Sopka coastal missile system. Sopka coastal missile system

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 1

✯ Artifacts of past civilizations - against modern "science"

Subtitles

Hi all! Channel "Essence of Things" SECRETS OF THE WORLD. Artifacts of past civilizations - against modern "science" It seems that on Earth, as well as on other planets, civilizations were born and died repeatedly, leaving behind numerous traces. Plus, the planet must have been repeatedly visited by other intelligent beings... Material sources of past civilizations What I will acquaint you with today is known to many interested researchers. But all this information turns out to be unknown or inaccessible to the overwhelming majority of people, often only because official academic science does not want to explain many archaeological and written finds so as not to destroy the official picture of the development of intelligent life on our Earth that it has created. In this regard, it is necessary to talk about some of these findings and give appropriate explanations, especially since they fit very well into the picture of the development of intelligent life, which is given in Slavic sources. So, what has been found by archaeologists only in the last two centuries, and what is hidden in every possible way by official academic science? Rock explosions were carried out at a depth of 4.5-5 meters, and together with broken fragments of stone, an ancient vase was thrown to the surface, along the walls of which there were six flowers in the form of a bouquet, with a vine and a wreath. The vase was made of metal resembling zinc and inlaid with silver. The biggest secret find, which was pointed out by people who found fragments of the vase, was the fact that the vase was embedded in natural stone, which testified to the deep antiquity of the manufacture of the vase. The local rock, according to the maps of the US Geological Survey, is attributed to the Precambrian era and has an age of 600 million years. 2. In search of fragments of a meteorite, the expedition of the MAI-Kosmopoisk Center combed the fields in the south of the Kaluga region and, thanks to Dmitry Kurkov, found a piece of stone. When dirt was wiped off the stone, a bolt about a centimeter long was found on its chip, which somehow got there. The stone consistently visited the paleontological, zoological, physics and mathematics, aviation technology institutes, the Paleontological and Biological museums, laboratories and design bureaus, the Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow State University, as well as several dozen more specialists in various fields of knowledge. Paleontologists have removed all questions regarding the age of the stone: really ancient, it is 300-320 million years old. The “bolt” got into the rock before it hardened and, therefore, its age is no less than the age of the stone. 3. A humanoid skull was found in Siberia, devoid of superciliary ridges and dated at 250 million years old. 4. In 1882, the American Journal of Science published a report about the discovery near Carlson (Nevada) during the excavation of several human footprints in shoes of quite elegant execution, exceeding in size, and very significantly, the feet of a modern person. These footprints have been found in layers from the Carboniferous period. Their age is roughly dated to 200-250 million years. 5. In California, paired footprints were found, the size of which is about 50 cm, stretched out into a chain, in which the distance between the prints is two meters. These footprints indicate that they belong to people over 4 meters tall. These footprints are also about 200-250 million years old. 6. On the rocks Crimean peninsula, dating back to many millions of years, depicts a trace of a human foot 50 centimeters long. 7. In 1869, a piece of coal with an inscription in an incomprehensible language was brought to the surface from a coal mine in Ohio (USA). The find could not be deciphered, but scientists admitted that the letters were made before the coal hardened, that is, hundreds of millions of years ago. 8. In 1928, in a mine shaft in the state of Oklahoma (USA) at a depth of hundreds of meters, a wall of cubic blocks was discovered, with sides of 30 centimeters with perfect facets. Naturally, this wall aroused surprise, distrust, and even fear among the miners, since it dates back to the Carboniferous period, that is, to a period of 200-250 million years ago. 9. The expedition of the Bashkir State University, headed by Professor Alexander Chuvyrov, found on Southern Urals a fragment of a three-dimensional map of our earth, created 70 million years ago. A plate covered with various signs was dug up in the vicinity of Mount Chandur. The surface of the upper face was smooth, like porcelain. Fingers felt glass under the yellowed ceramic veneer. Then the fingers felt the velvety surface of the stone - dolomite. Ceramics, glass and stone - in nature, such compounds do not occur. In 1921, the historian-researcher Vakhrushev, who visited Chandura, mentioned the plates in his report. He reported that there were six plates, but four were lost. The sources of the 19th century say that there were two hundred plates. The Chinese who participated in the research reported that such ceramics had never been produced in China, as they were as hard as diamonds. The stone - dolomite - also turned out to be strange, absolutely homogeneous, which is not currently found in nature. The glass turned out to be diopside. They learned how to cook like this at the end of the 20th century. However, the glass of the plate is not welded, but produced by some unknown cold chemical process. At the junction with stone and ceramics, the compound is a so-called nanomaterial. Mysterious signs were applied to the glass with some kind of tool. And only then the surface was covered with a layer of ceramics. The map shows the relief that was in the Southern Urals 120 million years ago. The most striking thing is that, in addition to rivers, mountains and valleys, strange canals and dams are marked. A whole system of hydraulic structures with a total length of twenty thousand kilometers. A fragment of an ancient map (slab) weighed more than a ton, it was barely pulled out of the pit. In order to visually study the relief of the map without distortion, the growth of the intelligent being who could use it should be about three meters. The size of the plates exactly correlates with astronomical values. For complete map our land needs 125,000 slabs. The equator fits into 356 such stone maps. This corresponds exactly to the number of days in a year for that period. Then it was nine days shorter. The signs on the map turned out to be mathematically accurate. Some of them have been deciphered. It turned out that in the left corner there is a diagram of the celestial sphere, indicating the angle of rotation of our Earth, the inclination of its axis, and the inclination of the axis of revolution of the Moon. Imprints of shells of mollusks that lived in those distant times were also found. Apparently, the creators of the plates deliberately left these "time marks". After studying the plate in various scientific institutions, including foreign ones, it was concluded that the plate is not a fake, but a reliable artifact of the distant past of our earth, which allows us to conclude that it was created by intelligent beings. 10. No less impressive is the collection of Dr. Cabrera, a citizen of Peru, who, since the early 60s of the XX century, has collected in the area of ​​​​the small town of Ica great amount(about 12 thousand) oval stones (from very small ones, the size of a fist, to hundred-kilogram boulders). The entire surface of these stones is dotted with shallow drawings of people, objects, maps, animals, and even numerous scenes from life. The main mystery of the stones from Peru is the images themselves. On the surface, with the help of some sharp tool, scenes of hunting for ancient animals were scratched: dinosaurs, brontosaurs, brachiosaurs; scenes of surgical operations for transplanting organs of the human body; people viewing objects through a magnifying glass, studying celestial objects with a telescope or spyglass; geographical maps with unknown continents. One of the French journalists of the Parimatch newspaper, describing the collection, suggested that through the drawings on the stones of Ica, some ancient civilization with a high level of development wanted to convey information about itself to future civilizations, suggesting an impending catastrophe. Something similar has already happened in Latin America. In July 1945, monuments of ancient Mexico were discovered. The American collector V. Zhulsrud bought up a large number of items. The images on them resembled dinosaurs, plesiosaurs, mammoths, as well as people in the neighborhood with extinct ancient reptiles. These finds have been much discussed by both historians and archaeologists. However, they did not come to a positive conclusion and attributed them to falsifications. The Ica stones that have appeared, more diverse, more detailed, more numerous, with a large number of images, put the official historical science into a dead end, from which it can only get out by revising all its conceptual foundations. One serious feature in the image of a person in the drawings catches the eye. These images have a disproportionately large head. The head-to-body ratio is 1:3 or 1:4, while modern man has a head-to-body ratio of 1:7. Dr. Cabrera, who studied the found stones with drawings, came to the conclusion that such a ratio of proportions in the structure of ancient intelligent beings suggests that they are not our ancestors. This is also evidenced by the structure of the hands of the creatures depicted in the figures. The professor devoted more than 10 years to studying the exhibits found before he made the first public conclusions. One of the main conclusions suggests that on the American continent in ancient times there were sentient beings, similar to modern man and extinct as a result of some kind of catastrophe, who by the time of their death had great knowledge and experience. Ica stones are assembled into groups according to the directions: geographical, biological, ethnographic, etc. 11. The presence of great knowledge and experience is indicated by drawings depicting trepanation of skulls, as well as skulls of various sizes and shapes. Big sizes skulls with an elongated and rounded occiput indicate that in the distant past, some people had a brain mass three times that of modern people. The ability to change skulls and increase the mass of the brain suggests that people of the distant past possessed the secrets of the Gods - Teachers who created them. This is also evidenced by the megaliths of the Peruvian city of Tiwanaku. Ancient structures were assembled from beautifully processed stones weighing several tens of tons and fitted to each other so that it is still impossible to stick a knife blade between them. There is a firm belief that the builders of these structures had the secret of softening the rock, after which they sculpted from it, like from plasticine, what they wanted, as well as the secrets of gravity, since it is easy to move whole stone blocks of several tens of tons over fair distances in mountainous conditions by conventional means impossible. Some ancient structures in Peru were destroyed by explosions of unprecedented force, most likely nuclear explosions. From them remained funnels and huge blocks of inverted rock. No less interesting are the drawings found in the Nazca desert in Peru, laid out on the ground and depicting various birds and various geometric shapes. It was possible to detect these images with the help of aviation. Who and when posted these drawings, and for what purpose did they serve? 12. In 1982, 140 kilometers from Yakutsk, the Prilensky archaeological expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR under the leadership of Yu. Molchanov, at an altitude of 105-120 meters near the Lena River, found more than four and a half thousand objects of material culture in geological layers, whose age is about 3 million years. 13. Legends about the arriving star Gods, in addition to being widespread, have some foundations. This can be evidenced by an archaeological expedition of the 70s of the XX century to the ancient Mexican city of Cholum, 100 kilometers from Mexico City. The ritual complex excavated at Cholumu was dated to the 7th-13th centuries and was dedicated to two "Gods": a man and a woman who flew from Heaven with other "Gods", but remained to teach people various sciences and agriculture. As a result of unknown events, the "Gods" died, but the inhabitants, grateful to them for these sciences, arranged a crypt for them and built a ritual complex. The German archaeologist who carried out the excavations took several pictures from the surviving skulls. The photographs show huge craniums, with their drop-shaped shape resembling the skull of a “star child”. And yet, the most famous skull in various circles, which caused many interpretations and hypotheses, turned out to be the skull of the “child of Taung”. It was discovered back in 1924 during excavations of the village of the same name in Northwest Africa. The mystery of the skull, which is undoubtedly attributed to the humanoid species, has been tormenting scientists from different directions for more than 70 years. Some consider it the skull of a mutant child, others - the skull of an adult. Lee Berger and Ron Clark from the University of the Witwatesorand have been studying a skull of a huge volume with a powerful forehead and a slightly elongated nape for several years and have come to the conclusion that it does not belong to an earthly creature. It is also established that he died by hitting the stones. Moreover, the researchers finally established themselves in the idea that, despite a number of features, the skull belonged to an adult who lived two and a half million years ago. On our land there are skulls with injuries inflicted thousands of years ago with the help of firearms. The Natural History Museum in London displays the skull of a human being, which was found in 1921 in what is now Zambia. The skull, dubbed the Broken Hill find, is interesting in that it has a perfect round hole with perfectly smooth edges on its left side. The shape of the wound indicates that it was made by a bullet flying at high speed. On the opposite side of the skull was another hole, indicating that the bullet had passed through. This was confirmed by forensic experts from Berlin. The fact is that a strange find was discovered at a depth of 18 meters, and this could not have happened if a creature of a different species had been killed in the centuries when firearms penetrated into Central Africa. Several such remains have been found. For example, the skull of a bison, found near the banks of the Lena River, dates back 40 thousand years. It contains a hole with smooth edges, made by a bullet fired from a firearm. 14. In October 1922, Dr. Ballu alerted the readers of the New York magazine to the discovery of mining engineer John Reid. In the coal seams of the state of Nevada, a piece of stone was found with an imprint of the sole of a shoe frozen in its surface. Not only the contours of the sole were visible, but also a series of stitches that held the parts of the shoe together. The engineer showed the find to geologists at Columbia University, who considered it an imitation, although they admitted that the coal piece from the rocks could date back more than 5 million years. 15. In 1871, several bronze coins were found in a mine 42 meters deep, which was being developed in the state of Illinois. Naturally, coal seams that formed hundreds of thousands of years ago were developed in the mine, as evidenced by the depth of occurrence. The absence of other traces of human activity is also due to the time of formation of coal layers.? 16. One of the outstanding archaeological finds of the 70s of the XIX century was the Salzburg parallelepiped, stored in the museum of the German city of the same name. It was found in deposits of the Tertiary period (12 million years ago) and consisted of carbonaceous iron interspersed with nickel. Official scientists declared it a meteorite. However, this "meteorite" turned out to be very strange, as it had the shape of a processed cube. In addition, he did not have melting, which should have appeared in a real meteorite. Thus, everything suggests that this parallelepiped (cube) is a man-made product of intelligent beings. 17. In Philadelphia, at a depth of 21 meters, workers found a marble slab with letters carved on its surface. They called respected citizens from a nearby town, and they testified to the find, which lay under many layers of shale and ancient clay. 18. In the early years of the beginning of the millennium, the press of Russia was bypassed by the news about the discovery in the provincial village of Salamasov Tula region two huge stones covered with images of monkeys, panthers, dinosaurs, platypuses, disks, symbols of unknown purpose. Geological pits made on the site of Bald Mountain brought amazing data: the stones are 100-200 thousand years old. A real examination of the stones is yet to be done, but the discovery of the artifact itself indicates the existence of some kind of developed human culture in the distant past. 19. In India, on the outskirts of Delhi, near the Qutub Minar tower, there is a column consisting of pure iron . It contains 99.72% iron, the remaining 0.28% are impurities. On its black and blue surface, only subtle specks of corrosion can be seen. Who and when made this iron column is unknown. It is also unknown how and where she was brought to Delhi. This colossus weighs 6.8 tons. The lower diameter is 41.6 cm, towards the top it narrows to 30 cm. The height of the column is 7.5 m. The surprising thing is that at present, pure iron is produced in metallurgy by a very complex method and in small quantities, however, iron of such purity, like a column, it is impossible to obtain with modern technologies. 20. In the Indian village of Shivapur, not far from the local temple, there are two stones. The weight of one of them is 55 kilograms, the other is about 41. If eleven people touch the larger one with their fingers, and nine people touch the smaller one and all together utter a magic phrase on a strictly defined note, both stones rise to a height of about two meters and hang in the air for about a second, as if there was no gravity at all. Today, everyone who can afford a tourist trip to India is able to make sure that this is not a fiction. Stones are the attraction of any tourist route. 21. The roof of one of the temples of the city of Puri in India is made of a monolith weighing 20 thousand tons. How such a monolith was delivered to the city and raised to the temple, there is no answer. 22. Numerous finds by archaeologists in Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya also have a lot of surprises. In particular, at the end of the 20th century, bronze figurines of winged people were found in the permafrost on Vaigach Island. 23. The majestic temples and pyramids of both Americas, in the planning of which the interactions of the movements of the Sun and the Moon are recorded. For the architectural embodiment of these interactions, systematic observation of the movement of celestial bodies for more than one thousand years and scientific understanding of the results obtained are necessary. The accuracy with which the builders carried out all the calculations raises doubts that the Indians could do this. In any case, the Indians have not built anything like this in the last thousand years. 24. The calendar of the Mayan people was more accurate than the modern Gregorian, and they kept the chronology from 5,041,738 BC. This suggests that the inventors of the calendar and chronology, most likely, were not Indians. In addition, the most recent cycle of the Mayan calendar ends in 2012 according to the Gregorian calendar. Modern researchers of this calendar call 2012 the end of time. 25. Far from everything is clear with the Egyptian pyramids. The time of their construction, which was established by official academic science, is highly questionable. The accuracy of construction, the accuracy of orientation to the cardinal points and the energy of the pyramids are inaccessible even to modern builders, which directly indicates their construction in the distant past. In addition, some Sumerian writings dating back more than 10 thousand years have recently been deciphered. They say that the pyramids were already standing in those days. Apparently, it is no coincidence that the Egyptian civilization from the time of the first dynasties of the pharaohs, about 3200 years BC, already gives the impression of an established culture that accepted someone's ancient knowledge in a form accessible to their understanding. Subsequently, this knowledge was encrypted by the Egyptian priests as the final conclusions in the form of numerous teachings and instructions. 26. But if the American and Egyptian pyramids are more or less widely known, then few people know about the pyramids in other places on our Earth. More recently, it became known about the discovery of pyramidal structures in China. They are found in central regions China in the town of Mao-Lin and in some other agricultural regions of the country. The largest pyramid was found near the town of Qiyang. It has a height of up to 300 and a width at the base of up to 500 meters. Even taking into account the earthen, or, as archaeologists say, cultural layer, this pyramid is twice the size of the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops, which has a height of only 148 meters. It is impossible to learn anything about the secrets of the Chinese pyramids, since the leading scientists of China are absolutely sure that the state of academic science at this stage does not allow for a thorough and correct assessment of the ancient culture during which these pyramids were built, so you should wait with the excavation and not try to change the prevailing view of China's past. 27. To the northeast of the island of Taiwan is an archipelago of tiny islands belonging to Japan, which holds many secrets. Not far from the islet of Ionaguni, in calm weather, a mysterious stone massif is visible under the surface of the water. It rises at the bottom like a temple. It was discovered in the 1990s by the Kihachiro Aratake group of scuba divers. Masaki Kimura, professor of geology at Okinawa University, became the first scientist who could not resist and sank under water to examine the mysterious object with his own eyes. He was convinced that the object is clearly not of natural origin. Following him, the Ionaguni monument was examined and studied by other scientists and underwater archaeologists. They found blocks weighing 200 tons with perfectly finished surfaces. More than 70 structures have already been discovered underwater. Some of them are over 12 thousand years old. Recently, another unexplained phenomenon was recorded in the same area. From the height of the flight of a passenger airliner in the area of ​​the archipelago, mysterious flashes of bright light can be observed at the very surface of the water. 28. Not deprived of the pyramids and today's Russia. One such pyramid is located near the city of Nakhodka in the Primorsky Territory on the Brat hill. Visually, this hill is a geometric body with proportions corresponding to the pyramids of Egypt. At present, the Brat hill is half torn down and washed away by one of the branches of the Suchan River. However, the researchers found that the base of the hill-pyramid Brat is of natural origin, that is, it is composed of natural granites. At the top of the hill there is now a quarry. In one corner of the quarry, the remains of some ancient structure were found - parts of plastered walls with traces of paint. This ocher is light brown and brown. The wall was made of an unknown composition: mortar with marble chips, mica and mineral inclusions, partially crystallized. Such a solution was poured at a temperature not lower than 600 degrees. Now it is impossible to imagine how it was done. The discovered walls indicate that there was a room inside the Brat hill, in its upper third. The upper part of the hill was deliberately blown up in Soviet times, and the rubble went to the construction of the city of Nakhodka. The researchers also found that the hill-pyramid Brat appeared at the end of the official glaciation, which is estimated to be at least 40 thousand years old. 29. Mercator and Piri Reis maps are also interesting. One of Mercator's maps depicts the Northern Continent (Daaria) as it was before the flood. The Piri Reis map shows Antarctica without ice and part of South America. These maps are also not accepted by official science, although the coastline of Antarctica on the Piri Reis map has more accurate outlines than modern maps of Antarctica, created on the basis of data and images received from satellites. 30. In 1969, during an expedition to the mountainous regions of Central Asia, Professor JI. Mamarjanyan, who led a group of scientists from Leningrad and Ashgabat universities, discovered an ancient burial. Archaeologists have determined the age of the found skeletons - over 20,000 years. Nine of them had traces of serious bone damage that people received as a result of fights with large animals. A thorough examination showed that after some of the ribs were cut out by ancient surgeons, a hole formed in the chest through which a heart transplant operation was performed! 31. No less interesting for us are the ancient stone labyrinths of the Solovetsky Islands. Who made them and when? On February 13, 1961, American geologists discovered an unusual object among fossil shells: “a six-sided insulator pierced by a cylindrical hole, in which there was a rod of light metal with a diameter of 2 mm with taps.” This find in appearance corresponds to a modern spark plug. But the age of this archaeological find is about 500,000 years! ZZ.A.V. Trekhlebov in his book "Cry of the Phoenix" writes about the Achinsk rod, made of mammoth tusk, which is approximately 18 thousand years old. It is covered with a dotted spiral pattern made with stamps of various shapes. This wand, according to some scientists, reveals the laws of solar and lunar eclipses and even, perhaps, is a model of the Universe. At present, no one has such astronomical instruments. There are no appropriate materials and stamps for this, and most importantly - the relevant knowledge. 34. In the same book, A.V. Trekhlebov writes about geometric microliths - very small, not more than one centimeter wide, thin and very sharp silicon plates. Microlith blades are 100 times or more sharper than the most advanced modern steel scalpels. They were able to cut wood, bone and even glass. In terms of hardness, they are inferior only to diamond and corundum. Knives, sickles, etc. were refueled with these microliths. The standard character of microliths and their high manufacturability indicate that they were created by a highly developed civilization with advanced and energy-saving technologies. These microliths were distributed from the Urals to Egypt, and the most ancient of them were found in the Southern Urals, they are more than ten thousand years old. But these are far from all the monuments of the past of our Earth, which do not find a proper explanation from the official academic science. Some ancient monuments are declared to be falsifications, others receive a primitive explanation, and others, which cannot be denied, are simply hushed up. Monuments that receive a primitive explanation, in particular, include drawings in the Peruvian Nazca desert. Official scientists claim that these drawings on the earth's surface were laid out by the Indians using balloons. This explanation raises many questions. Who taught the Indians how to weave a material that surpasses modern parachute fabric in density, given that over the past thousand years the Indians have not created anything significant. How could the Indians stabilize the position of the balloon, without which it is impossible to keep the drawing in an unchanged position for observation? How did they transmit signals to the ground from a balloon and control the work of thousands of people? And most importantly, why did they need these figure-drawings, invisible to those who were on the surface, if they did not fly over the Earth or in outer space? Official historians and scientists of other profiles believe that the figure drawings and soil of the Nazca desert cannot be used for space takeoffs and landings. But this is valid only under the condition of using modern terrestrial rockets. And if interstellar ships landed in the Nazca desert, capable of hovering and gently descending to the earth's surface? This fundamentally changes things. These ships, which had different shapes and sizes, landed and started from the sites allotted to them, which were precisely indicated by various figures-drawings. Recent information confirms the above. Cosmonaut Grechko, who visited Peru, was shown a mountain, the top of which had once been cut off. The resulting site resembles an airstrip, on which aircraft, similar to modern aircraft, could land in ancient times. The possibility of using this runway for flights was also confirmed by cosmonaut Grechko. Thus, together with drawings-figures, this artificial strip is a huge runway complex, which in ancient times was used by aerospace aircraft. It does not matter whether these archaeological sites belong to some past intelligent culture that existed in the area, or whether they are monuments of several successive civilizations. Something completely different is important, namely that they existed in antediluvian times. Antediluvian time is not primitive time, as modern academic science interprets it, but a huge time period before the death of Atlantis and the flood that happened at the same time. After these catastrophic events, the developed cultures that had arisen and existed in America began to rapidly degrade. The buildings of the pre-Inca collea people copy the structures of antediluvian civilizations, but they are made of stones commensurate with modern bricks. As for the buildings of the famous Incas, they are quite primitive. These buildings are built from fragments of hard rocks of various natural form and sizes fastened with mortar. This suggests that the civilizations of America that arose in the post-Flood time lost ties with their Higher Worlds, and along with them lost their a large number of ancient knowledge that they were given by representatives of the Higher Worlds. As a result, the post-Flood earthly peoples began to rapidly degrade. So, archeological monuments not recognized and not explained by official academic science lead us to the following conclusions: firstly, intelligent communities appeared on our Earth more than 500 million years ago. secondly, they were the result of the arrival and activity of representatives of the Higher Worlds from different parts of our Galaxy. thirdly, the intelligent communities created by the representatives of the Higher Worlds after some time perished as a result of natural disasters or in the process of disastrous wars, which makes us recognize the information from ancient Indian sources telling about the existence of 22 civilizations on our Earth in antediluvian times, quite reliable. fourthly, the death and subsequent degradation of the remnants of past intelligent communities are confirmed by the presence of people on our Earth various kinds, exotic peoples (Dagons and Dzopa), as well as anthropoids. fifthly, the archeology of unrecognized and unexplained monuments of the past, without a doubt, confirms the content of the Slavic sources.

Development and testing

Mobile anti-ship missile system"Sopka" was created by a branch of OKB-155-1 (now MKB "Rainbow") in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 2004-1073 of December 1, 1955.

As part of factory tests at the Peschanaya Balka test site in the Crimea, 4 launches were carried out from November 27 to December 21, 1957, including the last two in salvo. On the whole, they ended successfully, only in the second launch, instead of the target ship, the cruise missile aimed at the mooring barrel.

During state tests from August 19 to October 14, 1958, 11 more launches were carried out at the same range (1 completely successful, 7 partially and 3 unsuccessful), as a result of which, on December 19 of the same year, the complex was put into service by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy Admiral Gorshkov.

Exploitation

In 1958-1960, six coastal missile regiments of the Sopka complexes were deployed in the USSR: two in the Baltic Fleet (27th in the Baltiysk region and 10th in Ventspils), two in the Pacific (21st in Kamchatka and 528th in Primorye), one on the Black Sea (51st on Cape Fiolent in the Crimea) and one on the North (501st on the Rybachy Peninsula).

In August 1962, as part of Operation Anadyr, which caused the Caribbean Crisis, the 51st Separate Coastal Missile Regiment was delivered to Cuba: 4 divisions with 2 launchers (PU) and 8-10 missiles in each division. Later, his materiel was transferred armed forces this country.

In 1964, the complex was adopted by the armies of the GDR and Poland, in the second half of the 1960s it was supplied to a number of other countries of the socialist camp.

Transferred to Egypt "Sopki" participated in

Development and testing

The Sopka mobile anti-ship missile system was created by the OKB-155-1 branch (now the Raduga Design Bureau) in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 2004-1073 of December 1, 1955.

As part of factory tests at the Peschanaya Balka test site in the Crimea, 4 launches were carried out from November 27 to December 21, 1957, including the last two in salvo. On the whole, they ended successfully, only in the second launch, instead of the target ship, the cruise missile aimed at the mooring barrel.

During state tests from August 19 to October 14, 1958, 11 more launches were carried out at the same range (1 completely successful, 7 partially and 3 unsuccessful), as a result of which, on December 19 of the same year, the complex was put into service by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy Admiral Gorshkov.

Exploitation

In 1958-1960, six coastal missile regiments of the Sopka complexes were deployed in the USSR: two in the Baltic Fleet (27th in the Baltiysk region and 10th in Ventspils), two in the Pacific (21st in Kamchatka and 528th in Primorye), one on the Black Sea (51st on Cape Fiolent in the Crimea) and one on the North (501st on the Rybachy Peninsula).

The aviation anti-ship missile KS-1 "Kometa" was used as a rocket, on which a solid-fuel jet booster SPRD-15 was installed.

Tactical and technical characteristics

• Range: 15 km (minimum), 95 km (maximum)
• Firing sectors of each division: ±85°
• Number of launchers: 4
• Missile ammunition: 8
• Characteristics of the S-2 cruise missile:
  • Starting weight: 3419 kg
  • Warhead weight: 1010 kg (860 kg TGAG-5)
  • Flight speed: 1050 km/h
  • Height of the cruising section of the flight: 400 m
  • Prelaunch preparation time: up to 17 minutes

Operators

Modern

Former

• USSR USSR
• GDR

In the early 1950s the first anti-ship projectile appeared - the Comet. Then, on the basis of the Comet, the Strela ship-based missile system (KSS) and the underground-based Strela coastal missile system were developed. On the basis of these systems, from December 1, 1955, according to the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 2004-1073, the design of the Sopka mobile coastal missile system (BRK) began. Modifications of the S-2 (4K87) rocket for Strela and Sopka were almost identical, therefore, in the 1960s. the Strela complex was often referred to as the Sopka stationary complex. The Sopka complex used projectiles of the same name (the term "cruise missile" was introduced by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense on October 30, 1959).

Firing with S-2 missiles was carried out as follows. Radar "Cape" conducted a search. When a target was detected, the “Combat Alert” command was sent to all units, which was duplicated, as it should be in the fleet, with loud bells. According to the Mys radar, the Burun radar was aimed at the target, which was switched to the semi-automatic target tracking mode. In combat mode, according to the Burun radar, the S-1M radar was also aimed at the target, but did not turn on. Rockets on PR-15 semi-trailers were delivered to the launchers. At the same time, the semi-trailers drove in reverse onto the walkways and docked with the launchers. The missiles, with the help of loading mechanisms, moved to the guides of the launchers, settled on the sears and were fixed. Then additional keels were suspended and the onboard connectors were connected. On command from the central post (the time the command was given was determined by the firing control devices), the main engines were brought to full speed and started.

The missile’s flight path consisted of an autonomous flight section according to the program until the S-1M radar was launched into the beam, a flight section in the S-1M station’s beam at a height stabilized by the autopilot (on the march section, the S-3 onboard station operated in “A” mode) and a homing section on the target (the S-3 station worked in the "B" mode). In the process of pre-launch control, the Burun radar continuously monitored the target, according to its data, the S-1M radar antenna was aimed at the target, which, with the start of the main engines being brought to full speed, was switched on in the auto-tracking mode with the emission of a high-frequency signal. After turning on the transmitter for radiation, the S-1M radar worked in automatic tracking mode, creating an equisignal zone in the direction of the target, formed during the rotation of the S-1M radar beam. At the same time, the launcher, with the help of a synchronous-servo drive, continuously turned - “followed” the S-1M radar beam according to the data generated by the fire control devices.

From the moment of launch until entering the beam of the S-1M radar, the rocket flew, controlled only by the autopilot (autonomous flight mode), which maintained the direction given to the rocket when leaving the launcher guides. The launch of the rocket to the cruising altitude was carried out by a height corrector and an autopilot software device. When the rocket entered the beam (the beginning of the march section), the S-3 onboard station began to operate in the guidance mode (“A” mode). In this section, the rocket, keeping at the cruising altitude with the help of a barometric altitude corrector, flew in the beam of the S-1M station. When the missile deviated from the equisignal line of the beam of the S-1M station, the onboard station S-3 reacted by generating signals proportional to the deviations and issued directional commands to the autopilot to keep the missile on the equisignal line of the beam of the station S-1M continuously following the target.

At a certain distance from the target, set before the start, the homing side of the S-3 station was unlocked. With sufficient power of the S-1M radar pulses reflected from the target, the S-3 station captured the target (switched to the “B” mode) and ensured the missile was guided to the target. At the same time, the height corrector turned off. At the homing site, in combination with the command signals of the C-3 station, a positive block was put into operation along the course. feedback autopilot, which ensured the flight of the rocket to a preemptive meeting point with a moving target. According to the signal of the missile transponder, on the sighting indicator of the S-1M radar, it was possible to observe the missile entering the beam, its flight in the beam, the transition to the homing mode and the approximate rendezvous point with the target. It could also be observed on the indicators of the Mys and Burun radars. After the missiles hit the targets, the transmitters of the S-1M stations were turned off. Immediately after the launch of each of the missiles, preparations for the next shot began: the launchers were transferred to the loading lines, the next missiles were fed, loaded, etc.

In 1958-1959. The S-2 missile, equipped with a thermal homing head (GOS) Sputnik-2, was tested at the Peschanaya Balka training ground. In November-December 1958, two launches took place, and in May-August 1959, three more, after which the Sputnik-2 thermal seeker was put into service. The firing of rockets equipped with Sputnik-2 heads could be carried out in two modes. In the first mode, the S-2, like a missile with a radar seeker, flew in a narrow beam of the S-1M radar, and then, from a distance of 15 km from the target (radius of the thermal head), the homing section began. In this mode, the firing range could reach 105 km. The second mode was turned on in case of active or passive jamming by the enemy, as well as in order to avoid hitting the radar with ammunition aimed at a radio-emitting object. In this mode, it was possible to implement the principle of "fire and forget": the launch of the missile into the homing zone was carried out by an autopilot.

For factory testing of the Sopka complex, four B-163 mobile launchers were delivered to the Peschanaya Balka training ground. The first launch took place on November 27, 1957 from launcher No. 2 of battery No. 1. They fired at a drifting target - the Belbek minesweeper. The distance from the S-1M guidance station to the target was 28.9 km. At 121.7 seconds of flight, the rocket flew over the target at a height of 9 m from the waterline and at a distance of 10 m to the left of the target center and splashed down 7 km behind the target. Based on the results of launches of KSS missiles of the Strela DBK and factory tests of S-2 missiles of the Sopka DBK missile system, it was decided not to conduct flight design tests, but to immediately conduct joint (state) tests of the Sopka mobile missile system.

The first launches of S-2 missiles under the flight design test program took place on August 19, 1959. Shooting was carried out both at fixed targets DK-430, the test vessel (the former German minesweeper M-255), and at a high-speed target of project 183KVU, moving at speeds over 30 knots. The Sopka mobile complex was adopted by the order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy dated December 19, 1958. After the completion of tests at the Peschanaya Balka training ground, the 390th division, equipped with the Sopka complexes, was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet and redeployed to the Chernomorskoye settlement. But here coastal missilemen did not serve long. On May 3, 1962, an order was received to "prepare for redeployment to the territory of a friendly state." The personnel and equipment of the 390th division were loaded in Sevastopol on the motor ship "Leninogorsk", and after 18 days of an extremely difficult journey for people in the holds of the ship, on August 11, 1962, they arrived in the Cuban port of Matanzas.

The location of the 390th division was the suburb of Havana Minas. The division was named "School No. 16", and training of Cuban personnel began on September 1. However, on September 19, due to the crisis in relations between the United States and the USSR, which almost escalated into a war and was subsequently named Caribbean, the studies had to be interrupted. On the night of October 26, 1962, under a tropical downpour, the crews delivered the complexes to the Maryam area and made them ready for battle. But a few hours later, a new order was received - to follow the firing position in the Cienfuegos area. By 6 pm on October 27, having made a 500-kilometer march, the rocket men took up combat duty.

Combat service continued until 9 November. And only two weeks later, the division returned back. At the end of November, the training of Cubans was continued. And in July 1963, Fidel Castro himself participated in the acceptance of the material part of the division. In addition to the 390th division, in July 1962, the 17th separate coastal missile regiment (OBRP) was transferred to Cuba from Poti on a ship. The regiment consisted of two separate divisions and a separate technical battery. On July 29, 1962, the missile division of the regiment under the command of Major Yurchenko Ya. G. in full force, with equipment, arrived in Cuba and was located in the province of Oriente, 10 km from the city of Banes. Following the first division, the rest of the personnel of the 17th OBRP arrived, led by commander A. G. Shikov. The regiment was stationed near the city of Santa Cruz and on the island of Pinos, 120 km south of Cuba. In October 1962, the 17th OBRP went on combat duty. In 1963, the regiment's equipment was handed over to the Cubans, and the personnel returned to the USSR. The officers of the regiment, who remained on the "Island of Freedom" as advisers, helped the Cuban colleagues in a short time to master the technique and perform practical rocket firing.

GENERAL PERFORMANCE DATA
Firing sector of each unit, deg ±85°
Firing range (depending on the excess of the S-1M antenna radars above sea level):
- minimum, km 15
- maximum, km 95
Time to prepare the first shot, min. up to 17
Number of missiles in salvo up to 4
Flight speed, km/h 1050
March flight altitude, m 400

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE S-2 CRUISE MISSIL
Dimensions:
Length, mm 8480
Height without PRD and additional keel, mm 2119
Height with PRD and additional keel, mm 2935
Wingspan, mm 4722
Width with folded wing panels, mm 1956
Weight summary:
Starting weight, kg 3419
Flight weight, kg 2929
Starting engine (PRD), kg 479
Warhead, kg 1010
Explosive (TGAG-5), kg 860
Engines:
Propulsion engine RD-500K
Propulsion engine thrust, kg 1500
Kerosene tank capacity, l 320
Starting engine SPRD-15
Thrust of the starting engine, t 27-41
Working time, from 1.6-1.8

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STARTER SET
Dimensions:
In traveling position:
- length, mm 12235
- width, mm 3120
- height, mm 2950
In combat position:
- length, mm 12235
- width, mm 5400
- height, mm 3765
Launch angle to the horizon plane, degrees 10°
Angle of horizontal guidance, degrees ±174°
The length of the launch path of the rocket, mm 10000
Number of axles 2
Number of wheels 8
Base, mm 6150
Track, mm 2180
Lowest ground clearance:
- along the axes of the moves, mm 400
- in the center of the cross, mm 600

". Adopted by coastal rocket and artillery troops of the USSR Navy in 1958, actively exported to socialist countries in the 1960s.

Development and testing

The Sopka mobile anti-ship missile system was created by the OKB-155-1 branch (now the Raduga Design Bureau) in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 2004-1073 of December 1, 1955.

As part of factory tests at the Peschanaya Balka test site in the Crimea, 4 launches were carried out from November 27 to December 21, 1957, including the last two in salvo. On the whole, they ended successfully, only in the second launch, instead of the target ship, the cruise missile aimed at the mooring barrel.

During state tests from August 19 to October 14, 1958, 11 more launches were carried out at the same range (1 completely successful, 7 partially and 3 unsuccessful), as a result of which, on December 19 of the same year, the complex was put into service by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy Admiral Gorshkov.

Exploitation

In 1958-1960, six coastal missile regiments of the Sopka complexes were deployed in the USSR: two in the Baltic Fleet (27th in the Baltiysk region and 10th in Ventspils), two in the Pacific (21st in Kamchatka and 528th in Primorye), one on the Black Sea (51st on Cape Fiolent in the Crimea) and one on the North (501st on the Rybachy Peninsula).

The aviation anti-ship missile KS-1 "Kometa" was used as a rocket, on which a solid-fuel jet booster SPRD-15 was installed.

Literature

• A. B. Shirokorad. Fire sword Russian fleet. - Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo, 2004. - 416 p. - (OWL secret). - ISBN 5-87849-155-9.
• V. Asanin. cruise missiles domestic fleet. - 2009. - 306 p.

AIR ROUTE RADAR COMPLEX «SOPKA-2»

05.01.2017

In 2016, a new route radar complex (TRLC) Sopka-2 was put into operation on Wrangel Island.
The main task of the new TRLK is to obtain, generalize and analyze information about the air situation in Arctic zone. Due to the high resolution, the TRLK is able to recognize individual air targets flying as part of a group.

The installation of the new complex was carried out in short time representatives of industrial enterprises together with military personnel of a separate radar unit of the Eastern Military District in severe weather conditions.
In 2014, a complex was built on Wrangel Island for the accommodation of personnel, which provides living rooms, a catering unit for cooking hot meals. A medical center with an infirmary is equipped to receive patients. There is the possibility of inpatient treatment of patients, the island provides for the location of a military doctor.
Also for the recreation of personnel there are billiards and a modern sauna.

18.05.2017


As part of the implementation of the state defense order GOZ-2017, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and JSC Scientific and Production Association Lianozovsky Electromechanical Plant signed a contract for the supply of Sopka-2 route radar systems.
The main task of the new complex is to obtain, generalize and analyze information about the air situation, including in the Arctic zone. Due to its high resolution, it is able to recognize individual air targets flying as part of a group.
The Sopka-2 route radar complex is designed to be used as a source of radar information for air traffic control and airspace control systems.
Department of Information and Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

15.06.2017
The servicemen of a separate radar unit of the Eastern Military District, stationed on Wrangel Island, continue to develop the new Sopka-2 route radar complex (TRLC).
The new TRLK was involved in a comprehensive training to receive and analyze information about the air situation in the Arctic zone.
According to the plan of the event, the flight of small-sized single targets was simulated, flying at different heights and speeds, imitating unmanned aerial vehicles of a mock enemy.
All small targets were detected and classified, information about them was summarized and analyzed, then promptly transferred to the district air defense command post.
As previously reported, a new route radar complex (TRLC) on Wrangel Island was put into operation in 2016.
Press Service of the Eastern Military District

21.09.2017
The new route radar complex (TRLC) "Sopka-2" entered one of the radar units stationed in the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Air Force and Air Defense Association of the Eastern Military District (VVO). The new equipment will be put into operation in 2018.

Sopka-2 is equipped with a protective antenna dome and is capable of operating in any weather conditions, in particular, with winds up to 40 meters per second and temperatures down to -40 degrees Celsius.
On Wrangel Island, in 2016, the Sopka-2 route radar complex was put into operation for the operation of the VVO radar unit, which is successfully operating today.
Press Service of the Eastern Military District

20.10.2017

The new route radar complex (TRLC) "Sopka-2" entered one of the radar units stationed in the Primorsky Territory, the Air Force and Air Defense Association of the Eastern Military District. The new equipment will be put into operation in 2018.
The main task of the Sopka-2 TRLK is to obtain, generalize and analyze information about the air situation. Due to the high resolution of the radar complex, it is able to recognize individual air targets flying as part of a group.
Sopka-2 is equipped with a protective antenna dome and is capable of operating in any weather conditions, in particular, with winds up to 40 meters per second and temperatures down to -40 degrees Celsius.
Last month, the Sopka-2 complex entered the unit of the radio engineering troops of the district stationed in the Trans-Baikal Territory.
Press Service of the Eastern Military District

19.01.2018


Military personnel of the radar unit of the Eastern Military District (VVO) on Wrangel Island underwent a comprehensive training to detect air targets in the Arctic zone.
Specialists, using the Sopka-2 new route radar complex (TRLC) deployed on Wrangel Island, worked out identification by determining the coordinates aircraft.
During the training for specialists of the radar unit, the flight of group targets was simulated, imitating mock enemy aircraft flying at different heights and speeds.
Particular attention was paid to the correct identification of individual air targets flying as part of an air group and the prompt transmission of data to the command post of the district's air defense.
In addition, the military personnel worked out the tasks of obtaining and processing information about the intensity and boundaries of cloudiness in the area of ​​​​operation of the TRLK for transmitting data to the flight control point.
Press Service of the Eastern Military District

21.04.2018
In the Arctic zone of responsibility of the Eastern Military District, with the military personnel of the radar unit, a tactical-special exercise was held to detect air targets using the Sopka-2 route radar complex (TRLC), deployed on Wrangel Island.
The specialists worked out the issues of detecting and determining the coordinates of a group of mock enemy aircraft conducting reconnaissance near the island territory.
They were also received, processed, analyzed and transferred to the command post air defense data on the air situation in the Arctic area of ​​responsibility of the district.
To complicate the task, a situation was simulated in which specialists, using the capabilities of the complex, performed the recognition of individual air targets flying as part of a group.
The servicemen also successfully solved the tasks of measuring the range, azimuth and altitude of air targets, as well as processing information about the intensity and boundaries of meteorological formations.
Press Service of the Eastern Military District

ROUTE RADAR COMPLEX (TRLC) "SOPKA-2"

The route radar complex (TRLC) "Sopka-2" was developed by NPO "LEMZ".
The route radar complex (TRLC) "Sopka-2" S-band is designed to be used as a source of radar information for air traffic control systems and airspace control. At the same time, a separate channel was organized in the TRLK for obtaining information about the intensity and boundaries of meteorological formations, similar to the data obtained from specialized S-range weather radars.
TRLK "Sopka-2" provides detection of air objects (AO), measurement of range, azimuth and elevation (altitude) of targets, determination of nationality; obtaining additional information via the MVRL/NRZ channel transmitted by onboard transponders, combining radar information (RLI) received from RRL, SRRL and NRZ, and also outputs the processed information to consumers according to agreed protocols to display facilities.
The antenna device of the primary radar is a phased antenna array (PAR), with frequency control of the beam position in the vertical plane; MSRL and NRZ antennas are monopulse antenna arrays located on the rear side of the PRL antenna (“back-to-back”). Rotation in azimuth is provided by a gearless rotation drive.
Transmitter PRL - solid-state, with in-phase power summation of 64 air-cooled modules, the average radiated power at the output of the transmitter is not less than 4 kW. The amplitude-phase stability of the transmitter provides a coefficient of suppression of reflections from local objects of at least 50 dB. The transmitter operates in the “soft failure” mode, the replacement of failed modules can be carried out during operation without turning off the radiation.
The PRL receiver is multi-channel, consists of 4 main and 4 backup channels (100% redundancy). Each channel has a single frequency conversion with a noise figure of no more than 3 dB.
Multichannel digital signal processing equipment is based on digital signal processors and programmable logic integrated circuits (FPGAs). The analog-to-digital conversion of the received signal is performed at an intermediate frequency with the formation of an amplitude-frequency characteristic using digital filters that ensure high identity of the channel characteristics and their phase stability. Intra-period signal processing (compression, suppression of non-synchronous impulse noise) is implemented on the FPGA.
Interperiod processing (selection of moving targets, with adaptation to the parameters of interfering reflections based on lattice filtering algorithms) is carried out on signal processors. The primary processing processor performs the formation of packets and the calculation of the coordinates of air objects, the formation of bearings of active jammers, the formation of passive jamming maps.
The secondary processing processor performs trajectory processing and identification of the PRL information with the MSSR/NRZ data. Tracking the trajectories of air objects is possible according to information received from any channel (PRL or MSSR / NRZ).
The built-in monopulse secondary radar "Lira-VM" complies with the RBS standard with the possibility of implementing the "S" mode and can also operate in all "Password" state identification modes.
The built-in control system makes it possible to implement survey programs in automatic mode, detecting and tracking AO equipped with appropriate transponders.
Since August 2011, the first samples of the modern dual-purpose route radar complex (TRLC DN) Sopka-2, developed by NPO LEMZ for the tasks of the Federal System for Intelligence and Airspace Control of the Russian Federation (FSR and KVP).
In accordance with the plans to improve the FSR and KVP, the RTV units of the Air Force TRLC DN "Sopka-2" comes to replace the radar type P-37, 1L117. A similar replacement is planned to be carried out at the radar positions of the Federal Air Transport Agency. Only from 2013 to 2015, more than 30 such complexes will be deployed in the RTV subdivisions, and 20 in the Federal Air Transport Agency.
In accordance with the SAP-2020 and the Federal Target Program for the Improvement of the FSR and CVP until 2015, the first serial samples of the Sopka-2 TRLC are delivered to the border units of the RTV Air Force and to the radar positions of the Federal Air Transport Agency. Positive reviews about TRLK DN "Sopka-2" began to come from units in the south of the country, with Kola Peninsula and from other areas with special operating conditions, where experience was accumulated in the use of the complex in the winter, when the air temperature reaches minus 48 degrees, there are phenomena of ice formation and a thick layer of frost on the radar antenna system. These phenomena are especially characteristic in coastal areas for radar stations without radio-transparent shelters.
The Sopka-2 route radar complex can become the basis of the revived radar system in the Arctic. Stationary TRLK DN "Sopka-2" is built on a block-modular basis. The composition of the TRLC includes:
primary surveillance radar (PSR) with a solid-state transmitter;
built-in monopulse secondary radar (MSSR);
built-in equipment of the modernized unified system of state radar identification (ES GRLO) "Password" of air objects (VO);
weather channel equipment;
two full-time operator workstations (RMO) with modules for voice communication and registration (documentation) of voice information;
a body-container for placing RMO with means of providing the specified environmental parameters in the inhabited compartments of the TRLK;
remote operator workstations (VRMO, up to 4 sets) with modules for voice communication and registration (documentation) of digital and voice information;
primary power supply system;
set of documentation and spare parts.
TRLK DN "Sopka-2" is designed to equip radio engineering units of the Air Force and dual-use radar positions of the Federal Air Transport Agency from FSR systems and KVP to provide radar information to the air defense command post and air traffic control centers.