Golovaty Anton Andreevich short biography. Anton golovaty, chieftain and founder of the Black Sea Cossack army

HEADED Anton Andreevich, Russian military commander, brigadier (1796), ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army (1797).

A native of the family of Ukrainian Cossack officers. He received a good education at home, which he continued at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. In 1757, he was accepted into the Vasyurinsky kuren of the Zaporizhzhya Sich. Thanks to his education, natural intelligence and personal courage, he quickly took a prominent place in the Zaporizhzhya hierarchy. In 1762, he was elected ataman of the kuren, he was a member of the Zaporozhye delegation that was present at the coronation of Catherine II the Great in Moscow. In 1764, in the rank of regimental foreman, at the head of a thousandth detachment of Cossacks, he fought with the Crimean Tatars on the Berda River. Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774, took an active part in the sea campaigns of the Cossacks against the Turks. At the end of the war, Golovaty was included in the delegation of the Zaporozhye Cossacks under the leadership of Sidor Bely to St. Petersburg in 1774. The delegation had to petition the Empress for the return of the Cossacks of their former Sich lands. The delegation was in for a failure. In June 1775 the Sich was liquidated. After the liquidation of the Sich, the Cossack foremen were asked to transfer to the Russian service. Golovaty took advantage of this offer and held various administrative positions in the Yekaterinoslav governorate (head of the city, caretaker, zemstvo commissar). There he was given a piece of land. In 1777 he was awarded the rank of lieutenant, in 1779 - captain, in 1787 - second major. In 1788 he was elected to the post of military judge of the Troops of the Faithful Cossacks.

Member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791, commanded foot Cossacks and a Cossack flotilla. In the summer of 1788, the Cossack "gulls" under his command successfully proved themselves during the siege of Ochakov. In the so-called "battle of the Liman", they defeated the Turkish fleet of Gassan Pasha. After this battle, the detachment of Cossack boats was transformed into the Black Sea Cossack flotilla, the command of which was entrusted to Golovaty. On November 7 (18) of the same year, the Cossacks and their flotilla stormed the fortified island of Berezan, after which the Ochakov fortress was completely blockaded. In September 1789, three regiments of cavalry and three regiments of foot Cossacks under his command, consisting of separate detachment de O. Ribas took part in the assault on the Hadzhibey fortress - the future city of Odessa. In the autumn of the same year, the Cossack flotilla took part in the capture of the fortresses Akkerman, Bendery, Brailov and Izmail. In November 1789 he was promoted to colonel. After the end of the war in 1792, he led a Cossack delegation to St. Petersburg with a request to transfer the lands in Taman and Kuban to the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. From 1793, he led the resettlement of family Cossacks to the Kuban, was engaged in the construction of Yekaterinodar, developed a number of legal documents that determined the norms for the subsequent life of the Cossacks. In 1796, he led the Black Sea men in the Persian campaign, was appointed commander of the Caspian flotilla, and was promoted to brigadier for successful actions. In January 1797, he died without knowing that the Black Sea people had elected him as their ataman. He became the last elected ataman. Subsequently, military chieftains began to be appointed from St. Petersburg.

Awarded with Russian orders: St. Vladimir 3rd class, St. George 4th class, gold weapons with diamonds.

Holovaty Andrey Ivanovich (1732 - January 28, 1797) - ataman, military judge. One of the founders of the Black Sea Cossack army. It was on his initiative that the Black Sea Cossacks moved to the Kuban.
Anton was born in the family of a Little Russian foreman in the Poltava region. He received an education at home, supplemented later in the Kyiv bursa, where he showed a talent for languages, a literary and musical gift.

In 1757 he enrolled in Kushchevsky kuren in the Sich. In 1762 he was elected ataman. Then he went as part of a delegation of Cossacks to St. Petersburg for the celebrations dedicated to the coronation of Catherine II, where he was introduced to the Empress, sang and played the bandura for her.
During the Russian-Turkish war, he was assigned to build boats for the Cossack fleet. He also defended the interests of the Sich in various lawsuits.

After 1775, when the Sich was liquidated, the Cossack foremen were asked to transfer to the Russian service. Golovaty took advantage of this offer, and in 1777 he was awarded the rank of lieutenant, in 1779 - captain, in 1787 he became a second major.
In the Russian-Turkish war, Golovaty proved himself to be a skilled leader - the Cossack "gulls" under his command won the "battle of the Liman", later the Cossacks and the flotilla stormed Berezan Island, as a result of which they also captured Ochakov. Golovaty was awarded the Order of St. George.
In the spring of 1789, Golovaty assumed the position of commander of the entire "Army of Loyal Cossacks" due to the wounding of ataman Zakhary Chepega. On September 14 of this year, three regiments of cavalry and three foot Cossacks under the command of Golovaty took part in the assault on the Khadzhibey fortress. The Cossack flotilla took part in the capture of the Akkerman and Bendery fortresses. On November 24, 1789 Holovaty was promoted to the rank of colonel. April 14, 1790 Potemkin awarded him a golden saber.
The flotilla under his control showed outstanding skill in capturing the Turkish fortresses of Tulcea and Isakcha, during the assault on Izmail.

After the conclusion of peace, the Cossacks were allocated lands along the Black Sea coast between the Dniester and Bug rivers. However, the lands were not enough, and Anton Golovaty went to Catherine II with a request for additional lands. The negotiations were long and difficult, but thanks to the diplomacy and education of the ataman, the Black Sea Cossacks were granted lands in Taman and Kuban. The authority of Golovaty in the army grew enormously after this event.
Upon arrival in the Kuban, Golovaty was engaged in the delimitation of military land and the construction of his house. In the fall, with Timofey Kotyarevsky, he compiled the civil code of the Black Sea Cossacks - “The Order of the Common Benefit”. After 1794, he was engaged in the construction of a military harbor for the Cossack flotilla in the Kiziltash estuary.

In 1796 he received the rank of brigadier and took part in a campaign against Persia. Platon Zubov, the commander of this campaign, put Anton Golovaty at the head of two five-hundred regiments. On February 26, 1796, the regiments set out on a campaign from Ekaterinodar to Astrakhan, where they were put on ships and left for Baku by the Caspian Sea. In mid-November, the commander Fyodor Apraksin died, Golovaty was appointed in his place, from now on he commanded ground forces and the Caspian Flotilla. After the death of Zakhary Chepegi from illness, Golovaty was elected ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army. However, he never found out about his election; on the way back from the Persian campaign, Anton died on the island of Kamyshevan on January 28, 1797.

Anton Andreevich Golovaty(Russian doref. Anton Andreevich Golovaty, (1732 ) (according to other sources) - 28 January) - Cossack ataman, military judge, foreman of the Russian army, one of the founders and talented administrator of the Black Sea Cossack army, initiator of the resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks to the Kuban. Also Ukrainian [ ] poet, author of the first verse printed in a civil font in the opinion of the Ukrainian cultural and educational organization "Prosvita" in pure Ukrainian folk language.

Biography

Birth, childhood and youth

Born in the family of a Little Russian foreman in the village of Novye Sanzhary in the Poltava region. He received a good education at home, which he continued in the Kyiv Bursa, where his extraordinary abilities for sciences, languages, literary and musical gifts were manifested - Anton composed poems and songs, sang well and played the bandura.

In Zaporizhzhya Sich

Service in the Army of the Faithful Cossacks (Chernomorsky)

Grigory Potemkin, who favored the Cossacks, decided to organize the former Cossacks into military units. On his advice, during the Journey of Catherine the Great to the Crimea, a deputation of former Cossacks, which included Anton Golovaty, petitioned the Empress in Kremenchug for the organization of the "Troops of Faithful Cossacks" from the former Cossacks. Consent was given. The army recruited "hunters" in two detachments - horse and foot (for service on Cossack boats). Golovaty was appointed head of the foot detachment. On January 22, 1788, he was chosen as a military judge of the entire newly created army - the second figure in the Cossack hierarchy, after military ataman. At the same time, Grigory Potemkin allocated new lands for the army - Kerch Kut and Taman.

After the success of this enterprise, the name of Golovaty became extremely popular among the army, and the trip to St. Petersburg and his stay at court became overgrown with colorful legends.

The untimely death of the only daughter Maria at the very beginning of 1792 delayed the resettlement of Golovaty to the Kuban - upon returning to the Black Sea region, Golovaty began to settle personal affairs - he sold his estate, house and built a church over his daughter's grave. In the spring of 1793, he led a land detachment of family Cossacks to the Kuban, arriving in their new homeland in the middle of the summer of that year.

After the death of Grigory Potemkin, Platon Zubov, the last favorite of Catherine the Great, became the new patron of the Cossacks, who was granted that year by the Governor-General of Kharkov, Yekaterinoslavsim and Tauride, that is, he became the immediate head of the Black Sea army.

Service in the Kuban

Even on the campaign, Golovaty used his gift as a diplomat for the benefit of the settlers - during the transition, he stops for several days in Simferopol with the Tauride Governor Zhegulin, who was also entrusted with the newly formed region of the Black Sea Host. Favorable relations were established, which was subsequently reinforced by the regular sending of Kuban caviar and salmon to the governor's table. However, St. Petersburg was not deprived of the Cossacks either - batches of these Kuban delicacies were regularly sent to the capital.

Upon arrival in the Kuban, until the very autumn, Golovaty was engaged in the demarcation of military land and the construction of his own house. In the autumn, together with the military clerk Timofey Kotyarevsky, he compiled the civil code of the Black Sea people - “The Order of the Common Benefit”, according to which the region was divided into 40 kurens. In January 1794, the first military council met in the new homeland. It approved the "Order ...", approved the name of the regional capital - Yekaterinodar, kuren chieftains by casting lots - lyasov- got chicken allotments. On that moment “on this land there are military inhabitants male 12,826 and female 8,967, and all 21,793”.

At the end of May 1794, Golovaty's wife died, not recovering from a difficult pregnancy and childbirth. Anton Golovaty, in memory of his beloved wife, begins to build a church in the name of the Intercession with his "cost" Holy Mother of God on the grave of his wife in Taman. Obtaining permission to build churches for the entire region, the discharge of priests, the construction of military buildings and barracks in the capital and on the cordon line were the main occupations of the military judge at that time.

In 1794, the military ataman Zakhary Chepega was sent with a regiment of Cossacks to suppress the Polish uprising. Golovaty remained the first person in the army. He was engaged in the construction of a military harbor for the Cossack flotilla in the Kiziltash estuary (however, the harbor was later declared unsuitable), and helped the regular Russian army in the construction of the Phanagoria fortress. The year 1795 passed mainly in the inspection of all military lands and in the efforts to improve them. After receiving a building permit from the synod Orthodox churches and a monastery and the need to build military buildings in the capital and a school for the “Cossacks”, Golovaty attended to attracting professional builders, artisans, icon painters, teachers, doctors and pharmacists from Little Russia.

Dreaming of returning the southern neighbors - the native mountain peoples - to Christian faith, built good-neighborly relations with them and stopped the attempts of the Cossacks to engage in theft and robbery on the right bank of the Kuban.

Expedition to Persia. Death

A family

Anton Golovaty married in 1771 to Ulyana Grigoryevna Porokhna. Children were born from this marriage: daughter Maria (1774), sons Alexander (1779), Athanasius (1781), Yuri (1780), Matvey (1791), Andrei (1792). Uliana Grigoryevna endured hard last pregnancy, and in 1794, having given birth to a boy named Konstantin, she died a week after giving birth.

He gave his daughter Mary a good education at home. Maria died unexpectedly in early 1792, sparking rumors that she had been poisoned. The death of his beloved and only daughter plunged Golovaty into despondency.

The Golovaty family also had adopted children - "baptized" Turkish boys - Ivan, Peter, Pavel and girls - Maria, Sofia, Anna. All of them received a good education at home.

The eldest sons received elementary education in the Kharkov Collegium, which was headed by Golovaty's friend Fyodor Kvitka (father of the writer G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko), then studied in St. Petersburg in the gentry's corps - a prestigious educational institution of that time, but they did not show diligence for studies and for various reasons left their studies.

Patron and cultural figure of his era

Golovaty was pious person and donated a lot for the church - both in his native village of Novye Sanzhary, and in Novorossia, and in Moldova, and in the Kuban. The Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God, which later became one of the most revered for the Kuban Cossacks, was built on the initiative and in a large share at the expense of Golovaty.

His culture and education were constantly manifested. So, during his stay in St. Petersburg in 1792, Golovaty received permission from the Empress to visit the Hermitage and inspect its collections.

Then, in St. Petersburg, he wrote two of his most famous songs - in the literal sense of the word, they became folk: “We were born in the retinue unfortunate!”- in a difficult period of tedious waiting, when the stay in St. Petersburg was delayed, and the results of the petition for land were not obvious, and joyful - "Oh, come on, let us sneer,"- after receiving a letter of commendation for the Kuban lands.

He made friends (which is confirmed by mutual correspondence) with many prominent figures of his era: the poet Derzhavin, Admirals De Ribas and Mordvinov, Field Marshal Repnin.

During the resettlement to the Kuban, he made sure that the entire military archive was transported (having previously ordered to collect all the kuren archives in Slobodzeya), thanks to which he saved it for future researchers. He was interested in breeding new, outlandish agricultural crops (grapes and Egyptian wheat).

Descendants are indebted to Anton Golovaty for the preservation of the Phanagorian stone. The history of this case is as follows: after learning about this find, the passionate collector of antiquities Musin-Pushkin, advertised the find in St. Petersburg and Empress Catherine ordered the stone to be brought to the capital, before copying its inscriptions, which ended up in St. Petersburg rather quickly. There, in 1793, Musin-Pushkin was accused of forgery, the content of the inscription seemed so incredible. At that moment, interest in the stone disappeared, and it was ordered to be left in Taman. But at that moment, the stone was already sailing on the merchant ship Yevtey Klenov to Kherson, for further transportation to the capital. Golovaty instructed the merchant to return the stone, and he, having made a long journey across the Black Sea through many ports, including through Constantinople, returned to Taman. Golovaty instructed to place the stone for viewing at the "fountain", and then moved it to the "beautiful garden", near the church. The stone lay there until 1803, when Academician N.A. Lvov-Nikolsky, who visited Taman, drew attention to it ... in general, now the stone is in the Hermitage, and its research laid the foundation for Russian epigraphy and paleography.

Golovaty first subscribed to the capital's newspapers for the Kuban - in 1795 he subscribed to the Rossiyskiye Vedomosti with the appendix "Pleasant pastime" to them and to the calendars "Ardinar", "Court", "Address".

Negative reviews of biographers about Golovaty

Some historians note his greed and promiscuity in ways of personal enrichment. After the death of Golovaty, a huge inheritance remained - about 200 thousand rubles - not counting real estate and estates, despite the fact that the annual salary of an ordinary Cossack on the cordon line did not exceed a few rubles. Biographers convict Golovaty of the fact that for personal enrichment he did not disdain by any means - he used the military treasury for his own purposes, gave government money even to his relatives, robbed ordinary Cossacks.

Memory of Holovaty

In the Russian Imperial Army

In literature

The first literary work in which Anton Golovaty was mentioned was the work "Essays on Russia" by the Russian writer and historian V. V. Passek. The well-known Ukrainian writer G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko (who personally remembered the visits of the military judge to their house both on the way to St. Petersburg in 1792, and on the way back, after receiving the Kuban lands) decided to supplement the image of Golovaty in these "Essays ..." and in 1839 year wrote his essay “Headed. Materials for the history of Little Russia”, after reading which, the outstanding Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko wrote the poem “To Osnovyanenko”. At the first edition of the collection of his poems - "Kobzar" - 1840, this poem contained such lines.

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GOLOVATY Anton Andreevich

1732-1797) - Military judge of the community of the Black Sea Cossacks and their third ataman in the Kuban. He came from an honored foreman's family of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, studied at one of the schools of the Kyiv Brotherhood. After leaving school, he went to Sicheva Niz and enrolled in Kushchevsky kuren as an ordinary young man. Having passed the required training and combat test, he became a full-fledged "comrade" of the Sich brotherhood. For thirty years, he was promoted to the post of a kuren chieftain and more than once successfully led Kazakov to the Turks and Tatars. Og 1764 was in the elective post of Army clerk. During the fall of the Lower Republic and the defeat of Zaporizhzhya Sich, he was in the St. Petersburg delegation along with Sidor Bely. In 1787, Mr.. G. was among the resigned Zaporozhians and came out with a Cossack regiment against the Turks, together with the Russian troops. As a combat commander, regimental foreman G. and his people have repeatedly proved that they are worthy descendants of their glorious ancestors - the Zaporozhians. He received from the Empress the rank of army colonel and the Order of St. George and St. Vladimir. After the war, he remained in the community of "faithful Cossacks", who now lived along the Black Sea coast between the Southern Bug and the Dniester, and therefore received the name Black Sea. Here G. was elected to the post of military judge. In addition, as a wise diplomat, the Chernomorians authorized him to petition the queen for an allocation for b. Cossacks of any new lands.

The petitions of the Chernomortsev, in the end, were crowned with success. In exchange for the selected spche possessions, the empress agreed to transfer them to the eternal possession of the steppes of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov; The Chernomorians received a deed of gift for Phanagoria Island with its surroundings, which stretched from the Kuban River to the Yeya River.

On August 25, 1792, the military judge G. landed the first batch of Black Sea Cossacks on the coast of the Taman Peninsula. After that, until his death, he contributed to the improvement of their life in this ancient cradle of the Cossack family, remained an intercessor in all matters before the Russian authorities and constantly replaced in relations with them the straightforward and not accustomed to diplomatic treatment ataman 3. A. Chepiga. With his help, the obstacles to the resettlement of the Cossack remnants from the Dnieper, from the Yekaterinoslav viceroy, formed on the lands of Sich, were removed to the Caucasus. He helped distribute yurts for settlements, build schools and churches. compiled, adopted by the Russian authorities, the Regulations on the structure of the Black Sea Army, which is known as the "Order of Common Benefit". At the same time, he sometimes had to lead regiments into battle. So he stood at the head of the Cossack rowing flotilla on the Caspian crust during the Russian campaign against Persia in 1796. At the beginning of the next year after the death of Chepiga, the Black Sea people proclaimed him their chieftain, but G. stayed in this post for only a few days and died on January 29, 1797 G.

Great Definition

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Golovaty, Anton Andreevich

One of the founders of the former Black Sea (now Kuban) Cossack army. He was brought up in the Kyiv bursa and fled from there to Zaporozhye, where he was a military clerk under the Koshevoy Kalnishevsky. In 1774, together with Sidor Bely, he vainly defended the rights of the Zaporizhian army to the Novorossiysk lands, which Potemkin settled with various natives. In 1787, he was one of the members of the Zaporizhia delegation, which presented a loyal address to Catherine II in Kremenchug with an expression of a desire to serve under the banner of Russia. Subsequently, it was organized army of faithful Cossacks, took part in the war with the Turks. In this war, G. repeatedly distinguished himself, ex-boss first a foot squad, and then the Black Sea Cossack rowing flotilla. In 1790, G. was approved as a military judge and, under the illiterate ataman Chepega, traveled to St. Petersburg in 1792, where he applied for a letter to the army for land in the Kuban and the Taman Peninsula. He was also one of the main figures in the resettlement of the troops from the Bug to the Kuban and its organization in the new region. He died in 1797 during a campaign in Persia. The personality of G. clearly appears in the story of G. F. Kvitka: "Headed" ("Works", vol. III, Kharkov, 1889), based on the author's memoirs and family traditions. Material for the biography of G. - in "Kievskaya Starina", 1890, No. 2. Two songs of G., composed by him about historical events, in which he participated, were published by P. Korolenko: "The first four chieftains of the former Black Sea Cossack army" (Ekaterinodar, 1892).

(Brockhaus)

Golovaty, Anton Andreevich

Brig-r, the second chieftain of Chernomor. Cossack troops; genus. in 1744 and in 1757, having appeared in the Sich, he signed up as a Cossack; being an educated person for that time, G. quickly moved forward and was chosen by kuren. chieftain; in 1764 he took up the post of troops. clerk and was among the deputies from the Cossacks at the coronation of Imp. Catherine II; in 1774 he again entered the deputation from Zaporozhye. troops to the Imp-tse with a request for the restoration of the rights and privileges of the troops. This petition was not successful, but G.'s stay in St. Petersburg. saved him from exile, which the military foreman underwent after the destruction of the Sich in 1775. Probably, his acquaintance with Potemkin, who showed G. great respect and trust during the 2nd round, also helped him. of the war, together with S. Bely, he entrusted the formation of a Cossack. troops, which later received the name of the Black Sea; G. was appointed troops. judge and received command of the crest. Cossack flotilla, with which in 1787 he crossed the Bug estuary at night and ruined the tour. villages Adzhichan and Yaselki. In 1788, Potemkin, who was besieging Ochakov, ordered G. to take the fort. island of Berezan, base tour. the fleet supporting the fortress. Taking on their "oaks" (boats) 800 Cossacks and easily. guns, G. in the afternoon went up to the rocky. ber. Berezan and, not responding to the fire of the batteries on the island, let the Cossacks off the boats, who, taking their guns on their shoulders, reached the shore through the water and swiftly attacked the fortifications. After despair. resistance of the island was occupied by the Cossacks, who got 11 banners, 21 pushes. and a lot of fights. and food. stocks. For this feat G. received George. cross. From under Ochakov, after taking it, G. with a flotilla was moved along the Dniester to the fortress of Bendery, which he guarded from the sea until its surrender (1789). In camp. 1790 G. with a filia contributed to the capture of Chilia, diverting the attention of the tour. fleet stationed in the Sulinsky arm, and then took part in the assault on Izmail by Suvorov from the Danube. "Without extreme need, do not shoot from guns," G. admonished his Cossacks, "saber and pike are the victorious weapons of the brave Russian army and the complete death of the barbarians." Awarded for Ishmael ord. St. Vladimir, G. in 1791 participated with the f-liy in failures. book attempt. Golitsyn to take Brailov, moreover, attacking with a landing force is strong. redoubt, took possession of it, capturing a battery and 4 banners from the Turks. At the end of the war in 1792, G. went to St. Petersburg for the 3rd time to apply for the grant of Chernomor. the army of the land in the Kuban; the request was respected, and G. himself received a large piece of china from the Imperial "for the road". a mug with her portrait, filled with gold coins. In 1796, Mr.. G. took part in the campaign Val. Zubov to Persia, and the entire Casp was subordinated to him. f-lia and landing. troops; G. took possession of Persian. islands and conquered the adjacent areas to the river. Kura and Arax. In the same year, G. was promoted to brig-ry, and in January. 1797, when the ataman of Chepega died, was unanimously chosen to take his place; this election was approved by the Imp. Pavel after the death of G., who died on January 29. 1797 ( P.P.Korolenko. Cuban ancestors. Cossacks on the Dnieper and on the Dniester. Yekaterinodar, 1900).

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Anton Andreevich Golovaty

1743–1797) Brigadier. Hero of the Black Sea Cossack Army Fame in history Russian Cossacks the son of a Little Russian foreman, Anton Andreevich Golovaty, received thanks to his intelligence, administrative abilities and exploits on the battlefield. In his youth, having heard stories about the knightly service of the Cossacks, he fled in 1757 from his father's house to the Zaporozhian Sich. The Secheviks accepted the 14-year-old volunteer into their comradely circle, and Golovaty became a Cossack for the rest of his life. But before fleeing to the Dnieper island of Khortitsa, Anton Golovaty studied at Kyiv Academy, where the children of noble Little Russians were traditionally brought up. The half-educated “bursak” fled to the Sich not alone, but with several students of the academy who were like him, who were looking for freedom and military glory among the Cossacks. The abilities, as well as the education of Anton Golovaty, who enrolled in the Kushchevsky kuren, allowed him, despite his youth, to quickly advance. First, he became an elected ataman, then in 1764 he received the post of military clerk and the title of regimental foreman. That is, in other words, at the age of 21 (!) Golovaty became the chief of staff of the Zaporizhzhya Cossack army. ... The ataman Fedorov, setting off with a delegation of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks for the celebrations on the occasion of the coronation of Empress Catherine II, took with him to St. Petersburg a military clerk. Golovaty was also part of the last delegation of the Zaporizhzhya Sich to the All-Russian autocratic empress in 1774 with a request to restore the rights and privileges of the Zaporozhian Host. On this trip, he met G. A. Potemkin, which played in his subsequent fate big role. During the “ruin” of the Sich, Anton Holovaty was not touched by the “royal punishments” that fell on part of the Cossack elders. He remained for some time a man free from military service. Five years after the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich, in 1780, Potemkin visited Novorossiya. He traveled around this area, only recently annexed to Russian Empire, accompanied by a convoy of former Cossacks, commanded by Anton Golovaty. This new meeting strengthened their relationship. When the Russian-Turkish war of 1787–1791 began, the Army of the Faithful Zaporizhian Cossacks (the future Black Sea Cossack Host) was created. Golovaty took the most active part in his organization and was elected a military judge in the system of Cossack self-government. The hetman of the new Cossack army was then the Most Serene Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky, and the ataman was Sidor Bely. Both of them treated Anton Golovaty very kindly, appreciating his professional qualities and devotion to duty. ... In the "Second Catherine's Turkish War", the military judge commanded foot Cossacks and the Black Sea rowing military flotilla, which consisted for the most part from sailing boats-oaks. The flotilla distinguished itself in several battles with the Turkish naval squadron, which “reinforced” the garrison of the Ochakov fortress from the Dnieper-Bug estuary. Golovaty, along with the ataman Sidor Bely, became one of the main characters of those indicative for military history naval battles. Under his command, the Black Sea Cossacks resolutely and fearlessly went through cannon fire to board the Sultan's sailing ships, and the history of wars at sea received a new, remarkable page. In that war, Anton Golovaty distinguished himself more than once. During the first military campaign, his Cossacks, under the personal leadership of a military judge, crossed the southern Bug border river on ice at night and made a surprise attack on Turkish outposts, which were located in the villages of Adzhigan and Yaselki. The defeat of the outposts of the enemy army was complete. The following year, in November 1788, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, G. A. Potemkin, instructed Golovaty to take Berezan Island, on which the Turks held artillery batteries in field fortifications. A rowing Cossack flotilla, under cannon fire, approached the island from the side of the estuary and landed troops. The battle turned out to be fleeting: the Black Sea troops took the enemy fortifications with a bloody attack, eventually winning a brilliant victory. Golovaty was on the ships of the first line, directing the landing. On that day, 21 guns, 13 detachment banners, more than 200 prisoners and large food supplies for the Ochakovsky fortress garrison besieged by the Russians were taken from the battle. Appearing to Commander-in-Chief Potemkin, the head of a successful landing operation presented the Field Marshal General with a bow to the ground with the symbolic keys to the Berezansk field fortress. In response, His Serene Highness Prince Taurida attached a white-enamelled cross of the Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George of the 4th degree to the chest of the military judge. At that time it was a very high military award. ... The Black Sea Cossacks also participated in the famous Suvorov assault on Izmail. Colonel Anton Golovaty commanded one of the assault columns, which, on the ships of the rowing flotilla, landed inside the fortress city from the opposite island of Chatal. The Danube waters and the fire of enemy batteries from the left (northern) bank did not become an insurmountable obstacle for the assault troops. In that throw across the Danube, Golovaty commanded the vanguard of the assault column of Major General N. D. Arsenyev, which consisted of the Primorsky Nikolaev Grenadier Regiment, a battalion of the Livonian Jaeger Corps and two thousand Black Sea Cossacks. The military judge personally commanded over three Cossack hundreds, which were the first to land from the oaks on the shore in the city. The exploits of the participants in the Izmail attack were not left without high awards. In a victorious report to Empress Catherine II, Field Marshal G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky (on the basis of a Suvorov report) reported to the banks of the Neva: “... Colonel Golovaty, with boundless courage and vigilance, not only won, but, acting personally, went ashore, entered into battle with the enemy and defeated it. For the unprecedented assault on the fortress of Izmail, Anton Andreevich Golovaty was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree, the rank of army colonel, and then received the golden Izmail Cross, which in Russia was equated with the St. George awards. To this it should also be added that on the way to Izmail, the rowing flotilla of the Black Sea Cossacks, marching under the pennant of Golovaty, participated in the capture of the Turkish fortresses of Kiliya and Tulcha, which stood at the Danube mouth. ... Golovaty was among the foremen of the Black Sea Cossack army who arrived in St. Petersburg to ask Empress Catherine II the Great to "add land" to the Taman army already granted. For eternal possession they asked for Kuban lands. And at the same time - the right to protection state border along the Kuban to protect the borders of Russia from the robbery raids of the highlanders. The Empress treated the request with understanding and granted the Kuban Territory to the army of the former Cossacks for military merits: the territory in the triangle Taman - Ekaterinodar - Yeysk. Thus, a reliable basis was created for the settlement and economic development of the steppes to the north of the Kuban, which had become empty after the liquidation of the Crimean Khanate. Colonel Anton Andreevich Golovaty received from the Empress as a gift a large porcelain mug with her portrait, filled with gold coins. At the talks about the "Kuban land" the military judge showed himself to be a skillful diplomat. But he was also known on the banks of the Neva as a fearless warrior, whose path was marked by victories at Izmail and on the island of Berezan. Catherine II sent with Golovaty to the Black Sea Cossack army letters of thanks, a large white banner, silver timpani, a military seal and for housewarming according to the ancient Russian custom - bread and salt on a platter of pure gold with the same salt shaker, and a precious saber to the ataman Zakhary Chepega. Colonel Anton Golovaty, touched by such gifts to the Black Sea Cossacks, delivered a response speech of thanks. It also contained such binding words: “... Taman - a gift of your goodwill, mother empress, will be an eternal pledge of your favors to us, faithful Cossacks. We will erect cities, populate villages and keep you safe on Russian borders. Among the many privileges that the Black Sea Cossack army received, there was one. The military authorities were given the right to repair a court on their territory. That is, this right was granted to the military judge, Colonel A. A. Golovaty. Anton Andreevich himself moved to the Kuban only the following year. He temporarily stayed on the banks of the Southern Bug to arrange the resettlement of Cossack families. He arrived in the Kuban in May 1793. At the same time, the construction of the main military city and at the same time a fortress - Yekaterinodar began. When the ataman Z. A. Chepega in 1794 set out with two regiments of the Black Sea Cossacks in Polish campaign, Golovaty performed his duties for two years. At the same time, he showed himself to be a skillful administrator of a very large Cossack army that moved to a new place. ... In 1796, Colonel A. A. Golovaty, at the head of two Cossack regiments (a thousand people), took part in the Persian campaign of General-in-Chief Valerian Zubov. He was entrusted with the command of the rowing flotilla and landing troops expeditionary corps. Under the leadership of Golovaty, the Black Sea Cossacks participated in the capture of the Persian islands in the south of the Caspian Sea and the conquest of the khanates of Northern Azerbaijan along the Kura and Araks rivers. During the campaign, the Cossacks successfully fished and caught Caspian seals, replenishing the provisions of the expeditionary forces. The glory of a skilled commander of landing troops and victories in naval battles over the Persians became the basis for the promotion of Anton Andreevich Golovaty to the rank of brigadier. After the death of the ataman Zakhary Chepega, the Cossacks in the Kuban chose Golovaty as the new ataman, not knowing that he died on a campaign in the South Caspian on January 28, 1797. Anton Andreevich did not even get to know that Emperor Paul I signed a decree approving the new ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army. That campaign along the Caspian Sea was extremely difficult for the Black Sea Cossacks, not because of the combat tension and the weariness of the hands from the oars. The "bad" climate halved the ranks of the two regiments participating in the expedition. In August 1797, Colonel Chernyshev, who remained behind Golovaty, brought home only about 500 Cossacks from a campaign in Ust-Laba. Brigadier A. I. Holovaty was the last elected ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army. After him, this elective position was replaced by Paul I with a military ataman appointed by the emperor. ... Golovaty left a bright memory of himself in the Kuban. Therefore, the assignment of his name in 1904, as the eternal chief, to the 1st Uman regiment of the Kuban Cossack army was taken for granted.

Anton Andreevich Golovaty not easy Cossack ataman, a judge and an army brigadier, but also a talented administrator of the Black Sea Cossack Host, a man who persuaded his own. He is also the author of the first poem, which is said to have been printed in a civil type in the vernacular Ukrainian language.

Exact date of birth Ataman Anton Golovaty not preserved. According to some sources, he was born in the Poltava region in 1732, according to others - 12 years later. Having received an excellent education at home, he continued his studies at the Kyiv Bursa (over time, this educational institution renamed the Theological Academy). The young man turned out to be incredibly capable, both science and science were equally easy for him. foreign languages, he played the guitar, bandura, composed poetry.

In 1757 Anton Golovaty arrived in the Zaporizhzhya Sich, where he proved himself excellently, and after five years he became a kuren ataman. Moreover, as part of the Cossack delegation, he went to St. Petersburg for the coronation, where he was personally introduced to the Empress, and also honored to play the bandura for her.

Anton Golovaty - judge and shipbuilder

The excellent education, diplomatic skills and sharp mind of Golovaty were appreciated by the authorities and he was increasingly entrusted with litigation, including land disputes.

In addition, Anton Andreevich participated in the Cossack sea campaigns and devoted a lot of time to the construction of the fleet.

However, the wars ended, and the government decided to abolish the Zaporozhian Sich. Even the delegation, which included Anton Golovaty, could not convince the queen to change her mind. True, the Cossack foremen received an offer to go to serve in the Russian army, which Anton Andreevich took advantage of with pleasure.

It is not known how the fate of Golovaty would have developed further if it were not for Grigory Potemkin, a favorite of Catherine II and a prominent statesman. Having a great attitude towards the Cossacks, he advised them to gather a delegation headed by Anton Andreevich and go to the Empress with a request: to create an “Army of Faithful Cossacks” from the former Cossacks. Mother Catherine gave the go-ahead.

The Cossacks formed two detachments, cavalry and foot, for service on boats (presumably, the prototype of the marines). Anton Golovaty became a military judge - the second person after the ataman. And Potemkin singled out new lands for Kerch Kut and Taman.

Anton Holovaty in command of the Black Sea Cossack flotilla

The Cossacks took an active part in the Russian-Turkish war. They also distinguished themselves during the siege of Ochakov - a large-scale battle, during which our troops defeated Hasan Pasha's fleet. It was following the results of the Amman battle that the boat detachment of the Cossacks was transformed into the Black Sea Cossack flotilla, the command of which was entrusted to Golovaty, and soon his wards successfully stormed the island of Berezan. For these victories, Anton Golovaty was awarded the Order of St. George.

Then there was a whole series of successful military operations with the participation of the Cossacks: the assault on the Hadzhibey fortress (future Odessa), the capture of the Akkerman and Bendery fortresses, the capture of several Turkish fortifications and the assault on Izmail.

New lands

After the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. the Cossacks were given lands between the Dniester and the Bug. The army itself became known as the Black Sea Cossack. But it seemed to the Cossacks that the new territories were not enough, and they sent another delegation to St. Petersburg. As before, it was headed by Anton Golovaty. The Cossacks handed over to the Empress a petition for the allocation of land in the Taman region and its environs, as well as land on the right bank of the Kuban River, which were empty at that time.

The capital's officials did not believe in the success of the enterprise, but Golovaty spoke with Catherine II in Latin (!) And was able to convince her that everyone would only benefit from this. As a result, the Taman and Kuban lands were granted to the Cossacks "in perpetual and hereditary possession."

Resettlement of the Cossacks to the Kuban

In 1793, Anton Golovaty led a detachment of family Cossacks for the land. During the transition, Holovaty the diplomat became friends with the Taurida governor, since then Kuban caviar and salmon have not been translated on the table.

Arriving in the Kuban, Golovaty took up land surveying and drafting the civil code of the Black Sea people, called the “Order of the Common Benefit”. At the same time, Anton Andreevich obtained permission to build temples and monasteries throughout the region and took care to send architects, builders, icon painters and priests from the capital. After all, it was necessary to build not only churches, but also barracks and military buildings in the villages and on the cordon line.

Golovaty - Kuban philanthropist

A. A. Golovaty also made a lot of donations for the construction of churches in the Kuban, and already operating churches also received generous contributions. True, some biographers claim that Golovaty amassed his fabulous wealth far from honestly: they say, he did not disdain to use the military treasury for personal purposes.

Often visiting St. Petersburg, at court and attending dinner parties, Golovaty became friends with such prominent personalities as the poet G. R. Derzhavin, admirals O. M. de Ribas and N.S. Mordvin, Field Marshal N.V. Repin, with some of them Golovaty was in regular correspondence.

By the way, it was thanks to Anton Andreyevich Golovaty that the entire archive of the Cossack army was preserved: before moving to the Kuban, Golovaty ordered to collect smoking documents and transport them to the new place of residence of the Cossacks.

And the ataman literally saved the famous Tmutarakan ("Fanagoria") stone. It is known that at one time the collector of antiquities A. I. Musin-Pushkin found out about the stone and informed Catherine II about it, who ordered to copy the inscription and then deliver the stone to the capital. Inscription text: “In the summer of 6576 Indict 6, Prince Gleb measured the sea on ice from Tmutorokan to Kornev 14,000 sazhens” , ended up in St. Petersburg earlier, scientists did not believe its content and accused Musin-Pushkin of forgery. I lost interest in the stone. So, it was Golovaty who gave the order not to get rid of the stone, but to carefully return it to its place. In Taman, it has been put on display for many years. AT early XIX century, it was noticed by Academician N.A. Lvov-Nikolsky and appreciated the find at its true worth.

Golovaty's trace in literature

It is interesting that the image of Anton Andreevich Golovaty is captured ... in poetry. The Cossack was familiar with the family of the Ukrainian poet G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko. When the 19th century appeared in print biographical sketches about Holovaty, Osnovyanenko also wrote his memoirs about him. The text came to the poet Taras Shevchenko, who, in turn, composed the following lines:

Our inveterate Golovaty Do not die,
don't die
From de, people, our glory,
Glory to Ukraine!

They were included in the poem "To Osnovyanenko", which appeared in Shevchenko's first collection of poems "Kobzar". However, later the poet nevertheless replaced the line about "the inveterate Golovaty" with "Our thought, our writing." So he seemed larger.