Russia is developing a nuclear battle tank. Iceberg aircraft carrier, atomic tank and other titanic military equipment Atomic tanks in art

Russia to Develop Nuclear Round for T-14 Main Battle Tank

Most deadly tank Russia's third-generation T-14 main battle tank, as well as the basis for armored personnel carriers on the Armata universal chassis system, may become even more deadly in the near future.

According to unconfirmed media reports, Uralvagonzavod (a Russian defense contractor and the world's largest tank manufacturer) is not only upgrading new versions of the mysterious T-14 with a new nuclear-capable 152mm gun, but is also developing uranium tank armor.

It is not yet clear to military experts how far the Russians have advanced on this issue. That is, whether the nuclear subkiloton 152-mm projectile is under development, or we are already talking about its possible combat use.

The use of tactical nuclear weapons on the battlefield is not part of the official Russian military doctrine. However, in last years Russia has made significant progress in the development of tactical nuclear weapons.

The current version of the T-14 is armed with a 125mm 2A82 smoothbore gun capable of firing powerful ammunition at an effective distance of up to seven kilometers and at a rate of up to 10 rounds per minute. The 152mm 2A83 cannon will have a much lower rate of fire.

Armata is the first new tank Russian, developed by Russia after the collapse Soviet Union. It is reported that the tank is equipped with a new active protection system, including a new generation of active armor, supposedly capable of withstanding the most advanced in the world anti-tank guns and anti-tank missile systems.

In addition, as we have already indicated in another article, the T-14 will eventually be a fully automated combat unit equipped with uninhabited tower and, if necessary, remotely controlled:

“The Armata Universal Chassis System is a platform for more than a dozen different tracked vehicles, including self-propelled howitzer, engineering vehicle and armored personnel carrier. 70 percent of tracked armored vehicles of the Russian Ground Forces are planned to be replaced by vehicles based on the Armata Universal Chassis System.

True while authentic combat capabilities The T-14s are unknown and will remain so until they are tested in real combat.

In 2016, the Russian Ministry of Defense ordered the first batch of 100 T-14s and intends to purchase up to 2,300 T-14s by 2025. However, it seems that these are only the official financial and production capabilities of Russia. According to experts, from 2018, Russia can produce no more than 120 such tanks per year. Currently in ground forces Russia is in service with about 20 T-14 units. It is not yet clear whether mass production of the tank has begun.

60 years ago, in conditions of absolute secrecy, the "atomic tank" was created.

In 1956, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev instructed the designers to begin work on the project of a unique tank, which was not afraid of either an atomic explosion, or radiation contamination of the crew, or chemical or biological attacks. The project received article 279.

Armor is strong at 300 millimeters

And such a heavy tank weighing 60 tons was designed by 1957 at SKB-2 of the Kirov Plant of Leningrad (KZL) under the leadership of the chief designer, Major General Joseph Yakovlevich Kotin. It was immediately and rightly called atomic. Moreover, the lion's share of its weight was armor, in some places reaching up to 305 millimeters. That is why the interior space for the crew was much smaller than that of heavy tanks similar weight.

The atomic tank embodied the new tactics of World War III and a more "vegetarian" era, when human life was worth at least something. It was the concern for the crew of this armored vehicle that dictated some of the tactical and technical of this tank. For example, if necessary, the hermetically closing hatch of the tower and the breech of the gun prevented even a speck of dust from entering the interior of the machine, not to mention radioactive gases and chemical agents of infection. Excluded for tankers and bacteriological danger.

So, even the sides of the hull were protected by almost twice as thick armor than the German Tigers. It reached 182 mm on the 279th. The frontal armor of the hull generally had an unprecedented thickness - from 258 to 269 mm. This exceeded the parameters of even such a cyclopean German development Third Reich, as the heaviest monster in the history of tank building, as if jokingly named by its developer Ferdinand Porsche Maus ("Mouse"). With a vehicle weight of 189 tons, its frontal armor was 200 mm. Whereas in a nuclear tank, it was covered with simply impenetrable 305-mm high-alloy steel. Moreover, the body of the Soviet miracle tank had the shape of a turtle shell - shoot, don't shoot, and the shells simply slid off it and flew on. In addition, the giant's body was also covered with anti-cumulative screens.

Oh, not enough shells!

This configuration was chosen by the leading designer of the SKB-2 KZL, Lev Sergeevich Troyanov, not by chance: after all, the tank was not just called nuclear - it was designed to conduct combat operations directly near nuclear explosion. Moreover, the almost flat body excluded the overturning of the car even under the influence of a monstrous shock wave. The armor of the tank withstood a frontal hit of even a 90-mm cumulative projectile, as well as a shot at close range with an armor-piercing charge from a 122-mm cannon. And not only in the forehead - the board also withstood such hits.

By the way, for such a heavyweight, he had a very good speed on the highway - 55 km / h. And being invulnerable, the iron hero himself could deliver a lot of trouble to the enemy: his gun had a caliber of 130 mm, and could easily break through any armor that existed at that time. True, the supply of shells led to pessimistic reflections - according to the instructions, only 24 of them were placed in the tank. In addition to the gun, the four crew members also had a heavy machine gun at their disposal.

Another feature of the Project 279 was its tracks - there were already four of them. In other words, an atomic tank, in principle, could not get stuck - even on complete impassability, thanks also to the low specific pressure on the ground. And successfully overcame mud, and deep snow, and even anti-tank hedgehogs and gouges. On tests in 1959, in the presence of representatives of the military-industrial complex and the Ministry of Defense, the military liked everything, especially the thickness of the armor of the atomic tank and its complete protection from everything. But the ammunition load plunged the generals into despondency. They were not impressed by the difficulty in operating the undercarriage, as well as the extremely low ability to maneuver.

And the project was abandoned. The tank remained manufactured in a single copy, which is now exhibited in Kubinka - in the Armored Museum. And two other unfinished prototype went to smelting.

flying tank

Another exotic development of our military engineers was the A-40 or, as it was also called, "KT" ("Tank Wings"). According to the alternative title, he could even... fly. Designing "KT" (namely, we are talking about a glider for the domestic T-60) began 75 years ago - in 1941. In order to lift the tank into the air, a glider was attached to it, which was then taken in tow by a TB-3 heavy bomber. The idea of such a non-standard solution was none other than Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov, who then worked in the Glider Directorate as the chief engineer at the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry.

It is clear that with a weight of almost eight tons (together with a glider), a tank equipped with wings could fly behind a bomber at a speed of only 130 km / h. However, the main thing they wanted to teach him was to land in right place, having unhooked from the BT-3 in advance. It was planned that after landing, two crew members would remove from the T-60 all the flight “uniforms” that had become unnecessary and be ready for combat operations, having at their disposal a 20 mm caliber gun and a machine gun. The T-60s were supposed to be delivered to the encircled units of the Red Army or partisans, and they also wanted to use this method of transportation for the emergency transfer of vehicles to the necessary sections of the front.

The flying tank was tested in August-September 1942. Alas, due to the low speed, the glider just kept at a height of forty meters above the ground due to poor streamlining and its rather solid mass. There was a war, and at that time such searchlights were out of place. Only those developments that could become combat vehicles in the very near future were welcomed.

For this reason, the project was cancelled. This happened in February 1943, when Oleg Antonov was already working in the Design Bureau of Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev - his deputy. Another important point, because of which work on the A-40 was stopped, was the condition of transporting its ammunition along with the tank - this question remained open. The flying tank was also made in just one copy. But he was not the only project of our designers. There were dozens, if not hundreds, of such developments. Fortunately, there have always been enough talented engineers in our country.

In the 1950s and 1960s of the last twentieth century, all three major branches of the military considered the possibility of using nuclear energy in power plants. So, the army planned to use nuclear installations for tanks. Some of these projects involved installing small nuclear reactors on armored vehicles to generate electricity to power both the "nuclear" tank itself and an entire convoy of combat vehicles, saving organic fuel during marches. The creation of individual nuclear engines. First, let's say a few words for the USA ...

TV1 - one of the tank projects with YASU

Nuclear tanks were also discussed at the "Question Mark" conferences. One of them, armed with a modified 105 mm T140 gun, received the designation TV1. Its weight was estimated at 70 tons with an armor thickness of up to 350 mm. Power nuclear installation included a reactor with an open gas coolant loop powered by a gas turbine, which provided 500 hours of continuous operation at full power. The designation TV-1 meant "tracked vehicle", and its creation was considered at the Question Mark III conference as a long-term perspective. By the time of the fourth conference in August 1955, progress in atomic technology had already indicated the possibility of creating a "nuclear" tank. Needless to say, an atomic tank promised to be extremely expensive, and the level of radiation in it required a constant change of crews to prevent people from receiving high doses of radiation. Despite this, at the end of 1959, studies were carried out on the possibility of installing a nuclear reactor on the chassis of the M103 tank, however, only for experimental purposes - the tower had to be removed.

In general, considering the projects of American heavy tanks of the 50s, it is easy to note that the technical solutions worked out in them: smooth-bore guns, combined layered armor, managed missile weapons, really reflected in the promising tanks of the 60s ... but in the Soviet Union! A certain explanation for this is the history of the design of the T110 tank, which showed that American designers could well create tanks that meet modern requirements without using "crazy" layouts and "exotic" technical solutions.

The concrete realization of this was the creation of the American main battle tank M 60, which, with a classic layout, a rifled gun, conventional armor, due to the use of advanced technologies, made it possible to achieve noticeable advantages not only over the then main Soviet T-54 / T55 tanks, but even over heavy Soviet tank T-10.

By the time of the next conference, Question Mark IV, held in August 1955, the development of nuclear reactors had made it possible to significantly reduce their size, and hence the mass of the tank. The project presented at the conference under the designation R32 assumed the creation of a 50-ton tank armed with a 90-mm T208 smoothbore gun and protected in the frontal projection by 120-mm armor.

R32. Another project of the American atomic tank

The armor was located at an angle of 60° to the vertical, which roughly corresponded to the level of protection of conventional medium tanks of that period. The reactor provided the tank with an estimated cruising range of more than 4,000 miles. The R32 was considered more promising than the original atomic tank, and was even considered as a possible replacement for the M48 tank that was in production, despite obvious disadvantages, such as the extremely high cost of the vehicle and the need for regular replacement of crews to prevent them from receiving a dangerous dose of radiation irradiation. However, the R32 did not go beyond the preliminary design stage. Gradually, the army's interest in nuclear tanks faded, but work in this direction continued at least until 1959. None of the projects of atomic tanks even reached the stage of building a prototype.

And for a snack, as they say. One of the variants of atomic monsters developed at one time in the United States under the Astron program.

Whether combat nuclear tanks were developed in the USSR, I personally do not know. But sometimes referred to in various sources as an atomic tank, the TES-3 unit on a modified chassis of the T-10 heavy tank was a nuclear power plant transported on a caterpillar chassis (a complex of four self-propelled guns) for remote areas of the Soviet Far North. The chassis ("object 27") was designed at the Design Bureau of the Kirov Plant and, compared to the tank, had an elongated chassis with 10 road wheels on board and wider tracks. The electric power of the installation is 1500 kW. Full mass about 90 tons. Developed at Laboratory "V" (now the Russian Scientific Nuclear Center "Physics and Power Engineering Institute", Obninsk), TPP-3 entered trial operation in 1960.

One of the modules of the mobile nuclear power plant TES-3 based on the units of the heavy tank T-10

The thermal power of a double-circuit heterogeneous water-cooled reactor installed on two self-propelled vehicles is 8.8 MW (electric, from generators - 1.5 MW). On the other two self-propelled units turbines, a generator and other equipment were located. In addition to the use of a caterpillar chassis, it was also possible to transport the power plant on railway platforms. TPP-3 entered trial operation in 1961. The program was subsequently cancelled. In the 80s further development the idea of transportable large-block nuclear power plants of small capacity was received in the form of TPP-7 and TPP-8.

One of the sources -

In the fifties of the last century, mankind began to actively develop a new source of energy - the fission of atomic nuclei. Nuclear energy then it was seen, if not a panacea, then at least a solution to a great many different problems. In an atmosphere of universal approval and interest, nuclear power plants and designed reactors for submarines and ships. Some dreamers even proposed making the nuclear reactor so compact and low-power that it could be used as household source energy or as a power plant for cars, etc. The military became interested in similar things. In the United States, options for creating a full-fledged tank with a nuclear power plant were seriously considered. Unfortunately or fortunately, they all remained at the level of technical proposals and drawings.

Nuclear tanks began in 1954 and its appearance is associated with scientific conferences Question Mark, which discussed promising directions science and technology. At the third such conference, held in June 1954 in Detroit, American scientists discussed the project of a tank with a nuclear reactor submitted for consideration. According to the technical proposal, fighting machine TV1 (Track Vehicle 1 - "Tracked Vehicle-1") was supposed to have a combat weight of about 70 tons and carry a 105-mm rifled gun. Of particular interest was the layout of the armored hull of the proposed tank. So, behind armor up to 350 millimeters thick, a small-sized nuclear reactor should have been located. For him, a volume was provided in the front of the armored hull. Behind the reactor and its protection, located workplace the driver, in the middle and rear parts of the hull they placed the fighting compartment, ammunition stowage, etc., as well as several power plant units.

Fighting vehicle TV1 (Track Vehicle 1 - "Tracked vehicle-1")

The principle of operation of the power units of the tank is more than interesting. The fact is that the reactor for TV1 was planned to be made according to the scheme with an open gas coolant circuit. This means that the cooling of the reactor had to be carried out atmospheric air running next to him. Further, the heated air was supposed to be supplied to the power gas turbine, which was supposed to drive the transmission and drive wheels. According to the calculations carried out right at the conference, with the given dimensions, it would be possible to ensure the operation of the reactor for up to 500 hours on one refueling of nuclear fuel. However, the TV1 project was not recommended for further development. For 500 hours of operation, a reactor with an open cooling circuit could infect several tens or even hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of air. In addition, it was not possible to fit sufficient reactor protection into the internal volumes of the tank. In general, the TV1 combat vehicle turned out to be much more dangerous for its troops than for the enemy.

By the next Question Mark IV conference, held in 1955, the TV1 project was finalized in accordance with current capabilities and new technologies. The new nuclear tank was named R32. It differed significantly from TV1, primarily in its size. The development of nuclear technology has made it possible to reduce the dimensions of the machine and accordingly change its design. The 50-ton tank was also proposed to be equipped with a reactor in the front, but the armored hull with a 120 mm thick front plate and the turret with a 90-mm gun in the project had completely different contours and layout. In addition, it was proposed to abandon the use of a gas turbine driven by superheated atmospheric air and to apply new protection systems for a smaller reactor. Calculations have shown that the practically achievable power reserve on one refueling of nuclear fuel will be approximately four thousand kilometers. Thus, at the cost of reducing the operating time, it was planned to reduce the danger of the reactor for the crew.

And yet, the measures taken to protect the crew, technical personnel and troops interacting with the tank were insufficient. According to the theoretical calculations of American scientists, the R32 "fonil" is less than its predecessor TV1, but even with the remaining level of radiation, the tank was not suitable for practical application. It would be necessary to regularly change crews and create a special infrastructure for the separate maintenance of nuclear tanks.

After the R32 failed to meet the expectations of a potential customer in the face of american army, the interest of the military in tanks with a nuclear power plant began to gradually fade away. Admittedly, for some time there have been attempts to create new project and even bring it to the testing stage. For example, in 1959 an experimental vehicle based on the M103 heavy tank was designed. It was supposed to be used in future tests of a tank chassis with a nuclear reactor. Work on this project began very late, when the customer stopped seeing nuclear tanks as promising equipment for the army. Work on the conversion of the M103 into a test bench was completed with the creation of a draft design and preparation for the assembly of the layout.

R32. Another project of the American atomic tank

Last American project tank with nuclear power plant, which was able to move beyond the technical proposal stage, was completed by Chrysler during its participation in the ASTRON program. The Pentagon has ordered a tank designed for the army of the next decades, and Chrysler apparently decided to give the tank reactor another try. In addition, the new TV8 tank was supposed to represent new concept layout. The armored chassis with electric motors and, in some versions of the project, an engine or a nuclear reactor was a typical tank hull with a tracked undercarriage. However, it was proposed to install a tower of the original design on it.

The large-sized unit of a complex streamlined faceted shape was supposed to be made a little longer than the chassis. Inside such an original tower, it was proposed to place the jobs of all four crew members, all weapons, incl. 90-mm gun on a rigid recoilless suspension system, as well as ammunition. In addition, in later versions of the project it was supposed to be placed in the rear of the tower diesel engine or small nuclear reactor. In this case, the reactor or engine would provide energy for the operation of the generator that feeds the propulsion electric motors and other systems. According to some sources, until the closure of the TV8 project, there were disputes about the most convenient placement of the reactor: in the chassis or in the tower. Both options had their pros and cons, but the installation of all power plant units in the chassis was more profitable, although technically more difficult.

Tank TV8

One of the variants of atomic monsters developed at one time in the United States under the Astron program.

The TV8 proved to be the luckiest of all American nuclear tanks. In the second half of the fifties, a model of a promising armored vehicle was even built at one of the Chrysler factories. But things did not go beyond the layout. The revolutionary new layout of the tank, combined with its technical complexity, did not give any advantages over existing and developed armored vehicles. The ratio of novelty, technical risks and practical returns was considered insufficient, especially in the case of using a nuclear power plant. As a result, the TV8 project was closed for lack of prospects.

After TV8, not a single American atomic tank project left the technical proposal stage. As for other countries, they also considered the theoretical possibility of replacing diesel with a nuclear reactor. But outside the United States, these ideas remained only in the form of ideas and ideas. simple sentences. The main reasons for the rejection of such ideas were two features of nuclear power plants. First, a tank-mountable reactor cannot, by definition, be adequately shielded. As a result, the crew and surrounding people or objects will be exposed to radiation. Secondly, a nuclear tank, in the event of damage to the power plant - and the likelihood of such a development of events is very high - becomes a real dirty bomb. The chances of the crew surviving the moment of the accident are too small, and the survivors will become victims of acute radiation sickness.

A relatively large power reserve on one refueling and a general, as it seemed in the fifties, prospects nuclear reactors in all areas could not overpower dangerous consequences their applications. As a result, nuclear-powered tanks remained an original technical idea that arose in the wake of the general "nuclear euphoria", but did not give any practical results.

According to the websites:
http://shushpanzer-ru.livejournal.com/
http://raigap.livejournal.com/
http://armor.kiev.ua/
http://secretprojects.co.uk/

And such a heavy tank weighing 60 tons was designed by 1957 at SKB-2 of the Kirov Plant of Leningrad (KZL) under the leadership of the chief designer, Major General Joseph Yakovlevich Kotin. It was immediately and rightly called atomic. Moreover, the lion's share of its weight was armor, in some places reaching up to 305 millimeters. That is why the internal space for the crew was much smaller than that of heavy tanks of a similar mass.

The atomic tank embodied the new tactics of World War III and a more "vegetarian" era, when human life was worth at least something. It was the concern for the crew of this armored vehicle that dictated some of the tactical and technical data of this tank. For example, if necessary, the hermetically closing hatch of the tower and the breech of the gun prevented even a speck of dust from entering the interior of the machine, not to mention radioactive gases and chemical agents of infection. Excluded for tankers and bacteriological danger.

So, even the sides of the hull were protected by almost twice as thick armor than the German Tigers. It reached 182 mm on the 279th. The frontal armor of the hull generally had an unprecedented thickness - from 258 to 269 mm. This exceeded the parameters of even such a cyclopean German development of the Third Reich as the heaviest monster in the history of tank building, as if jokingly named by its developer Ferdinand Porsche Maus (“Mouse”). With a vehicle weight of 189 tons, its frontal armor was 200 mm. Whereas in a nuclear tank, it was covered with simply impenetrable 305-mm high-alloy steel. Moreover, the body of the Soviet miracle tank had the shape of a turtle shell - shoot, don't shoot, and the shells simply slid off it and flew on. In addition, the giant's body was also covered with anti-cumulative screens.

* * *

This configuration was chosen by the leading designer of the SKB-2 KZL, Lev Sergeevich Troyanov, not by chance: after all, the tank was not just called nuclear - it was designed to conduct combat operations directly near a nuclear explosion. Moreover, the almost flat body excluded the overturning of the car even under the influence of a monstrous shock wave. The armor of the tank withstood a frontal hit of even a 90-mm cumulative projectile, as well as a shot at close range with an armor-piercing charge from a 122-mm cannon. And not only in the forehead - the board also withstood such hits.

Another feature of the Project 279 was its tracks - there were already four of them. In other words, an atomic tank, in principle, could not get stuck - even on complete impassability, thanks also to the low specific pressure on the ground. And he successfully overcame mud, deep snow, and even anti-tank hedgehogs and gouges. On tests in 1959, in the presence of representatives of the military-industrial complex and the Ministry of Defense, the military liked everything, especially the thickness of the armor of the atomic tank and its complete protection from everything. But the ammunition load plunged the generals into despondency. They were not impressed by the difficulty in operating the undercarriage, as well as the extremely low ability to maneuver.

And the project was abandoned. The tank remained manufactured in a single copy, which is now exhibited in Kubinka - in the Armored Museum. And the other two unfinished prototypes were melted down.

* * *

It is clear that with a weight of almost eight tons (together with a glider), a tank equipped with wings could fly behind a bomber at a speed of only 130 km / h. Nevertheless, the main thing they wanted to teach him was to land in the right place, having previously unhooked from the BT-3. It was planned that after landing, two crew members would remove from the T-60 all the flight “uniforms” that had become unnecessary and be ready for combat operations, having at their disposal a 20 mm caliber gun and a machine gun. The T-60s were supposed to be delivered to the encircled units of the Red Army or partisans, and they also wanted to use this method of transportation for the emergency transfer of vehicles to the necessary sections of the front.

Vitaly Karyukov