Natural phenomena change of seasons. School Encyclopedia

These didactic materials help the child learn and remember the names of the seasons and months faster. Download and print the picture-calendar, it will need to be hung in a conspicuous place so that the child often meets the calendar with his eyes during the day. He will involuntarily scroll in memory the names of the seasons, winter, spring, summer and autumn months.

Naturally, before this, it is necessary to acquaint the child with these seasons. Start your story with winter. Be sure to tell the signs of what is happening at this time of the year in nature, what the weather is like, so that the child feels and vividly imagines the full picture of the season.

in winter the day is short. The sun is low and warms weakly. Snow falls. Cold. People wear winter clothes. In winter, we celebrate everyone's favorite holiday - the New Year.

spring the day is getting longer. The sun heats up better. It is getting warmer. Snow melts. Streams run. Leaves appear on the trees. Grass starts to grow. Flowers bloom. Migratory birds are flying. People wear demi-season clothes. The most famous spring holidays are March 8 and May Day.

Summer the sun is high, it shines brightly, it warms well. Costs hot weather. Flowers bloom and berries appear. people wear summer clothes. You can swim in natural reservoirs and sunbathe.

autumn the day is getting shorter. The sun is below. It's getting cold. The harvest of fruits and vegetables is ripening. Leaves fall from the trees. Migratory birds fly south. It often rains. people dress up warm clothes. The most famous autumn holiday- day of knowledge.

And winter comes again...

Do not forget to discuss the very concept of "seasons", what a year is. Children often confuse "season", "time of day", "week", "month" and just "time", immediately distinguish between these concepts. Riddles will help with this:

There is a tree in the royal garden. Flowers bloom on one side, leaves fall off on the other, fruits ripen on the third, branches are cut on the fourth. What is this tree? (year)

These birds are flying in a row,
And they don't go back anymore.
In each flock of birds - seven,
You all know them! (Days of the week.)

twelve brothers
They roam one after another
But they don't overtake each other. (Months.)

Stretched bridge
For seven miles
And at the end of the bridge
Golden Mile. (A week.)

Come yearly
To visit us:
One gray
Another young
The third is jumping
And the fourth is crying. (Seasons.)

Invite the child to come up with a story about the seasons.

Don't forget to tell your child that a year is made up of 12 months, and for each season there are 3 months.

calendar seasons

Further knowledge can be deepened by breaking what is happening in nature into months, as shown in the pictures. Ask your child questions: "when do the leaves fall from the trees?", "when are we going to swim in the river?" and the like, in order to fix the material well in memory.

On sale there are calendars with a movable arrow for studying the times and months of the year. You can make such a calendar with your own hands, simply by printing a drawing and attaching a cardboard arrow.

Good help for children in consolidating knowledge about the seasons of the card, coloring drawings and riddles.

Cards

You need to cut along the lines.

AT kindergarten or at home, you can make an application from colored paper on the theme of the seasons. Sample:

How to learn the names of the months with your child

A simple poem will help you remember the months:

January was walking through the snowdrifts, the king of all winter frosts!
February caught up with him - he lost his shawl from a blizzard.

March came running to change, rang out: "Spring, to the start!"
April sailed along the streams, he carried drops in his pocket.

May rustled the foliage: "Take off your warm jacket!"
Dandelion carried June. Do you want a miracle? Just blow!

And in July, and in July we rested on the sea!
August was buzzing with bees, but he was sitting in the forest like a mushroom.

In golden September, we forgot about the heat!
The wind blew in October: we will pick up yellow leaves!

November froze us, threw the first snow on the ground.
December is upon us, ending a long year!

Or another verse:

We learned the names of the months and their order, now you can tell the child a secret how to determine / count the number of days in a month by cams :)

Don't forget to tell us about the leap year!

Thirty days always in September
April, June and November.
A day more in other months,
Only February does not want to catch up.
It has only twenty-eight days,

Please tell me how did you spend this weekend? Riding a bike, sunbathing in the sun or playing snowballs, making a snowman? What clothes do you put on before going out?

It turns out that we do so many interesting things every day, based on the time of year. In the summer we relax in nature, in the fall we collect a herbarium from leaves, in the winter we go skating and skiing, and in the spring we throw off warm clothes and enjoy the gentle sun. Every season brings something different and new. Each season changes our way of life, the type of clothing, affects walks and entertainment. Remember school lesson on the theme of the seasons on the subject of natural history.

A bit complicated?
Then here: Seasons for children +3 to> 7

Four Seasons:

The seasons are made up of four seasons: summer, when the days are longest and the sun rises high above the horizon; winter - the days are short and the nights are long; inter-seasonal seasons spring and autumn, which account for the period of transitional change of seasons of summer and winter.

(for the temperate zone, the central part of Russia)

Summer, cool autumn replaces, then comes winter cold and then comes the long-awaited spring thaw - and so on an infinite number of times, from year to year. What is the mystery of this natural phenomenon and why does the season change on Earth?

In order to fully visualize the picture of how this happens, it is worth telling how the globe moves in space.

There are two of these movements:

1) The earth around its axis (a conditional line passing through the center of the north and south poles) makes a complete revolution in a day. Thereby astronomical phenomenon day turns into night. When it is a hot afternoon on the continents facing the Sun, it is deep night on the dark continents.

2) The Earth moves in an elliptical path around the Sun, making a full revolution within 1 year.

What causes the change of seasons?

The Earth's orbit is elliptical, not circular, and in this orbit there is a point closest to the Sun (perihelion), where the Sun is about 147 million km, and the farthest (aphelion 152 million km). This 3% difference in distance results in about 7% difference in the number of solar energy, which the Earth receives in perileg and aphelion. However, there is a big misconception that the closer the Earth is to the Sun, the warmer, and vice versa, the farther away, the colder. It is not right! Just at perihelion in the Northern Hemisphere, January falls, the middle of the coldest season of winter.

Interestingly, the position of the Earth has nothing to do with the change of seasons at all. The key role is played by the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis, which is 23.5 °. When the Earth moves around the Sun during the year, then the Northern Hemisphere, then the Southern Hemisphere turns out to be turned. It is on the hemisphere that is closer to the Sun that summer comes, since it receives 3 times more sunlight and heat. And on the other, facing further from the Sun, and receiving less heat and hours of sunshine, at this time it is winter.

If there were no tilt angle and the globe moved around the Sun in a strictly vertical position, there would be no seasons at all, since any points the globe on the illuminated side, the Suns would be equally removed, as a result of which the air would warm up evenly.

What the seasons look like in the northern hemisphere

Summer

During the year the Earth moves in its orbit, the northern hemisphere, due to the angle of inclination of the axis, is located closer to the Sun and the summer season begins there. Daylight hours increase in duration, and in areas located closer to the pole, even at midnight it is light outside.

Winter

Further, in the process of its movement along the orbit, the Earth turns out to be on the other side with respect to the Sun, and now the angle of inclination removes the northern hemisphere from the warm rays of the sun and winter sets in there. The darkness of the day is increasing, and the daylight hours are getting shorter. And at this time, summer comes to the continents of the southern hemisphere.

This is what the change of seasons looks like on the continents of the Earth:

Interestingly, the inhabitants of the equatorial and tropical zones know firsthand about the onset of cold weather. Here, seasonal changes occur so smoothly that they are practically not felt, because the equator, regardless of the position of the planet in orbit, is almost always the same distance from the Sun.

Equinox Periods:

The vernal equinox- 20 - 21 March. The sun moves from the southern hemisphere to the northern.
autumnal equinox- 22 - 23 September. The sun moves from the northern hemisphere to the southern.

That is why the seasons for the Northern Hemisphere are opposite to the seasons for the Southern Hemisphere. Between the months of March and September during the day most time, the Northern Hemisphere is turned towards the Sun and it receives more heat from the sun's rays than the southern hemisphere of the earth. This is the period of summer in the Northern Hemisphere when the days get longer and the nights get shorter.

Six months later, the position of the earth to the sun changes, but the tilt remains. Now in the Southern latitudes of the Earth's hemisphere, the days are getting longer and the sun is rising higher, while in northern latitudes hemisphere winter is coming. This cycle of time during the year is enough to heat or cool certain parts of the planet. That is why the seasons gradually change and are divided into seasons.

The earth consists of climatic zones, which correspond to a certain climate. This is due to various physical properties land and water surfaces in various parts of the globe. Therefore, on different continents, the climatic seasons begin differently in relation to astronomical times of the year.

So, on one continent, snowfall may occur in winter, and rain in summer, and on another continent there may not be snow and rain at all for a long period of time, but the heavy rainy season will fall on a strictly defined season of the year.

Climate zones on Earth:

equatorial belt- spring and autumn are dry seasons, while summer and winter are characterized by increased rainfall.
tropical belt- dry, hot weather lasts most of the year and only once a year, during the rainy season, a large amount of precipitation falls. also this season is relatively cold season of the year.
Temperate zone (Western Europe, central part Russia) spring and summer are relatively dry with short-term precipitation, autumn and winter are characterized by a lot of precipitation and stable snow cover.
Arctic and Antarctica- the seasons change only in the form of a change in the polar day and night, changes weather conditions practically invisible and the temperature always remains below zero.

And this is how the Norwegian photographer Eirik Solheim saw the seasons, combining the footage from the same place into 40 seconds of a unique video of the change of seasons:

(One year in 40 seconds. Eirik Solheim)

A unique video about the change of seasons. All seasonal changes in nature for the whole year in just 40 seconds. The author took one photo almost every day for a year, the result was the reduction of an unusual experiment into a short video that clearly demonstrates how nature changes through all four seasons.

To summarize: summer comes at the moment when the hemisphere in which we live is more turned towards the sun and receives more heat, and when the sun shines less in our hemisphere, then winter comes. This does not depend on the distance of the Earth from the Sun, but is due to the inclination of the earth's axis of 23.5 °.

Explaining to students the reason for the changing seasons on Earth is probably the most difficult task for any teacher of astronomy. No matter how hard the teacher tries to explain that the change of seasons has nothing to do with how far the Earth is from the Sun, many or even most students do not believe this. Surveys have shown that even graduates of Harvard University think that summer is when the Earth is closest to the Sun, and winter is when the Earth is farthest from the Sun.

At the same time, students forget that when it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere. And when it's summer in Australia, it's winter in Russia. But both Australia and Russia are on the same planet Earth.

True reason the change of seasons is the tilt of the earth's axis (Fig. 5.2). The axis of rotation, an imaginary line connecting the north and south poles of the Earth, is not perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit along which it moves around the sun. And the deviation of the axis from the perpendicular is 23.5 °. The axis points north to a point among the stars near the North Star. (Actually, the axis slowly changes its direction and over time will point not to Polaris, but to another star.)

Rice. 5.2. Change of seasons

At present, the North Star (i.e., the one pointed to by the north pole of the Earth) is

The axis of the Earth is directed "up" through the North Pole and "down" - through the South. When the Earth is on one side of its orbit, the "up" axis also points roughly towards the Sun, since the Sun is high in the sky at noon in the Northern Hemisphere. Six months later, the "up" axis will now point away from the Sun. In fact, the axis always points in the same direction in space, but now the Earth is on the opposite side of the Sun.

Summer comes to the Northern Hemisphere when the axis directed upwards through the North Pole points approximately towards the Sun. In this situation, the Sun is higher above the horizon at noon than in all other seasons of the year, so it illuminates the Northern Hemisphere better and provides more heat. At the same time, the axis passing down through the South Pole is directed away from the Sun, so the Sun at noon is lower above the horizon than at any other time of the year, and illuminates the Southern Hemisphere worse. At this time, winter comes in Australia.

There are more daylight hours in summer than in winter because the Sun is higher above the horizon. Therefore, it takes him more time to first rise to this height, and then descend. And because the day is longer, it's warmer this time of year.

As the Earth moves in its orbit around the Sun, the Sun appears to move across the sky in a circle called the ecliptic (discussed in Chapter 3). The plane of the ecliptic is inclined to the plane of the equator at exactly the same angle as the axis of the Earth - 23.5 °. From this point of view, we define the following concepts.

The moment when the center of the visible solar disk crosses the celestial equator. The vernal equinox occurs when the sun moves from the southern hemisphere of the celestial sphere to the northern hemisphere and usually occurs around March 21st. The autumn equinox occurs around September 23rd. Near the equinox, the length of the day in the middle latitudes is approximately equal to the length of the night.

When the Sun moves from the southern hemisphere of the celestial sphere to the northern, i.e., crosses the celestial equator "from bottom to top", the first day of spring comes, which is called the day spring equinox. It falls on March 20-21. In the southern hemisphere of the Earth, astronomical autumn comes, and in the Northern hemisphere - astronomical spring. Near the equinox, the length of the day in the middle latitudes is approximately equal to the length of the night.

When the Sun reaches its highest (northern) point on the ecliptic, it is day summer solstice. Falls around June 21-22. From that day on, astronomical summer begins in the Northern Hemisphere, and astronomical winter begins in the Southern Hemisphere.

When the Sun moves from the northern hemisphere of the celestial sphere to the southern, i.e., crosses the celestial equator "from top to bottom", this is the beginning of autumn, the day autumn equinox. It usually falls around September 23rd. An astronomical spring is coming in the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth, and an astronomical autumn is coming in the Northern Hemisphere.

When the Sun reaches its lowest (southern) point on the ecliptic, it is day winter solstice . Approximately on December 21-22. From that day on, astronomical winter begins in the Northern Hemisphere, and astronomical summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere.

The change of seasons is an eternal and unchanging phenomenon of nature. The reason for it is the movement of the Earth around the Sun. The path along which the globe moves in outer space has the shape of an elongated circle - an ellipse. The sun is not at the center of this ellipse, but at one of its foci. Therefore, throughout the year, the distance from the Sun to the Earth periodically changes. The transition from the warm season (spring, summer) to the cold season (autumn, winter) does not occur at all because the Earth either approaches the Sun or moves away from it. And yet many people think so today!

The fact is that the Earth, in addition to revolving around the Sun, rotates around an imaginary axis (a line passing through the North and south pole). If the Earth's axis were at right angles to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, we would have no seasons and all days would be the same. But this axis is tilted with respect to the Sun (by 23°27"). As a result, the Earth revolves around the Sun in an inclined position. This position is maintained all year round, and the axis of the Earth is always directed to one point - to the North Star. Therefore, in different time The Earth exposes its surface to the sun's rays in different ways. When the sun's rays fall vertically, directly, the Sun is hotter. If the sun's rays fall on earth's surface at an angle, they heat the earth's surface weaker.

The rays of the Sun fall on the Earth The sun always stands directly on the equator and in the tropics, so the inhabitants of these places do not know the cold. There is not as sharp as ours, the seasons change, and it never snows. At the same time, part of the year, each of the two poles is turned towards the Sun, and the second part is hidden from it. When the Northern Hemisphere is turned towards the Sun, in countries north of the equator - summer and long days, to the south - winter and short days. When the direct rays of the Sun fall on the Southern Hemisphere, summer comes here, and winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

Winter and summer in the northern and southern hemispheres The longest and most short days in a year are called the winter and summer solstices. The summer solstice occurs on June 20, 21 or 22, and the winter solstice on December 21 or 22. And all over the world every year there are two days when the day equals night. This happens in spring and autumn, exactly between the solstice days. In autumn, this happens around September 23 - this is the autumnal equinox, in the spring around March 21 - the spring equinox. Annual motion of the earth around the sun

The reasons for the change of seasons for each person become relevant. Already in childhood The child starts asking questions. Why is winter coming? What is happening to our planet? Why in different countries different climate?

The first and main explanation is the creation of optimal climatic conditions for human habitation. With the temperature on the whole planet becomes comfortable for living.

What does astronomy say about the change of seasons?

Spring, summer, autumn, winter are eternal and unchanging phenomena of nature. The reason for such natural phenomena becomes the movement of the globe in outer space. The earth moves in a conditional orbit, which has the shape of an elongated circle.

Unfortunately, many people still live by stereotypes. school programs, where the explanation of why winter comes was the approach and removal of the planet from the Sun during movement.

Astronomers have long refuted this theory and argue that the change occurs due to the axis of rotation of the planet. It is tilted by 23 degrees, so the sun's rays heat different parts of the Earth unevenly at different times.

Why is it very cold in winter?

The Earth's orbit around the sun takes 1 year or 365 days. During the entire movement, the planet rotates along its conditional axis, which becomes

When the north turns towards the Sun, it receives the maximum number of rays, while in the south such rays will fall "in passing" on the earth's surface.

Autumn, winter - these are the periods of time when the Earth is at its maximum distance from the Sun. The day becomes short, and the sun shines, but does not warm.

The minimum amount of heat from the heavenly body is explained simply. The rays fall obliquely to the surface, the sun does not rise high above the horizon, so the heating of the air will be slow.

What happens to air masses in winter?

When the air temperature drops, evaporation decreases and air humidity changes. When the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere decreases, the ability to trap heat on the Earth's surface is also reduced to a minimum.

The transparent atmospheric mass of air is not capable of absorbing infrared radiation, which performs heating of the air and the surface of the earth. Why is it cold in winter? Only because the surface and air cannot retain heat, which is already supplied in minimal quantities.

What is the sun in winter?

It is extremely important to explain to children about the sun, its changes in winter period. Here the emphasis should be placed on the fact that the Sun is a huge, hot star, around which a large number of planets revolve.

The sun has a huge temperature, not a single person or aircraft, as it will simply melt and destroy them.

Thanks to solar energy, rays, life is possible on planet Earth: trees grow, animals and people live. Without solar heat all living things will die in a short period of time.

Solar energy and rays in winter do not heat as intensely, but can do more damage to the skin. This feature has a logical explanation: the entire surface of the planet, which should reflect the rays, is light and mirrored, as it is covered with snow. The human body - cannot reflect, it receives ultra-violet rays and actively feeds on them. Doctors emphasize that tanning in winter is more dangerous than in summer. The skin is oversaturated with ultraviolet from the sun and can even get burned.

Why winter is coming can be explained to children and adults knowing the basics of astronomy. But what is hidden in winter nature, what kind Interesting Facts about winter known to science and people?

Snowflakes. Scientists have repeatedly studied snowflakes that fall to the surface of the earth. Such work requires special training, equipment and scrupulousness. The discovery for people was that snowflakes can have 7 types: star crystals, needles, columns, columns with tips, transparent dendrites, irregularly shaped snowflakes.

Snow mass speed. For many, snow is a soft, airy substance, but with in large numbers snow mass, it can descend from the surface of the earth in the form of an avalanche. The minimum speed of such an avalanche is 80 km/h, the maximum is 360 km/h. A huge mass of snow blows everything in its path. If a person falls under an avalanche, then he dies due to the enormous weight or lack of oxygen.
For most of the world's population, the question of why winter is coming is not relevant. They don't even know what's coming abrupt change air temperature, the indicators will fall below 0, it is snowing. In some kingdoms of hot countries, games are played on artificial sugar snow to amuse their subjects.

Why is winter coming? Every child asks this question sooner or later. Using the presented material, each parent will be able to easily and interestingly answer this question to him.