All nuclear power plants in Russia as a list. South Ural NPP

The first trip there took place in the fall of 2010. At that time, I had just got a job, and after three months of work, I had to go to the station to correct the shortcomings of the previous "generation" of programmers. It was in the worst period of autumn - mud, rain, slush. In short, the town then seemed like a typical sleepy outback. Naturally, the very trip to the other side of the Urals caused a lot of emotions in me, a resident of the European part of Russia. From Penza to Yekaterinburg, almost two thousand kilometers is more than a day by train. We arrived at night, and, thanks to our partners from the nuclear power plant, we were met by an official car. Zarechny is about an hour's drive along the Siberian Highway. This road in tsarist times, they say, was sent into exile. But despite the associations caused by the name and history, this is a rather large and busy highway.

Dawn time, track, coniferous forest. From the names of settlements on the signs flickering past, goosebumps even run through - Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil. On geographical map the Asian part of Russia looks like some kind of distant, unknown, a representation of another, not like ours, life is being drawn. And here it is, all around.

Okay, enough chatter, I'd better post a few pictures :)

Near the nuclear power plant there is such an interesting place. Who painted it and for what purpose, it is not clear. But it's nice, not like the drawings on the fences.
You will be there in the company of a girl, be sure to visit :)

Beloyarsk reservoir, in all its glory:

On its shore is the nuclear power plant of the same name. Amazing neighborhood - wild, pristine nature and a high-tech industrial facility. No, do not think that in the dark the surrounding area does not glow and mutants do not crawl out of the reservoir. The radioactive background, as the locals themselves say, is normal. And even fearlessly swim and fish in the reservoir. And the most desperate people still eat it. Documented:

Yes, it fishes directly from the spillway of the station. No, I don't know what's in there.

Shooting this area, by the way, cost me a warm conversation in the FSB. After another hard day at the nuclear power plant, I decide to take a walk with a camera, take pictures as a keepsake, because the places are beautiful! I click rocks, a reservoir, a forest, and in this way I slowly reach the station. The thought flashes - why not? She also has a very attractive appearance, sin not to shoot. I take pictures. Then I finally get bold and shoot from several angles. Satisfied with my photo booty, I turn back and see people in uniform approaching.
- Young man, for what purpose do you photograph nuclear power plants?
Well your mother, I think, caught!
- Umm ... well, so beautiful, as a keepsake ...
After several minutes of proceedings, calls and protocols, you have to dive into the car and drive to the local security office. Again conversation. Thank God, I was smart enough to take my passport and travel certificate with me :) Naturally, the pictures were completely deleted, only a couple remained that were of no interest to the interested parties.

Citizens, do not shoot sensitive objects!!!

And here is the “culprit of the fun” itself (there is nothing secret here, such photos are freely available on the Internet)

The size and monumentality of these structures are certainly impressive. Impressive and another thing - grooming and landscaping. Paved paths, lawns, flower beds, benches. Everything is in perfect order. The words of the local janitor even surprised me - "ehh ... before, everything was clean, not like now."

(there are no paved paths with flower beds on the posted pictures because they were taken from a decent distance :)

The "content" of the station is no less interesting. A spacious engine room filled with pipelines, turbines and generators of the same impressive size. The control room (block control panel) is very similar to the MCC of some spaceport. It can be said nervous system stations - it is from there that the operational staff manages all the main nodes. Imagine a large room with walls studded with monitors, sensors, alarm lights, knobs. You pass by and there is an irresistible desire to press here, twist there :) The control room is separated from the rest of the premises by an airlock with doors weighing half a ton. This is so that the operatives can continue to work even in the event of any emergency, fires. In fact, they are not even allowed to go out for lunch, they are provided with food delivered directly to workplace. The server room is the brain of this living organism. It receives and processes information about all technological processes. Several rows of white cabinets full of computer and networking equipment. But in the "heart" of the nuclear power plant, to the reactor, it was not possible to get. Even the permanent staff of the station can go there only for operational reasons, having received a special order and having gone through a number of mandatory procedures. And what do you want, this is the so-called dirty zone.

A few words about the locality and its inhabitants. Maybe the description will seem unnecessarily embellished to you, but this place is really unusual, not typical for our country.

Nuclear energy is a very profitable and profitable area, and this cannot but affect the life of the city. You will not notice broken sidewalks, curbs anywhere. Everything is painted, the streets are landscaped. Boulevards, squares. In a word, beauty and order. But the most interesting thing is good roads!!! You could imagine this - in Russia, and even beyond the Urals! And what is interesting, when good quality there are practically no "trotters" on them, the traffic is calm, and you can cross the street without fear. Approaching the transition - be sure to miss. Either the driving culture is high, or the general cultural level of the population ... In other nuclear towns, this was not to be noticed. I can only guess that this is due to the high technological effectiveness of the station itself - they don’t accept anyone there, so the contingent is going to the appropriate one.

During the last visit, I had to repeatedly hear discussions about the upcoming carnival. As it turned out, colorful costume shows are periodically held in Zarechny. Unfortunately, the business trip ended before this event, so I can’t boast of pictures. But we managed to capture the preparation. Here is a miracle going near our hotel:

Bicycles in Beloyarka should be mentioned separately. When you come to Zarechny in the summer, you get the impression that you are in China - there are so many cyclists on the street. And in general, active pastime is very common among all segments of the population. They ride bikes, roller skates, skateboards. On the square, local "PRO" on BMXs constantly perform tricks. Some people just go jogging in the park.

How do you like this biker? The design is essentially a weather vane. When enough strong wind the blade wheels rotate, and the rider himself pedals. Such is the original advertisement of the local sports equipment rental shop :)

Also a rather unusual picture - a rather shabby-looking man on a full-suspension bike :)

A few words about nature.
Although the city is located in the Urals, you will not notice any sign of mountains here. First, on their own Ural mountains are old and, accordingly, thoroughly erased. Secondly, the location is not exactly in the Urals, but slightly to the east of it (the Asian continental plate). Nevertheless, there are signs of the proximity of the mountains - stone outcrops, rocks up to several tens of meters high. But I'd rather post a few photos instead of ranting.

Station spillway. Right here the locals fearlessly bathe

South Ural NPP (Chelyabinsk NPP) location: Russia, Chelyabinsk region, the city of Ozersk -, nuclear power plant map of the world

Status: NPPs under construction , NPPs under construction in Russia

Planned South Ural Nuclear Power Plant

The planned site for the construction of the South Ural NPP (also known as the Chelyabinsk NPP) is the village of Metlino, 140 km northwest of Chelyabinsk, 15 km from the city of Ozersk. Planned capacity is 4,600 MW. South Ukraine NPP will consist of four power units with installed reactors of the type VVER-1200, with a capacity of 1,150 MW each. Near the village of Metlino there is a mothballed site for the construction of the South Ural NPP from three fast neutron reactors BN-800, which was launched in 1982, but later, due to the deteriorating economic situation, at the stage of 10 percent readiness, the work was frozen.

Chelyabinsk NPP on the map. Location options

After the resumption in 2006 of the preparatory work for the construction of the South Ukraine NPP, the planned date for completion of construction was scheduled for 2020. The reactor type was changed to BN-1200. However, later the South Ural NPP was excluded from the list of construction of electric power facilities of the Russian Federation for 2011-2016, developed by the government, due to a general decrease in energy consumption in the country after the 2008 crisis. As a result, the construction of the first power unit of the Chelyabinsk NPP was postponed to 2021-2025 with the completion of the construction of the entire plant by 2030.

The construction of the South Ural NPP is due to high level energy shortage in the Chelyabinsk region. At the time of 2006, about 20% of the region's total demand was purchased outside its borders, as a rule, in the energy-abundant Tyumen region.

The commission that dealt with the issue of construction decided that the site, launched in 1982, is in a state unsuitable for further construction. As a result, a decision was made to build a nuclear power plant with a capacity of up to 4.6 GW with a service life of 50 years and the possibility of extending for another 10-30 years. The main equipment must be supplied only Russian companies. In 2008, a declaration of intent to build the South Ukraine NPP was submitted. Information about the construction of the South Ural NPP can be found quite a bit even in graduation, control, semester or other academic work students and schoolchildren on 5orka.ru, but things are still there. Many young specialists who are ready to work at the plant have already been trained, and such education as the Chelyabinsk NPP is still only in the form of plans and models.

To cool the station's reactors, it was also necessary to build the Suroyamsk reservoir with a total volume of 178 million cubic meters, although it was originally planned to use the water of nearby 13 lakes with a total volume of 894 million cubic meters of water, of which 346 is a useful, usable volume.

Plants similar to the project of the South Ural NPP on VVER-type reactors have already been built by Russian nuclear scientists in, or are being built in and

Nuclear physics, which emerged as a science after the discovery in 1986 of the phenomenon of radioactivity by scientists A. Becquerel and M. Curie, became the basis not only nuclear weapons but also the nuclear industry.

Start of nuclear research in Russia

Already in 1910, the Radium Commission was established in St. Petersburg, which included famous physicists N. N. Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, V. I. Vernadsky.

The study of radioactivity processes with the release of internal energy was carried out at the first stage of the development of nuclear power in Russia, in the period from 1921 to 1941. Then the possibility of neutron capture by protons was proved, the possibility was theoretically substantiated nuclear reaction through

Under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov, employees of institutes of various departments have already carried out specific work to implement chain reaction in the fission of uranium.

The period of creation of atomic weapons in the USSR

By 1940, vast statistical and practical experience had been accumulated, which allowed scientists to propose to the country's leadership the technical use of huge intra-atomic energy. In 1941, the first cyclotron was built in Moscow, which made it possible to systematically study the excitation of nuclei by accelerated ions. At the beginning of the war, the equipment was transported to Ufa and Kazan, followed by employees.

By 1943, a special laboratory of the atomic nucleus appeared under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov, the purpose of which was to create a nuclear uranium bomb or fuel.

Application atomic bombs The United States in August 1945 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki created a precedent for the monopoly possession of superweapons by this country and, accordingly, forced the USSR to speed up work on creating its own atomic bomb.

The result of organizational measures was the launch of the first uranium-graphite plant in Russia nuclear reactor in the village of Sarov (Gorky region) in 1946. It was at the F-1 test reactor that the first nuclear controlled reaction was carried out.

An industrial plutonium enrichment reactor was built in 1948 in Chelyabinsk. In 1949, a nuclear plutonium charge was tested at the test site in Semipalatinsk.

This stage became preparatory in the history of the domestic nuclear power industry. And already in 1949 were started design work to build a nuclear power plant.

In 1954, the world's first (demonstration) nuclear plant of relatively small capacity (5 MW) was launched in Obninsk.

An industrial dual-purpose reactor, where, in addition to generating electricity, weapons-grade plutonium was also produced, was launched in the Tomsk region (Seversk) at the Siberian Chemical Combine.

Russian nuclear power industry: types of reactors

The nuclear power industry of the USSR was initially focused on the use of high-power reactors:

Channel reactor on thermal neutrons RBMK (high power channel reactor); fuel - slightly enriched uranium dioxide (2%), reaction moderator - graphite, coolant - boiling water purified from deuterium and tritium (light water).
A thermal neutron reactor enclosed in a pressurized vessel, fuel - uranium dioxide with an enrichment of 3-5%, moderator - water, it is also a coolant.
BN-600 - fast neutron reactor, fuel - enriched uranium, coolant - sodium. The only industrial reactor of this type in the world. Installed at the Beloyarsk station.
EGP - thermal neutron reactor (energy heterogeneous loop), operates only at the Bilibino NPP. It differs in that the overheating of the coolant (water) occurs in the reactor itself. Recognized as unpromising.

In total, ten nuclear power plants in Russia today operate 33 power units with a total capacity of more than 2,300 MW:

with VVER reactors - 17 units;
with RMBC reactors - 11 units;
with BN reactors - 1 block;
with EGP reactors - 4 blocks.

List of NPPs in Russia and Union Republics: commissioning period from 1954 to 2001

1954, Obninskaya, Obninsk, Kaluga region. Appointment - demonstration-industrial. Reactor type - AM-1. Stopped in 2002
1958, Siberian, Tomsk-7 (Seversk), Tomsk region Purpose - the production of weapons-grade plutonium, additional heat and hot water for Seversk and Tomsk. Type of reactors - EI-2, ADE-3, ADE-4, ADE-5. Finally stopped in 2008 by agreement with the United States.
1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). Types of reactors - ADE, ADE-1, ADE-2. Purpose - heat generation for the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Processing Plant. The final stop occurred in 2010 under an agreement with the United States.
1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk region. Reactor types - AMB-100, AMB-200, BN-600, BN-800. AMB-100 stopped in 1983, AMB-200 - in 1990. Operating.
1964, Novovoronezh NPP. Reactor type - VVER, five units. The first and second are stopped. Status - active.
1968, Dimitrovograd, Melekess (Dimitrovograd since 1972), Ulyanovsk region Types of installed research reactors - MIR, SM, RBT-6, BOR-60, RBT-10/1, RBT-10/2, VK-50. Reactors BOR-60 and VK-50 generate additional electricity. The suspension period is constantly extended. Status is the only station with research reactors. Estimated closure - 2020.
1972, Shevchenkovskaya (Mangyshlakskaya), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN reactor, shut down in 1990.
1973, Kola NPP, Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region. Four VVER reactors. Status - active.
1973, Leningradskaya, City Pinery Leningrad region Four RMBK-1000 reactors (same as on Chernobyl nuclear power plant). Status - active.
1974 Bilibino NPP, Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Territory. Types of reactors - AMB (now stopped), BN and four EGP. Active.
1976 Kursk, Kurchatov, Kursk region Four RMBK-1000 reactors have been installed. Active.
1976 Armenian, Metsamor, Armenian SSR. Two VVER units, the first one was stopped in 1989, the second one is in operation.
1977 Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. Four RMBK-1000 reactors have been installed. The fourth block was destroyed in 1986, the second block was stopped in 1991, the first - in 1996, the third - in 2000.
1980 Rivne, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne region, Ukraine. Three units with VVER reactors. Active.
1982 Smolenskaya, Desnogorsk, Smolensk region, two units with RMBK-1000 reactors. Active.
1982 South Ukrainian NPP, Yuzhnoukrainsk, Ukraine. Three VVER reactors. Active.
1983 Ignalina, Visaginas (formerly Ignalina district), Lithuania. Two RMBC reactors. It was stopped in 2009 at the request of the European Union (when joining the EEC).
1984 Kalinin NPP, Udomlya, Tver region Two VVER reactors. Active.
1984 Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Six units per VVER reactor. Active.
1985 Saratov region Four VVER reactors. Active.
1987 Khmelnytsky, Netishyn, Ukraine. One VVER reactor. Active.
year 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov region By 2014, two units are operating at VVER reactors. Two blocks under construction.

Nuclear power after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

1986 was a fatal year for this industry. Consequences man-made disaster turned out to be so unexpected for mankind that the closure of many nuclear power plants became a natural impulse. The number of nuclear power plants around the world has decreased. Not only domestic stations, but also foreign ones, which were being built according to the projects of the USSR, were stopped.

List of nuclear power plants in Russia, the construction of which was mothballed:

Gorky AST (heating plant);
Crimean;
Voronezh AST.

List of Russian NPPs canceled at the stage of design and preparatory earthworks:

Arkhangelsk;
Volgograd;
Far Eastern;
Ivanovskaya AST (heating plant);
Karelian NPP and Karelian-2 NPP;
Krasnodar.

Abandoned nuclear power plants in Russia: reasons

Finding a construction site on a tectonic fault - this reason was indicated official sources during the conservation of the construction of nuclear power plants in Russia. The map of seismically intense territories of the country singles out the Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag zone, Baikal rift, Altai-Sayan, Far East and Amur.

From this point of view, the construction of the Krymskaya station (readiness of the first unit - 80%) was started really unreasonably. The real reason conservation of other energy facilities as expensive has become an unfavorable situation - economic crisis in USSR. At that time, many industrial facilities were mothballed (literally abandoned for plunder), despite their high readiness.

Rostov NPP: resumption of construction contrary to public opinion

The construction of the station was started back in 1981. And in 1990, under pressure from the active public, the regional Council decided to mothball the construction site. The readiness of the first block at that time was already 95%, and the 2nd - 47%.

Eight years later, in 1998, the original project was adjusted, the number of blocks was reduced to two. In May 2000, construction was resumed, and already in May 2001, the first block was included in the power grid. Starting next year, the construction of the second one was resumed. The final launch was postponed several times, and only in March 2010 was it connected to the power system of the Russian Federation.

Rostov NPP: Unit 3

In 2009, a decision was made to develop the Rostov nuclear power plant with the installation of four more units based on VVER reactors.

Given the current situation, the electricity supplier on Crimean peninsula should become the Rostov NPP. Unit 3 in December 2014 was connected to the power system of the Russian Federation so far with a minimum capacity. By the middle of 2015, it is planned to start its commercial operation (1011 MW), which should reduce the risk of undersupply of electricity from Ukraine to Crimea.

Nuclear power in modern Russia

By the beginning of 2015, all Russia (operating and under construction) are branches of the Rosenergoatom concern. Crisis phenomena in the industry with difficulties and losses were overcome. By the beginning of 2015, 10 nuclear power plants are operating in the Russian Federation, 5 ground-based and one floating station are under construction.

List of Russian NPPs operating at the beginning of 2015:

Beloyarskaya (beginning of operation - 1964).
Novovoronezh NPP (1964).
Kola NPP (1973).
Leningradskaya (1973).
Bilibinskaya (1974).
Kurskaya (1976).
Smolenskaya (1982).
Kalinin NPP (1984).
Balakovskaya (1985).
Rostovskaya (2001).

Russian NPPs under construction

Baltic NPP, Neman Kaliningrad region. Two units based on VVER-1200 reactors. Construction started in 2012. Start-up - in 2017, reaching the design capacity - in 2018.

It is planned that the Baltic NPP will export electricity to European countries: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. The sale of electricity in the Russian Federation will be carried out through the Lithuanian energy system.

World Nuclear Power: A Brief Overview

Almost all nuclear power plants in Russia have been built in the European part of the country. The map of the planetary location of nuclear power plants shows the concentration of objects in the following four areas: Europe, Far East(Japan, China, Korea), Middle East, Central America. According to the IAEA, about 440 nuclear reactors were operating in 2014.

Nuclear power plants are concentrated in the following countries:

in the US, nuclear power plants generate 836.63 billion kWh/year;
in France - 439.73 billion kWh / year;
in Japan - 263.83 billion kWh/year;
in Russia - 160.04 billion kWh/year;
in Korea - 142.94 billion kWh/year;
in Germany - 140.53 billion kWh / year.

Igor Kurchatov personally monitored the progress of work on the "peaceful atom" project. Soon, nuclear power plants, as a new and promising way to generate energy, began to be built around the world. The Chelyabinsk region also had to acquire its own station.

"Peaceful" atom

The South Ural NPP is a long-term construction larger than the Chelyabinsk metro. The site for the station began to be erected 10 years earlier than digging tunnels - in 1982 - but apart from the barely begun skeletons of buildings in the village of Metlino, which is 15 km from Ozersk and 140 km from Chelyabinsk, there is nothing to this day. The first time construction was suspended in 1986: a terrible Chernobyl accident for a long time extinguished the desire to create such objects. Now almost four and a half thousand people live in the Chelyabinsk region, one way or another affected by that disaster - these are the liquidators and their families. They were convinced from their own experience that jokes are bad with radiation and were forever convinced that nuclear power plants cannot be safe.

However, the South Urals residents have faced the consequences of radioactive contamination before. From 1949 to 1956, Mayak waste was dumped into the Techa River, in 1957 an explosion of a tank with radioactive waste on the same "Mayak" led to the contamination of a vast territory (East Ural radioactive trace). The echo of those events is still felt, therefore, when in 2006 the construction of its own nuclear power plant was to be resumed, protests were held throughout the region.

Some pluses

The regional government did not share the fears of the residents. From the point of view of the economy, the region had a shortage of energy - about 20% had to be purchased from neighbors. The construction of the station also guaranteed the creation of about ten thousand new jobs for the residents of Ozyorsk and Snezhinsk. The South Ural NPP was supposed to become the safest in the world in terms of waste processing: spent fuel practically did not need to be transported, the Mayak Production Association located right there planned to deal with its neutralization.

However, the start of construction, scheduled for 2011-2013, was again postponed indefinitely. And the reason for this was by no means the indignation of citizens and environmentalists, but the reasons, again, purely economic. During the crisis of 2008, energy consumption in the region decreased, and the federal authorities considered the construction unprofitable. Moreover, according to the new project, the South Ukraine NPP should have been equipped with the latest fast neutron reactors, the creation and operation of which cost 2-3 times more than conventional ones. Rosatom, in turn, considered the amount of water in the nearby lakes to be insufficient, which, according to experts' calculations, would not be enough to properly cool the four reactors. The public calmed down again.

To be or not to be?

They started talking about construction again in 2011 - and again “at the wrong time”: in March, a strong earthquake and tsunami damaged the power units of the Japanese nuclear power plant Fukushima-1, which caused a leak of radioactive water and pollution of a vast territory. Frightened by the consequences of the disaster and the ineffectiveness of Japan's liquidation measures, many European countries hurried to develop programs for the abandonment of nuclear energy. For example, Germany plans to close all of its 17 nuclear power plants by 2022, as do the UK and Spain.

Panic moods were not shared in Russia: Rosatom specialists are sure that Japanese engineers made too many mistakes in the first hours after the accident, and the unacceptable wear of the reactor was the main cause of the disaster. Therefore, negotiations between federal and regional officials regarding the construction of the South Ukraine NPP nevertheless took place, albeit under the displeased murmur of environmentalists.

The project of the station was once again revised - now it was planned to launch 2 power units with a total capacity of 2400 MW. But the agreement was not reached again - Rosatom still did not like the water supply scheme, the federal authorities were in no hurry to allocate funds. It was only in November 2013 that it became known that the South Ukraine NPP was included in the scheme for the construction of energy facilities until 2030. This means that any work in Ozersk will not begin until 2025. In any case, nothing depends on the Chelyabinsk region - the financing of such facilities lies entirely with federal budget, and who pays, he orders the music.