected that therapy would also become a sport in which our girl, I hope, will achieve even greater success, - said the mother of the athlete Ella Koktysh.

An excellent result was shown by another Oryol athlete. 28-year-old Ekaterina Eliseeva received a silver medal at competitions in Moscow.

PRESIDENTIAL GRANT

Very soon, Oryol athletes with disabilities will have the opportunity to perform on their site. For the first time, Paralympic equestrian competitions will be held on the basis of the Vyazki horse yard using a grant from the President of the Russian Federation for development civil society provided by the Presidential Grants Foundation.

On August 30 - 31, we will hold competitions for children with disabilities. Athletes will be able to take part in them not only from the Oryol region, but also from neighboring regions. Prizes await the winners. And of course, it will be a real equestrian holiday with demonstration performances and thematic quizzes. So we are waiting for everyone to visit, - said Maria Semenikhina.

The date for the competition was not chosen by chance. August 31 is the day of memory of Flor and Laurus, who have long been revered in Russia as the patrons of domestic animals, especially horses. On this day, the equestrian holiday was traditionally celebrated, the horses were not used for work, they were bathed and fed "in full". Come on August 30 and 31 to the Vyazki horse yard, you will definitely like it.

Club address: Oryol region, Oryol district, Vyazki village.

Working hours: from 10.00 to 20.00, day off - Monday. Tel.: 8-910-267-87-08, 8-920-810-89-35.

IT IS INTERESTING

It is known that during the wars they were treated with horses. Having been injured in battle, they accelerated rehabilitation by riding a horse and, I must say, achieved success.

Thanks to the Presidential Grants Fund, competitions for children with disabilities will be held very soon.

Hippotherapy is extremely useful for rude, quick-tempered and aggressive, as well as fussy and overly mobile people. Regular hippotherapy sessions make them more calm. In addition, therapeutic horseback riding is recommended for diseases of neurological etiology, in particular Down syndrome, autism, Duchenne myopathy, poliomyelitis, sensory disorders, asthenic neurosis, etc.

People with autism who are overly self-absorbed and withdrawn, communicating with kind and trusting horses, are liberated on an emotional level and begin to feel a desire to communicate with others. This reduces lethargy, anxiety, relieves phobias, helps to adapt to reality.

We are unlikely to ever know the full answer to the question posed in the title. But far from a penny contribution in response to it follows from the text below.

Original taken from iov75 The Curious Religious Composition of Assad's Army's Top Officers

Why Assad's army is not retreating (The National Interest, USA)

The American magazine The National Interest, which pays great attention to the situation in Syria, published the material "Why Assad's Army Has Not Defected". federal agency news offers readers a translation of this material.

Four years ago, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, then Prime Minister of Turkey, said that "in just a few weeks" he would "pray at the Grand Mosque of Damascus", since the army of the Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad should, in his opinion, "is about to fall." Following Erdogan, Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak expressed a similar point of view. When both of these politicians built their assumptions on this matter in 2012, neither the Iranian military nor the Russian air force was yet on the Syrian side.

With failure next round peace talks, when the whole world is frozen in anticipation of the next turn of events in Syria, it is time to turn to the warnings of Henry Kissinger and Zbigniew Brzezinski. Kissinger and Brzezinski, the most experienced and influential American politicians on the Middle East since World War II, opposed conventional wisdom and claimed that Syrian President Bashar al-Assad was supported by more people and forces than all the national opposition groups combined.

It's no secret that the authorities Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United States tried to bribe some officials from the circle of politicians close to Assad to undermine his forces. However, the professional military cadres of the Syrian army remained absolutely loyal to their leader.

For the most part, the Syrian army consists of conscripts and only about eighty thousand professional soldiers. At the beginning of the conflict, much attention was paid to the deserting thousands of soldiers, but these were the few conscripts who were never particularly eager to serve in the army, and even in peacetime, most likely would have tried to find a way to evade this duty. The professional ranks, meanwhile, are still very strong and multi-confessional. When representatives of the Syrian opposition talk about the multi-confessional future of Syria, they do not realize that while they are discussing in Geneva, Washington or Vienna, their representatives in Syria are collaborating with the most fanatical and radical terrorist groups in the entire Middle East.

The Syrian army has been holding its positions for more than five years. Its numbers may have decreased a little, which, in principle, is inevitable in the conditions of any military conflict. On closer examination, it becomes not entirely clear obvious fact that the backbone of the Syrian army are Sunnis. The current Syrian Defense Minister, Fahed Jassim al-Fredj, is one of the most decorated military officials in the history of the Syrian army, and he hails from the central Sunni region of Hama. The two most important leaders of the Syrian intelligence services, Ali Mamluk and Mohammed dib Zaitoun, have also proven their loyalty to the Assad government more than once, and both are Sunnis who come from very influential families. The now deceased member of the intelligence service, Rustum Ghazali, who briefly led Lebanon, was also a Sunni; the head of the intelligence department of the political administration, Mahmoud al-Khattib, also comes from one of the most ancient Sunni families of Damascus, as can be said about many other military officials.

The history of the Syrian army formed by Hafez al-Assad is very instructive. As president, Assad Sr. appointed high-ranking members of the Syrian Air Force to the posts of the army's high command. Naji Jameel (Sunni) served as Air Force Commander from 1970 to 1978 and was promoted and transferred to the General Staff Committee to oversee the security of the border with Iraq. Among the lucky recipients of this kind of promotion were Mohammed al-Khouli, who until 1993 held enviable positions in the logistics sector between Damascus and Lebanon, as well as Rustum Ghazali, Ghazem al-Khadra and Dib Zaitoun, all of whom were Sunnis. Since 1973, the strategically important tank battalions of the 17th Armed Brigade, located near Damascus in the town of al-Kishwa, consisted of ordinary Alawites, commanded by such prominent Sunni officers as Hassan Turkmani and Hikmat Shehabi.

From the 1970s until the 1990s, the Syrian army carried out orders to stabilize the situation in Lebanon. During this period, the Syrian military, supporting their Lebanese puppets, tried to beat the Israeli army and the American navy. In Iraq, after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, the Americans could not understand which of the Shiite and Sunni rebels was supported by the Syrian military intelligence largely due to the professional skills of its staff.

The Syrian army is at the same time the only army in the entire Middle East that has a large number of generals who profess Christianity in its ranks. The most famous of them is Daoud Raja, the chief of staff of Greek origin, he professes Greek Orthodoxy. The two most influential Lebanese Christian leaders at the moment, Michel Aoun and Suleiman Frangieh, who are candidates for the Lebanese presidency, are also allies of the Syrian army and the government of Bashar al-Assad. And the Syrian city of Deir ez-Zor, which successfully kept the blockade for two years, is a completely Sunni city.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the fact remains that the moderate Syrian opposition exists only in the West. In fact, it has no real armed support. Bashar al-Assad still holds the presidency of Syria, not only because of the support of his regime by Russian and Iranian forces, but also because his army, being multi-confessional and hardy, represents a Syria in which religion is not a determining factor in promotion. The Syrian army is also one of the biggest obstacles to the spread of terrorism. That is why three of the highest-ranking British generals over the past five years have openly called on the world community to recognize Syrian army the only force capable of suppressing ISIS and al-Qaeda (both organizations are recognized as terrorist Supreme Court Russian Federation, their activities in Russia are prohibited).

The development of a child at 4 years old is associated with his further growing up. The kid has grown up, you have changed the size of clothes more than once. He is mobile and inquisitive, speaks well and expresses his thoughts. The child begins to show character, is affirmed as a person. He can do many things and is actively learning new things. Some children at this age know all the letters, count to ten, begin to read in syllables.

Physical development of a four-year-old child

The growth of a four-year-old boy reaches 98.3-105.5 cm, girls - 98.5-104.1 cm. The boy weighs 15.1-17.8 kg, the girl - 14.8-17.7 kg. By the age of four, the genetic characteristics of children appear; for parents of short stature, the child is likely to be small too. With a tall dad and mom, babies stretch faster in height. Height and weight also depend on activity, nutrition, living conditions. Developmental delay helps to establish a special table with norm indicators. If a child's indicators are greatly underestimated or overestimated, he may need to consult an endocrinologist.

Motor skills in preschoolers become more perfect. They are extremely active, constantly running, jumping, not sitting still for a minute. Children can go up and down stairs without support, with a calm step and run. They climb the Swedish wall, overcome obstacles. They ride a tricycle well, play with a ball. They can stand on one leg for about nine seconds. They tumble over their heads and are able to perform complex gymnastic exercises. True, they have problems with balance, because it needs to be developed.

Fine motor skills of the hands also reach great development. Children can accurately draw different shapes, triangles, circles, squares. They manage to portray some animals, flowers, trees, little people. Some begin to write elements of letters in cursive. In coloring, they almost do not go beyond the lines. A four-year-old child can string beads and buttons on a string. He builds high turrets from cubes, fold constructors.

In everyday life, children by the age of four are very independent. They drink well from a mug, eat with a spoon, fork, some equip with a table knife. They know how to wash themselves and brush their teeth. Putting on clothes is not a problem for them, except that it is not always possible to cope with buttons and laces. It is very important at this time to instill in the child hygiene skills, remind them to brush their teeth, wash their hands. It is necessary to teach the baby to fold toys after class, which is very important for the development of accuracy.

Mental and speech development of the child

By the age of four, the child is actively developing thinking. The thousands of questions that he asks are just a manifestation of this development. At the age of three, the kid mainly used a practical, visual-effective type of thinking. He independently tried to figure out the structure of objects, pressing buttons, levers, breaking toys. Now visual-figurative is joining this type. The kid learns to perceive images and schemes of objects, to use their individual properties. This perception manifests itself very clearly when drawing. The child depicts only the most important details. For example, for a picture of a house, it is enough for him to draw a square with a roof, he depicts a cat on four legs with a tail and mustache.

The development of a more complex type of thinking, logical, is just beginning by the age of four. It manifests itself in the ability to generalize the properties of things, find the same features in them and group objects according to these features. It is still difficult for a child to understand abstract things. From specific images associated with words, move on to general ones. To stimulate mental development, you need to deal with the child, teach him what “time”, “number”, “measure” are.

The speech of the child by the age of four becomes more complicated. He owns more than a thousand words, pronounces almost all sounds and letters. Knows how to correctly compose sentences of 4-6 words, use verbs, adjectives, additions, conjugate nouns in cases. Sometimes in a conversation he makes grammatical errors, but this happens less and less. The preschooler gets a fairly coherent retelling of the events, the content of the book read. A four-year-old child likes to compose new words, they seem to him more suitable for the names of certain objects. The kid already clearly answers questions, can fulfill 3-4 instructions from adults. He knows his own name, the names of his father and mother, grandparents. Can give his address, the address of a friend, grandparents.

Children's imagination develops actively. They compose fairy tales, play difficult role-playing games. Sometimes they invent monsters and monsters for themselves, and then they are afraid of them. You need to patiently explain to the child that his fears are in vain. In no case do not scare the children yourself, this is far from The best way obtain obedience from them. Preschool children improve their memory, they accumulate in their heads the results of their cognitive activity. They already know several colors, quickly remember new ones. They name up to 4-5 figures, including three-dimensional ones. They learn by heart and recite verses from 4-8 stanzas. Children who have good hearing sing songs and remember melodies well.

Emotional and social development of the child

The psycho-emotional development of children at the age of four is no less intense than the intellectual one. The child learned to cope with his feelings, mastered the basic rules of behavior. He can still be moody, but not aggressive. Although new problems appear at this age, the baby suddenly becomes withdrawn, sad, and does not show interest in his peers. He has another transitional period, a new stage of self-awareness as a person. He has already learned to evaluate his actions and perfectly understands when he does well and when he does not. If the baby is often punished for wrong actions, and success and good behavior are ignored, he develops complexes. It seems to the child that no one loves him, that he is bad. When a preschooler is hyperactive, such problems result in uncontrollable behavior. In calm children, they are more likely to manifest depression.

In order to avoid problems of an emotional nature, you need to create a favorable atmosphere in the family. It is important for a child not only how they are addressed to him, but also the relationship of parents to each other. Adults need to take seriously the age-related characteristics of the psyche of a preschooler, pay attention to his mood.

Try to understand why he is sad. Perhaps the baby has problems communicating with other children. Maybe the problem is you, you scold him too often, load him with training. It is worth contacting a specialist when a bad mood is not an accidental episode, but a permanent condition, for 2-3 weeks or a month. Parents should be wary if the preschooler suddenly became very aggressive, began to stutter, stopped making contact with you or with peers.

Social contacts for a four-year-old child become a necessity. He has already mastered the first lessons of communication with children. Now he is actively mastering his role in games, occupies a certain place in the children's team. The child has friends and enemies, he begins to quarrel and put up with them. Four-year-old children are less selfish than before. They know how to share toys, treats. Although it happens that a child is greedy, hiding his things from others. Try to gently explain that this is not necessary. After all, no one wants to be friends with greedy people. And if today he shares with others, tomorrow they will share with him.

The regimen and nutrition of the child

In the period from three to four years, the child completely switches to the table that adults eat. This does not mean that you do not need to pay attention to his nutrition. After all, the baby is growing and actively developing, he needs energy. In many children at this age, the appetite is disturbed, the mother has to be very resourceful in order to cook something for the baby. Children by the age of four eat 4 times a day. Half of the total amount of food should be for breakfast and dinner, a little more than a third for lunch and about 15% for an afternoon snack. The diet of the baby should be complete, include all the main ingredients, vitamins and trace elements. Here are the products recommended for cooking (also their daily volume):

• Meat (chicken, rabbit, turkey, beef, lean pork) - 120-130 grams.
• Fish, preferably sea
• Any cereals - 60-70 grams
• Vegetable oil and butter 10 g and 25 g respectively
• Cottage cheese - 50 g, milk - 500 g
• Various vegetables - 220-260 grams
• Fruits and berries - 220-260 grams
• Bread (white and rye) - 120-150 grams.

For breakfast, the baby can make vegetable casseroles, cottage cheese with sour cream, milk porridge, an omelet or a boiled egg. For lunch, the baby must have soup, a fresh salad, vegetable puree, meat or fish, juice or compote. For an afternoon snack, a child can be given fruit, cookies, yogurt. Dinner should not be too dense. Prepare vegetable stews, pancakes, pasta casserole with fish or chicken. Before going to bed, the baby can drink a glass of milk or kefir. Do not snack between meals, otherwise the child's appetite will deteriorate.

As before, at the age of four, it is necessary to observe the daily routine. Food, walks, lessons and activities the child should do at the same time. This is especially important for children who go to kindergarten. If during the holidays you wean him off the regime, it will be physically difficult for him to get used to it again. The baby now sleeps once a day for 1-2 hours. Some children gradually begin to refuse daytime sleep, by the age of 6-7 these will be the majority. At night, a healthy baby practically does not wake up, does not scream, unless he experienced an emotional shock during the day, was frightened by loud sounds. He sleeps at night for about 9-10 hours, wakes up at 7-8 in the morning, and should fall asleep at 9 in the evening.

Sports activities with a four-year-old child

By the age of four, the baby is already well physically strong. He is very active, but his balance is still poorly developed, try to improve it. Help in this exercise on the crossbar, walking on a beam, on a curb or at home on a carpet on toes and on tiptoe. Try to show how to make a swallow, stand on one leg, like a heron.

Age 4 - it's time to give the baby to sports section. Do not set yourself the task of making him an outstanding athlete, the child should play sports with pleasure, and not under duress. Do regular exercises with a preschooler, buy him rings, a crossbar, a Swedish wall, if you have not purchased these simulators so far.

Teaching language and logical thinking

At four years old, the child is learning well. You can start learning a foreign language with him. If you know it yourself, try learning the language at home. Help in this video, special materials and educational literature developing cards. native speech also needs to be improved. Read books together, learn poems, sayings, riddles. It is also worth paying attention to how the child speaks, gently and unobtrusively correcting his mistakes. If he does not pronounce certain letters and sounds well, a speech therapist may need to be consulted. There are different methods of correcting speech, a specialist will help you choose the most suitable one.

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The child needs classes to develop logic. Prepare cards with pictures of various objects. Let the child choose from them images with the same properties, exclude unnecessary ones. Develop logic and various labyrinths from which you need to find a way out. They can be drawn on paper or made from bulk materials. Learn to count with your baby, he is already able to operate with numbers within ten. To study arithmetic, you can use pictures in a special textbook, counting sticks or ordinary pencils. The alphabet is quickly perceived by children by the age of four. Preschoolers whose parents practice early development already know how to read. If you have not yet learned letters with your baby, it's time to start. Be sure to buy a notebook in which the baby will learn to write. Many children dream of becoming adults and going to school. They may like the game of teacher and student, and they will be more willing to master the material.

Creative development of the child

Don't forget about creative activities. They are necessary for the harmonious psychological development of the child. Buy him various educational toys and coloring books, try to get the kid to do visual activities on his own. Lay out cards in front of him, let him draw whatever he wants on them. It is also not necessary to paint with the colors that are on the sample, it is better when the child shows imagination. Modeling improves motor skills, children at the age of 4 can already make rather complex objects from plasticine, birds, animals, cars, people, whole compositions. In addition, the baby should be able to hold scissors in his hands, cut out pictures along the contours, and make applications. Creative activities should include dancing, learning songs. Gymnastics should also be done to the music, so the child will be more interesting and more fun.

By the age of four, the level of development in different children is different. Some show more creativity others are better at math. Someone speaks beautifully, recites poetry, and someone prefers playing sports. That is why it is so important for the upbringing of children to take into account their individual characteristics. If the development and behavior of the child does not go beyond the norm, parents have nothing to worry about. Your baby's development plan should be his own, you should not compare it with other children. In no case should you overload children with classes, arrange endless tests and checks for them, or forcibly develop perseverance. If you overdo it, the child can be discouraged from learning forever.