Russian rivers. Rivers of Russia - a list and a detailed map with the names of the mouths of large rivers

In Africa, India, the Andes, Colombia, China, Tibet, a lot of amazing rivers. There is the longest and shortest, the shallowest and deepest, and many more of the very best! Russia is no exception. Still would! Among the 2.8 million rivers that flow through the country, there is more than one unique one. About long and deep write everywhere. And we will talk about the winding, full-flowing, bifurcated, salty, changing its course, curious and humorous.

The most sinuous

Pyana, flowing through the Nizhny Novgorod region, is not just a beautiful river, it is the only one of its kind in Russia, and, according to some, in the world. The length of Piana is over 400 km. All the way it winds and wriggles, and in the middle it seems to fold in half. Half the way the river flows towards the west, then abruptly changes its mind, bends to the north and heads to the east. The mouth (the place where a river flows into another river, lake or sea) is located 50-60 km from the source. The exact origin of the river's name has not been established. There are several versions. One of them is alcoholic. The Russian writer, a native of Nizhny Novgorod, Melnikov-Pechersky, said: “... the river was nicknamed Drunk because it staggers in all directions, like a drunken woman. And having traveled five hundred miles in turns and tricks, she resorts to the source and, almost next to it, flows into Sura.

Forked

The phenomenon, when a river bifurcates on a certain section of the path and no longer connects, is called a bifurcation. Starting at the source as one river, the Kur in the Far East branches into two branches in the middle course. One branch flows into the Tunguska River, the second - into the Selgon. The distance between the mouths is 200 km.

famous

The most full. The Yenisei is the first in the list of the largest rivers in Russia, more than 5,000 rivers flow into it. He is also the leader of the slope - 37 cm per 1 km.
Unusual start. The Lena is the only river in Russia whose bed is located in the permafrost region.
with exotic fauna. During the migration period, pale pink flamingos nest on the Volga, and lotuses also grow on the river. The Volga is a popular Russian river, reflected in cinema, poetry, prose and painting.
The purest. The Irtysh still firmly holds the position of one of the few cleanest rivers in the world.
Uniting parts of the world. One bank of the Ural River territorially belongs to Europe, the second - to Asia. In 10 minutes by ferry you can travel from one part of the world to another.

Interesting

Changing current. The famous Shuya in Karelia changes course up to 20 times a year. Nevertheless, this is one of the most interesting rivers for rafting and catamaran rafting.
Salty. Each liter of water from the small Solyanka River, which flows into the Lena near Olekminsk, contains 21 grams of dissolved salt.
Fresh and salty. The small Berdyanka, flowing in the Orenburg region, is freshwater from the beginning to half. And approaching the mouth, it becomes salty. The fact is that in the lower reaches it erodes a layer of salt.
Flow pattern. From a bird's eye view, you can see that the right tributary of the Volga - the Sviyaga River - flows parallel to the Volga for 400 km, but only in the opposite direction.

Pride of the North

Picturesque. The Indigirka, flowing through the harsh taiga and forest-tundra of Yakutia, is on the list of the most beautiful rivers in the world. In its middle section, the river flows through a large 100-kilometer mountain gorge.
Wayward. The slow current of the Chirka-Kemi, which carries its waters through the territory of northern Karelia, is quickly replaced by fast, seething whirlpools. Famous for its rapids and rifts, it attracts Russian and foreign thrill-seekers to rafting. Like the Indigirka, it is on the list of unique picturesque rivers.

funny

With the same name. On the territory of the Voronezh region there are two separate rivers with the same name - Maiden. This is not the whole curiosity. Both rivers have tributaries with the same names - Rossoshka. But this is not the end either. Both of them fall into the Don!
With humor. The Elk River flows through Moscow. What is the name of its main tributary? Elk!
The role of rivers cannot be overestimated. They are transport routes water resources for the life of people, animals and plants, "roads" for travelers and a magnificent decoration of the planet! If you are a fan of river recreation, extreme rafting or just an avid fisherman - welcome to Russia!

As a result of studying the material in this chapter, the student should:

• know the most important rivers and lakes of Russia; geographical patterns of distribution of river and lake systems;
• be able to explain the reasons for the regional peculiarity of the rivers and lakes of Russia; use physical-geographical, economic-geographical and cultural-geographical material to characterize rivers and lakes;
• own the basics of physical and geographical analysis of the country's territory.

The role of rivers and lakes in the history and geography of Russia is exceptionally great. Until the end of the XIX century. not only in the Trans-Urals, but also in European Russia, river systems were the most important mode of transport, the main flows of goods and people moved along them.

Rivers of Russia

The European and Siberian rivers of Russia differ significantly in their development, natural qualities and role in the history of the country. The rivers of the European part of Russia run north, west and south to two oceans and the Caspian Sea; at the same time, the basins of large rivers are connected by canals, and reservoirs have been built on many European rivers (Fig. 5).

The largest rivers of Western and Eastern Siberia flow northward to the Arctic Ocean. Every spring, the melting of Siberian rivers begins in their southern sections, located in upstream. Ice jams form in the middle and lower reaches of the rivers, and therefore there is a risk of flooding for coastal villages. Many reservoirs have been built in Siberia, but there are practically no canals connecting river basins.

As we see, regional differences between the rivers of Russia are essential.

Rice.

The Volga - the queen of Russian rivers - is also the longest river of the Russian Plain: its length exceeds 3.5 thousand km. Its source is located on the Valdai Upland. The Volga basin covers five geographical zones: in the upper and middle reaches, it flows within the zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests; from Kazan to Samara the river passes the forest-steppe, and from Samara to Volgograd - steppe zone; semi-desert and desert landscapes are located along the banks of the Volga in the Caspian lowland. On the banks of this great river, various peoples of Russia have been peacefully living for centuries - Slavic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Mongolian-speaking.

The Volga is the most "urban" river in Russia: 69 cities are located on its banks; for comparison: on the Oka, which ranks second in the country in this indicator, there are “only” 22 cities. The Volga is not only the most "urban", but also the most "capital" river of the country: its waters wash the embankments of 11 capitals of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Valuable Volga and its small towns, including Levitan's Ples, the legendary Sviyazhsk, tourist Myshkin, Bolgar with an ancient settlement and many others.

Until the end of the XIX century. The Volga played the role of the most important transport artery of the country, and Nizhny Novgorod, located in the center of its basin, with its famous fair, acted as one of the main economic centers of Russia.

The Volga is connected with other river systems of the country by means of a system of canals. The Volga-Baltic waterway, partly laid along the route of the ancient Novgorod portage, connects the Volga with St. Rybinsk reservoir, White, Onega and Ladoga lakes and a system of canals). The Moscow Canal is laid between the upper reaches of the Moscow River and the Volga, and the Volga-Don Canal, which Peter the Great dreamed of building, connecting the Volga and the Don, allows Volga ships to enter the Azov and Black Sea. At present, the Volga, as a river, has been preserved in separate sections, mainly in the upper and lower reaches: in other places, large reservoirs with dams and hydroelectric power stations stretch for hundreds of kilometers.

The Volga is of great importance for the history and culture of our country; its image in folklore, literature and painting as the most important national river (“Mother Volga”) is a separate multifaceted topic.

The largest right tributary of the Volga, which flows into it in the region of Nizhny Novgorod, is Oka. Until the beginning of the 17th century. along the middle course of the Oka passed the border of the relative safety of the inhabitants from the raids of the steppes; only after the construction of the Belgorod notch line was this border moved far to the south (see Chapter 8 "The southern and western vectors of Russia's spatial development"). Orel, Kaluga and Ryazan are located on the Oka.

The largest left tributary of the Volga, connecting it with the Urals, - Kama, on the banks of which the “Stroganov empire” was located, with its capital in Solikamsk, which marked the beginning of the industrial development of the Urals.

Northern Dvina- the most important river of the Russian North. Among the large rivers of the Russian Plain, only she retained two names: above Veliky Ustyug, she is called Sukhonoy , and lower - Northern Dvina. At the mouth of the Dvina is the first Russian seaport - Arkhangelsk.

Dnieper in its upper reaches it belongs to Russia; on its banks is historical Smolensk. Dnieper (its dialect name Nepr) was the main river of Ancient Rus', part of the most important transport route - the route "from the Varangians to the Greeks." In the mainland, the path passed from the mouth of the Neva to Lake Ladoga, then along the Volkhov to the Novgorod lake Ilmen, from it up the Lovat River and through the portage fell into the upper reaches of the Dnieper. Thus, on the way "from the Varangians to the Greeks" there were three ancient Russian cities - Novgorod, Smolensk and Kyiv.

Don, sung in Cossack songs, is considered the main river of the Russian South; Voronezh is located in its upper reaches, and Rostov-on-Don and the legendary Azov are in the lower reaches.

Originate from the Caucasus Mountains Kuban and Terek. The Kuban, flowing into the Sea of ​​Azov, gave its name to the local Cossacks; on its banks there are two regional capitals - Cherkessk and Krasnodar. The history of the Terek Cossacks is inextricably linked with the Terek running to the shores of the Caspian Sea. Vladikavkaz is located in the upper reaches of the Terek.

Among the iconic small rivers of the Russian Plain, we will name two small capital rivers - Moscow river and Neva. The waters of these rivers reflect not only the buildings of the capital; in different periods they were witnesses major events Russian history. It is no coincidence that in Russian culture the Moscow River and the Neva have a vivid and memorable image, which many prominent writers and painters worked on.

Many rivers begin in the Urals, including those that went down in history as part of ancient portages. West of Ural mountains flow Pechora, picturesque Chusovaya; river Ufa, which gave the name to the capital of Bashkiria; once a fish river Ural, which, like the Cossacks living on its banks, was punished by Catherine the Great by renaming: before the river was called Yaik.

To the east of the Urals, we select the river Tobol with the first Siberian capital Tobolsk; tributary of the Tobol river Turu, on the banks of which were located the historical Siberian cities - Verkhoturye, which until the end of the 18th century. performed the functions of the Siberian customs, and the first Russian city in Siberia, Tyumen, as well as Iset- the main river of Yekaterinburg, the current capital of the Urals.

The most important rivers of Western Siberia - the Ob with the Irgysh and the Yenisei - flow into the Kara Sea.

Irtysh, whose source is located on the eastern slopes of the Chinese Mongolian Altai, in historical and cultural terms can be considered the most developed river in Siberia. His song image took root in public memory: "On the wild bank of the Irtysh stood Yermak, enveloped in thought." On the Irtysh (at the confluence of the Tobol) is located the original Tobolsk. On the banks of the Irtysh there are also two capitals of the subjects of the Russian Federation: Omsk, which is often called the steppe capital of Siberia, and the oil capital of the country, Khanty-Mansiysk.

Ob, which takes its origins in Altai, is naturally remarkable in that it has the largest basin in Russia, covering most Western Siberia. In the upper reaches of the Ob are the cities of Barnaul and Novosibirsk - the current capital of Siberia, more precisely - the Siberian Federal District. In the lower reaches of the river, directly on the Arctic Circle, one of the oldest Siberian cities, Salekhard, is located, now the capital of the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region; the name of the river is included in the historical name of the city - Obdorsk.

Yenisei- the most full-flowing river of the country - can be considered a border river. For hundreds of kilometers, the Yenisei flows, nestling against the steep banks of the Central Siberian Plateau, separating it from the West Siberian lowland plain. At the confluence of the Yenisei with the Angara, the volume of its runoff is almost 1.5 times less than that of the Angara, and the catchment area of ​​the Angara exceeds the corresponding indicator of the Yenisei by more than 2.5 times. Thus, based on hydrological data, the river flowing after the confluence of these two rivers should be called the Angara. However, the historical and cultural tradition is stronger than objective scientific data, and the Yenisei remains the Yenisei-father, as Siberians often call it. It is symbolic that the Tuvans call him Ulug-Khem , or Great river.

The Yenisei flows through the three regional capitals of Russia - Kyzyl, Abakan and Krasnoyarsk, and in its upper reaches two hydroelectric power plants with large reservoirs have been built - Sayano-Shushenskaya and Krasnoyarsk.

Lena is considered the longest river in Russia: its length is 4400 km. Originating in the vicinity of Lake Baikal, the river flows into the Laptev Sea, forming a unique natural complex - a huge delta. Almost throughout the Lena is full-flowing and navigable, so it really is the main waterway of Eastern Siberia. On the Lena is the capital of Yakutia - the city of Yakutsk (this large, dynamically developing city is entirely built on piles). On the banks of the river are the famous Lena Pillars.

Among other major rivers of Eastern Siberia, the Lower and Podkamennaya Tunguska, the Indigirka River (in the delta of which the northernmost historical settlement of Russia, the Russian Mouth is located), and the Kolyma, notorious for its "camp" history, stand out. The unique Angara, sung in songs, shared the fate of the Volga: like the great river of the Russian Plain, it was flooded by the waters of large reservoirs. The flooding of historical villages as a human tragedy of the loss of roots in the story "Farewell to Matyora" was reflected by the Siberian writer Valentin Rasputin.

Cupid - main river Far East. Unlike the European rivers of Russia, it has two floods: spring, associated with snowmelt, and summer-autumn, caused by monsoon rains. At the same time, the water level in the lower reaches can rise by 6-8 m. The extreme nature of the monsoon rains in 2013 led to catastrophic consequences for the villages and the national economy of the region. On the banks of the Amur are Blagoveshchensk and the capital of the Far East, Khabarovsk.

• See: Zayats D.V., Lazarevich K.S., Rogachev S.V. The framework of Russian civilization. M „2007. P. 7.

March 14 is called River Day. On this date, it is a sin for Russians not to know Russian "birthday girls". The deepest, cleanest, most-most rivers, as well as their opposites and the most interesting names for tourists. This is what we will talk about in our longread. Each river in Russia (of those presented here) is a separate tourist route, an unwritten novel, thousands of successful shots. By the way, the recreational potential of the "water roads" is developing further. More on that at the end. First, we will give out the most famous reservoirs, then those that take first place in any specific categories. Some will be everywhere.

Feeding rivers and flow directions

Feeding the rivers of Russia is slightly different from some other countries in the way they replenish their systems with water. Dynamism and complexity. Our homeland lies mainly in the temperate and high latitudes of the continental climatic zone. And therefore, both flat snow and the cover of mountain peaks are always involved in nutrition. But a lot of other precipitation. In most cases, rainwater and other condensate join the melting spring powder. The fact is that almost the entire territory receives a sufficient amount of moisture, and in Western Siberia and the North-West federal district level exceeded. By the way, the maximum flood is in May. In Russia, the participation of the groundwater cycle is great, connecting in many areas with surface rivers. The first two types go hand in hand. And also the last 2 types of nutrition are usually combined with each other in different areas. As a result, in our Fatherland there are no wadis - completely drying up river channels. There are only "intermittent" rivers - on the territory of Kalmykia.

For the most part, the river basins of Russia move north, since the predominant category of surface slope is associated with the location of mountains and mountain plateaus at the southern end. At the same time, with the longest river of Russian Europe, the opposite is true - the Volga is moving south, since its upper reaches are on the elevated patches of the Russian Plain. The same thing happens with the Don - its source lies on the Central Russian Upland. It so happened that the path of these flows follows in gradually lowering areas of the relief. For the Volga, this is Caspian lowland, and for the Don - Priazovskaya. At the tip of Chukotka there are two rivers flowing generally to the east ...

TOP 7 most famous rivers in Russia

We will warn you right away that hydrological objects deserve positions in this list solely because of their popularity among lovers of coastal and water recreation. So it’s clear: the selection was not at all based on size, full-flowing water, or any physical, geographical parameters ...

Volga

In the European part, this river is the longest in Russia. From the source (Valdai uplift) to the mouth (Caspian Sea), it runs 3,530 kilometers. The Volga catchment bowl is identical to 1,360,000 sq. km. The width in the area of ​​the Volgograd reservoir reaches 9.5 in one place, and up to 27 kilometers in the Kuibyshev Sea. These figures are ridiculous compared to the dimensions of Lena or Ob, but for Europe they are the greatest.

The Volga is the main "water highway". Thanks to expansions on reservoirs, as well as canals, shipping here is both cargo and large cruise. 94% of all cruises in the country are trips along the Volga. Only on its banks we will find a huge number of not only marinas, but also serious river stations. In Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kineshma, Nizhny Novgorod, Cheboksary, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan. They go here both on boats and on motorboats. On the contrary, few people decide to move around in kayaks or rafts across the pond.

The role of the Volga shores is great in our vacation. If in the upper reaches we find forest camp sites and "museum" towns, then in the middle and lower reaches there are dozens of archaeological parks, the work in which is devoted to the study of the Golden Horde. Exactly this public education“brought” the first stationary cities to the Lower and Middle Volga region. They actively developed their craft. Some coastal ravines contain traces of the era when there was no humanity. Natural reservations are of great importance, especially those in the steppes. From one of the old Finno-Ugric languages, the name of the river is translated "moisture". Indeed, due to its scale, among the natives of the upper and middle reaches, it became the embodiment of liquid as such. But in the lower reaches, inhabited by the Turks, it was called Itil (Edil, Atil, Edil), which means "huge moving water." However, before these names, the Indo-Iranian Ra existed. It was recorded in Roman times. Researchers have not yet agreed on the semantics of this name. And yet, most are sure that this Indo-European root carries the concept of "large space".

Don

On the third step of the list of the greatest "European inland rivers of Russia" is the Don. Its length is 1870 kilometers. Watershed - 422,000 sq. km. And it passes through a significant part of the country - the Tula, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd and Rostov regions. Its peculiarity is that among European Russian rivers it has the most bends and rapids. And also chalk ravines. The river makes a rather significant detour to the east - on the lands of the Volgograd region. The last phenomenon is one of its tributaries - Khoper. He is in southern Russia is a leader in the field of low-lying and kayak alloys.

Khoper is recognized as the cleanest river in the territory of European Russia. There are many federal reserves and other protected areas on the Don banks. There is a shipping channel through which you can go to the Volga. At the same time, large ships can pass along the Don itself only in the very lower reaches. The history of this strategic "artery" is also rich. On both sides of it lived the ancient Indo-European peoples of the “second” and “third” waves (among the latter, the Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, for some time the Sinds and Meots, who later joined the Alans), the Huns, and from the 5th century, the mass Turkic ethnic groups.

In the 13th century, the Don steppes were visited by the Mongols, who then turned out to be part of the multinational Golden Horde community, which broke up into 5 khanates in the second half of the 14th century. different peoples they measured their strengths here, and yet it was the first local Indo-Europeans, sun worshipers, who gave the name to the river. The root "dana" or "danu" in their language meant "moving water". The term could also hint at a spring or waterfall. And all other reservoirs among the relic peoples of the Indo-European family were simply designated “water as such”, “stagnant water” - “akua”, “aka”, “aqua” (abbreviated as “va” or “wad”) or “oka”. In this regard, the name of another river, the Oka, is curious. It turns out that she was "standing". While the Don (Dana), Dniester (Danastra), Dnieper (Danapra) and Desna (Danasa) are “moving”. It's simple - they had a faster flow. Because of the characteristic relief. The Alans remade the hydronym Dana or Tana (before them the river was called that) in their closely related manner - Don.

Finally, from the 14th century, a Cossack stratum of the East Slavic population began to take shape in the lower reaches of this water stream. And the entire southern half of the river basin is now associated with its vibrant culture. It is interesting that the Don Cossacks absorbed into their dialect, the type of national costume and some traditions the customs of all the nationalities mentioned above that have sunk into oblivion. There are several ethnographic reserves and museums associated with them. They are located in such cities as Serafimovich, Uryupinsk, Ilovlya, Kletskaya, Novocherkassk, Starocherkasskaya, Rostov-on-Don, Azov, as well as on the territory of 12 villages. And yet, starting from the Kalachevsky district of the 34th region, the Don is already a beach.

Pechora

Some extremely northern inland rivers of Russia amaze us with virgin sections of the floodplain, the perfect combination with the surrounding relic landscape. In this regard, people point to Pechora, hidden in the dense European taiga and tundra. It flows exclusively through the lands of Komi and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (the latter is a special part of the Arkhangelsk region). It has a length of 1809 kilometers (next in length after the Don). And the width does not let her down. In some places you can fix the intershore distance of 3 kilometers. The delta is expanding to 45 kilometers. Of course, with the help of river banks.

Having enough of the same clean sleeves, Pechora collects 322,000 square kilometers of water surface. Its girl is located in the bay of the same name (northern bay). 130 km. from the mouth the river becomes double. On its banks are such important historical centers of the Slavic-Komi-Nenets settlement as Ust-Pechorsk, Pechora, Ust-Tsilma and Naryan-Mar. Relatively close to the middle part of the channel is Ukhta - the largest agglomeration on the above lands.

As a result, Pechora has become a convenient tourist attraction, as well as an extreme rafting track. Its sections correspond to different categories of water tourism complexity. The etymology of the name of the northern "water road" goes back to the concept of "cave". Our ancestors called the coastal karst grottoes (of which there are a lot) "caves". The Eastern Slavs took this word from the Church Slavonic language, which developed on the basis of the old Macedonian (now it is already dead). And he got there from the ancient Indo-European "paektzhsh" - "hot place". Indeed, in the caves they usually made a fire, since it is faster to heat them up and cook (for example, bake) food.

Ob

The widest river basins in Russia are headed by the Ob. In one place it takes 3 days to cross it on foot. But more on that in another chapter. What is the tourist attraction? A combination of many factors. The length is 3,650 kilometers. Watershed - 2,990,000 sq. km. There are many camp sites, hotels, beautiful marinas and river stations in its picturesque (taiga and deciduous floodplain). There is excellent fishing, bridges are located everywhere. On the Ob is Novosibirsk, the third most populated city in Russia. Also Barnaul, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut and Salekhard. Very close to the Ob water Khanty-Mansiysk and Biysk.

Unfortunately, many industries are also set up on these shores. However, all the same, the level of industrialization of the Ob banks is much inferior to the Volga region, the merged agglomerations on the Neva and the Surgut River (by the way, this is a tributary of the Ob). There are more recreations here. From the Komi language "ob" means "a place in the snow".

Lena

Like several other objects on the list of "phenomenal inland rivers of Russia", the Lena will be described in detail in the next section. Here it is worth pointing out its attractiveness as a place for camping and winter sports. On its banks are the most popular beauties among the inhabitants of Asian Russia. The water here is relatively clean, many fragments of the river edge serve well as baths. The total catchment area of ​​the Lena is 2,490,000 square kilometers.

Yenisei

Russian river basins such as this one are famous for their depth, transparency, and banks almost completely covered with the famous Siberian cedar. On the Yenisei stands Krasnoyarsk - the coldest regional center of our country. The river is 3,487 kilometers long. Too much has been written about its other features in the following paragraphs.

Amur

The Amur is a river in Russia full of curious “highlights”. In size, it does not stand out in any way (length 2,824, maximum width 5 kilometers, and a basin of 1,855,000 sq. Km). But this is a body of water, in the vastness of which there are the most floods in Siberia (due to monsoon rains), as well as the longest river-state border (meaning the border with China). Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Chinese Heihe, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur and Amursk stand along the riverbed. Interestingly, unlike most Russian rivers, the Amur flows halfway into eastbound. The river played a big role in the formation of such ethnic groups as the Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks and Dzungars. The last of these peoples has already dissolved.

This is the only floodplain in Siberia where relic grapes, walnuts and fruit trees grow. And also there is the famous tiger, which is also called the Ussuri tiger. The hydronym includes the common Tungus-Manchu stems "da" (river) and "mur" (black). After all, the locals call the river Damur, not Amur. Why is she black? The Chinese are to blame, who called it the "Black Dragon River" on their oldest maps. Since ancient times, this mythical fire-breathing mammal has symbolized all the most mysterious in the Celestial Empire. This metaphor meant only that the Chinese geographers were ill-informed about the course of the river.

The recreational prospects of the river are very high. Here is the famous Ussuri Nature Reserve- the most beautiful place in the Far East. And also Bologna and Botchinsky. The rare flora and fauna of the Amur coast is the most common reason for a visit. There are more than 7,000 species of feathered and tailed fauna! There are many huntsmen and rangers in the forests of the Amur region - they save the places where the healing root of ginseng grows from greedy poachers-gatherers. Therefore, take a pass at the cordon.

It remains to add that many river islands for a long time were the subject of a dispute between the Celestial Empire and Russia. One of them is Bolshoy Ussuriysky. He is famous for his East End- a sparsely populated feature of Khabarovsk and the village. Ussuriysk, and the western one is already an agricultural "polygon" of the People's Republic of China. The island is also often used as a natural recreation. Fishing is good from the shore.

Rating of the most-most

Here is a passport to the uniqueness of the reservoir. For example, a certain river in Russia, losing to the rest according to common criteria, at the same time occupies Olympus according to others.

The deepest river

It is the quiet Yenisei - the most full-flowing river in Russia. And the volume of annual water flow is 624,400,000 cubic kilometers. The reservoir separates Western and Eastern Siberia, taking water from the rivers of both Asian halves of Russia. The phenomenon is that, at the same time, the Yenisei is not the widest water "artery". It's just that its channel is the deepest in the country. Water almost does not spill over the river valley. Even in the flood.

The longest river

4,294 kilometers - this is the length of the Lena River. She is the longest river in Russia. The waterway crosses 4 regions and 2 autonomies in Eastern Siberia, as well as three natural and climatic zones (including the permafrost zone). Of the giant rivers, it is the coldest. Ust-Kut, Kirensk, Lensk, Olekminsk and Yakutsk stand on its banks. As well as about a hundred small settlements and Yakut nomad camps. 181 tributaries flow into it! It was the rivers that were counted, not the streams, of which there are even more. And it will take at least 2 months to go on a light ship from the source to the mouth of the Lena.

The shortest river

252 meters - this is the length of the Artek river falling down the slope. It flows into the sea on the territory of the complex of children's holiday camps of the same name, in the Crimean city of Gurzuf. This is the shortest river in Russia. Its source is across the asphalt path from the local history museum "Artek", and you can admire the mouth near the sculptural composition "Prometheus and the Children of the World" and the stele "I love Artek". If you notice it at all. There is just a flooring from the equipped beach DOL "Friendship" and a cafe. The source is hidden in the channel so that there is no landfill here.

The widest river

The Ob is the widest river in Russia. Its record section, overflowing in May up to 60-80 kilometers, is located between the mouths of the Tom and Keti. The Chulym river flows between them. This is the lowest part of the valley, mostly swamps and lands. Western Siberia generally has the highest swampiness and the highest level of precipitation in the Russian Federation. It is safest to observe another "sea" - the one that is within the reservoir. Although it is only 18 kilometers, there are solid, stable shores everywhere. For the phenomenon of width, the Ob is nicknamed the widest even in Eurasia. And in the world rankings, it is only inferior to the Argentine-Uruguayan La Plata, which simply cannot stay on its shores. It is “on schedule” bottled to the state of the sea bay. Of course, the main reason for the phenomenon is the relief of Western Siberia rich in smooth lowlands. If the Volga is a “water highway”, then the Ob is a “water multi-lane autobahn”. The river allows the movement of any ships and at the same time any workload. This is used by logistics companies, having established the largest transport link in Siberia here.

The deepest river

The Yenisei is the deepest river in Russia. In the Yenisei Bay, you need to dive 70 meters to the bottom (Osinovskiye Pory). Even in the shallowest fairway (not far from the junction with Indigirka), the river bowl is deepened by 9 meters. It is not surprising that in its bottomless bowels the Yenisei fit the first catchment area in the Russian Federation. Some people are afraid to swim. However, the main danger of the river will be discussed below.

The smallest river

Ovata is the smallest river in Russia. It flows through the most arid region of the Russian Federation - the Republic of Kalmykia. For most of the year, her "body" is half dry. Where water still manages to accumulate, the depth is 18-20 centimeters. The length of the reservoir is 60 kilometers. Crosses Tselinny and Ketchenerovsky districts. Barely a living stream descends Ovata from the elongated ridge of Ergeni (near the village of the same name), finishes at the village of Shatta (Caspian lowland). And the width even in high water does not exceed 2 meters. The stream is forded even by chickens. You notice it more by the beam itself, which the road crosses. And in the extreme south of Kalmykia there are no rivers as such.

The meanest river

The hydronym "Pyana" did not arise by chance. It became a reaction to the constantly changing direction of the river. Since its Russian discovery, the reservoir has been the most meandering river in Russia. Almost all of it flows through the Nizhny Novgorod region, slightly capturing the lands of Mordovia. That is, it is located in dense forests. At 400 kilometers, the water flow managed to wind twice as many bends. The reason is the abundance of hilly formations that have to be bypassed all the time. Collected from streams located on the southern outskirts of Upper Talyzino. Falls into Sura. Despite this difficulty, the rafting on Pyana is carried out. As a rule, from the beautiful village of Ichalki.

most dangerous river

Another incident. Since we mention this "artery" for the fourth time. Apparently, she is the most extraordinary. Quite touristy and calm in terms of flow, the Yenisei is the most dangerous river in Russia. In the world ranking, he takes 8th place. Scientists from different countries were frightened by the radioactive background throughout the floodplain. Such popularity was brought to the river by the closed plant of weapons-grade plutonium, the substances from which were carried away by river waves to the vast expanses. Infection is firmly deposited in all channels and islands of the water system. It is fixed on most beaches, without frightening the local bathers, who consider the Yenisei the most beautiful and cleanest river on the planet.

The most picturesque river

Lena is the most picturesque river in Russia and the 4th most beautiful in the world. The number of striking coastal tracts and islands in the valley played a role. At the forefront of the Lena Pillars - a natural creation, which is a fragment of the Khangalassky ulus of Yakutia. The nearest city is Yakutsk. The 40-kilometer complex of vertically elongated rocks, in some places separated from the coastal massif, is now recognized as a natural reserve. Not far away are dune sands (tukulans) and burials of the Bronze Age. Being on the banks of the Lena, the Bolshevik leader Ulyanov chose the party pseudonym.

The worst river

Warm is the most terrible river in Russia, since the appearance of its channel in most sections resembles the plots of a post-apocalyptic future. Flames, smoke, some kind of fumes are everywhere. The fact is that the reservoir goes around 2 active volcanoes of Kamchatka. Its water can sometimes be heated almost to the state of boiling water. And here large (often hungry!) bears walk around calmly. The distance from the beginning to the mouth is 13 kilometers. The source is the volcanic lake Shtyubel. A girl in Western Khodutka.

The coldest river

Oymyakon is the coldest river in Russia. It flows in the cold zone, not far from the city of the same name in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Recall that it is recognized by meteorologists as a “freezing center”. In winter, the temperature on the surface is -71 degrees. Only Indigirka can compete with Oymyakon. And that applies to the ocean itself.

The cleanest river

The Angara system is the cleanest river in Russia. 51% of its sleeves have regulatory environmental indicators, which is common in Switzerland, but nonsense for our Fatherland. It is precisely those tributaries that are closer to Baikal that are cleaner, which is quite understandable. According to most tourists, the most crystal-clear water is near the Bolshaya tributary. It remains to explain that the length of the Angara is 1779 kilometers, and the basin is 1,039,000 square kilometers. Near Baikal itself, it has a width of 1.1 kilometers and a rather large depth. Irkutsk, Angarsk, Usolye Sibirskoye, Bratsk (there is a hydroelectric power station), Ust-Ilimsk and Boguchany stand on this river. Strong elevation change.

The dirtiest river

The Volga is the dirtiest river in Russia. 38% of all sewage flows in the country are directed to its water. The Volga region is the geographic region busiest with industrial zones (including oil refining). In addition, the most ships in the Russian Federation pass along the Volga. The annual toxic load on the river ecosystem is 5 times higher than the norm. Such an incident. One of the most successful tourist rivers has a poor performance chemical composition– metal compounds, copper, organics, phenol…

highest river

Azau is the highest river in Russia. The conversation went about the upper reaches of the Baksan, flowing along the KBR. It's just that on Elbrus, where this stream flows from, it has just such a name, in honor of the glacier. Its beginning lies at an altitude of 2500 meters, and around there are only plates of ice, from which 2 streams run. The length of Baksan is 169 kilometers, the mirror area is 6800 square kilometers. The depth is insignificant. The largest width is in the area of ​​the dam, where the power plant of the same name was built.

northernmost river

The Kunar reservoir at the northern point of Cape Chelyuskin is the northernmost river in Russia, and at the same time in Asia. Its maximum length is 6600, and its width is 245 meters. Formed by two short streams. Depth up to 2.5 meters. Food - ice and snow. Flowing north. It has five small islands in its course. It flows into the sea bay of complex shape. last people who were here - the inhabitants of the polar station - the radio meteorological center. Relatively close to the venerable cross. Oddly enough, despite its close position to the pole, the Kunar is not the coldest river.

southernmost river

Ragdanchay is the southernmost river in Russia. This Dagestan mountain stream crashes into the aisles of the state of Azerbaijan more than others. The hydronym "river near Mount Ragdan" is translated. Accordingly, this hill is the southernmost point of Russia. The place is memorable. Since the highest peak of the Republic of Dagestan is also nearby. Nothing but grass grows on the slopes of Ragdan, and the named channel is a solid bare pebble. Only extreme sportsmen, scientists and border guards walk along it ...

Easternmost river

Enmytagnyveem (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) is the easternmost river in Russia. It is located at the extreme tip of Cape Dezhnev. It would be possible to recognize the winner of the reservoir on the Diomede Islands (the Russian piece of land is named after Ratmanov). If it weren't for an ordinary, barely noticeable branching stream. Also constantly drying up. Let's go back to the river. In most sections, its width is no more than 20 meters.

Westernmost river

Guryevka is the westernmost river in Russia. It cuts off the residential area of ​​the workers' settlement of Yantarny (Kaliningrad Region) from other districts of this subject of the federation. The German name is Mühlen-Fluss. It existed until the middle of the 18th century and during the Second World War. We are talking about the tributary of the Pregolya. The length of the object is 27 km. At a certain stage, the river floodplain forms an arc around Kaliningrad. And the locals call her Footcloth. It starts its journey at Lake Divnoe. It finishes at the eastern end of Kaliningrad, forming an artificial dam Dombas. It is popular with both swimmers and fishermen.

Tourism potential of Russian rivers

All the rivers presented in the second chapter are equipped with marinas and river stations. In Russia, however, there is such a highway, which is a champion in passenger terminals. This, you guessed it, is about the Volga, some of the ships on which are cruise ships. Thanks to canals, the waterway is connected to several southern and northern seas so you can travel for weeks. So. Since 2019, the implementation of the Volga Sea project has begun, as a result of which new transport hubs will also appear. 9,000,000,000 rubles are being invested in the idea. Part of the idea is the construction of coastal recreation sectors.

Don is the same promising river in Russia. However, in a different way. New archaeological parks will appear in its lower reaches. Will continue to equip nature reserves in the space of the regions of the Southern Federal District. The Karelian rivers in Russia will be used even more often as routes for canoeing and rafting. Several more tour operators specializing in active water recreation have registered. The number of objects of pilgrimage tourism on the banks of the Yenisei has increased. As you know, this river in Russia at one time became the final point of the most massive migration of Russian Old Believers (including Cossacks). Not a single river in Russia has such high prospects for self-purification as the reservoirs of Kamchatka. Who knows, maybe they will soon catch up with Lake Baikal in terms of purity. At the moment, state control over economic activity in this region has been strengthened.

Rivers in Russia are not just geographical features. They are a way for rafting, a swimming pool, a place for a multi-day picnic, a springboard for sports competitions, a storehouse of archaeological rarities mined by divers. They are a working platform for legal proceedings, the boundary of geological plates, administrative units, states and even entire continents. Therefore, for the traveler they are the most striking landmarks. Only unlike mountains or deserts (which are also objects of landscape or administrative demarcation), water flows help move towards the goal, and not vice versa. And you know which ones to use for what. it useful information in conditions when many of the most popular rivers are also dangerous.

The rivers of Russia are beautiful and majestic. The most full-flowing of them are Siberian, however, in the European part there are also large water arteries.

All Russian rivers can be divided into several groups depending on the depth, length, location. One of the characteristics is fullness.

Additional characteristics:

The number of rivers in the country exceeds 2.5 million, while most of them are insignificant in size. Despite this, they provide almost the entire territory of Russia with fresh water.

Yenisei

The most full-flowing rivers of Russia, especially their number, are a unique feature of the country:

In the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk, the Yenisei Pillars reserve is located, where there are many bizarre outlier rocks. This place is popular with climbers and local tourists.

Lena

Lena - the longest Russian river, crosses the country without going beyond its borders. Its source lies at an altitude of almost 1.5 thousand meters on the western slope of the Baikal Range. In the late 1990s, a chapel with an explanatory plaque was built in this place. In the upper and middle reaches, the Lena is surrounded by mountains, and only after Yakutsk does it open up. Together with the delta, its length is 4.4 thousand km.

When it flows into the Laptev Sea (the marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean basin), the river divides into many channels, forming a vast delta of a triangular shape. The Lena is the only major river in the world whose basin is located in the permafrost zone.

Because of this, low-lying areas are often swampy, including the territory of the mouth. Despite its size, the river receives few tributaries, but they are mostly high-water. In the lower reaches, 2 right tributaries - Vitim and Olekma, turn a small mountain river into a powerful stream up to 12 m deep and up to 20 km wide with islands.

Passing Yakutsk, the Lena enters the floodplain, Aldan (takes 6th place in the Top 10) and Vilyui flow into it, it overflows for almost 30 km, the channel deepens to 20 m. Approaching the ocean, the river again passes between mountain ranges, then spills into the delta, not reaching 150 km to the sea coast. The delta covers an area of ​​60 thousand km2.

This is a unique area that is actively used migratory birds for rest and breeding chicks. Specialists of the Ust-Lena Reserve are engaged in their study and protection. The Lena is a predominantly Yakutian river that flows through a region with abnormally low winter temperatures, dropping to -62 ° C.

As a result of severe colds, their duration, weak snow cover, the ice thickness reaches 1.5 - 2 m. Spring thawing begins unevenly - when the ice rushes downstream in the mountains, there is still a stable cover in the middle and lower reaches. For this reason, congestion is formed every year, causing catastrophic floods.

The largest traffic jams can reach 50 - 100 km and raise the water level by 15 - 20 m. Explosions are used to fight, if this is not possible, river icebreakers are used. The most full-flowing rivers of Russia, especially in Siberia, are navigable for a long distance. Lena is the main transport artery of Yakutia.

Therefore, the settlements along the river play the role of ports where ships of the "summer delivery" are unloaded. The northernmost one is the Sangar urban-type settlement. The largest is the capital of Yakutia, Yakutsk. There are river and air ports. Lensk is a city that provides the diamond mines of Yakutia with the necessary cargo. Olekminsk has a river port for passenger and cargo purposes, as well as an airport.

Ust-Kut is the southernmost of the cities located on the banks of the Lena. It is the only one where the railway, which belongs to the Western BAM, fits. In addition, there is an airport and a river port.

Environmental problems are associated with human activities - deforestation, gold mining, pollution of surface water as a result of sewage discharges in villages, river routes, blasting in spring jams. 200 km up the Lena is located natural Park"Lena Pillars". In summer, they get there by motor ship or boat, in winter - along the river on any winter transport.

Amur

The Amur is a border river, its sources are in Mongolia and China, its lower reaches are on Russian territory, the rest is the border of China and Russia. The length of the Amur is measured from the confluence of the Argun and Shilka (2.8 thousand km). Shilka has tributaries, one of them is Onon, starting in Mongolia, it is its source that is called the beginning of Shilka.

If we consider the length of the Amur, together with Onon and Shilka, we get almost 4.3 thousand km, together with Argun - more than 4.4 thousand km. In any case, all the rivers of this region, including the tributaries of the Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri and others, begin in the mountains and make their way through the ridges for a long distance.

The place where the Amur flows into the sea basin is called the Amur Estuary. There are still disputes about its belonging to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk or the Sea of ​​Japan, but they are both marginal seas. Pacific Ocean. The depth of the estuary does not exceed 4.5 m, it extends for almost 185 km in length, and its width reaches 40 km. The Amur is a restless river that floods vast areas every summer.

The rise in the water level, sometimes up to 7–9 m, is associated with intense monsoon rains. In a calm state, its average depth is 10-15 m, in some whirlpools 40-50 m, near the cliffs it can reach up to 80 m. Such a channel allows navigation throughout, starting from the estuary, almost to the confluence of the Argun and Shilka. The cities along the river are closely connected with the history of Russia.

These are Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Amursk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. Khabarovsk has a unique structure - the Amur railway tunnel, built before the Great Patriotic War and still in operation. Laid under the river, the length is more than 7 km, a plan for its reconstruction has now been approved.

Environmental problems are associated with natural disasters and human activities. During floods, cities and towns, highways and railway lines are flooded, the river changes its course and washes away the banks. Dams and barrier walls are being built, but the situation is complicated by the border position of the Amur. It is not always possible to coordinate actions with the Chinese side.

The environmental legislation of this country is still in the development stage, which creates a constant threat of pollution of the Amur waters.

Ob

The Ob river system occupies most of the West Siberian lowland. Its beginning is in the Altai Mountains, where the sources of the Katun and Biya are located, which, merging, form a powerful stream. The local rivers have a mountainous character - a fast current, a rocky bottom with rifts, cold water, summer floods.

Having got out of the gorges, the Ob turns into a calm flat river with a slow flow, widens its channel up to several kilometers, and receives many tributaries. The largest is the Irtysh, which is not inferior in size to the main stream. Its beginning outside the country on the border of China and Mongolia. The rest are much smaller: Tom, Vasyugan, Bolshoi Yugan and others.

It is here, among the vast swamps, that the main volume of water enters the Ob. The lower course of the river is located in the area of ​​permafrost, in summer only the surface layer of the soil thaws. Here the channel is divided into several channels with islands, and when it flows into the Kara Sea, it forms a vast delta. The mouth is connected to the sea through the Gulf of Ob, which is an ancient flooded river valley.

The Ob is covered with ice for 6-7 months, during floods there are traffic jams, which, to prevent floods, break ice drifts or sappers using explosives. The length of the river is slightly more than 3.6 thousand km, the depth is 1.1 - 3.0 m, at the mouth it increases to 10 - 15 m, so navigation is possible in all areas.

In the upper reaches, the Novosibirsk Hydroelectric Power Station was built, whose dam maintains the required water level in the reservoir and in the channel.

Marine vessels operate in the Gulf of Ob, accompanied by icebreakers in winter. On the banks of the Ob there are cities founded during the development of Siberia by the Cossacks in the 17th - 19th centuries: Biysk, Barnaul, Surgut, Labytnangi, the most ancient Salekhard (XVI century), the largest - the millionaire city of Novosibirsk. Some cities of the 20th century were built out of industrial necessity (Nefteyugansk).

Environmental problems: pollution of water and air by enterprises and during the extraction of minerals.

Volga

The most full-flowing rivers of Russia are not only in Siberia. Among European rivers, the first largest is the Volga. Its length is 3.5 thousand km. It begins with a small stream flowing from a swamp on the Valdai Upland. In this place, in the middle of the 17th century, a wooden chapel was built, which survived many events - it was destroyed by wars and oblivion, restored and rebuilt more than once.

Finally, in 1998, a new chapel appeared, from which the Volga procession is performed annually. At its confluence with the Caspian Sea, the river forms a vast delta with many channels and islands that are constantly changing shape. In the lower reaches along the main channel, another one was formed - the Akhtuba River. The Volga-Caspian canal is laid through the delta, which provides the passage of ships to the Caspian Sea.

The Volga is the only large river in the world with a large number of tributaries (almost 200) and a permanent stream that has no connection with the ocean.

The most significant tributaries are: Kotorosl, Mologa, Oka, Sviyaga, Kama. The construction of 8 power plants in the 20th century led to the blocking of the Volga and Kama channels by dams with the formation of reservoirs, so it is impossible to accurately determine the coastline, the depth of the river, and the time of the flood. All parameters change depending on the needs of the waterworks that regulate the passage of the water flow.

The average depth of the river is 5 m, the largest is 23 m. Thanks to the dams, navigation is possible from Rzhev in the upper reaches to the Caspian Sea.

The Volga is called the river of the four seas, with which, thanks to the channels, there is communication:

• Volga-Don - the way to the Azov and Black Seas;
• Volga-Baltic - connection with the Baltic;
• The White Sea-Baltic leads to the White Sea.

Many cities appeared on the banks of the Volga in different time, 4 of them are millionaires: Volgograd, Samara, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod. The main factor in the ecological disaster of the Volga system is man. Sources of pollution are obsolete treatment complexes industrial enterprises and cities, intensive shipping, washout from the coast.

In 2017, a program was created to clean up the river, adjacent space and develop territories.

Aldan

In Russia, the tributaries of large rivers are among the most full-flowing ones. One of them is Aldan. This is the right tributary of the Lena, making up a third of its flow. The source of the Far Eastern river is in the Stanovoy Range, the length is more than 2.2 thousand km, the depth is about 5 m, there are many small lakes in the valley. It is located in the permafrost zone, which in some places goes 2-4 m deep. It has 275 tributaries, the Amga and Maya being the largest.

The channel with rifts and islands, often forms branches, bending around stone obstacles, the current is fast. At the confluence with the Lena, it is divided into sleeves. From the village of Tommot it is navigable for 4 months, from October to May it is covered with ice. During the spring flood, the water level increases by 7-10 m. There are no large cities along the river. River ports are located in the city of Tommot and the villages of Eldikan, Khandyga, Ust-Maya.

Due to the low population density, the ecological situation is favorable, except for mining sites (gold, coal). The Lena federal highway and the Amur-Yakutsk railway line pass through Tommot.

Angara

The Angara is one of the Yenisei tributaries, the most full-flowing. The length is about 1.8 thousand km, it is impossible to talk about depth, since the entire river is a chain of reservoirs formed during the construction of four power plants. This is the only water stream flowing from Lake Baikal. The source of the Angara is a narrow gorge in the southwestern part of the lake.

The entire river system is located in the mountains of the Baikal region, therefore, its components are characterized by rapid channels, fast currents, and summer floods. Of the many tributaries, the most significant are the Ilim, Irkut, Belaya, Oka. Before the advent of dams, navigation along the Angara was impossible. Currently, there are regular flights between HPPs.

Cities along the banks of the Angara were built at different times - Irkutsk, Bratsk and Usolye-Sibirskoye were founded in the 17th century in the form of fortresses, Angarsk and Ust-Ilimsk appeared in the 20th century for industrial needs. Today they are developed industrial centers.

Environmental problems are associated with the blocking of rivers by dams, which disrupts fish reproduction, as well as harmful runoff and emissions from cities.

Pechora

The most full-flowing rivers of Russia in the European part of the country also belong to the Arctic Ocean basin. One of them is Pechora, its length is 1.8 thousand km. The beginning of the river on the western slope of the Northern Urals. In the 80s of the XX century, a plate with a commemorative inscription was installed in this place. Within the Urals, the river has a mountain regime: fast current, rocky bottom, summer floods.

Descending from the mountains, the Pechora turns into a calm flat river with a depth of 2 to 4 m, widens its channel to 2 km, and is surrounded by water meadows with herbs. Gradually, the river becomes more full-flowing, forms branches, loops, islands appear. The areas separated from the main channel become lakes "old women", which over time become overgrown with reeds.

Approaching the ocean, the water flow is divided into 2 channels (Bolshaya and Malaya Pechora) and forms a vast delta almost 45 km in size. In the lower reaches, the river flows in the permafrost zone, although during the summer the upper soil horizon thaws. Its depth increases to 6 - 10 m. The place where it flows into the Barents Sea is called the Pechora Bay.

The Pechora has many tributaries, the largest being the Izhma, Usa, and Tsilma. In the interfluve of the Pechora and its right tributary, the Ilych is located Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve, preserving the untouched forests of the Komi Republic. In the northern part, it is crossed by a small Manpupuner ridge, which is famous for its remnant rocks standing on a plateau at an altitude of almost 700 m.

The Mansi people living here call them stone idols. The Pechora lowland is sparsely populated, highways and major cities no. They can reach Naryan-Mar sea ​​ships, further to the village of Ust-Tsilma and to Pechora, only river boats pass. Due to the inaccessibility of the area, the ecological situation is very favorable, there is no one to pollute water and air, except for tourists.

Kolyma

Kolyma is a Siberian river famous for its gold mines and sad fate. They were exiled here in the 19th century, prisoners worked here in the 20th century. Now known for extreme tourism, wildlife and harsh climate. In the Kolyma Highlands, the sources of the Ayan-Yuryakh and Kulu rivers, which, uniting, give rise to the Kolyma. The length of the river is slightly more than 2.1 thousand km, if you count together with Kullu - more than 2.5 thousand km.

At the confluence with the East Siberian Sea, it forms a vast delta with three channels, ships pass through one of them. The depth of the channel is from 3.5 to 9 m. Of the 35 Kolyma tributaries, only one Omolon feeds the river in the spring, the rest, like the main channel, are freed from ice by the beginning of June, having been frozen for 8 months. At the same time, the water warms up weakly even in summer, up to 10 - 15 ° C.

There are no cities along the Kolyma, only three ports - Seimchan, Zyryanka, Zeleny Mys (since 2011, it has been part of the port of Tiksi). The Kolyma and Ust-Srednekanskaya power plants provide electricity to the Magadan Region and gold mines. The harsh climate and lack of roads keep nature clean, but the development of gold mining worsens ecological situation.

Northern Dvina

The Northern Dvina is one of many Russian rivers flowing into the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean. It starts on the East European (Russian) Plain at the confluence of the Sukhona and the Yug River, its length is 744 km. If we count from the source of the Sukhona in Lake Kubenskoye, the figure will increase to 1.3 thousand km. The river has many tributaries, the largest are Vychegda, Vaga, Pinega.

The depth of the Northern Dvina ranges from 3.5 m to 7.5 m, along the entire length there are shoals, where the water level drops to 1 - 1.5 m. For this reason, ships cannot go upstream and work only in the port of Arkhangelsk, located at the mouth. When it flows into the Dvina Bay of the White Sea, the Dvina is divided into channels, forming a vast delta.

In the port, the bottom is constantly cleared and deepened, since in spring a lot of sand and debris enter here, although here the depth reaches 12–24 m. The cities of Veliky Ustyug, Kotlas, and Solvychegodsk were built on the shores. The delta is surrounded by Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk, Novodvinsk. Veliky Ustyug is considered the official residence of our Father Frost.

Environmental problems are associated with the industrial development of the area - air and water pollution by enterprises and municipal services of cities. The rivers of Russia are natural wealth countries. Both the most full-flowing and the smallest, they play a big role in the development of territories, determine their path in the future.

Article formatting: Ilchenko Oksana

Video about the deepest rivers in Russia

Top 10 most full-flowing rivers in Russia:

There are no natural attractions in the vast territory, surprising in its size. Russian state. Some of the gambling wanderers explore the secrets of dense coniferous forests. Others cannot imagine their life without many days of rest on clear lakes rich in fish. Still others go on exciting river cruises.

The beauty of Russian rivers, like no other monuments of nature, largely depends on how diverse the landscapes surrounding them are. It is also important that Russians have much more choice than many other nations. But still there are several rivers, the beauty of which is well known to both compatriots and foreign guests.

Chirka-Kem

Passionate fans of rafting will like the 221-kilometer Chirka-Kem, a Russian river located in the northern part of the taiga Karelia. It will delight lovers of active pastime with an abundance of rapids, which turn into waterfalls in winter. The river surprises with its “character” – sometimes it is calm and slow, sometimes it is suddenly stormy and fast.

Indigirka

Not every traveler will have the courage to go to harsh Yakutia to get acquainted with the natural landscapes on the banks of the 1726-kilometer Indigirka. Gold miners once rushed to these parts, to the deserted forest-tundra and taiga forests. Now those who are not afraid of the severity of the Arctic desert or the gloomy tundra want to get here. On this river, in Oymyakon, a tiny village, there is a pole of cold.

Volga

No major river in Russia has as many cities and other settlements located on its banks as the 3530-kilometer Volga, one of which is several reservoirs passing into each other. There are as many as four metropolitan areas, each with a population of more than a million inhabitants. Their sights and picturesque landscapes attract fans of river cruises here.

Don

Thanks to the novel created by the brilliant M. Sholokhov, many travelers are well aware of the peculiarities of the Don. The 1870-kilometer river of Russia really calmly and slowly carries its waters through the spacious European plains. Participants of cruises from the hospitable Rostov-on-Don to the Russian capital have long appreciated the modest beauty of the forest-steppe landscapes encountered along the way.

Pechora

Originating in the deserted Northern Urals, the 1809-kilometer Pechora flows for quite a long time like a fast mountain river. But then, closer to the forest-tundra, its waters slow down. It impresses with an abundance of various fish and the beauty of landscapes. It is impossible not to admire the high green hills and slender rocks reflected in its smooth surface. The swans that often come here also become an ornament of the river.

Yenisei

Considered one of the most powerful and full-flowing rivers, the 3487-kilometer Yenisei is constantly exposed to human impact. This is evidenced by several hydroelectric power plants built in different years, and other industrial facilities. The recalcitrant river of Russia is especially beautiful during the spring ice drift, when for almost a month solid blocks move along its bed, emitting a roar that frightens the arriving foreigners. Yenisei is one of.

Amur

Passionate fishermen have long known about the diversity of fish living in the waters of the 2824-kilometer Amur. There are 108 varieties of river "inhabitants". Some sections of this border river of Russia - primarily those located above Khabarovsk - are more like lakes. The Amur becomes especially full-flowing during the spring floods.

Ob

Numerous bridges in Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Surgut and other West Siberian cities make the 3,650-kilometer Ob one of the most beautiful rivers Russia. Thanks to the taiga plains located near its shores, this area takes on a look worthy of paintings by painters. The Gulf of Ob seems to tourists like the sea, surprising with the colors of colorful sunsets and sunrises reflected in the water.

Northern Dvina

Once upon a time in the villages located in the vicinity of Arkhangelsk, they talked a lot about the meandering river - they called it Northern Dvina because she changed her course. Now this 744-kilometer river slowly flows through the vast Arkhangelsk region, originating near Veliky Ustyug. Many recreation centers have been built on its long banks for lovers of fishing, river rafting and for those who cannot imagine a vacation without picking berries in dense taiga forests.

Lena

This beautiful full-flowing river of Russia originates about 15 km from the picturesque Baikal. Its delta is equal in area to the territory of the Moscow region. Flowing through the vast northeastern Siberia, the 4,400-kilometer-long river slowly carries its waters past deserted taiga forests, abandoned villages, green meadows and silent tundra covered with undersized shrubs. Travelers climb into these places for the sake of the Lena Pillars - 100-meter vertical cliffs that stretch for about 40 km along the coast. No less interesting are the tukulans, which are unexpected for this region - bright brown sand dunes on the shore not far from the place where the fast Buotama, a relatively small tributary, flows into the Lena.

The less people interfere with the natural processes taking place in nature, the more beautiful the landscapes and landscapes surrounding cities and villages. This also applies to several rivers in Russia, which are fortunate in that they are located in remote and deserted regions of vast Siberia. Consequently, the majority of visiting guests who appreciate the pristine nature, which civilization has spared so far, strive to get here!