Social stereotypes, their role in human life. Social stereotypes: positive and negative sides

Although some perceive this as discrimination, there is some kind of established opinion about almost all nations. Often, it is erroneous, with only a small fraction of the truth. But this opinion has spread so widely all over the world that it has become an inveterate stereotype, according to which I perceive the whole country and its culture.

Such stereotypes about different nationalities incredible multitude. Where they come from remains a mystery. But over time, these stereotypes turn not only into jokes and anecdotes, but become the hallmark of the entire nation. We offer you to get acquainted with some of the most common stereotypes about various nations.

1. Mandatory tea break

The tradition of drinking tea at five o'clock, despite all the worries and work, is perhaps the main stereotype that exists about the British. But this sweet tradition, today, is dead for 99% of the British.

Due to daily problems, work and other important things, they simply do not have time for such luxuries. The tea tradition has always been more popular among the aristocratic segments of the population. Perhaps they still have preserved in their original form ancient tradition"tea schedule" In general, the British drink no more tea than any other nation in the world.

But as far as milk is concerned, this is a very real stereotype. In all cafes, restaurants, houses, if you ask for tea, it will be served with milk. So if you prefer regular drink must be notified in advance.

2. All English people are very polite

Politeness is the main feature of the entire English nation. And this is not a stereotype, but a reality. But their politeness comes not from benevolence, but from incredible restraint. The British cannot openly show their feelings, because of this they have more complexes than all other nationalities. First of all, they are obligated to politeness public opinion. In their hearts, they may hate you, despise you, love you, but they will never show it.

3. England - a country of eternal fog

Although the weather in England is not always perfect, this stereotype is completely false. Probably, it was imposed on us by films about Sherlock Holmes.

But what the British like to say about the weather is true. They use the topic of the weather as a sign that they are interested in you and want to continue the conversation. In addition, this is one of the few topics where controversy can be avoided. And the British hate conflicts and try their best to avoid them.

4. Hindus are poor, stupid and unscrupulous

This stereotype arose because of the difficult history of India, which included many years of slavery and disregard for human rights. And although today most of the Indians live very poorly, the level of development of the country is increasing every year.

The Indian economy is developing so rapidly that the country is already a leader in the manufacture of medicines and software as well as in the film industry. So do not believe that Indians are stupid and have no education.

Apart from the homeless and very poor people, Hindus are very clean when it comes to themselves or their housing. But they don’t worry about cleanliness on the street, so they have garbage everywhere and it stinks terribly.

5. Americans are the dumbest nation

All other nations like to feed this stereotype, justifying the low level of education in America.

They can't download thesis from the Internet and you need to write it for years, you can’t write off a test, and for failing exams they can easily be kicked out of educational institution. American education is devoid of most unnecessary subjects. Because of this simplification, many people think that Americans are stupid.

But in fact, they receive only the information that can really be applied in real life. As a result, children who know what cotangent is and write calligraphically cannot always realize themselves in life. But "stupid" Americans rank first in the world for the number of scientific discoveries. Moreover, throughout the history of Nobel Prize 326 Americans received it.

6. Americans are obsessed with fast food, which is why they are overweight.

Sadly, Americans actually rank first in the world for obesity. But most of these people are not natives, but immigrants or their children (Hispanics and African Americans).

Most of Native Americans are obsessed with healthy eating and sports. The addiction to fast food is experienced by visitors who go to America for work and do not have time to cook. Moreover, fast food is not cheap, and Americans prefer not to spend their money on it.

7. Italians only eat pasta.

Macaroni, or as they are called - pasta, is considered national dish in Italy. The skill of its preparation is so high that ordinary strips of dough turn into a culinary masterpiece under Italian sauce.

But Italians don't eat pasta every day. They replace it with rice with vegetables, soups and many other foods. Since Italians tend to be overweight, they simply cannot afford to eat a lot of starchy foods every day.

8. Italian families are the biggest

Once upon a time, a really ordinary Italian family consisted of at least 7 children. Now the Italians are subject to the European tradition - to have children after thirty years. Because of this, in Italy, the problem of fertility and population decline is in the first place.

9. German girls are very ugly.

This is a very common stereotype. In contrast to ours always smart girl, the Germans are dressed simply, modestly, but comfortably. They are not trying to stand out from the others and look like a prince will appear in front of her at any moment.

Young people, as in other countries of the world, follow fashion trends and choose stylish clothes for themselves. But older girls who are busy with work prefer to spend money on recreation and useful things rather than cosmetics and outfits.

10. Russians drink vodka for breakfast and dinner.

The main stereotype about Russians, after bears on the street, is vodka. Everyone drinks it, both children and adults. with or without, morning, afternoon and dinner.

It's all ridiculous, but Russia actually ranks first in alcoholism in the world. Most drink only the poor or people in the villages. Although young people are increasingly adopting this tradition from adults.

11. Ukrainians do not eat anything but fat

Until recently, the main stereotype about Ukraine was that no one knew where it was. But since this nuance was corrected, we were glorified by the tradition - there is fat three times a day. Perhaps this was the case in the past, because in the villages the peasants always kept pigs. But now, the majority of young people favor healthy lifestyle life and even vegetarianism. So lard is a rare luxury at the dinner table.

12. Every Spaniard Can Dance Flamenco

This stereotype is imposed on us by films. Not every Spaniard knows how to dance it. Besides, flamenco is not the only popular dance in Spain. Each region of the country is famous for its special dance: chotis, muneira, sardana and others.

13. The main spectacle of Spain is bullfighting

This is another stereotype inspired by romantic films about Spain. Now bullfighting is banned in most regions of the country. It is opposed by both animal welfare organizations and human rights activists.

14. The daily food of the Japanese is sushi

This is another false stereotype. Perhaps sushi is the only popular Japanese dish in our country. But the Japanese in Everyday life eat more rice, vegetables, soups, fish and meat.

15. French women are always feminine and stylish.

Since Paris is considered the center of world fashion, it seems to many that Parisians even go to the store in tight dresses, high heels, with red lipstick on their lips.

In fact, the French, like all Europeans, dress modestly, and most importantly, comfortably. Girls, for the most part, wear jeans and sweaters. But what they are very attentive to is makeup. It should always be light, without defiant excesses, and emphasize beauty.

There are different types of stereotypes.

They are influence on our thinking, actions, social behavior.

How can people be manipulated? Learn about it from ours.

Concept definition

What is a stereotype? Stereotype in the broadest sense - established pattern of behavior, stamp, prejudice.

Often stereotypes have nothing to do with reality, they are created by people's thinking based on superficial data.

The word consists of two: "stereo" - "solid" and "tipos" - "imprint", literally imprint in our brain a certain concept.

Beliefs may concern a certain group of people, for example, the presence of a specific trait in race, behavior, traditions. Often lead to misperceptions.

The difference from prejudice

These two concepts are similar, but meanwhile they have differences.

The first term, stereotype, is a kind of generalization, often is collective, that is, a group of people is convinced of the existence of a certain phenomenon.

For example: all Russians are lazy. A person may not even understand why he agrees with certain stereotypes, but he believes and accepts them.

Prejudices wear more personal, often appear after the individual has gone through difficult events.

The individual may be aware of having specific prejudices and be critical of them.

Effect of stereotyping

Stereotyping What is it in psychology? The term means the process of forming a stable idea or image. They relate to phenomena, events or people.

Based on his own experience, a person evaluates events or a phenomenon, as a result, a certain idea is formed, which is fixed in the brain. A stereotype is an already formed attitude towards an object or phenomenon.

When a person encounters something unfamiliar, his brain starts scan and look for something familiar. The resulting image belongs to a certain group of phenomena, so it is much easier to classify information and, if necessary, pull it out of memory cells.

Stereotypical thinking and behavior

think stereotypes- what does it mean?

Such thinking means that a person thinks mainly in patterns.

It does not seek and analyze new information, filling the brain with experience, but compares with what is in his memory.

It's easier, it seems that the world is subject to a certain order.

The program can be inculcated from childhood. These are attitudes, rules of conduct, reaction to events, evaluation of people and events.

Predominantly stereotyped thinking hinders the full development of the individual. Loss of independence in views and behavior.

stereotyped behavior- what is this? This is a patterned behavior encouraged by society. A person lives like everyone else, does not stand out, tries to merge with the general mass. She is so comfortable and. Template behavior provides calmness, merging with society.

Stereotypes allow you to bring actions to automatism, but they also slow down development and do not allow you to look at the situation from a different angle. With stereotypical behavior, there is an attitude: to do only this way and not otherwise.

stereotypical person- what is he? This is a completely ordinary, typical representative of society. His behavior is due to built-in attitudes, skills, traditions.

It is difficult for such a person to deviate from patterns, and she perceives something new critically and even aggressively, because it violates inner harmony and tranquility. He has a model of behavior, and he acts and thinks according to it.

Pros and cons

pros:

Disadvantages of stereotypical behavior more:

lack of freedom of action and thinking;
low rate of self-development;
action according to patterns, which interferes with the perception of new information and learning;
mistakes if the situation deviates from the usual, and the person is not able to move away from patterns;
credulity to information, lack of critical analysis, perception of the received data as it is, only because the majority thinks so.

Who is considered the author of this theory?

The term was coined in the 1920s. The author is a journalist Walter Lippman.

He borrowed it from printing. Initially, the word "stereotype" denoted the printed form. It allowed the text to be reproduced many times.

Auto believed that stereotypes:

not produced by man, but imposed from outside;
they are false;
simplify the perception of reality;
exist for a long time, tightly fixed in the minds of people.

What is the difference between higher and lower human needs? find out right now.

Types and examples

What are the stereotypes? Researchers, psychologists and sociologists distinguish different types of stereotypes:

social stereotype;
ethnic stereotypes;
perception stereotypes;
stereotypes in communication;
gender stereotypes in modern society;
heterostereotypes;
age stereotypes;
sex-role stereotypes;
modern stereotypes;
common stereotypes;
social stereotypes.

Stereotypes happen superficial, formed by an external evaluation. For example, the stiffness of the English, a bright disposition southern peoples, laziness of Russian people.

Superficial stereotypes change depending on the international situation, the development of society and other factors.

deep more stable, passed down from generation to generation. For several centuries, samovars, furs, nesting dolls have been considered an obligatory companion of Russian traditions.

These stereotypes are hard to break.

Attributes that are no longer part of social life, can still be used as examples of cultural heritage or commercial purposes.

Deep stereotypes can form driven by historical events.

The special conditions of the origin of Great Britain led to the creation of stereotypes that the people of this country have developed logical thinking, prudence, pragmatism.

Examples of stereotypes:

women are evil;
a successful career is possible in the presence of "blat";
Jews are a cunning people;
a man promised - he is obliged to do;
boys are not allowed to cry;
you can’t take a woman on a ship - to trouble;
high price means high quality;
bears walk the streets of Russia;
The French are great lovers.

There are many such examples in our life, and often we do not even notice that we think in stereotypes, they become part of our perception of the surrounding reality.

How are they formed?

stereotypes passed down from one generation to the next which is why it's so hard to defend against them.

Already in early childhood, adults lay the principles of behavior in the child, instill how to act, react, and think correctly.

The influence of society and a particular country of residence is great.

If stereotypes are formed for the benefit of society, then they are moral norms that are customary to adhere to. Behavior patterns help to adapt in society. The child is sent to school, explaining the rules of behavior, the need for training.

However, the inharmonious development of the personality leads to the fact that it is easier and calmer for a person to act and think in stereotypes than to take risks and create something new.

Those who deviate from the rules achieve much more.

How have they changed with the development of society?

With each generation, gender behavior and the stereotypes associated with it change slightly. What used to be unacceptable, now considered commonplace. If earlier marriage and had it importance, now many couples live without signing, and divorces happen much more often.

And changed. She is increasingly striving for a career, taking positions that were previously considered male. At the same time, the stronger sex goes along the opposite development towards the acquisition of female features.

Previously, a woman was the keeper of the hearth, a mother, now she, along with a man, provides for the family. Furthermore, modern society more respect for working women than housewives.

What are the social needs of a person? you will find on our website.

Functions

Researchers and psychologists identify various functions of social stereotypes.

W. Quasthof describes the following:

. Occurs when it is necessary to organize information. If something new is being studied, for example, the culture of another people, then some stereotypes can be replaced by others.
affective- distinguishing among other people "one's own" and "alien".
Social. Education social structures, selection of categories.

There are also other functions of social stereotypes:

communication installation. When interacting with a person a stranger, the brain reads the information, compares it with what is stored in memory, and decides how to continue communication. For example, a person will talk differently with a general and a beggar.
association in social groups, when its members of the community and strangers are separated:
simplifying the analysis of incoming information, reducing the time of its processing.

Role in human life

For effective activity, a person needs to analyze information, systematize it. It is important to be "among your own". Stereotypes allow you to classify things in one group.

Behavior patterns are of great importance in the formation of society, they unite a social group, fix its main features.

However, the danger is that stereotypes are most often formed false, based on primary or superficial data.

They are associated with tradition, are passed on from older generations to younger ones, in some cases it is no longer possible to know the source of their origin, but they are the basis of national thinking.

Unfortunately, stereotypical thinking severely limits a person's abilities.

Therefore, for the breadth of horizons, you need to learn correctly analyze the incoming information.

If you are traveling to another country and you have a certain pattern of perception and evaluation of the nation and culture, it is better to check the information and communicate more deeply with representatives of the nationality in order to dispel or strengthen the presence of a certain stereotype in your mind.

Pattern-based behavior also makes life easier, but is often the reason one misses great opportunities, does not see prospects, makes mistakes in assessing the situation and other people.

Stereotypes - part of our society but don't blindly follow them. Narrow thinking, stereotyped lead to the fact that a person stops in his social, personal and economic development.

Stereotypes, however, can be fought by opening the mind to new and interesting information.

Gender stereotypes - what is it? Learn about it from the video:

Women are constantly manipulating

Women are strong in psychological violence

Women are monogamous, men are polygamous

A woman doesn't fit

A woman wants love and relationships, and a man wants sex.

All women want children and marriage.

A woman seeks to drag a man secretly or by force to the registry office

Men are smarter

Girls love pink, boys love blue.

Girls play with dolls, boys play with cars

Gay couples cannot have children / cannot raise _normal_ children

Woman - the keeper of the hearth

A man is by nature a breadwinner and a leader.

Children are the destiny of women; maternity leave for men it's funny

"Stupid Blondes"

Equality will lead to the fact that women will have to carry sleepers

Feminists want to infringe on the rights of men

Feminists don't have sex and are all terrible lesbians

Feminism is bad for the economy because due to quotas for women, jobs are filled by not the strongest personnel

Feminists want to stop people from speaking their minds and are suing for trying to hold their door

Feminists raise the problem of "heifers" and other garbage, but women's rights in Africa and the Islamic world are not involved

There are more false accusations of rape than actual rapes.

A woman should be beautiful, meek, gentle, wise - at the same time seem silly, but not be stupid

The husband is the head, the wife is the neck

A man should earn more and be stronger

It's natural for men to earn more

Women take on low-paying jobs

The bitch does not want - the male will not jump

Women drive worse

A woman prepares food, and a man repairs appliances - this is natural

A wife takes her husband's last name because she marries

Due to equality, women began to give birth less and humanity is dying out

Raped? Beaten up? It's her own fault, there was no need to provoke

It's cheaper to rent a prostitute than to give candy flowers for the fact that they "voluntarily" spread their legs in front of you

Feminism has led to the fact that women have become bitches - men always owe them something, but they themselves do not owe anything, only they spread their legs for expensive gifts, and then not every time

A woman should be feminine and a man should be masculine

Women should not be allowed to run the country - all of a sudden she has PMS and she will declare war for no particular reason

Rape does not exist in marriage - the husband has a legal right to have sex

If a woman does not give her man sex, she thus demonstrates disrespect for him

If a drunk went home to a guy, then by default she knew that she would have to fuck further, what kind of rape?

In a relationship, a man should be older and more influential

Women love macho and jocks, men love young meek fitonies

smart and strong women no one loves, like soft men (but a soft man will still find a mate for himself, since absolutely all women want to get married and take a steam bath because of the ticking clock)

For 9 guys 10 girls

All women love children, but men do not love and by nature do not know how to deal with children; so never leave small child on a man, because he will kill the child

Women who have not given birth to children are unhappy in old age. They just pretend to be happy. A woman cannot be happy without a child

A woman cannot be a programmer or a driver

Women are mercantile and only want money to be taken to expensive restaurants and bought diamonds, fur coats

Every woman dreams of a fur coat!

Women have monopolized the birth and upbringing of children and raise boys as sluts, seeking to establish a matriarchy

There are only women everywhere! In the polyclinic of the woman, in kindergarten and in schools women, women in housing - women rule the world and women bring up spineless men

Women almost from birth know everything about relationships; therefore, it is they who must ensure harmony in a couple and anticipate problems. If there is discord, it is with her. complex nature and she fools his head

A woman should be responsible for the emotional component of the relationship.

Men become weak, infirm and irresponsible because of feminists

First you fight for equality, and then you complain that there are no normal men left

Men must give way to women in transport (not only the sick and old, but everyone)

If men do too much with children, they are slobbers and rags.

Women shouldn't force men to wash their children's bottoms.

If a woman does not do housework, then she is not a woman at all. Who needs a woman who doesn't cook borscht, doesn't wash socks, and doesn't iron shirts?

Male cooks are more talented than women

Meat must be cooked by a man

All conductors are men! It is the same with directors and other creative people-leaders.

Which social support during pregnancy and upbringing? She herself decided to give birth - she herself earns money for the child, no one forces you to give birth

I flew in - it’s my own fault, I had to take hormones, otherwise the feeling is not the same for a peasant in a condom. Wants to have an abortion? Killer! It is better to give birth and give it to an orphanage. Born and sent to an orphanage? What a bitch, apparently something is wrong with her head, normal woman wouldn't do that

Women have a competitive advantage over men everywhere, because when it is necessary or profitable for her, she simply puts on a blouse with a neckline or spreads her legs, and now she has already achieved everything that she needed, AND A MAN CANNOT DO THAT

Women are allowed into nightclubs for free and they are also given a glass of champagne as a gift. Yes, they just bathe in gender privileges!

If she does not leave the relationship in which she is beaten, then everything suits her

They want equal rights, but you still can’t beat them

Women are obsessed with their appearance

A woman should put her family first

Even if you give a woman the freedom to do what she wants, she will still return to the children and the kitchen, because she has such a nature.

Women love light silly comedies and films about love, while men love science fiction and action.

Men are better versed in technology, science and business; and they are better at it by nature. Therefore, in a relationship, it is the woman who should put her career in second place.

Women's magazines write about cosmetics and diets, because women only want to read about this, a woman won't read about synchrophasotrons!

Men are more logical, women are more emotional

Well, in general, this is true, not 100%, but women are much more emotional men, including or another plan. I'm not saying that all women are polls, but most yes.

A woman's brain is better than a man's, adapted for scrupulous monotonous work, and she also knows how to do several things at the same time.

There is this thing in the head, it's called. In women, it is predominantly more than in men, and it also helps women with multitasking.

All the greatest achievements and discoveries are made by men

Not all natural, but most...

Men and women love differently

What is this anyway?

Well, stereotypes don't come out of nowhere. Most of them have some basis. And their use is evolutionarily justified - stereotypes initially saved people time and energy, prompting some conclusion with a predominant degree of probability. But, if a person wants to understand some issue, and not just repeat some kind of belief that was formed no one knows how many generations ago, stereotypes must be abandoned. Yes, average women are more emotional. Yes, there are more inventors among men. But anyone who is at least a little familiar with logic should understand that this does not mean that there are no (or somehow very few) men in the world who are much more emotional than some women, or that some women cannot be much more cool inventors than some men. Stereotypes are needed for people who do not have developed critical thinking - they somehow help them navigate.

Comment

A man loves with his eyes, and a woman loves with her ears.

A woman should be beautiful, and a man's beauty is his wallet.

Women give birth to children, and men kill them.

Women are pacifists and men are warriors.

Women pamper children, and men educate them.

Women love to gossip.

A woman's favorite pastime is to fuck the brain of her neighbor.

Girls are more diligent, and boys are more mobile.

Girls are more disciplined and responsible.

The woman does not want to work and only dreams of a decree.

Sex is not so much an event for mutual pleasure, but a favor of one partner to another (as an option, the victory of one partner over the other or use).

A woman should not be the first to confess her sympathies. The initiative should come only from a man.

In interracial as well as in intergroup relations, ethnic stereotypes play an important role. They are simplified images of individuals who have a high degree consistency. As a rule, all stereotypes are acquired in childhood, and this is never the result of experience. Usually they are obtained from secondary sources, looking at parents, friends, grandparents, and so on. Plus, this happens long before the child begins to evaluate himself, to attribute himself to any particular group, or to have an idea of \u200b\u200bhis own personality.

general information

For the first time, such an element as ethnic stereotypes of behavior was discussed in 1922. This was done by a popular American journalist who conducted his own investigation. He said that the formation of stereotypes is a natural thing that only plays into the hands of a person.

First, when people come into contact with a complex social object that they have not seen before, they simply do not know how to behave. And in this case, they will be helped by the “pictures of the world”, which are in their heads and thoughts, are passed down from generation to generation.

Secondly, with the help of stereotypes, each person will be able to justify himself, to protect himself. Consequently, his positions, rights and values will always have a certain weight.

Thus, stereotypes help humanity cope with the perception of the world, while maintaining personal qualities, as well as orienting themselves in difficult situations. Accordingly, if we are talking about ethnic prejudices, then people will be able to feel normal in the society of foreigners, since some information about them is available.

But there is also back side medals. Unfortunately, it will be impossible to change many stereotypes formed in childhood (with rare exceptions). This is probably why humanity cannot advance further in development, as it is stuck at the stage of prejudice.

Stereotypes at the dawn of history

Initially, ethnic stereotypes meant only one thing: all strangers are enemies. Meeting with other tribes promised only death and war, therefore long time people could not communicate with each other.

When intertribal contacts began to expand, for example, an exchange appeared, a person began to learn new things not only about his neighbors, but also about himself. Now he realized that he could not always raise his weapon against another member of primitive society. He became not just a fellow tribesman helping in the hunt, but a friend, father or brother in an emotional sense.

Further, prejudices began to develop in full swing, because how many tribes there were, so many stereotypes existed. Moreover, the definition of the images of the other was based on certain historical moments. For example, if another society was constantly in conflict with one society, then it was assessed as aggressive, vicious. If the exchange began immediately, and even on favorable terms, then the tribe received a more sparing assessment, it became kind, friendly.

Examples

Ethnic stereotypes are very diverse, examples of appropriate behavior or thinking can be given indefinitely. Moreover, prejudices will be based only on one nationality, they contain the thought of people connected by culture, homeland and behavior.

There are several stereotypes that Russians refer to other inhabitants of the planet:

All Germans are punctual and pedantic.
All Jews are smart, but greedy.
All Americans have standard thinking, they cannot deviate from the course set in childhood or by law. For example, not a single American will screw in a new light bulb on his own if it has burned out. This will be done by a specially trained person.
All Spaniards are too emotional, they are quick-tempered.

At the same time, other nations also develop about a Russian person. The most common of them is a tamed bear that plays the balalaika, and, of course, vodka - all Russians have breakfast, lunch and dinner with it.

Classification

If we consider not only ethnic stereotypes, examples of relations between specific people or full-fledged societies will be divided into several types:

Perceptions of people relative to each other. That is, these are the prejudices that develop within a narrow group of people. For example, parents should be respected, elders should be respected, and so on. Such stereotypes will fit in the minds of the younger generation only on the condition that the elders are engaged in their implementation, and not just empty talk.
Intersexual stereotypes. Examples: women should take care of the house, and men should work; boys don't cry, girls are always stupid.
age stereotypes. Examples: in parenting and control, old people always grumble.
ethnic stereotypes.

In principle, the types of ethnic stereotypes were formed in the process of the development of society. In addition, they are formed in each individual person. If we assume that an individual came to Prague and had his purse stolen at the train station, then he may think that all Czechs are thieves. That is, there are generally accepted ethnic prejudices and private ones.

How is the process of formation

The problem of prejudice has always existed, and the formation of ethnic stereotypes affects it to a greater extent. Even today, when any person can find all the information that interests him, the stability of prejudices is still present.

Formation starts with early childhood. However, at a young age, a child cannot think in terms of relations between nations, and he forms stereotypes about his family and its relations with other people. But the process itself is laid directly at this time.

Ethnic stereotypes first make themselves felt in adolescence, when a person is as defenseless as possible in front of them. If a girl or a guy has not yet formed his own opinion on some matter, then the imposed ideas will replace independent thinking. That is why any propaganda will become instantly absorbed information for young people. This is due to the fact that stereotypes have rigidity. Adolescents who have received a given pace of development of thinking simply have no idea how to think differently. But still, changes are present, and the Internet plays an important role in this.

Ethnic picture of the world

Today, the functions of ethnic stereotypes are gradually beginning to fade, but it is still impossible to completely exclude them. The primitive ethnic picture of the world is quite different. Then prejudices played a special role, they helped the tribes to survive. For example, with some communities, relations could be established, with others - hostile. And the sooner a new member of the society found out about this, the more chances he had for survival.

In modern times, ethnic stereotypes are based more on emotions than on hostility, and so on. Most often they carry a negative load. For example, if a Russian communicates with an American, then due to prejudices, he may initially frivolously evaluate his interlocutor. It will add bad emotions, and both. The same is the case with other nations.

ethnic tolerance

Today, the ethnic stereotype and the ethnic image are gradually beginning to merge into one concept. Previously it was different. For example, Russians thought that all Scots wear skirts (both men and women). stereotype. But they could be familiar with a single Scot who dressed the same as everyone else, that is, in trousers or jeans. This is an ethnic image.

In modern times, to civil society was formed correctly, it is necessary to educate tolerance in the younger generation. The latter lays the ability to appreciate and respect the culture of other peoples, their traditions and customs. If we take Scotland as an example, then wearing a kilt should not be ridiculed in any way. This will be tolerance.

International communication

Ethnic stereotypes of Russians, like many other peoples, are formed in adolescence. And the task of parents, teachers or mentors is to create such conditions under which young people will not follow the imposed opinion. Adolescents must independently develop their own thinking process, and hence their own stereotypes.

If not given the opportunity young generation, then humanity will not continue its spiritual development. For example, stereotypes can create an extremely negative situation in the course of interethnic communication. Moreover, if a person has received some prejudices, then he will not refute them in the process of life. On the contrary, he will constantly find examples that confirm them.

Accordingly, in order for interethnic communication to reach a new tolerant level, it is necessary to abandon stereotypes.

Conclusion

Thus, ethnic stereotypes of behavior are not at all the product that generalizes the same or similar features of one nation. In them personal qualities individual people are replaced by deliberately one-sided prejudice. The latter, in turn, is a negative attitude towards a particular group of people.

As a result of appropriate behavior, alertness is formed, and on both sides. The former follow their stereotypes, the latter behave badly due to a disrespectful attitude. A certain alienation is formed, which causes misunderstandings, and also complicates all subsequent interaction.

Social stereotypes

6. Influence of stereotypes. (Examples)

Jack Nachbar and Kevin Lause, authors of the study "Introduction to Popular Culture", note that stereotypes are integral part mass culture. They can be formed on the basis of age (“Young people only listen to rock and roll”), gender (“all men want only one thing from women”), race (“Japanese are indistinguishable from each other”), religion (“Islam is a religion terror"), professions ("all lawyers are crooks") and nationality ("all Jews are greedy"). There are also geographic stereotypes (for example, “life in small towns is safer than in megacities”), clothing stereotypes (for example, “German cars are the highest quality”), etc. Stereotypes in most cases are neutral, but when they are transferred from specific person on a group of people (social, ethnic, religious, racial, etc.) often acquire a negative connotation. It is on stereotypes that phenomena such as racism, sexism, Islamophobia, etc. are based.

Sera Khan, a professor at the University of San Francisco, published an article in the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology in which she argues that it is extremely dangerous to trust stereotypes. The stereotype has cognitive and motivational functions. From a cognitive point of view, the stereotype is a double-edged weapon - it provides information in an easy and digestible way. However, this information is very far from reality and can disorient a person. From a motivational standpoint, stereotypes are even more unreliable. A person who bases his decisions on mass perceptions, and not on facts, takes a serious risk. Perhaps the most succinct statement of stereotyping was made by basketball star Charles Buckley, who stated, “You realize the world isn’t what you thought it was when you find out that the best rapper is white (meaning the singer Eminem), the best golfer is black, the tallest basketball player is Chinese (NBA superstar Yao Ming, 2 m 29 cm), and the Germans do not want to fight in Iraq.

Fred Jundt, a professor at California State University at San Bernardino and author of An Introduction to Intercultural Communication, points out that in most cases stereotypes are not used for good purposes. Stereotypes are often a weapon of propaganda for racism and xenophobia. For example, anti-Semitic propaganda based on stereotypes was actively carried out in Germany in the 1920s-1930s - as a result, the German people reacted rather indifferently and even approved of the extermination of 6 million Jews.

IN THE USA for a long time in funds mass media negative stereotypes towards blacks prevailed (similar views can be traced in many works of literature and cinema - for example, modern African Americans have an extremely negative attitude towards the image of the protagonist of the famous novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe "Uncle Tom's Cabin"). Therefore, the struggle of African Americans for their civil rights was accompanied by a struggle with the usual stereotypes: Martin Luther King actively opposed the prejudices against his race that prevailed in American society. His secret opponent, FBI Director Edgar Hoover, on the contrary, tried to reinforce negative stereotypes about blacks.

In 2002, Columbia University published the results of its study on the use of the death penalty in the world. As it turned out, the courts are initially biased towards certain groups of people. For example, death sentences in North America and Europe are more often carried out in those regions where the percentage of the black population is higher. A black American has a higher chance of being sentenced to exceptional punishment than a white American who has committed a similar crime. One of the reasons for this is considered racial stereotypes of jurors.

A stereotype tends to change depending on changing conditions. Gregory Tillett, author of the study “Resolving Conflict. Practical Approach notes that prejudice against migrants and immigrants is usually based on two different stereotypes. In a period of economic recession, the population perceives the newcomers as invaders, taking away jobs from local residents. During the economic boom, locals pay attention primarily to the customs of migrants, which are contrary to local traditions. Whatever stereotype hatred is based on, it leads to the fact that it is not possible to establish trusting and productive relationships with hated groups of the population. The most difficult thing to deal with is stereotypes between two ethnic groups that have a long history of conflict with each other.

Benjamin Barber, author of Jihad Against McWorld, believes that the current wave international terrorism largely due to stereotypes. The Islamic world perceives the West as a world of materialism, consumerism, narcissism, immorality, etc. Naturally, such views are nutrient medium for the emergence of terrorists.

Stereotypes also exist in relations between peoples who, in general, know each other quite well and have a common historical past. For example, such prejudices once again showed their strength in a situation where France did not support the US on the Iraq issue. Publications immediately appeared in the media in both countries recalling old prejudices against the Americans and the French.

Pascal Baudry, professor of business administration and head of the consulting firm WDHB Consulting Group, who has lived in the United States for a long time, published the book The French and the Americans. The Other Shore ”, in which he gave a list of qualities that, according to the French, a typical resident of the United States possesses. The American is friendly and sociable, noisy, rude, intellectually underdeveloped, industrious, extravagant, self-confident, full of prejudices, underestimating the achievements of other cultures, rich, generous, promiscuous and always somewhere in a hurry.

In turn, Harriet Rochefort, an American living in France, in her book "French Toast" gave a list of typical American ideas about the French. The French have a reputation for being lazy and not speaking English for ideological reasons. They are self-righteous, impolite and unhelpful, nevertheless, quite helpful to the ladies and artistic. It is very difficult to get close to them. The French live in a bureaucratic socialist state and are completely dependent on officials. They do not know how to fight, and the Americans had to save France twice in the 20th century. In addition, the French are unclean, they eat snails and frogs.

Analysis of the reasons for the disorganization of the penitentiary system from the standpoint of a synergistic approach and the theory of egregors

We give only such examples. various kinds pathologies of the organization that are characteristic of the penitentiary system Taken from: Prigozhin AI. Disorganization: Causes, types, overcoming. -- M., 2007. I. Pathologies of leadership. a) Excessive control...

social network computer addiction In a recent study by the University of Athens, Greek psychiatrists claim that a woman went so far as to lose her job because of her desire to check Facebook profile updates...

The study of the method of fairy tale therapy as a direction of modern practical psychology

Consider an example psychological work with the fairy tale "Ryaba the Hen" (Zinkevich-Evstigneeva). Interestingly, the shorter the tale, the more concentrated meaning it has. What is this tale about? about the gift of fate ("golden egg") and that ...

Methods for resolving conflicts in an organization

Consider conflict situations on the example of the trading company Edelweiss LLP. Trade is considered a conflict area. Every day in the course of activity arises a large number of disagreements that escalate into conflicts...

supraconscious processes

Let's look at the example of intuition and creative thinking. The first striking example of a supraconscious process is intuition. Here is what K.G. writes about her. Jung: “Intuition (from Latin Intueri - to contemplate) is, in my understanding, one of the main psychological functions...

non-verbal language, or body language

The concept of psychological health and personality

Nature of ethnic conflict

AT modern world, unfortunately, ethnic confrontations take place. They are characterized by a certain degree of political influence, the creation of social movements ...

Conflict prevention is one of the areas professional activity social worker

We will study various situations from life in which the data from the theoretical part of our work are also a theoretical justification for the occurrence of these situations. First, consider situations with increased conflict of the individual. [p...

Psychodiagnostic possibilities of conversation

Correct. K-client. M-manager. M: Good afternoon! K: Hello! M: My name is Yana. Take a seat, please. K: Evgeny Nikolaevich. M: Evgeny Nikolaevich, how can I help you? K: I want to have an unforgettable two week vacation...

Psychological features broadcast by the genres of men's glossy magazines

Gender stereotypes often act as social norms. Regulatory and informational pressure forces us to obey gender norms. Regulatory pressure is...

Psychology of panic

Mass Panic Phenomenon: On an autumn night in 1938 in the small American town of Grovers Mill, New Jersey, according to the famous radio dramatization fantasy novel English writer G. Wells "War of the Worlds" ...

Psychotechnics of Primary Integration

Exercise "I'm not born yet" Material: sheets of paper, paints (and to them: brushes, water containers), pencils, felt-tip pens, recording of calm and melodic music, any music player ...

Role-playing games

1. Purpose A well-executed training exercise will greatly invigorate and amuse the participants. Group size 8-14 people Time 10-15 minutes Instructions Let's split into two equal in number of team members...

Social Psychology big social groups: classes, peoples, society as a whole

As already mentioned in the introduction, the socio-psychological study of the characteristics of large social groups encounters a number of difficulties ...