The main stages of the settlement of the southern Urals. Ural peoples
Located in the very center of Eurasia, Ural mountains throughout the history of mankind have been a real crucible of migration flows. In the era of the great migration of peoples, this region was a kind of corridor along which various tribes roamed in search of better lands.
The ancient Aryans, Huns, Scythians, Khazars, Pechenegs and representatives of other nationalities, as scientists believe, came from the Urals, leaving their mark there. Therefore, the modern population of this region is distinguished by such ethnic diversity.
ancient arias
In 1987, on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region, members of the Ural-Kazakhstan archaeological expedition discovered a fortified settlement built at the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. This historical monument is called Arkaim. According to scientists, once it was a city of the ancient Aryans, who later migrated from the lands of the Southern Urals to the territory of modern Iran and India.
Archaeologists have discovered several monuments of the Arkaim type in the Chelyabinsk region, in the southeast of Bashkortostan, in the Orenburg region and in the north of Kazakhstan. All these settlements were built about 4 thousand years ago, in the Bronze Age. They are attributed to the so-called Sintashta culture, which arose during the Indo-European migration of the Aryans.
Arkaim was a well-fortified city-fortress, it was protected by two circular walls at once. The inhabitants of the ancient settlement, according to anthropologists, belonged to the Caucasoid race. They were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Pottery workshops worked in the city, local craftsmen made various metal products.
Some ethnographers consider the inhabitants of Arkaim to be the ancestors of the Slavs.
Scythians
The Iranian-speaking tribes of nomadic pastoralists, which originated in the Altai, more than once conquered the territory of the Urals during their migrations. Returning from a campaign in the Middle East, the warlike Scythians settled in this region in the 7th century BC. They had a huge impact on the development of local culture, almost everything - from livestock equipment to clothing - the inhabitants of the Ural steppes borrowed from the Scythians.
Weapons and horse harness, the first bronze mirrors, stucco vessels and many other household items related to the Scythian culture are found by scientists in archaeological excavations in the Urals. Until the 4th century AD, representatives of this ancient people lived in this region, then they migrated to the south of Eastern Europe.
Sarmatians
Sarmatians (Savromats) migrated to the Urals, according to scientists, from the lands of modern Mongolia. They coexisted with the Scythians, sometimes being on friendly terms, sometimes being irreconcilably at enmity. Many ethnographers call these tribes related in origin. The ancient historian Herodotus even believed that the Sarmatians originated from the marriages of Scythian youths with representatives of the warlike tribe of the Amazons.
Between 280-260 BC, the Sarmatians invaded the Urals from the Don steppes, but failed to completely enslave the local population. A long neighborhood led to the fact that the Sarmatians adopted many customs and traditions from the Scythians.
In 2007, near the village of Kichigino, Chelyabinsk region, archaeologists discovered amazing gold jewelry created by the Sarmatians. In the burial of a noble woman were: a diadem, various bracelets and beads, as well as a bronze vessel. Despite belonging to the culture of the Sarmatians, these products of ancient masters are similar in manufacturing technology to the famous Scythian gold.
Later, the Sarmatians were forced out of the Urals to the west by the warlike Huns.
Huns
The first Turkic-speaking Xiongnu came from China to the Ural steppes in the 4th century AD. Here they mixed with the local Ugric tribes - this is how the Huns appeared. They created a huge empire that stretched all the way to the German lands. It was the invasion of the Huns into Europe that gave impetus to the great migration of peoples. Thanks to them, the Eastern Proto-Slavs freed themselves from the influence of the Goths and Iranian-speaking tribes.
During the time of the famous commander Atilla, who ruled his people from 434 to 453, the Huns tried to capture not only Byzantium, but also the Roman Empire. After the death of Attila, a huge empire was destroyed by internecine strife, which was skillfully used by numerous enemies, most of whom belonged to Germanic tribes.
Avars
In the 6th century, the Avars invaded the Urals from Asia. This people was a union of several tribes, most of which were Turkic-speaking. Although some researchers classify the Avars, rather, to the Mongols. However, they also included the so-called Nirun clans, whose representatives belonged to the Caucasoid race.
In the surviving chronicles Ancient Russia representatives of this people are called obrams. The Avars were nomadic herders. They lingered for a short time in the Ural steppes, having moved to Europe. Between the Carpathians and the Danube, the Avar Khaganate was created, from where numerous raids were made on the lands of the Slavs, Germans, Bulgaria and Byzantium.
At the end of the 8th century, the Franks defeated the Avars as a result of a twenty-year war, and subsequently the representatives of this people were assimilated by the Hungarians and Bulgarians.
Khazars
The next people who settled for some time in the Ural steppes are the Khazars. In the 7th century they created a state whose lands stretched far to the west, covering the Volga region, the Caucasus, the northern Black Sea region and part of the Crimean peninsula.
Initially, the Khazars were Turkic-speaking nomadic herders, but settled life inevitably led to the development of agriculture and various crafts. In Khazaria arose big cities trade began to develop. At the end of the 9th century, after the collapse of the state, movement along the Great Silk Road from China to Europe resumed in the Southern Urals. And merchants from the Rus tribe began to visit these lands in order to exchange goods with local residents.
Pechenegs
AT X-XI centuries the Ural steppes flooded the Pechenegs. Like the Avars, they were a union of nomadic tribes of Turkic, Finno-Ugric and Sarmatian origin. The Pechenegs were engaged in cattle breeding on the banks of the Yaik (Ural River) and in the lower reaches of the Volga.
Armed with bows, spears and sabers, the Pechenegs often made mounted raids on the Slavs and other neighboring tribes. Over time, some of the representatives of this people assimilated the Polovtsians, some mixed with Russians and Ukrainians, the rest became the ancestors of modern Gagauz, having moved to the territory of modern Moldova.
Polovtsy
Almost simultaneously with the Pechenegs, the Cumans migrated to the Urals. This Turkic-speaking people originated on the banks of the Irtysh. The Polovtsians are usually attributed to the Kipchak tribes, who are the ancestors of part of the current Bashkirs and Kazakhs.
Numerous stele-shaped stone sculptures found by scientists on mounds and along the banks of the Ural rivers were installed by the Polovtsians. It is believed that this people had a cult of ancestors. And the sculptures that marked the graves are a tribute to the memory of deceased relatives.
In the XI century, the Cumans quickly captured new territories, as well as the south of Eastern Europe. They made frequent predatory raids on Russia. In the XII century, the united Russian squads were already able to repulse the invaders.
Interestingly, famous Russian folk tales and legends, the enemy kings Tugarin Zmeevich and Bonyaka Sheludivy are real historical figures: Polovtsian khans Tugorkan and Bonyak, who ruled their tribes at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries.
After the strengthening of Ancient Russia, realizing the futility of further raids, one part of the Polovtsy migrated beyond the Urals, the other part - to Transcaucasia and Transnistria.
And in the XIII century, with the army of Batu Khan, representatives of many peoples conquered by the Mongols fell into the Ural steppes. This region can be called a real melting pot, where various Aryan, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Mongolian, Scythian and Sarmatian tribes left their mark.
The Urals is known as a multinational region with a rich culture based on ancient traditions. Not only Russians live here (who began to actively populate the Urals from the 17th century), but also Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, Mari, Chuvashs, Mordvins and others.
The appearance of man in the Urals
The first man appeared in the Urals about 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened earlier, but so far there are no finds related to an earlier period at the disposal of scientists. The oldest Paleolithic site of primitive man was discovered in the area of Lake Karabalykty, not far from the village of Tashbulatovo in the Abzelilovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, well-known researchers of the Urals, claim that ordinary Neanderthals were the great-proto-Urals. It is established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a whole skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, the time of whose life fell just on the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of the Urals during the period of settlement of this territory.
Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger lay in wait for them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and care for each other helped the primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, gathering are the main ways to get food.
Successful hunting meant a lot to the whole tribe, so people sought to propitiate nature through complex rituals. Rites were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this are the preserved rock paintings, including a unique monument - the Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) river in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan.
Inside the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches for 500 m in length. Corridors lead to a mountain lake.
It is on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings of primitive man, created with the help of ocher, have been preserved. Here are figures of mammoths, horses and rhinos. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity.
Mari (Cheremis)
The Mari (Mari) or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in Sverdlovsk region. How ethnic community developed by the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD. Big role in the ethnogenesis of this people, the neighboring tribes of the Udmurts and Mordovians played. After the defeat of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars, the Mari began to move to the northeast, pushing the Udmurts to the upper reaches of the Vyatka River.
They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordanes under the name "oremiscano". The Tatars called this people "cheremysh", which meant "obstacle". Before the start of the revolution in 1917, the Mari, as a rule, were called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then given word was deemed offensive and removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world.
Udmurts
The formation of the ancient Udmurts happened as a result of the mixing of the Finno-Permian and Ugric peoples in the 9th century AD. The ancestors of the Udmurts were formed in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama rivers. They left two large groups: southern (they lived on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Kama River and the tributaries of the Vyatka - Vale and Kilmezi) and northern (they appeared as a result of resettlement to Vyatka, Cheptsa and the Upper Kama region after the Mongol-Tatar invasion in the 13th century). The main city of the Udmurts was, apparently, Idnakar - a fortified craft, trade and administrative center.
The ancestors of the northern Udmurts were representatives of the Chepetsk culture of the 9th-15th centuries, and the southern Udmurts - of the Chumoitly and Kochergin cultures. According to historians, to XVI century the number of Udmurts did not exceed 3.5-4 thousand people.
Nagaibaki
There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaybaks are representatives of the ethnographic group baptized Tatars Volga-Ural region. It's indigenous small people RF. Nagaybak Cossacks participated in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. Live in the Chelyabinsk region.
Tatars
Tatars are the second largest people of the Urals (after Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. Significant migrations of the Volga Tatars to the Urals were observed in the 18th century.
Agafurovs - in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars
Culture of the peoples of the Urals
The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals went to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian.
The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious stories. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures.
It is impossible not to mention the unsurpassed skill and imagination of folk craftsmen. The products of masters from the Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia.
The region is also known for wood and bone carvings. Wooden roofs of traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved "skates" or "chickens". It is customary for the Komi to install wooden figures of birds near the house on separate poles. There is such a thing as "Perm animal style". What are the ancient figurines of mythical creatures cast in bronze, found during excavations.
Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and Jewelry. This direction has gained authority in the European market.
A strong tradition is the desire to have a family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere the elders, so the main family members are grandparents. The descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.
Every day brings new knowledge that completely breaks the paradigm of history and science, or rather pseudo-history and pseudo-science. Much of the knowledge of mankind turns out to be a lie. Such is the time now. The era of Darkness has ended and the Earth is rapidly approaching the end of the Great Transition to a new era - the era of Light.
It is generally accepted that we are a young Russian nation. Four thousand years ago, the Egyptian pyramids were already built, great civilizations flourished in different parts light, and we have not really started anything yet. No culture, no writing, no state until almost the 9th century. Such a past was invented for us by German pseudo-historians in the 18th century.
This is how all the history textbooks repeat to this day, and this is how the church textbooks are maniacally shouting at us, and after them politicians. 74% of Russians still think so. Before the adoption of Christianity, the Slavs were wild cave barbarians. Everything that contradicts this dogma is usually destroyed or ignored. But it doesn't work anymore. All their dogmas are bursting at the seams.
It is generally accepted that 6,000 years ago, the first Sumerian civilization was born on Earth. But meanwhile, on the territory of the modern Urals and Siberia, long before the Sumerians, another much more developed civilization flourished for many thousands of years.
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Ancient history of the Southern Urals
In the Chelyabinsk region, on Lake Turgoyak, there is the island of Vera, on which ancient man-made caves are located and where we have been many times. At some time in the 18th century, the Old Believers hid here and it was believed that they built these impressive stone structures. In addition, defeated Pugachevites were hiding on the island, and in the 19th century there lived a nun or hermit Vera, by whose name the island is still called.
But quite recently, some intelligent archaeologist was brought to the island of Vera, research began, and it suddenly turned out that our megaliths are much older than the famous Stonehenge. Very brave researchers began to put forward versions that it was here in the Urals that all modern civilization was born, at least on the territory of Eurasia.
Chelyabinsk Archaeologist Stanislav Grigoriev says that "these megaliths of Vera Island are much brighter and more interesting than Stonehenge. Why? There are several objects of various types on a 6-hectare site."
Once this building was 3.5 meters high and served as an observatory. There is a hole located there so that on the days of the summer and winter solstices the sunbeam penetrates and hits exactly on the altar. One or another astronomical day came. The annual cycle was divided into 4 parts: from summer solstice at the spring equinox, then the winter solstice and the vernal equinox. These 4 days were apparently the main annual milestones, religious rites and holidays among people.
The main significance of the observatory is not even in how people thought of following the movement of the stars in this way (someone could teach them), but in the fact that the observatory is made of huge stone slabs of several tens of tons. The largest slab is estimated at 17 tons. Length from 1.5 to 2.5 meters and 0.5 meters wide. Somehow, the ancient South Urals were able not only to drag the blocks, but also to fold them correctly so reliably that even thousands of years later the megalith did not collapse.
There is a central hall, it is connected to the side rooms. The age of the building is determined at 6 thousand years. Nearby on the island there is a quarry where construction material. It was necessary to first break off the block, then process it so that the block lay flat, then transport it. In some places there are such blocks with even, clearly processed edges. How did they do it? Primitive hacks-chisels or what? Elongated holes-holes are visible in the blocks. Presumably, something was inserted into them, maybe wooden poles. They swelled and chipped.
In addition, an ancient smelting furnace was discovered on the island of Vera. Its design suggests that the technology of melting metals practically did not differ from that used a couple of centuries ago. Throughout the Urals, archaeologists have discovered many traces of ancient metallurgy. Some are 9,000 years old. The ancient Urals full program smelted metals. Traces of copper smelting have been found on Vera Island. The chimney with the remains of soot on the stones is clearly distinguished. It is obvious that not wild tribes of hunters and fishermen lived here, but there was some kind of complex social organization.
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There are many incredible archaeological finds on the territory of the Southern Urals. This is the Zyuratkul geoglyph - the largest in the world. This is the Country of Cities - Ural Gardarika. The discovery of Arkaim and other ancient cities (more than 20) of the Sintashta culture posed the problem of civilization in general. It is interesting that when American archaeologists came to Arkaim, ours told them that they should rewrite history again. To which the Americans replied: "Yes, you must, but we will never allow you to do this." That's it! Fortunately, America's history is ending. Black, the 44th is their last. And we will rewrite our history.
Photo Model of Arkaim
Every 60-70 kilometers in the Urals there were such fortified centers. And most of them are found in the Southern Urals. Arkaim turned out to be the most famous and well-preserved. Interestingly, the inner wall of the Arkaim settlement is equal in diameter to Stonehenge. They also lie on the same latitude. Part of the settlement was excavated, and the rest was restored by geomagnetic scanning of the soil. They try to museify the territory, to save it for the future. Maybe new technologies will come. Arkaim is a miracle of architectural thought, a thoughtful system of life, communications (lighting and sewerage), defense and metallurgical production. In each compartment there was a melting furnace, there was a well. All the finds speak of the highest level of development of the inhabitants of the ancient Urals 3 thousand years before new era. Archaeologists suggest that the inhabitants of Arkaim could be accommodated around the central square with all the staff on the roofs and this could be a meeting or a veche for them to make some decisions or elections.
It was discovered in the Sintashta settlement that the world's first war chariots appeared right here in the South Urals. How are they preserved? The chariots were installed in parallel depressions previously dug in the bottom of the burial ground. Then they all fell asleep and tamped down, and after 4 thousand years they were torn off and got excellent wheel prints in dense clay.
The wheels had a diameter of about 1 meter, 8-12 spokes, a body was built on the axle. The whole construction was carried out without a single nail. since two horses were harnessed to the chariot, two sets of bridles were left in the graves (bone details were preserved). The tradition of placing chariots in the graves of the steppe peoples ceased about 3500 thousand years ago. The chariot is called a tank bronze age. It was a powerful offensive weapon. There was no way to defend against the swift raids of the chariot army. Ancient evidence has been preserved in the Middle East of what horror the troops of the northern newcomers inflicted on them. So, thanks to the chariots, the Aryans quickly spread from the Southern Urals to India and the Middle East, to Europe, to Mongolia.
Before the discovery of Arkaim (1980s), it was believed that only primitive, underdeveloped tribes lived in the South Ural steppes. Now we believe that in the South Ural steppe there was a highly developed civilization of the Aryans - the ancestors of the Slavs who migrated from the Subpolar latitudes. Zarathustra lived in these steppes. Arias is the self-name of the people. Then they migrated further to India, Persia, became Indo-Aryans and Irano-Aryans. The ancient Aryans are the ancestors of the Indo-European world. The oldest texts of the Rigveda and Avesta were born here in oral form, and were written down later. The Rigveda directly states that the great-grandfathers of the Indians lived under the constellation Ursa Major i.e. beyond the Arctic Circle.
In 2007, they translated the Indian treatise "Vimani-kashastra" about flying chariots (flying carpets). They flew at incredible speeds for us, they used the principle of a geroscope. The conclusion was shocking. Two royal clans fought on the vimanas. At the same time, as the epic describes, the ancients used the most terrible weapon(nuclear or even stronger?). The Ramayana also describes such ancient wars. In the Urals, for example, there are many rocks, as it were, "flowing", that is, the impression that the stone was melted under the influence of enormous temperature. Perhaps the nuclear version of the sudden death of the Great Tartaria, the largest and strongest state in the world from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean, is not without meaning ...
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The South Ural antiquities include the Ignatievskaya Cave on the Sim River in the Chelyabinsk Region with drawings that are 14 thousand years old. Moreover, they depict the process of creating life, as our ancestors saw it. This is a depiction of the myth of the creation of life on Earth.
Photo Ignatievskaya cave
These are incredible tungsten springs (tungsten melting point 3000 degrees), which are more than 100 thousand years old. And then mankind did not yet exist according to pseudo-history. They were found in the Subpolar Urals when sifting rocks during gold mining. But the most incredible thing is the microscopic inscriptions in Russian S RUSI YARA, ROTOR, RUKA YARA, etc. So in the Subpolar Urals hundreds of thousands of years ago there was a developed Slavic civilization with nanotechnologies.
Mikhailo Lomonosov fought against the perversion of the history of Russia, he was an implacable opponent of the German Miller. Lomonosov wrote the book "History of the Russian people", but he could not publish it. The archives have disappeared without a trace. The perverted history invented by Miller has already been taken as a dogma. For 300 years this humiliation of the Russian people by pseudoscience and pseudohistory has been going on. It's time to cancel this nonsense. Obscurantist churchmen burned chronicles, ancient books. But the Slavic Vedas have been preserved for all 26 thousand years since our Hyperborean ancestors left the freezing Arctida, they have not been destroyed. They are in special storage facilities in Siberia, under energy protection, inaccessible to dark forces. Knowledge is generally indestructible on the subtle plane (Akasha Chronicles). The power of darkness on Earth is coming to an end, the New Age is coming, the Vedas and all knowledge are gradually returning.
PEOPLES OF THE MIDDLE URALS, SVERDLOVSK REGION: Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Maris, Germans, Azerbaijanis, Udmurts, Belarusians, Armenians, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Chuvashs, Kirghiz, Mordovians, Jews, Kazakhs, Gypsies, Moldovans, Chinese, Georgians, Greeks , Poles, Komi-Permyaks, Yezidis, Lezgins, Koreans, Bulgarians, Chechens, Avars, Ossetians, Lithuanians, Komi, Latvians, Ingush, Turkmens, Yakuts, Estonians, Kumyks, Dargins, Mansi Indigenous peoples of the Ural Voguls are Russian Hungarians. Original Ural - who is he? For example, Bashkirs, Tatars and Mari have lived in this region for only a few centuries. However, even before the arrival of these peoples given land was populated. On the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, in addition to the Tatars and Mari, Mansi have a compact settlement, whose settlements are located in the north. The Mansi is characterized by a very specific settlement network, which is a reflection of a semi-nomadic lifestyle - very unstable, changeable. In the Verkhotursky district of the Perm province at the beginning of the 20th century. there were 24 settlements Voguls (Mansi), in which about 2 thousand people lived [see: Chagin, 1995.85]. In 1928, 7 Mansi villages were noted in the Tagil district of the Ural region. But, apparently, this is an incomplete list. In archival documents in 1930, 36 nomadic villages were noted, in 1933 - 28. The indigenous people were Mansi, who were called Voguls before the revolution. On the map of the Urals, and now you can find rivers and settlements called "Vogulka". The Mansi are a small people, which include 5 groups isolated from each other in accordance with the habitat: Verkhoturskaya (Lozvinskaya), Cherdynskaya (Visherskaya), Kungurskaya (Chusovskaya), Krasnoufimskaya (Klenovsko-Bisertskaya), Irbitskaya. Today Mansi is getting smaller and smaller. At the same time, only a couple of dozen people live according to the old traditions. Youth is looking for a better life and doesn't even know the language. In search of a job, young Mansi tend to go to Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug for education and income. Komi-Permyaks Komi-Permyaks living in the Perm Territory appeared towards the end of the first millennium. From the 12th century, Novgorodians entered the area, engaged in the exchange and trade of furs. Bashkirs Mentions of the Bashkirs are found in chronicles starting from the 10th century. They were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, fishing, hunting, beekeeping. In the X century they were annexed to the Volga Bulgaria and in the same period Islam penetrated there. In 1229, Bashkiria was attacked by the Mongol-Tatars. In the 17th century, Russians began to actively come to Bashkiria, among whom were peasants, artisans, and merchants. Bashkirs began to lead sedentary life. The annexation of the Bashkir lands to Russia caused a repeated uprising of the indigenous people. In the Pugachev uprising (1773-1775), the Bashkirs took an active part. During this period he became famous national hero Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev. As punishment for the Yaik Cossacks who took part in the rebellion, the Yaik River was named Ural. Mari The Mari or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. First mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordanes. Total on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region in the XX century. 39 settlements with the Mari population were noted, located on the territory of Artinsky, Achitsky, Krasnoufimsky, Nizhneserginsky districts. Nagaibaki There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaibaks are representatives of the ethnographic group of baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. This is the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. Nagaybak Cossacks participated in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. Live in the Chelyabinsk region. Tatars Tatars are the second largest people of the Urals (after Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. In total, 88 settlements were identified on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region in which the Tatars lived, of which 12 had a mixed Bashkir-Tatar population, 42 were Russian-Tatar, and one was Mari-Tatar. Tatar villages are concentrated mainly in the southwest of the Sverdlovsk region - in Artinsky, Achitsky, Krasnoufimsky, Nizhneserginsky districts. The nesting type of settlement as a whole is still preserved, and a number of village councils can be distinguished, which mainly consist of Tatar villages: Russian-Potamsky, Talitsky, Azigulovsky, Ust-Manchazhsky, Bugalyshsky, etc. Mordva in the Middle Urals during the second half of the 20th century. characterized by a special dispersal of settlement. In the Sverdlovsk region in 1939 there were 10,755 people, and by 1989 - 15,453 people, and 89.7% of them belonged to the townspeople. Areas of compact residence of Mordovians in countryside Sverdlovsk region are absent. In 1989, 2 settlements were registered here: der. Keys of the Sysert district and vil. Khomutovka in the city of Pervouralsk, in which a mixed composition of the population is noted, consisting of Russians and Mordovians. Of great interest is the study of the dynamics of Kazakh rural settlements. In 1959 there were 44 of them, and in 1989 - 6. In total, in the territory of the Middle Urals in the second half of the 20th century. 98 auls were registered, which is significantly more than the Tatar or Mari villages. It is possible to single out a number of areas where the largest number of Kazakh settlements is observed - the south and southeast of the Sverdlovsk region (Kamyshlov, Baikalovsky, Irbitsky, Pyshminsky, Sukholozhsky, Kamensky districts). In the northern and western regions of the region, Kazakh settlements are practically not found. The Middle Urals is currently a region inhabited by representatives of almost 100 nationalities. Geographically, it covers mainly the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, with the exception of its northern regions, as well as part of the Perm and south of the Chelyabinsk region.
From the series “About our “small” homeland”
The Middle Urals, especially its southwestern regions, are ethnographically interesting because they are multinational. Special place the Mari are occupied: firstly, they represent Finno-Ugric peoples here; secondly, they were the second, after the Bashkirs and Tatars, (and in some cases the first) to settle several centuries ago on the vast expanses of the ancient Ufa plateau.
The Finno-Ugric group unites 16 peoples, there are more than 26 million of them in total; among them, the Mari occupy the sixth place.
The very name of this people is “Mari”, which means “man; man”, of global meaning: this word has the same meaning in Indian, French, Latin, Persian.
Finno-Ugric tribes in ancient times lived from the Trans-Urals to the Baltic, as evidenced by numerous geographical names.
The ancient homeland of the Mari - the Middle Volga region - is the banks of the Volga, the interfluve of the Vetluga and Vyatka: they lived here more than 1500 years ago, and the burials say: their distant ancestors chose this region 6000 years ago.
The Mari belong to the Caucasoid race, but they have some signs of Mongoloidity, they are referred to the Subural anthropological type. The nucleus formed in the 1st. thousand AD in the Volga-Vyatka interfluve of the ancient Mari ethnic group there were Finno-Ugric tribes. In the 10th. century, the Mari were first mentioned in a Khazar document as “ts-r-mis”, Ugrovediers believe that among the ancient Mari tribes there was a tribe “chere”, which paid tribute to the Khazar kagan (king) Joseph, and on the basis of two tribes “Merya” and “ chere (mis) the Mari people arose, although until 1918 this people had the colonial name Cheremis.
In one of the first Russian chronicles, The Tale of Bygone Years (12th century), Nestor wrote: “They all sit on Beloozero, and measure on Lake Rostov, and measure on Lake Kleshchina. And along the Otsera river, where you flow into the Volga, Murom has its tongue, and Cheremis has its tongue ... "
“Then there were about 200 clans, united in 16 tribes, which were ruled by councils of elders. Once every 10 years, a council of all tribes met. The rest of the tribes created alliances ”- from the book. "Ural and Mari"; ed. S. Nikitin p. 19
Regarding the translation of the name of the tribe "Cheremis" there is different points vision: it is both warlike, and eastern, and forest, and marsh, and from the tribe “cher (e), Sar”.
“May your Lord send down His mercy on you and arrange your affairs for you with His blessing.” (From the Quran)
There is such a group of peoples, which is called the Finno-Ugric. Once they occupied a vast territory from the Baltic to Western Siberia", from the North to most of Central Russia, also covering the Volga and Cis-Urals. There are 25 million Finno-Ugric peoples in the world, among them the Mari occupy the sixth place - about 750 thousand, of which about 25-27 thousand in our region.
In unenlightened circles, it is generally accepted that the Mari until 1917 were a dark and ignorant people. There is some truth in this: Soviet power 18 men and 2 women knew an elementary letter out of 100 Mari, but it was not the fault of the people, but its misfortune, the source of which was the policy of the Moscow authorities, which brought the Finno-Finns of the Volga region to a shameful state - in bast shoes and with trachoma.
The Mari, as an oppressed nation, even under these conditions preserved their culture, traditions, their literacy: they had their own tamgas, which have been preserved from time immemorial, they knew the score and the value of money, they had unique symbols, especially in embroidery (Mari embroidery is an ancient pictographic letter! ), in wood carving, many knew the language of the neighboring people, by those standards there were literate people from among the village elders, volost clerks.
It cannot be said that a lot was done in the matter of educating the Mari people even before 1917, and all this was due to the reforms after 1861 during the reign of Alexander I. In those years, important fundamental and meaningful documents were published: which provided for the opening of one-class schools with a 3-year term of study, and in 1910 4-year ones began to open; The regulation "On Primary Public Schools" of 1874, allowing the opening of 2-class schools with a 3-year term of study, i.e. in the 1st and 2nd grades, they studied for a total of 6 years; in addition, from 1867 it was allowed to teach children in their native language.
In 1913 he passed All-Russian Congress workers public education; there was also a Mari delegation, which supported the idea of creating national schools.
Along with secular schools, she actively participated in the affairs of education. Orthodox Church: thus, since 1884 parochial schools began to open in Krasnoufimsky uyezd (under this regime, we observe, contrary to the Yeltsin Constitution, a merging of state church hierarchy- fraternization of top officials, active construction of new parishes with a shortage of places in preschool institutions and the reduction of schools and teachers, the introduction of a religious subject in school curriculum, the omnipresence of the church - she is in military units and prisons, the Academy of Sciences and the space agency, in schools and even ... in Antarctica).
We often hear “original Urals”, “native Krasnoufimets”, etc., although we know that the same Tatars, Russians, Mari, Udmurts have been living in the south-west of the region for some several hundred years. Were these lands inhabited before the arrival of these peoples? There were - and this indigenous people were the Voguls, as the Mansi were called in the period Russian Empire when, along with the titular nation - the Great Russians - there were peoples of the second plan, the so-called "foreigners".
On the geographical map In the Urals, the names of rivers and settlements with the same name "Vogulka" are still preserved: from the Efron-Brockhaus encyclopedia "Vogulka" - several rivers in the Krasnoufimsky district, the left tributary of the Sylva River; in Cherdynsky district - the left tributary of the Elovka River; in the Yekaterinburg district at the dacha of the Verkhne-Tagil plant; in the Verkhotursky district - flows down from the tops of the Denezhkino stone.
Mansi (Voguls) - the people of the Finno-Ugric group of languages, they are close in language to the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Hungarians. No people has acquired such fame in science, due to their close relationship with the Hungarians. Once upon a time in antiquity they inhabited the territory to the North from the Yaik (Ural) River, later they were driven out by warlike nomadic tribes.
Nestor wrote about the Voguls in The Tale of Bygone Years: “The Yugra people speak incomprehensibly and live next to Samoyeds in the northern countries.” The ancestors of the Mansi (Voguls) were then called Yugra, and the Nenets were called Samoyeds.
The second mention in written sources of the Mansi dates back to 1396, when Novgorodians began to make military campaigns in Perm the Great.
Russian expansion met active resistance: in 1465, the Vogul princes Asyk and their son Yumshan made a trip to the banks of the Vychegda; in the same year, the punitive expedition of Ustyuzhanin Vasily Skryaba was organized by Tsar Ivan III; in 1483, the same devastation came with the regiments of the governor Fyodor Kursky-Cherny and Saltyk Travin; in 1499 under the command of Semyon Kurbsky, Peter Ushakov, Vasily Zabolotsky-Hawk. In 1581, the Voguls attacked the Stroganov cities, and in 1582 they approached Cherdyn; active pockets of resistance were suppressed in the 17th century.
In parallel, the Christianization of the Voguls was going on; they were first baptized in 1714, re-baptized in 1732, later even in 1751.
Since the time of the “pacification” of the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals - Mansi, they were brought into a yasash state and submitted to the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty: “they paid one yasak to the treasury in foxes (2 pieces), in return for which they were allowed to use arable and hay lands, as well as forests, they they hunted already without special payment to the treasury; exempted from recruitment duty.
About the origin of the Bashkirs
The Turkic-speaking group unites several dozen languages. The region of their distribution is vast - from Yakutia to the banks of the Volga, from the Caucasus to the Pamirs.
In the Urals, this language group is represented by the Bashkirs and Tatars, who have their own state formations, although in reality there are hundreds of thousands of their fellow tribesmen outside the borders of these republics (which will become a “sore spot” in the event of an aggravation of interethnic relations).
Let's talk about the Bashkirs. The word "Bashkirs" in the Arab-Persian sources is given in the form "bashkard, bashgard, bajgard". The Bashkirs themselves call themselves "Bashkorts".
There are two points of view on the origin of the ethnonym "Bashkirs". "Bash" - head, "kurt" - a lot of insects (for example, bees). Perhaps this interpretation originated in ancient times, when people were engaged in beekeeping. "Bashka-Yurt" is a separate tribe that united scattered Bashkir tribes.
The Bashkirs are not the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals, their ancient tribesmen came here from the far East. According to legend, this happened in 16-17 generations (note, reader, taken from the sources of 1888-91), that is, 1100 years ago from today. Arab sources say that in the 8th century, seven tribes (Magyar, Nyek, Kyurt-Dyarmat, Enei, Kese, Kir, Tarya) made an alliance in the country of Etelgaz, and then moved to the West. Many researchers consider Altai to be the ancient homeland of the Bashkirs. A. Masudi, a writer of the early 10th century, speaking of the European Bashkirs, mentions the tribe of this people living in Asia, that is, remaining in their homeland. Researchers say that numerous Bashkir tribes mixed with other tribes during their advance to the Urals: with the Kirghiz-Kaisaks, Volga Bulgars, Nogais, Huns, Ugpo-Finns, Voguls and Ostyaks.
It is customary to divide the Bashkirs into mountain and steppe tribes, which, in turn, were divided into even smaller tribes. The Bashkirs adopted Islam relatively recently: this happened under Khan Uzbek in 1313-1326.
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