The Seven Most Famous Pioneer Heroes. Research work "From the life of the pioneers

pioneer movement- activities of children's communist organizations in the USSR and other socialist countries. Bearing some resemblance to the earlier Scouting movement, pioneer movement differed from it in significant aspects: there were no separate organizations for boys and girls, pioneer camps and Pioneer Palaces, which numbered in the thousands, were funded by the government and trade unions, recreation and classes in them were absolutely free, pioneer newspapers and magazines were printed in millions of copies.

In the USSR, the pioneer organization was formed by the decision of the All-Russian Conference of the Komsomol on May 19, 1922. Until 1924, the pioneer organization bore the name of Spartak, and after the death of the leader of the world proletariat, it was renamed the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin.

Origins and birth of the pioneer movement

The pioneer movement arose as a spontaneous self-organization of adults and children in response to homelessness and devastation in Russia after civil war. At the place of residence, pioneer detachments began to spontaneously arise, the purpose of which was mutual assistance, organization Everyday life and leisure, the fight against homelessness and the influence of the street. At that time there was no clear structure of the organization, no hierarchy. The rich experience of the Russian scout movement that had previously been available became the basis for the pioneer organization. Even during the Civil War, scout organizations helped to find homeless children, organized children's militia units and provided social assistance. However, the scout movement under the new government was doomed to leave the historical scene, since scout structures in Russia were born and functioned as monarchist children's organizations. However, having dissolved the scout organizations, the new government nevertheless positively assessed the experience of the scout movement and decided to put it at the service of the interests of both the party and the country as a whole. At the origins of the pioneer movement were a prominent party and public figure N. K. Krupskaya and one of the ideologists of Russian scouting, I. N. Zhukov. It was N. K. Krupskaya, in her well-known work “RKSM and Boy Scoutism”, who proposed to the Russian Komsomol to create a children's organization, “scout in form and communist in content”, and I. N. Zhukov suggested calling the children's organization pioneer. Members of the Scouting movement who have adopted Soviet power and those who started working with the pioneers, abandoned the principles of scouting that were bourgeois from the point of view of the new authorities, but left in the pioneer organization everything that was most positive from their point of view that was in the scouting movement. In the pioneer organization, game forms have been preserved educational work with children, organization of children into squads, the institute of leaders, campfire gatherings, symbolic elements (for example, the three lily petals of the scout badge in the pioneer badge replaced the three flames of the fire, the three ends of the red pioneer tie began to mean three generations: pioneers, Komsomol members and communists ). The scout call "Be ready!" with a change in its focus on the struggle for the liberation of the workers and peasants of the whole world. Thus, in the first time after the change in the social formation in Russia, the scout movement was transformed into a pioneer movement, retaining its organizational form, but changing its ideological content and becoming controlled by the highest party and cosmomol bodies. Later, moving further and further away from the cradle of Scouting, the pioneer organization was enriched by its history, its traditions and its unique features.

Structure of the pioneer organization

The All-Union Pioneer Organization in the USSR united republican, regional, regional, district, city, district pioneer organizations. The basis of the All-Union Pioneer Organization was the pioneer squad. Pioneer squads were created in schools, orphanages and boarding schools with at least 3 pioneers. In the pioneer teams, numbering more than 20 pioneers, pioneer teams were created, uniting at least 3 pioneers. At school, the detachment united pioneers who, as a rule, studied in the same class. In orphanages and pioneer camps, at the place of residence, teams of different ages could be created. The detachment, numbering 15 or more pioneers, was divided into links.

Leadership of the All-Union Pioneer Organization

The All-Union Pioneer Organization was led by the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM), which in turn was controlled by the CPSU. All councils of pioneer organizations worked under the guidance of the relevant Komsomol committees. Congresses and conferences of the Young Communist League heard reports from the councils of pioneer organizations and evaluated their activities. The chairmen, deputies, and secretaries of the councils of pioneer organizations, from the Central to the district, were approved by the Plenums of the corresponding Komsomol committees. Numerous Palaces and Houses of Pioneers and schoolchildren, and other out-of-school institutions were the basis for organizational-mass and instructive-methodological work with pioneers and pioneer cadres. The committees of the Komsomol provided the pioneer squads with cadres of senior pioneer leaders, carried out their selection, placement, advanced training and education. Primary Komsomol organizations sent detachment leaders to the pioneer squads, selected leaders of circles, clubs, sections, and other associations of interest, helped them in organizing the life of pioneer groups.

Pioneer Self-Government

The highest body of a squad, detachment, link is a pioneer gathering. The assembly of the detachment accepted schoolchildren into a pioneer organization, suggested that the squad council recommend worthy pioneers to the ranks of the Komsomol, planned work, evaluated the activities of the detachment council, units, each pioneer. The assembly of the squad elected the council of the squad, the assembly of the detachment - the council of the detachment, the assembly of the link - the link. The councils of the squad and detachments elected the Chairman of the council of the squad and detachment. In the All-Union, Republican, Territory, Regional, Okrug, City, District Pioneer organizations, the form of self-government of the pioneers was a Pioneer rally, which was held every 5 years, and the regional, regional, district, city and district - once every 2-3 years. City (district) councils of the pioneer organization created pioneer staffs from representatives of all the pioneer squads of the city. The most active part of the Pioneer organization, its most active elite, gathered at the city headquarters.

The procedure for admission to the pioneer organization

Schoolchildren aged 9 to 14 are accepted into the pioneer organization. Admission is carried out individually, by open voting at a meeting of a pioneer detachment or squad (if it is not divided into detachments), operating in a general education school and a boarding school. He who joins the pioneer organization on the pioneer line makes the Solemn Pledge of the Pioneer Soviet Union. A communist, Komsomol member, or senior pioneer gives him a red pioneer tie and a pioneer badge. As a rule, pioneers were accepted in a solemn atmosphere during communist holidays in memorable historical and revolutionary places, most often on April 22 near the monument to V.I. Lenin.

Solemn promise of the pioneer of the Soviet Union

Last revision (1986):

“I, (surname, name), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, solemnly promise in the face of my comrades: to passionately love and protect our Motherland, to live as the great Lenin bequeathed, as he teaches communist party as required by the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union.

Solemn reception in the pioneers

Texts of previous editions of the solemn promise

1922 promise

On my word of honor, I promise that I will be faithful to the working class, that I will help my fellow workers every day, that I know the laws of the pioneers and that I will obey them.

1923 promise

I, a young pioneer of the USSR, solemnly promise in the face of my comrades that

one). I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of the workers and peasants of the whole world.

2). I will honestly and unswervingly carry out the laws and customs of the young pioneers.

1924 promise

I, a young pioneer of the USSR, solemnly promise before the face of my comrades that I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of the workers and peasants of the whole world. I will honestly and unswervingly fulfill Ilyich's precepts, the laws and customs of the young pioneers.

The laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union

• Pioneer - a young builder of communism - works and studies for the good of the Motherland, preparing to become its defender.
• The Pioneer is an active fighter for peace, a friend of the Pioneers and the children of the working people of all countries.
• The pioneer looks up to the communists, is preparing to become a member of the Komsomol, leads the Octobrists.
• The Pioneer cherishes the honor of his organization, strengthens its authority with his deeds and deeds.
• The Pioneer is a reliable comrade, respects the elders, takes care of the younger ones, and always acts according to his conscience.
• A pioneer has the right: to elect and be elected to pioneer self-government bodies; discuss the work of the pioneer organization at pioneer gatherings, rallies, meetings of councils of detachments and squads, in the press, criticize shortcomings, make proposals to any council of the pioneer organization, up to the Central Council of VPO named after V. I. Lenin; ask for a recommendation from the council of the squad for joining the ranks of the Komsomol.

Motto of the pioneers

The declared goal of the pioneer organization is to educate young fighters for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It is expressed in the motto of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin. To the call: “Pioneer, be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” - the answer follows: "Always ready!"

pioneer badge

Pioneer symbols

• Pioneer tie
• pioneer badge

Pioneer paraphernalia

The most important pioneer attributes were the squad banner, detachment flags, a horn and a drum, which accompanied all solemn pioneer rituals. Each pioneer squad had a pioneer room, where the relevant attributes were stored and meetings of the squad council were held. In the pioneer room, as a rule, a ritual counter with pioneer attributes, a Leninist corner and a corner of international friendship were arranged. At school and in the classes, the pioneers issued and hung out hand-written squad and detachment wall newspapers.

Tying a pioneer tie upon admission to the pioneers

pioneer form

On ordinary days, it coincided with the school uniform, supplemented by pioneer symbols - a red tie and a pioneer badge. On solemn occasions (holidays, greetings at party and Komsomol forums, meetings of foreign delegations, etc.) dress uniform, which included:

• red caps, pioneer ties and badges;
• boys - white shirts with gilded buttons and sleeve emblems, belted with a light brown belt with a gilded buckle, blue trousers and dark shoes;
• girls wear white blouses, blue skirts, white stockings and white shoes;
• in regions with a hot climate, shoes were replaced with sandals, and trousers could be replaced with shorts, if this did not contradict the spirit of the event and the national traditions of the republic;
• in banner groups, the dress uniform was complemented by a red ribbon over the shoulder and white gloves.

Pioneer editions

The Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, the Central Committee of the Young Communist League of the union republics, regional committees, regional committees of the Komsomol, the Central, Republican, regional and regional councils of pioneer organizations published pioneer newspapers and magazines and literature necessary for children, including the newspaper Pionerskaya Pravda, the magazines Pioneer, Koster "," Young Technician”, “Young Naturalist”, etc. Radio and television regularly produced programs for the pioneers, the call signs of the radio newspapers “Pionerskaya Dawn” sounded on the air daily, the Orlyonok television studio worked on Central Television, and the monthly documentary film magazine “Pioneeria” was shown in cinemas before the film was shown. .

Pioneer practice

• Waste paper collection
• Scrap metal collection
• Help for pensioners (Timurov movement)
• Game "Zarnitsa"
• Pioneerball
• Classes in sports circles and sections

pioneer camps

The vast majority of pioneers spent their school holidays in pioneer camps. Up to 40,000 summer and year-round pioneer camps functioned in the USSR, where about 10 million children spent their holidays annually. There was a kind of unspoken hierarchy. The most famous of them was the All-Union Pioneer Camp of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League "Artek", which had international status. The second place in terms of prestige was occupied by the All-Russian pioneer camp "Eaglet" ( Krasnodar region, RSFSR). This was followed by the republican recreation camps "Ocean" (Primorsky Krai, RSFSR), "Young Guard" (Odessa region, Ukrainian SSR) and "Zubrenok" (Minsk region, BSSR).

Countries where pioneer organizations existed

• NRB - Dimitrov Pioneer Organization "Septemvriyche" (1944)
• Hungary - Union of Hungarian Pioneers (1946)
• GDR - Ernst Thalmann Pioneer Organization (1948)
• DRV - Ho Chi Minh Pioneer Organization (1941).
• North Korea - "Songyeongdan" (1946)
• PRC - Pioneer Organization of China (October 13, 1949)
• Mongolian People's Republic - Sukhe-Bator Pioneer Organization (1925)
• Cuba - Union of Cuban Pioneers (1964)
• Poland - Union of Polish Scouts (1950-1956)
• SRR - Pioneer Organization of the SRR (1944)
• USSR - All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin (1922)
• SFRY - Joseph Bros-Tito Pioneer Organization (1942)
• Czechoslovakia - Pioneer organization of the Socialist Youth Union of Czechoslovakia (1945)

• Austria - "Young Guard" (1946)
• Belgium - Union of Belgian Pioneers (1945)
• United Kingdom - Woodcraft Folk
• Guinea - Pioneer Organization of the Republic of Guinea
• ARE - "The Vanguard of the Naserites"
• West Berlin - Pioneer organization of the Union of Free German Youth of West Berlin (1967)
• Netherlands - Uilenspiegelclub (1953-1964)
• Colombia - José Antonio Galán Pioneer Organization
• Congo - "Pioneers People's Republic Congo"
• Norway - "Young Pioneers" (1952)
• Senegal - "Pioneers of Senegal"
• Finland - Democratic Union of Finnish Pioneers (1945)
• France - "Pioneers of France" (1945)
• Switzerland - "Running Forward" (1961)

Countries where pioneer organizations exist

• Venezuela
• Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh Pioneer Organization (1941)
• North Korea - "Songyeongdan" (1946)
• PRC - Pioneer Organization of China (October 13, 1949) - 130 million pioneers
• Cuba - Jose Marti Pioneer Organization (1964)
• Moldova: Pioneer movement in Moldova was restored in 1997-1998. In the ranks of the pioneers of Moldova in 2005, there were more than 6,000 children. The largest detachments of the pioneer organization operate in the cities of Balti, Comrat, Cahul, Criuleny, Ungheni, and Edinet.
• Russia - the Union of Pioneer Organizations - the Federation of Children's Organizations (SPO-FDO), established in 1990 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in 1992), the assignee of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin. Also in Russia there are many purely pioneer organizations, so in Moscow it is MGPO (Moscow City Pioneer Organization), recreated as an independent children's public organization on March 16, 1992 (registration certificate after re-registration No. 12434 dated September 2, 1999). He has a small page on list.mail.ru and a developing forum designed to unite current and former pioneers of Moscow.

Children's pioneer chants for the camp, school, counselors and games.

Pioneer horror stories - remember your youth

After lights out in the pioneer camps, few immediately packed up. Pioneers fought with pillows, jumped on beds, arranged a royal night, in general, did everything they wanted to stay awake. When the children's organisms got tired, but sleep still did not come, the guys began to tell horror stories. It was on such summer nights in the wards that one could hear heartbreaking stories about a coffin on wheels, glass eyes, red cookies and other horrors. All this folk art made the guys tremble with fear, but no one admitted that they were scared. Later, the writer Eduard Uspensky collected such stories in the book "Red Hand, Black Sheet, Green Fingers (terrible stories for fearless children)".

Red tie

One boy did not want to join the pioneers for a long time. Because he did not consider himself worthy. Or he wasn't in the mood. Or some other reason. Basically, I didn't want to. But they persuaded him and accepted him on the line in places of military and labor glory, and solemnly tied a red tie. Well, the boy came home happy, wanted to change into pajamas, but the tie didn’t come loose, but, on the contrary, it tightened tighter and tighter and strangled the boy’s neck. The boy turned blue all over, wheezing, can't do anything. Then the boy's dad jumped up and cut that red tie with scissors! And then black blood poured out of him, and he burned with a blue flame, and then the boy jerked his head for a long time and did not join either the Komsomol or the Communist Party.

Black gas mask

In one school, the military instructor always came to the NVP lessons in a black gas mask. And no one has ever seen his face. And then one day he came and said: “Children, today we are studying protection against weapons of mass destruction. Put on gas masks." Children and put on, where are you going to go. Here the military instructor again asks: “Do you know why you put them on?” The children are all blue, wheezing - they can't do anything! in gas masks because. And the military instructor laughed, took off the gas mask from his head, the children look - and there is not a head, but a dead skull, teeth out, instead of eyes - holes. Then the military instructor cried green tears and fell and died. Then the children were not at a loss, they quickly began to take off their gas masks, but they did not come off, they stuck to their heads, and the children all suffocated to death. And now, in that school, the CWP has been canceled and the Law of God and an elective in marketing have been introduced.

In a series of issues of Pioneer magazine for the 90s, Eduard Uspensky's "terrible story for fearless schoolchildren" "Red Hand, Black Sheet, Green Fingers" was published. I remember how goosebumps ran down my spine when, as an 11-year-old teenager, I read these scary stories.

In those years, the pioneer camps gave rise to their own folklore and Uspensky decided to create this work on its basis. In 1986, speaking on the Pioneer Dawn radio program, he asked schoolchildren to send in scary stories they knew. The received letters with horror stories recorded by children formed the basis of this story. It is interesting that evil spirits, as a rule, had their own colors, mostly red.

The story starts out pretty creepy.

“Once, at the end of July, a strangled boy was found in a pioneer camp near Golitsyn. He went to bed, like all the other guys, in a ward for twenty-two people. But in the morning he didn’t wake up, didn’t run to exercise, like everyone else, but remained lying in his bed in the corner, quiet and dead."

Young police officer Viktor Rakhmanin starts an investigation mysterious murders. At the same time, he has to collect many scary children's and non-children's stories about otherworldly forces. He meets with "witnesses" of these incidents, is sent to different cities, examines mysterious places - cemeteries, mansions.

Some of the stories obtained by Rakhmanin

About the red spot

“The old Nikolsky cemetery in our city has long been notorious. Even in the old chronicles it was reported that sometimes terrible screams are heard from the cemetery, and red lights rush about there.

Recently, the Kryuchkov family received a new apartment in Nikolskaya Sloboda. In an old house, in a house that has undergone major repairs.

The Kryuchkov family consisted of a husband and wife - workers of Bolshekhim. Moreover, the husband was the head of the microfilm section. It was the usual working family, what thousands in our city. They stood in line for housing for many years, and before that they lived in an ordinary communal barracks. They had a girl, Lusya, and a son, Vasya, ten years old.

When the family moved to a new home, Natalya Nikolaevna, the wife of the Kryuchkov family, was the first to notice a large red spot on the wall.

Look! she said to her husband.

Just think, he replied, the builders spilled a bottle of wine.

But one morning, a few days later, Nikolai Nikolaevich was found dead on the bed. He was dead and extremely pale. And the stain on the wall became even brighter.

Many claimed that he drank every day, who knows what, and this brought him to the grave. But what evil tongues will not say about a person who works at a large chemical enterprise and has access to alcohol.

The girl Lucy said that she saw how a hand stuck out of a red spot at night and thought for a long time who to strangle. Then she attacked the head of the family.

After some time, the same fate befell the mother of two orphans. Son Vasya told neighbors:

Mom and dad often drank in the evenings and staggered. One night, a red hand stuck out of the red spot and began to shake my mother. In the morning she died. I am very afraid of the red spot.

The spot, according to the neighbors, has become even brighter since that day.

After some time, this stain migrated to the apartment of the investigative worker Vasilenko, who inspected the Kryuchkovs' apartment. And after some time, he also tragically died in his bed. After his death, the stain disappeared. Neighbors claimed to have seen a red hand flying out of his window."

About green eyes

"The guys were silent for a long time. Suddenly one boy, black, with short hair, about the fourth grade, asked:

Does the Moscow police know about Green Eyes?

What? - Rakhmanin was taken aback.

About Green Eyes?

Yes, said the other boy. And about the Green Gun.

Rakhmanin honestly admitted that the Moscow police did not know anything about Green Eyes.

Tell me and I will make the Moscow police happy.

Are you not afraid? asked the fourth grader.

Not yet, Rakhmanin replied.

The boy began to speak.

A girl lived in a city. She had a grandmother. When the grandmother was dying, she told the girl: "Don't turn on the old green record." She is

closed her eyes and died and was buried. Mom also told the girl: “Look, do not turn on the green record.” But the girl was impatient, and she still turned on the record when no one was at home. And a terrible voice sang:

“The Green Eyes are running, running along the wall ...

Now the girl is being strangled

Yes Yes Yes..."

The girl heard the doorbell ring and turned off the record. The girl's mother entered the apartment. The mother was missing one arm. The next day, the girl put the record back on and her mother came in without two hands.

Wow! Rakhmanin said. Let's go to Auschwitz!

And the boy continued:

Then my mother came without one leg. And then without two legs. When she came for the last time, she said: “You have ruined me, and you yourself will also perish. Don't put on a record." But the girl did not listen to her mother and started the record again. Before the record had time to sing a few words, the doorbell rang. The girl looked through the peephole, but saw no one. The girl nevertheless opened the door, right in front of her stood huge Green Eyes from floor to ceiling. They said: "You did not listen to your mother and you will perish yourself." And the eyes strangled the girl..."

The story of the Master of the Cemetery

"" Near one English cemetery there was a hotel. No one lived in it. Once two French tourists arrived in England. They did not believe in any horrors and, having learned about the hotel in the cemetery, went to live there. At night, opening the window to go in Fresh air, they saw that two red lights were glowing in the passages between the graves. It was evident that these eyes were tired of among the graves, and they wanted to attack the room. The French grabbed their revolvers... They heard the flapping of wings... They started shooting... They called the police. The creature ran away. And in the morning they saw... that the boys in the yard were standing near the monster with wings and were pushing it with sticks near the eyes, which were still glowing... They gave the Master of the Cemetery for research. After the study, they were told that the monster had escaped from geneticists 29 years ago. That this is a very dangerous animal ... A human cell was crossed with a cell bat and left in favorable conditions. The geneticists completely forgot about the cells, as a monster flew out of the box where they lay, grabbed the first person that came across in its teeth ... (Obviously, genetics, Rakhmanin thought to himself) ... broke the window and flew away. And he settled in the cemetery, because it's calm there ... But other monsters remained, his brothers, and they take revenge on the people who fight them.

Recorded the story of Bereket Dima, 6th grade."

The story of the Man with Blue Teeth.

“In one city, there lived a girl. She was very beautiful. Her mother died and only her grandmother remained. One day the girl went to the dance. Grandmother told her: “If a man with blue teeth invites you, don’t dance with him.” She came to the dance, danced with different men, and then a man with blue teeth invited her. The girl went to dance with him. said he was taking her home. They got into the car and drove off. And this girl had an acquaintance with a motorcycle. He always rode behind. The Man with Blue Teeth's car was already moving at a speed of one hundred and fifty kilometers per hour. The acquaintance could hardly keep up The girl was very scared. So they drove out of town on the highway. And they began to go very fast. And then a Black Sheet flew out of the car window of the Man with Blue Teeth and flew to the motorcyclist. She began to choke him. He began to fight with her, lost control, went into a ditch and crashed, and this girl was never seen again.”

The main otherworldly characters of the story:

Red Hand, Black Sheet, Green Fingers, Coffin on Wheels, Graveyard Master, Red Cookie, Yellow Eye, Green Skull, Red Spot, Green Eyes, Red Faced Woman with Red Gloves, Black Tulip, Man with Blue Teeth

MUNICIPAL STAGE OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN CHILDREN'S COMPETITION

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND CREATIVE WORKS

"FIRST STEPS IN SCIENCE"

Section: Cultural heritage

Topic: “From the life of the pioneers. Facts and Events.

Scientific adviser: Yurchenko Galina Ivanovna,

teacher primary school, MOU "Novosadovskaya secondary school"

Place of work: Novosadovy village, Novosadovskaya secondary school

2016

Table of contents

1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Purpose, tasks. Relevance.

2. The main part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

3. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Annex 1 Search for information

Appendix 2. From the archive of Yurchenko G.I. From the life of the pioneers.

Appendix 3. From the archive of Bredikhina M.V. From the life of the pioneers.

5. List of sources and used literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . ten

We are in 3rd grade. All elementary school students of our school are members of the Spektr children's organization. Once, on the line, which takes place every week, where we discuss school life, the senior counselor Biryukova Elena Vyacheslavna gave our class a task: to collect material about the veteran of the pioneer movement Yurchenko G.I. , our class teacher

We, young researchers, were interested in the questions: “What does the word “pioneer” mean? Who can become a pioneer? What do pioneers do?

We decided to ask not only our teacher, but also our parents. Were they pioneers when they were in school? What kind Interesting Facts And do they remember the events of their pioneer life?

We asked this question to parents, teachers, and employees of our school (people of the older generation).

This is how our research work was born.

The theme of our study is “From the life of pioneers. Facts and Events.

The purpose of the study: to get acquainted with some facts and events from the life of former pioneers.

Tasks

Conduct a survey about pioneers with parents, teachers;

study literature and sources with information on the topic;

collect interesting facts from the life of the pioneers;

Draw conclusions about the research topic.

Relevance of the topic:Pioneer organization is an important stage in the history of our state. The modern generation should know the history of their country.

Hypothesis:Most of our relatives and acquaintances of the older generation speak of their pioneer years with warmth and believe that "an organization similar to the pioneer" would be needed even now.

Turning to Ozhegov's dictionary, we learned that the word "pioneer" has many meanings:

1. 1. A person who was one of the first to come and settle in a new unexplored country, area. (book).

      A person who laid the foundation for something new in the field of science, culture;

3) Member of a children's organization in the USSR and a number of children's organizations in some other countries

The search for literature, documents, photographs, attributes of the pioneer organization and pioneers began. The search was carried out in the archives of our school museum, and parents and the class teacher were asked to bring their photographs of those years. We interviewed our parents, grandparents, teachers, and school staff about the experiences of their time as pioneers.

Our teacher Galina Ivanovna told us that insestudentsThose who studied at school in the lower grades were called Octoberites, then they were accepted as pioneers, and high school students became Komsomol members.The All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin - a mass children's communist organization in the USSR, was formed by the decision of the All-Russian Conference of the Komsomol on May 19, 1922, since then May 19 has been celebrated as Pioneer Day.

The guys joined the pioneer organization voluntarily. Everyone spoke about their desire to become a pioneer to the senior pioneer leader. October at the meeting of the October group discussed who is worthy of becoming a pioneer. This is a very important and serious conversation about friendship and camaraderie, loyalty to one's word, study and discipline of everyone. All those wishing to join the pioneer organization were invited to the general meeting of the pioneer detachment. The pioneers raised their hand, voting for the admission of each entrant. It is considered adopted if the majority of the pioneers voted for it. After that, at the solemn pioneer lines in front of the Red Banner of the squad, everyone who joined the pioneer organization uttered the words of the Solemn Promise.

“I (last name, first name), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin, solemnly promise in the face of my comrades: to love my Motherland passionately, to live, study and fight, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, always fulfill the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union. These were special moments in the lives of the guys. Communists and Komsomol members, senior pioneers tied a red tie and pinned a pioneer badge. For the first time, to the call: “Pioneer, be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” - you need to answer: “Always ready!” - and raise your hand in a pioneer salute.

Schoolchildren aged 10 to 14 were accepted into the pioneer organization.Joining the pioneers was a joyful event. The status of the student changed: he considered himself an adult, responsible for his actions andaffairs.The title of a pioneer is very importantalo. After joining the pioneersa pioneer detachment was created in the class, the guys chose the name of the pioneer for the detachment– hero, nand who wanted to be like.

The name of the detachment, as Galina Ivanovna told us, was assigned for a reason, it had to be earned, so a lot of work was carried out. So, Matyukhina Valentina Semenovna, now a teacher of the Russian language and literature at our school, and earlier a senior counselor at our school, recalls: At the beginning school year in the 3rd grade, when the pioneer detachment was to be given the name of a hero, the guys collected material about his feat, began to draw up an album. Valentina Semyonovna said thateach detachment had its own motto, slogan, a pioneer corner was formed in the classroom.

We read about the pioneers - the heroes whose names the pioneer detachments and squads were named. These are Valya Kotik, Volodya Dubinin, Marat Kazei, Zoya Portnova, Lenya Golikov, Vitya Korobkov.

We also learned from Lyudmila Ivanovna Chaplina, who was also a senior counselor in our school, and now a teacher of Russian language and literature, that the Council of the Squad was the collective body of pioneer self-government that organized the work of the pioneers. They elected initiative guys to the Council who themselves know how to come up with something interesting. One was able to attract everyone with sports, the other was a constant entertainer of interesting games. On the birthday of the detachment, the pioneers are solemnly awarded the detachment flag, horn and drum. The detachment chooses a detachment pioneer song and chants. He keeps a pioneer chronicle-diary of detachment affairs.

The pioneer detachment operated constantly: on weekdays, on holidays, on vacation days. The council of the detachment or squad, the pioneer leader gave instructions to the pioneers, taking into account their interests, desires and skills. No matter who the detachment chooses you - the chairman of the detachment council, the link leader, the October leader, the editor of the wall newspaper, whoever you appoint - the commander of the Timurov team, the fizorg, the guide of the school museum, you are responsible for the fulfillment of your order to the whole detachment.

And here is what our parents and school staff told us.

Guznarodova Zinaida Aleksandrovna (grandmother of Stepan Kosarev)

“We always went to school in pioneer ties. If there was a holiday, the uniform was full dress, with a white apron. The tie is neatly tied under the collar of the dress. If you forgot it at home, it was scary to go to school - the discipline of the pioneers was strict.

Lyudmila Vasilievna Lyulina, primary school teacher, and in school years pioneer of the Novosadovskaya school, recalled:Pioneers - Timurovites helped pensioners: they carried firewood, coal, weeded weeds in vegetable gardens, watered the beds - they did any other feasible work. This brought up diligence in children, a desire to help another person.

Mom Telysheva Darinatoldaalso about thatm what good achievers guysalways helped the lagging behind in their studies. “Not a single one lagging behind” is the law by which the pioneer detachment lived.

And here is what the mother of Bredikhina Vladislava told us.

Bredikhina Marina Vyacheslavna (nee Chalushkina) studied at Sudzhanskaya high school No. 2, Sudzhansky district of the Kursk region and has been a pioneer since 1981.

“When you tie a tie, take care of it.

He's the same color as our banner.

And under this banner, fighters go into battle.

Brothers and fathers fight for their homeland.

This order was given by senior comrades when they accepted us into the ranks of the pioneer organization of the school and tied a red tie around our neck - a symbol of the pioneers of that time. In a solemn atmosphere, we took the oath of the pioneers. How much pride there was when you had a scarlet tie around your neck - a piece of the red banner with which our soldiers went into battle for the Motherland.

It was very honorable to be a pioneer, because the most worthy guys became them. I immediately wanted to live in a new way, to be a useful and necessary person.

Pioneer means the first everywhere and in everything!

We lived a very interesting, fun life, full of exciting ideas. Our pioneer squad was named after our countryman Vasily Volkov, a hero of the USSR who died during the Great Patriotic War.

The pioneer team of the school organized its work in five areas:

Pioneers - Motherland.

The guys helped the collective farms and state farms of the region to harvest onions, apples and sugar beets. AT free time they collected waste paper and scrap metal to give new life to paper, machines and machine tools, in a word, they learned to treat the riches of their Motherland with care.

Pioneers are friends of beauty.

We went on hikes, there we learned to protect nature. Organized excursions to museums where they studied history native land and our great Motherland.

Pioneers are strong, courageous, dexterous.

The children took part in sports competitions with pleasure, between the pioneer detachments of their school and the squads of neighboring schools in the city, they held military Zarnitsa.

Pioneers are heroes.

At this stage, the children studied the biography of young pioneers who, during the Great Patriotic War, accomplished feats in the struggle for the freedom of our Motherland. We really wanted to be like these young pioneers - heroes, because they were our peers.

Pioneers - Patriotsinternationalists.

In our school, a lot of work was done on the patriotic education of children. With the help of teachers and high school students, the Patriot club was organized, where the guys conducted search work on the dead soldiers, organized meetings of WWII veterans Battle of Kursk(180 Tank Brigade and 111 Red Banner Regiment, which liberated our city of Sudzha from Nazi invaders). The dream of every pioneer of our school is to be a member of the Patriot club and it is a great honor to give a tour of the school museum of military glory at least once.

And every summer we went to a pioneer camp; where we learned to be friends, where everyone could reveal their talent and where other guys and pioneer leaders helped each of us to believe in ourselves”

The director of our school, Chaplina Tamara Alekseevna, and earlier a student of this school, said that the best pioneers were awarded vouchers to pioneer camps of All-Union significance - to Artek and Orlyonok. For excellent studies and active work in the pioneer organization of the school, Tamara Alekseevna visited Artek, where children from all over the world rested.

Conclusion:

We believe that every person should know the history of their country. And the children's pioneer movement is one of the pages of Russian history in the 20th century.

It was very interesting for us to find out how our peers lived and what their peers did in the last century. We learned who the pioneers were, why they were called that, who and when they were accepted as pioneers, got acquainted with the laws of the pioneers. When writing the work, met with interesting people of his village. We also learned that the pioneer movement in the USSR was organized by order of the state, the state sought to educate its citizens with early childhood. And the pioneers during the Second World War showed how they love their Motherland, how devoted they are to it.

We also liked the laws of the pioneers and we believe that we can also fulfill some of them. Here, for example: “To be devoted to one’s Motherland”, “To strive to be the best in studies, work and sports”, “To be an honest and faithful comrade”, “To be a comrade and counselor of younger students”.

We conducted a survey of teachers in our school. To the question: - Did you like the pioneer organization? - all answered: - Yes. It was very interesting, because a lot of interesting things were carried out, including the collection of scrap metal, waste paper, sponsorship of Octoberites, the Timur movement, trips, trips to pioneer camps. And don't ask any of the adults, they all sadly said that today's children cannot know what it is to be a pioneer.

And we learned that being a pioneer is very honorable and interesting.

Attachment 1

Appendix 2 From the archive of Yurchenko G.I. From the life of the pioneers.

Informants:

Yurchenko Galina Ivanovna - teacher of the Novosadovskaya secondary school

Lyulina Lyudmila Vasilievna - teacher of the Novosadovskaya secondary school

Matyukhina Valentina Semyonovna - teacher of the municipal educational institution "Novosadovskaya secondary school"

Chaplina Lyudmila Ivanovna - teacher of the Novosadovskaya secondary school

Chaplina Tamara Alekseevna - director of the municipal educational institution "Novosadovskaya secondary school"

Telysheva Marina Vyacheslavna - parent

Bredikhina Marina Vyacheslavna - parent

Guznarodova Zinaida Alexandrovna-parent

History of the All-Union Pioneer Organization

At the end of 1921, the Central Committee of the RKSM created a special commission to develop a program and principles for the activities of a new children's organization. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya took a direct part in the work of the commission. One of the ideologists of scouting I.N. Zhukov, who sought to embody in a children's organization positive aspects scouting movement, proposed the motto "Be ready!".

May 19, 1922- The 2nd All-Russian Conference of the Komsomol decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere.

October 1922- The 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM decided to unite all pioneer detachments organized in different cities Russia, in the children's communist organization "Young Pioneers named after Spartak".

January 21, 1924- By the decision of the Central Committee of the Komsomol, the pioneer organization was named after V.I. Lenin.

March 1926- The pioneer organization became known as the All-Union Pioneer Organization. V.I. Lenin.

The first pioneer detachments, uniting the children of workers and peasants, worked at the Komsomol cells of factories, factories, institutions; participated in subbotniks, helped in the fight against child homelessness, in the elimination of illiteracy.

1923- Outposts and bases began to be created in schools - associations of the pioneers of a given school, regardless of their place of residence. There were up to 75,000 pioneers in the pioneer organization.

Late 1930s- The restructuring of the All-Union Pioneer Organization was completed according to the so-called school principle: a class - a detachment, a school - a pioneer team. Military defense work was launched in the pioneer collectives; circles of young shooters, orderlies, signalmen were created, military sports games were held.

1941-1945- A mass Timurov movement unfolded throughout the country, the emergence of which is associated with the name of the writer Arkady Gaidar and his story "Timur and his team."

Young pioneers helped the families of veterans, collected medicinal herbs, scrap metal, funds for tank columns, were on duty in hospitals, and worked at the harvest. For courage and heroism shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders, pioneers Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, thousands of pioneers were awarded orders and medals.

1962- The All-Union Pioneer Organization was awarded the Order of Lenin for the great work in the communist education of children and in connection with the 40th anniversary.

1970- In the World Pioneer Organization, there were more than 118 thousand squads, uniting 23 million pioneers. During the entire existence of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, more than 210 million people have visited its ranks.

After "perestroika", the All-Union Pioneer Organization abandoned its political overtones, adopting a new motto: "For the Motherland, goodness and justice."

Mid 1980s- Attempts were made to reform the pioneer organization, but the children's and youth organization on the same scale was not created.

October 1990- The successor of the pioneer organization - "Union of Pioneer Organizations - Federation of Children's Unions" - an international voluntary independent union uniting children's public organizations, associations and other public associations formed with the participation of children and in their interests.

The Union of Pioneer Organizations was registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in 1992 as a non-governmental public organization independent of political parties and movements.

Symbols and rituals in the pioneer organization

Pioneer tie was a symbol of belonging to a pioneer organization, a particle of the banner of a pioneer organization. The three ends of the tie symbolized the unbreakable bond of three generations: communists, Komsomol members, and pioneers. The tie was tied with a special knot. The chairman of the squad had a red tie with a yellow border. In the pre-war years, one of the attributes of the pioneer uniform was a special clip that fastened the ends of the pioneer tie. This attribute was desirable, but not required. The symbolism of the clamp is interesting. Five logs of fire means five continents. Three tongues of flame - Comintern (3rd International). The disappearance of clamps from everyday life in the post-war years has several reasons. First of all, this is the dissolution of the Comintern itself, in the flame of which logs-continents are burned (respectively, the symbolism lost its meaning). This was also facilitated by the mass psychosis that engulfed the broad pioneer masses in the late thirties. It suddenly seemed to someone that in the flames of a fire, upon careful examination, one could find everything - from the Nazi swastika to the profile of Trotsky.

Pioneers badge was described in the Regulations on the children's communist groups named after Spartak (the old name of the pioneers) of August 28, 1923: a sickle and a hammer, a burning fire, the motto "Be ready!" are depicted on a red waving flag.
On December 14, 1925, the second version of the badge appeared (the Lenin Mausoleum was added to it). In 1927, the image of Lenin appeared on the badge. In 1934, the badge was changed again - the motto changed to "Always ready!". In September 1942, the badge took the form of a five-pointed star, with a bonfire and the motto "Always ready!" in the center. In 1944, instead of a bonfire, a sickle and a hammer appeared in the center of the star, and three flames began to be depicted above the star. In 1962, the last sample of the badge was adopted: in the center of the five-pointed star is Lenin's profile, below it is the motto "Always ready!", above the star there are three flames. There were detachment badges of the pioneers - red with the image of a pioneer badge.

Salute- Welcome to the pioneers. A hand raised just above the head showed that the pioneer puts public interests above personal ones.

The pioneer saluted, being in the ranks and out of order: during the performance of the "Internationale", the Anthem of the Soviet Union and the anthems of the union republics, in response to the pioneer motto, at the command "Leading on the banner!", "Leading on the flag!", At the Mausoleum, at the monuments to V.I. Lenin and monuments and obelisks to the fallen heroes. When submitting a report, when changing the guard at the banner, when declaring gratitude before the ranks, awarding, upon receiving the Red Banner, detachment flag or pioneer attributes, welcoming the military and pioneer ranks. At the parade, the line, passing by the stands, the pioneers carried out the command "Attention!" aligned to the right or left. During the greeting of the leaders of the pioneer organization, honorary pioneers, the salute was given only by the senior leader leading the column, the chairman of the squad council, detachment leaders, chairmen of the detachment councils, assistants at the banner.

Pioneer banner- a red cloth, which depicted a pioneer badge and the motto "Be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!". Two Orders of Lenin were pinned to the main banner of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. Even the pioneer detachments had banners (at the household level, this is a school class) - red with a pioneer badge, the detachment number and the honorary name of the detachment.

Squad flag was a symbol of honor and unity of the pioneers, a sign of their belonging to a specific pioneer team. With a detachment flag, the pioneers went to training camps, lines, parades, holidays, campaigns, excursions, and labor affairs. On the march, the flag officer walked directly behind the leader and the chairman of the detachment council, ahead of the bugler and drummer. On Sunday, a tourist halt, the flag was installed or fixed in a conspicuous place.

Flag had to be able to carry out the following commands: “Equal!”, “Attention!”, “At ease!”, “Step march!” The flag was stored in the pioneer room next to the banner of the squad. Here, as a rule, bugles and drums were kept.
The names pioneer horn and drum appeared almost simultaneously with the word "pioneer". The history of these musical instruments is as great as the history of mankind. But it's more than just musical instruments. The sounds of the bugle and the drum are a call to the pioneers, to their unity, to their activities aimed at protecting the Motherland, serving the good, seeking and establishing justice.

Horn convened the pioneers with signals: “Listen to everyone”, “Gathering”, “To the banner”, “March”, “To the line”, “Alarm” and some others. The bugler of the detachment - this was a responsible pioneer assignment, he had to be able to perform drill techniques with a bugle and give signals: “Listen to everyone”, “Gathering”, “To the banner”, “Camping march”, “To the line”, “Alarm” and some others. On the pioneer line, the place of the bugler was on the right flank of the formation next to the drummer, in the column of the detachment - behind the flag.

Drum accompanied the system during campaigns, processions, parades. The drummer of the detachment (he, like the bugler, was elected by the assembly or the council of the detachment) had to be able to perform drill techniques, perform "March", "Fraction".

All these symbols and rituals were borrowed by the organizers from scouting, as well as the division into squads, the institute of counselors, campfire gatherings, symbolic elements (for example, in the pioneer badge, three flames of a fire replaced the three petals of a scout badge, 3 ends of a tie began to mean 3 generations - pioneers, Komsomol members and communists, etc.).

The oath uttered by everyone joining the ranks of the organization.

It sounded like this: “I, I.F., joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, in the face of my comrades, solemnly swear: to love my Motherland passionately; to live, study and fight as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches; always comply with the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union."
"Be ready!"
"Always ready!"

The law of the pioneers of the Soviet Union all pioneers should have known by heart.
The pioneer is devoted to the motherland, the party, communism.
Pioneer is preparing to become a member of the Komsomol.
The pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor.
Pioneer honors the memory of the dead fighters and is preparing to become a defender of the Fatherland.
Pioneer is the best in studies, work and sports.
The Pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade, always boldly standing up for the truth.
Pioneer - comrade and counselor of the October.
Pioneer is a friend to pioneers and children of working people of all countries.

Marat Kazei Pioneer-hero Marat Kazei was born in 1929 in a family of fiery Bolsheviks. They called him that unusual name in honor of the seagoing vessel of the same name, where his father served ...

Marat Kazei

Pioneer-hero Marat Kazei was born in 1929 in a family of fiery Bolsheviks. They called him such an unusual name in honor of the seaworthy vessel of the same name, where his father served for 10 years.

Soon after the start of World War II, Marat's mother began to actively help the partisans in the capital of Belarus, she sheltered wounded fighters and helped them recover for further battles. But the Nazis found out about this and the woman was hanged.

Soon after the death of his mother, Marat Kazei and his sister joined the partisan detachment, where the boy became listed as a scout. Brave and flexible, Marat often easily made his way into Nazi military units and brought important information. In addition, the pioneer participated in the organization of many acts of sabotage at German facilities.

The boy also demonstrated his courage and heroism in direct combat with enemies - even when he was wounded, he gathered his strength and continued to attack the Nazis.

At the very beginning of 1943, Marat was offered to go to a quiet area, far from the front, accompanying his sister Ariadne, who had significant health problems. The pioneer would have been easily released to the rear, since he had not yet reached the age of 18, but Kazei refused and remained to fight on.

A significant feat was accomplished by Marat Kazei in the spring of 1943, when the Nazis surrounded a partisan detachment near one of the Belarusian villages. The teenager got out of the ring of enemies and led the Red Army to help the partisans. Fascists dispersed, soviet soldiers were saved.

Recognizing the considerable merits of the teenager in military battles, open combat and as a saboteur, at the end of 1943 Marat Kazei was awarded three times: two medals and an order.

Marat Kazei met his heroic death on May 11, 1944. The pioneer and his comrade were walking back from reconnaissance, and suddenly the Nazis encircled them. Kazei's partner was shot by enemies, and the teenager blew himself up on the last grenade so that they could not capture him. There is an alternative opinion of historians that the young hero so wanted to prevent the fact that if the Nazis recognized him, they would severely punish the inhabitants of the entire village where he lived. The third opinion is that the young man decided to deal with this and take with him a few Nazis who came too close to him.

In 1965, Marat Kazei was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. A monument to the young hero was erected in the capital of Belarus, depicting the scene of his heroic death. Many streets throughout the USSR were named after the young man. In addition, organized Kid `s camp, where students were brought up on the example of a young hero, and they were instilled with the same ardent and selfless love for the Motherland. He also bore the name "Marat Kazei".

Valya Kotik

Pioneer-hero Valentin Kotik was born in 1930 in Ukraine, into a peasant family. When the Great Patriotic War began, the boy managed to unlearn only five years. During his studies, Valya showed himself to be a sociable, smart student, a good organizer and a born leader.

When the Nazis captured the hometown of Vali Kotika, he was only 11 years old. Historians claim that the pioneer immediately began to help adults collect ammunition and weapons, which were sent to the firing line. Valya and his comrades picked up pistols and machine guns from the places of military clashes and secretly passed them to the partisans in the forest. In addition, Kotik personally drew caricatures of the Nazis and hung them in the city.

In 1942, Valentin was accepted into the underground organization of his hometown as a scout. There is information about his exploits committed as part of a partisan detachment in 1943. In the autumn of 1943, Kotik obtained information about a communication cable buried deep underground, which was used by the Nazis, and it was successfully destroyed.

Valya Kotik also blew up warehouses and trains of the Nazis, sat in ambushes many times. Even a young hero learned for the partisans information about the posts of the Nazis.

In the autumn of 1943, the boy again saved the lives of many partisans. While standing at his post, he was attacked. Valya Kotik killed one of the Nazis and informed his comrades-in-arms about the danger.

Valya Kotik was awarded two orders and a medal for his many heroic deeds.

There are two versions of the death of Valentin Kotik. The first is that he died at the beginning of 1944 (February 16) in a battle for one of the Ukrainian cities. The second is that the relatively slightly wounded Valentine was sent on a wagon train to the rear after the fighting, and this wagon train was bombed by the Nazis.

In Soviet times, all students knew the name of the brave teenager, as well as about all his accomplishments. A monument to Valentin Kotik was erected in Moscow.

Volodya Dubinin

Pioneer-hero Volodya Dubinin was born in 1927. His father was a sailor and in the past - a red partisan. Already with young years Volodya demonstrated a lively mind, ingenuity and dexterity. He read a lot, took photographs, made aircraft models. Father Nikifor Semenovich often told the children about his heroic partisan past, about the formation of Soviet power.

At the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War, my father went to the front. Volodya's mother went with him and his sister to relatives near Kerch, in the village of Stary Karantin.

Meanwhile, the enemy was approaching. Part of the population decided to join the partisans, hiding in the nearby quarries. Volodya Dubinin and other pioneers asked to join them. The main partisan in the detachment, Alexander Zyabrev, hesitated, agreed. AT underground catacombs there were many bottlenecks that only children could penetrate, and so, he reasoned, they could scout. This was the beginning of the heroic activity of the pioneer hero Volodya Dubinin, who many times rescued the partisans.

Since the partisans did not sit silently in the quarries, after the Nazis captured the Old Quarantine, but arranged all sorts of sabotage for them, the Nazis staged a blockade of the catacombs. They sealed all the exits from the quarries, filling them with cement, and it was at this moment that Volodya and his comrades did a lot for the partisans.

The boys penetrated narrow crevices and reconnoitered the situation in the Old Quarantine captured by the Germans. Volodya Dubinin was the smallest in physique and one day he was the only one who could get out to the surface. His comrades at that time helped as best they could, diverting the attention of the Nazis from those places where Volodya got out. Then they were active in another place, so that Volodya could return to the catacombs just as unnoticed in the evening.

The boys not only scouted the situation - they brought ammunition and weapons, medicine for the wounded and did other useful things. Volodya Dubinin differed from everyone in the effectiveness of his actions. He deftly deceived the Nazi patrols, making his way into the quarries, and, among other things, accurately memorized important numbers, for example, the number of enemy units in different villages.

In the winter of 1941, the Nazis decided once and for all to put an end to the partisans in the quarries under the Old Quarantine by flooding them with water. Volodya Dubinin, who went into intelligence, found out about this in time and promptly warned the underground about the insidious plan of the Nazis. To

in time, he returned to the catacombs in the middle of the day, risking being seen by the Nazis.

The partisans urgently put up a barrier, building a dam, and were saved thanks to this. This is the most significant feat of Volodya Dubinin, which saved the lives of many partisans, their wives and children, because some went into the catacombs with their whole families.

At the time of his death, Volodya Dubinin was 14 years old. This happened after the new year 1942. On the orders of the partisan commander, he went to the Adzhimushkay quarries to establish contact with them. On the way, he met the Soviet military units, which liberated Kerch from the Nazi invaders.

It only remained to rescue the partisans from the quarries, neutralizing the minefield that the Nazis had left behind. Volodya became a guide to the sappers. But one of them made a fatal mistake and the boy, along with four fighters, was blown up by a mine. They were buried in a common grave in the city of Kerch. And already posthumously the pioneer hero Volodya Dubinin was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

Zina Portnova

Zina Portnova accomplished several feats and acts of sabotage against the Nazis, being a member of the underground organization of the city of Vitebsk. The inhuman torments that she had to endure from the Nazis will forever be in the hearts of her descendants and after many years fill us with sorrow.

Zina Portnova was born in 1926 in Leningrad. Before the start of the war, she was an ordinary girl. In the summer of 1941, she went with her sister to her grandmother in the Vitebsk region. After the outbreak of the war, German invaders came to the area almost immediately. The girls could not return to their parents and stayed with their grandmother.

Almost immediately after the start of the war, many underground cells and partisan detachments were organized in the Vitebsk region to fight the Nazis. Zina Portnova became a member of the Young Avengers group. Their leader, Efrosinya Zenkova, was seventeen years old. Zina turned 15.

The most significant feat of Zina is the case of poisoning more than a hundred Nazis. The girl managed to do this while acting as a kitchen worker. She was suspected of this sabotage, but she herself ate the poisoned soup and was abandoned. She herself miraculously remained alive after that, her grandmother departed her with the help of medicinal herbs.

Upon completion of this case, Zina went to the partisans. Here she became a Komsomol member. But in the summer of 1943, a traitor uncovered the Vitebsk underground, 30 young people were executed. Only a few managed to escape. Zina was instructed by the partisans to contact the survivors. However, she did not succeed, she was recognized and arrested.

The Nazis already knew that Zina was also a member of the Young Avengers, they only did not know that she had poisoned German officers. They tried to “split” her so that she would betray those members of the underground who managed to escape. But Zina stood her ground and actively resisted at the same time. During one of the interrogations, she snatched a Mauser from a German and shot three Nazis. But she could not escape - she was wounded in the leg. Zina Portnova could not kill herself - a misfire came out.

After that, angry fascists began to brutally torture the girl. They gouged out Zina's eyes, stuck needles under her nails, burned her with a red-hot iron. She just wanted to die. After another torture, she threw herself under a passing car, but the German nonhumans saved her in order to continue the torture.

In the winter of 1944, exhausted, crippled, blind and completely gray-haired, Zina Portnova was finally shot in the square along with other Komsomol members. Only fifteen years later this story became known to the world and Soviet citizens.

In 1958, Zina Portnova was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin.

Alexander Chekalin

Sasha Chekalin accomplished several feats and died heroically at the age of sixteen. He was born in the spring of 1925 in the Tula region. Taking an example from his father, a hunter, Alexander knew how to shoot very accurately and navigate the terrain in his years.

At fourteen, Sasha was accepted into the Komsomol. By the beginning of the war, he had completed the eighth grade. A month after the Nazi attack, the front became close to the Tula region. Chekalina's father and son immediately joined the partisans.

The young partisan showed himself in the first days as a smart and brave fighter, he successfully obtained information about the important secrets of the Nazis. Sasha also trained as a radio operator and successfully connected his detachment with other partisans. The young Komsomol member also arranges very effective sabotage against the Nazis on railway. Chekalin often sits in ambush, punishes defectors, undermines enemy posts.

At the end of 1941, Alexander fell seriously ill with a cold, and in order for him to heal, the partisan command sent him to a teacher in one of the villages. But when Sasha got to the designated place, it turned out that the teacher was arrested by the Nazis and taken to another locality. Then the young man climbed into the house where they lived with their parents. But the headman-traitor tracked him down and informed the Nazis about his arrival.

The Nazis laid siege to Sasha's home and ordered him to come out with his hands up. Komsomol started firing. When the ammunition ran out, Sasha threw a "lemon", but it did not explode. The young man was taken. For almost a week he was tortured very cruelly, demanding information about the partisans. But Chekalin did not say anything.

Later, the Nazis hanged the young man in front of the people. A sign was attached to the dead body that all partisans were executed in this way, and it hung in this form for three weeks. Only when the Soviet soldiers finally liberated Tula region, the body of the young hero was buried with honor in the city of Likhvin, which was later renamed Chekalin.

Already in 1942, Chekalin Alexander Pavlovich was posthumously given the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Lenya Golikov

The pioneer hero Lenya Golikov was born in 1926 from the villages of the Novgorod region. The parents were workers. He studied for only seven years, after which he went to work at the factory.

In 1941, the Nazis captured Leni's native village. Having seen enough of their atrocities, the teenager, after the liberation of his native land, voluntarily joined the partisans. At first they did not want to take him because of his young age (15 years), but his former teacher vouched for him.

In the spring of 1942, Golikov became a full-time partisan intelligence officer. He acted very cleverly and courageously, on account of his twenty-seven successful military operations.

The most important achievement of the pioneer hero came in August 1942, when he and another scout blew up a Nazi car and captured documents that were very important for the partisans.

AT last month In 1942, the Nazis began to pursue the partisans with a vengeance. January 1943 was especially difficult for them. The detachment, in which Lenya Golikov also served, about twenty people, took refuge in the village of Ostraya Luka. We decided to spend the night quietly. But a traitor from the locals betrayed the partisans.

One hundred and fifty Nazis attacked the partisans at night, they bravely entered the battle, he left the ring of punishers only six. Only at the end of the month did they get to their own and said that their comrades died as heroes in unequal battle. Among them was Lenya Golikov.

In 1944, Leonid was given the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.