Chronology - what is it? Definition. "New Chronology" A

History at all times has been a "political" science, or, as one of the greats said, "history is politics turned to the past." This statement is especially true in relation to our country, where the authorities, from Prince Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko to General Secretaries The Central Committee of the CPSU personally corrected the pages of annals and textbooks on the history of the Fatherland. So it was at the time Russian Empire, so it was in the days of the USSR. And only in our time has it become possible to look at the history of Russia objectively - or, if you like, from an alternative point of view of those in power. A wide variety of hypotheses and theories have flourished in the field of historical science, from the collisions and synthesis of which genuine Russian History is born. This book is dedicated to the diversity of modern historical thought. It for the first time collected and systematized the currently existing alternative theories concerning the history of Russia, more than 70 authors - from Mikhail Lomonosov to Mikhail Zadornov. Among them are the concepts of Sergei Lesnoy, Lev Gumilyov, Igor Shafarevich, Vadim Kozhinov, Yuri Petukhov, Gennady Grinevich, Anatoly Fomenko, Gleb Nosovsky, Alexander Asov, Alexander Bushkov, Yuri Mukhin, Valery Chudinov and others. Today, many finds and discoveries have appeared that do not fit into generally accepted historical patterns. The works of the authors presented in this book completely overturn our ideas about the events of antiquity.

A series: Found true

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New chronology

Some alternative historians dealing with new chronological topics: Agrantsev I., Zhabinsky A., Kryukov E., Maksimov A., Morozov N.A., Nosovsky G., Fomenko A., Khodakovsky N.

The history of the development of the new chronology can be very conditionally divided into several stages.

FIRST - from the 16th to the 20th centuries, when various researchers here and there discovered major contradictions in the building of the Scaligerian chronology. We list some of the names of scientists known to us who disagree with the chronology of Scaliger-Petavius ​​and who believed that the true chronology of antiquity and the Middle Ages was significantly different.

De Arcilla - XVI century, professor at the University of Salamanca. Information about his research on chronology is very vague. ON THE. Morozov found out about them by accident. It is only known that de Arcilla argued that the "ancient" history was composed in the Middle Ages. However, we, unfortunately, still could not find his works. At the University of Salamanca, nothing was found out about the work of de Arcilla.

Pope Gregory VII Hildebrand aka Jesus Christ according to new chronologists

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) - the great English scientist, mathematician, physicist. He devoted many years of his life to studying chronology. He published a large work, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended. To which is Prefix’d, A Short Chronicle from the First Memory of Things in Europe, to the Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great).

Jean Garduin (1646–1729) was a prominent French scientist, author of numerous works on philology, theology, history, archeology, and numismatics. Director of the French Royal Library. He wrote several books on chronology, where he sharply criticized the whole building of Scaligerian history. In his opinion, most of the "monuments of antiquity" were made much later or are fakes.

Peter Nikiforovich Krekshin (1684-1763) - personal secretary of Peter I. Wrote a book in which he criticized the version of Roman history accepted today. At the time of Krekshin, it was still "quite fresh" and was not considered as something obvious, as is customary today.

Robert Baldauf is a German philologist of the second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. Privatdozent at the University of Basel. Author of the book "History and Criticism" in four volumes. On the basis of philological considerations, he concluded that the monuments of "ancient" literature have a much later origin than is commonly believed. Baldauf argued that they were created in the Middle Ages.

Edwin Johnson (1842–1901), English historian of the 19th century. In his writings, he subjected the Scaligerian chronology to serious criticism. I thought that it should be significantly shortened.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (1854–1946) is an outstanding Russian scientist and encyclopedist. Made a breakthrough in research on chronology. He subjected the Scaligerian version of chronology and history to extensive criticism. He proposed the ideas of several new natural-science methods for analyzing chronology. In fact, he turned chronology into a science.

Wilhelm Cammeyer ( late XIX century - 1959) - German scientist, lawyer. Developed a method for determining the authenticity of ancient official documents. I discovered that almost all ancient and early medieval Western European documents are in fact later forgeries or copies. He concluded that ancient and medieval history was falsified. Wrote several books on the subject.

Immanuel Velikovsky (1895-1979) - an outstanding psychoanalyst. Born in Russia, lived and worked in Russia, England, Palestine, Germany, USA. Wrote a number of books on the topic of ancient history, where he noted some contradictions and oddities in ancient history. He made an attempt to explain them with the help of the "theory of catastrophism". In the West, he is considered the founder of the critical school in chronology. However, in essence, Immanuel Velikovsky tried to protect Scaliger's chronology from too large transformations. Therefore, it can only very remotely be attributed to the predecessors of the new chronology. We think that the fact that Western Europe the works of I. Velikovsky on history were known much better than the much earlier and more meaningful works of N.A. Morozov, served as a significant brake on the development of a new chronology in Western Europe in the 20th century.

Joseph Scaliger

Summing up, it must be said that the groundlessness of the Scaligerian chronology was quite clearly indicated in the works of scientists of the 17th-19th centuries. A detailed criticism of the Scaligerian version of history was given and a thesis was formulated about the global falsification of ancient texts and ancient monuments. At the same time, no one except N.A. Morozov, could not find ways to build the correct chronology. However, even he failed to create a reasonable version of the correct chronology. His version turned out to be half-hearted and inherited a number of significant errors in the Scaliger-Petavius ​​chronology.

The second stage is the first half of our 20th century. This stage should undoubtedly be associated with the name of N.A. Morozov. He was the first to understand and clearly articulate the fundamental idea that Scaligerian chronology needs a radical restructuring not only in "deep antiquity", but also up to the 6th century AD. e. ON THE. Morozov applied a number of new methods of natural science to the analysis of chronology and brought many irrefutable arguments in favor of his profound idea. In the period from 1907 to 1932, N.A. Morozov published his main books on the revision of the history of antiquity. However, he erroneously believed that the chronology after the VI century A.D. e. more or less true. N.A.Morozov stopped, far from having reached the logical end.

The third stage - the period from 1945 to 1973 - can be conditionally characterized by the word "hushing up". Historical science tried to consign to oblivion the chronological studies of N.A. Morozov and his predecessors. In Russia, the discussion about chronology also stops around the works of N.A. Morozov, chronologically, an exclusion zone is created. And in the West, the discussion closes within the framework of the hypothesis of I. Velikovsky about "catastrophism".

The FOURTH stage 1973–1980 began in 1973. This year A.T. Fomenko, an employee of the Mechanics and Mathematics Department of Moscow State University, dealing with some issues of celestial mechanics, drew attention to an article by the American astrophysicist Robert Newton, published in 1972, in which he discovered a strange jump in lunar acceleration, the so-called parameter D ''. The leap arose around the 10th century AD. e. Based on the Scaligerian dating of records of lunar and solar eclipses, R. Newton calculated the acceleration of the Moon as a function of time over the interval from the beginning of AD to the beginning of the present. e. until the 20th century. Since the unexpected jump in the parameter D'' by an order of magnitude (!) is in no way explained by gravitational theory, it caused a lively scientific discussion, which resulted in a discussion in 1972 organized by the Royal Society of London and the British Academy of Sciences. The discussion did not lead to a clarification of the situation, and then R. Newton proposed to consider that some mysterious non-gravitational forces in the Earth-Moon system are the cause of the mysterious jump.

A.T. Fomenko noted that all attempts to explain the gap in the behavior of D'' did not address the issue of the accuracy of dating those eclipses, on which, in fact, R. Newton's calculations were based. On the other hand, although A.T. Fomenko at that time was very far from research on history, he heard that at the beginning of the century N.A. Morozov proposed some new dating of "ancient" eclipses in his work "Christ", published in 1924-1932. It must be said that in 1973 the initial attitude of A.T. Fomenko to the works of N.A. Morozov, based on vague stories in the corridors of the Mechanics and Mathematics Department of Moscow State University, was very distrustful. Nevertheless, having overcome skepticism, A.T. Fomenko found the astronomical table of N.A. Morozov with new dates of "ancient" eclipses and recalculated the parameter D'' using the same R. Newton's algorithm. He was surprised to find that the mysterious jump disappeared and the graph D'' turned into a practically straight, horizontal line. The work of A.T. Fomenko on this topic was published in 1980.

However, the elimination of the riddle in celestial mechanics gave rise to another very serious question - what, then, should be done with the chronology of antiquity? After all, the dates of eclipses seem to be reliably linked with a mass of various historical documents! Since the results of N.A. Morozov unexpectedly helped solve a difficult problem from celestial mechanics, A.T. Fomenko decided to get acquainted with the works of N.A. Morozov for more details. The only professor of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, who has preserved the work of N.A. Morozov "Christ", was M.M. Postnikov. He was interested in the research of N.A. Morozov and sometimes told his colleagues about them. In 1974 A.T. Fomenko turned to M.M. Postnikov with a request to read several review lectures on the works of N.A. Morozov. After some hesitation, M.M. Postnikov agreed and in the same 1974 gave five lectures to a group of mathematicians who worked at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University.

As a result, a group of mathematicians became interested in the problems of chronology, considering them from the point of view of applied mathematics. It became clear that this most complex issue could not be dealt with without the development of new independent dating methods. Therefore, in the period 1973–1980, the main attention was paid to the creation of mathematical and statistical methods for the analysis of historical texts. As a result, in 1975–1979, A.T. Fomenko managed to propose and develop several such new methods. Based on them, it turned out to be possible to identify a global picture of chronological transfers in Scaliger's version, after which the errors of this version are basically eliminated. In particular, A.T.Fomenko discovered three important shifts in chronology by approximately 333 years, 1053 years and 1800 years. These shifts, of course, are not present in the real, correct chronology, but only in the erroneous version of Scaliger-Petavius. It turned out that the "Scaligerian textbook" was glued together from four copies of the same short chronicle.

In the period 1973-1980, the first scientific papers on this topic were prepared and submitted for publication.

FIFTH STAGE 1980-1990 is characterized by the fact that at that time in the scientific press, in specialized journals in mathematics (pure or applied), articles began to appear outlining new dating methods and the results obtained with their help in the field of chronology. The first publications on this topic were two articles by A.T. Fomenko, published in 1980, as well as a preprint by M.M. Postnikov and A.T. Fomenko, also published in 1980. In 1981, a young mathematician, a specialist in probability theory and mathematical statistics, was actively involved in research on the new chronology. G.V. Nosovsky. During this period, dozens of scientific articles by independent empirical-statistical and astronomical methods in chronology. These articles were written by A.T. Fomenko alone or in collaboration with mathematicians: G.V. Nosovsky, V.V. Kalashnikov, S.T. Rachev, V.V. Fedorov, N.S. Kellin. It must be said that the research was supported by Academician Physicist E.P. Velikhov, who presented two articles by A.T. Fomenko (with a description of the methods and the global picture of chronological redattributions) in the Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and academician mathematician Yu.V. Prokhorov, who presented two articles by V.V. Kalashnikov, G.V. Nosovsky and A.T. Fomenko (on the dating of Ptolemy's Almagest) in Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

A.T. Fomenko made presentations on new dating methods at the scientific mathematical seminars of Academician V.S. Vladimirov, Academician A.A. Samarsky, Academician O.A. Oleinik, corresponding member S.V. Yablonsky, as well as at a scientific seminar on the history of Academician I.D. Kovalchenko. It must be said that academician historian I.D. Kovalchenko, a specialist in the application of mathematical methods in history, was very interested in these methods and believed that historians should delve deeper into questions of chronology.

In the period 1980–1990, A.T. Fomenko, G.V. Nosovsky, V.V. Kalashnikov has repeatedly spoken at scientific mathematical conferences with reports on new methods of independent dating.

The position of Academician A.N. Kolmogorov. When A.T. Fomenko made a scientific report on new dating methods at the 3rd International Vilnius Conference on Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics in 1981, A.N. Kolmogorov came to this report and during the entire report, that is, for about forty minutes, stood on his feet in the aisle. A.N. Kolmogorov chose a place so that it was not visible from the hall, but he himself could clearly see and hear what was happening at the blackboard. After the report of A.N. Kolmogorov silently left and did not approach the speaker. It must be said that at that time A.N. Kolmogorov was already quite weak in health and standing for forty minutes on his feet probably required considerable effort from him.

Then, already in Moscow, A.N. Kolmogorov invited A.T. Fomenko to his home and asked to let him read some of our work on the topic of chronology. He was presented with a short 100-page abstract written by A.T. Fomenko in 1979 and circulated in manuscript until it was published as a preprint in 1981. In addition, A.T. Fomenko handed over to A.N. Kolmogorov a more detailed 500-page typewritten text on this topic. Two weeks later A.N. Kolmogorov again invited A.T. Fomenko for a conversation. It lasted about two hours. From the conversation it became clear that A.N. Kolmogorov got acquainted with the materials in full. He had a lot of questions. First of all, he was excited by the dynastic parallelisms between the "ancient", including the biblical, and medieval dynasties. He said he was terrified of the possibility of a radical overhaul of many modern ideas based on ancient history. He had no objections to the essence of the methods. In conclusion, A.N. Kolmogorov returned the 500-page text to A.T. Fomenko, but asked to give him a 100-page abstract, which was done.

To this should be added the following message received by A.T. Fomenko orally from one of the participants in the conversation described below. Some time ago Professor M.M. Postnikov proposed for publication in the journal "Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk" an article with a review of N.A. Morozov chronologically. After that, between the members of the editorial board of the journal, among whom were Academician P.S. Aleksandrov and Academician A.N. Kolmogorov, the following conversation took place. A.N. Kolmogorov refused even to take this article into his hands, saying something like the following. The article should be rejected. In my time, I spent quite a lot of energy fighting Morozov. But in what a stupid light we will look if, in the end, it turns out that Morozov is right, - added N.A. Kolmogorov. The article was rejected.

This conversation lifts a corner of the veil over the events of bygone years, when N.A. Morozov was actually banned. Today they try to convince us that everything “happened by itself”. Like, the studies of N.A. Morozov were so uninteresting that they were soon forgotten by everyone. In fact, as we begin to understand, to fight N.A. Morozov threw considerable forces, since A.N. had to be involved in this. Kolmogorov. It is also interesting, by the way, that N.A. Kolmogorov allowed the possibility of N.A. Morozov being right.

Apparently, all the time while N.A. Morozov were artificially immersed in oblivion, historians were constantly worried about the possibility of resuming such studies. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain the curious fact that back in 1977, that is, when the studies of mathematicians of Moscow State University in chronology were still at the very beginning, when there was not a single publication on this topic, an article by Doctor of Historical Sciences A Manfred with a sharp condemnation of the "new mathematical methods" in history. The names of the authors of the methods were not named, although it is quite clear what exactly was discussed.

A. Manfred wrote: “Give them free rein, these“ young ”scientists, they would shower the book market with summaries of digital data ...“ New ”trends require careful critical analysis and overcoming. THEY INTERFERE THE PROGRESS OF WORLD HISTORICAL SCIENCE…” (“Kommunist”, July 1977, No. 10, pp. 106–114.).

Immediately after our first publications on chronology, in 1981, a meeting of the Department of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (June 29, 1981) was held, specially dedicated to the criticism of our work. In an official letter sent to A.T. Fomenko, Scientific Secretary of the Department of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences Ph.D. V.V. Volkov and Scientific Secretary of the Scientific Council "Basic patterns of development of human society" at the Department of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences N.D. Lutskov, in particular, indicated: “On June 29, 1981, under the chairmanship of the deputy. Academician-Secretary of the Department, Academician Yu.V. Bromley, a meeting of the Department was held ... Your conclusions were subjected to strong criticism by specialists from six humanitarian institutes, as well as employees of the Astronomical Institute. Sternberg". (May 8, 1984).

Of the speeches at the meeting in 1981, the reports of historians Corr. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Z.V. Udaltsova and chairman of the commission E.S. Golubtsova. E.S. Golubtsova headed a special commission of historians set up to analyze our work. Based on the materials of this discussion, the historical press began to publish a series of articles by historians with a sharp condemnation of our work.

Such a "discussion" was repeated again in 1998-1999, as will be discussed below.

SIXTH STAGE - after 1990. It can be conditionally described as "a stage of books on a new chronology". At this time, books began to appear in the press, covering both our research on chronology and the hypotheses based on them about how history actually looked before the 17th century. The first published book on this subject was A.T. Fomenko "Methods of statistical analysis of narrative texts and applications to chronology", Moscow State University, 1990. This book appeared with a preface by A.N. Shiryaev, President (in 1989-1991) of the International Society mathematical statistics and the theory of probability. Bernoulli, Head of the Department of Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics of the Institute of Mathematics. V.A. Steklov, Russian Academy of Sciences, later Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Probability Theory of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University.

I must say that this book should have been published much earlier. It was fully prepared for publication by the publishing house of the Saratov University already in 1983-1984, edited by Ph.D. ist. Sciences S.A. Pustovoit (Moscow). However, in June 1984, the publishing house unexpectedly received a letter from Leningrad historians (Head of the Sector world history Leningrad Branch of the Institute of History of the USSR, member. - corr. USSR Academy of Sciences V.I. Rutenburg, scientific secretary Ph.D. T.N. Tatsenko, head group of the history of the most ancient states on the territory of the USSR and the ancient world Ph.D. I.A. Shishova, scientific secretary Ph.D. I.V. Kuklin). In particular, they wrote that our research is “objectively directed against the basic principles of Marxist historical science... The Sector of World History and the History of the Ancient States on the territory of the USSR and the ancient world recognize the publication of the monograph by prof. A.T. Fomenko "Introduction to the criticism of ancient chronology. The experience of statistical research is "completely impossible". Historians categorically demanded to stop the publication of the book.

The book set was scattered.

In the plan of the publishing house "Nauka" in 1991 was our book: V.V. Kalashnikov, G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko “Geometric and statistical analysis of stellar configurations. Dating of the star catalog of the Almagest. It has been reviewed and submitted to the press, to the printing house. However, when a significant part of the work had already been done, the Nauka publishing house practically stopped publishing books due to a change in the situation in the country. Later, this book was published in 1995 by the Factorial publishing house, where already prepared materials on our book were transferred from the Nauka publishing house. After some time, the publishing house "Nauka" resumed its work. In 1996 and 1997, two of our other books on chronology were published in Nauka.

Thus, after the publication of the book by A.T. Fomenko "Methods ..." in 1990 there was a break, after which, starting from 1993, books began to be published from time to time, reflecting the current stage of our research in chronology. It was at this time that the term "New Chronology" arose. So we called the chronology, which began to arise due to the use of new dating methods developed by us. It is new in the sense that it differs from the Scaliger-Petavius ​​chronology accepted today. In fact, it should be called the "Correct Chronology". Since it corrected the errors of the Scaliger-Petavius ​​chronology.

The publication of books on the new chronology was taken over by several Moscow publishing houses at once: the publishing house of Moscow State University, the publishing house of the Educational and Scientific Center for Pre-University Education of Moscow State University, the publishing house Nauka, the publishing house Factorial, the publishing house Kraft, publishing house "Olimp", publishing house "Anvik", publishing house "Business Express". Abroad, our books on chronology were published both in English and in Russian by Kluwer Academic Press (Holland), CRC-Press (USA), Edwin Mellen Press (USA).

In 2000-2003, all the material was collected, revised and organized in the form of a seven-volume "Chronology".

Starting from 1995-1996, numerous articles began to appear in various newspapers and magazines discussing our books on the new chronology. Often they expressed extremely opposing points of view. Some people liked our books very much, others were greatly indignant. At least 100 such articles appeared every year. Especially their number increased in 1999-2000.

In 1998, for more than six months, Radio Free Russia provided its airtime for a series of radio programs in which Yu.S. Chernyshov spoke brilliantly about the content of our books. In particular, on the radio he almost completely read the text of our two books - "Empire" and "New Chronology of Russia, England and Rome." The first chapters of the book "Biblical Russia" were also read. In 2001, these broadcasts were resumed, but soon ceased, although Yu.S. Chernyshov was ready to continue them.

In 1998, on the television channel TVC, the studio "Author's Television" (ATV) held seven meetings with the Moscow economist A.V. Podoinitsyn, participant informal group"New Chronology". A.V. Podoinitsyn spoke about the content of our research and answered numerous questions from viewers live. The broadcasts aroused great interest.

In 1999 he called us famous writer, sociologist, logician and philosopher A.A. Zinoviev, who had just returned to Russia from a long emigration. After reading our works, A.A. Zinoviev came to the conclusion that the concept we have outlined is, on the whole, correct. In addition, it is consistent with his own research in the field of history and historical falsifications.

A.A. Zinoviev briefly outlined his ideas on this subject in the preface he wrote to the new edition of our book “Introduction to the New Chronology”, which was published in 2001 (Moscow, Kraft).

Starting from 1996, our works according to the new chronology began to be placed on the Internet on a number of sites. Their number is constantly increasing. There are currently about ten in Russia and at least one in Germany. We would like to note the outstanding role in the organization of the German site of Professor E.Ya. Gabovich (Karlsruhe, Germany). The role of E.Ya. Gabovich is not limited to creating a website. He is the organizer of the new Historical Salon in Germany, where in recent years the ideas of a new chronology have been actively discussed. In addition, E.V. Gabovich gave us invaluable help while working in the German archives. He owns a number of valuable considerations and ideas relating to the reconstruction of true history.

AT recent times In Russia, the site chronologia.org has become especially famous, within the framework of which a lively discussion on the new chronology is constantly going on. On this site you can find speeches of both its supporters and opponents.

In 1990-1998, historians reacted rather sluggishly to our work. Only individual articles appeared in newspapers and magazines, the authors of which did not even pretend to be scientific analysis and limited themselves to expressing their disagreement. In 1998 the situation changed. One of the meetings of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences was specially devoted to the discussion of our research. Then a special meeting of the Bureau of the Department of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences was convened. Then a discussion took place at a meeting of the Bureau of the Department of Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. At a meeting of the Bureau of the Department of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a whole "program of struggle" with a new chronology was put forward. This program began to be implemented most vividly in December 1999, when a large conference under the significant title "Myths of the New Chronology" was organized at the Faculty of History of Moscow State University. The conference was held under the banner of a categorical condemnation of our research and ended with the demand for “organizational conclusions”. Then a rather curious process began. The materials of this conference were repeatedly published with minor variations under different covers and under different names. To date, there are already seven such books (!), repeating each other. It seems that their number may increase even more in the near future. We have read this criticism carefully. It turned out that historians did not have any new ideas. But the form of presentation of the material has become more "advanced" and scientifically sound. The art of labeling has also improved.

Beginning in 1996, books by German scientists began to appear in Germany, in which the fallacy of Western European medieval chronology was proved. True, these works do not realize the true scale of the problem. Their authors believe that it is possible to get by with local corrections of the Scaligerian chronology, only slightly changing it in one place or another. This is mistake. Until they realize this, their activities will not be able to lead to success. At the same time, the critical side in these works is at a good level. First of all, we note the book by Uwe Topper "The Great Action" on the falsification of history, as well as the book by Bloss and Nimitz "The Crash of C-14", dedicated to radiocarbon analysis.

In recent years, our work on the new chronology has begun to arouse not only interest, but also to generate interesting research based on our results in the field of chronology and on our reconstruction of universal history, set out in the last books of the New Chronology series. In 2000-2001, the books of the Omsk mathematician Alexander Guts " True story Russia” and “Multivariant History”, book by N.I. Khodakovsky "Spiral of time". Our work had a clear influence on A. Bushkov's book "The Russia That Wasn't". This list could be continued. Although the foundations of chronology are not actually touched upon in these works, some new and interesting facts are revealed in them, confirming our general idea.

However, we categorically do not share a number of ideas expressed in these and other similar works. Although we have a positive attitude towards such activity, we, nevertheless, want to clearly separate our scientific research from it by chronology. We consider it completely unacceptable when statements are attributed to us that are not in our books, or when, without our consent, they speak in the name of the New Chronology. Everything that we consider it necessary to say on the subject of chronology is stated in our books, or will be formulated in subsequent ones. The original source of the New Chronology and the whole concept has been and remains our work. It is unacceptable when some of these ideas and results, and sometimes even the general outline of our concept, are attributed to other people. We have an absolutely negative attitude towards the use of the term we have introduced and the very concept of the "New Chronology" for the promotion of views that are alien to us.

We note another interesting effect. The recent publications of some authors are clearly secondary in nature, they were born on "waves" diverging in different directions from the New Chronology. Such informational “secondary waves” are certainly useful, but it should be borne in mind that they do not at all constitute the essence of the New Chronology, its foundation, that is, the natural science dating methods and the new concept of history created on their basis (as our hypothesis). ATTEMPT TO REPLACE THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW CHRONOLOGY WITH SECONDARY OBSERVATIONS OF A LINGUISTIC OR HISTORICAL CHARACTER MAY BE MIDDLE AND CREATE THE ILLUSION AS IF THEY CONSTITUTE THE CONTENT OR PROOF OF THE NEW CHRONOLOGY. THIS IS NOT TRUE. THE BASIC CONCEPT IS, FIRST OF ALL, STATISTICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL DATING METHODS.

G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko

April 2001

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The following excerpt from the book alternative history Russia. From Mikhail Lomonosov to Mikhail Zadornov (K. A. Penzev, 2016) provided by our book partner -

On August 12, 2016, a video of the conference dated September 29, 2013 of one of the founding fathers of the "new chronology" G.

When asked about funding, Nosovsky answered the following: "No one finances our projects and no one has ever financed them. If you historians do not have sufficient funding, then we simply have zero." Well, then I read the "moral" for a long time, that counting money in other people's pockets is not good.

But how honest is this answer? To begin with, let's look at such a controversial source as Wikipedia, the article "Fomenko, Anatoly Timofeevich." Nosovsky claims that their first book on the "New Chronology" was published in 1995, and he said so, for the first time (precisely "for the first time") the book was published at the expense of Fomenko's personal funds. But let's see the wiki: " Fomenko A. T., Kalashnikov V. V., Nosovsky G. V. Geometrical and Statistical Methods of Analysis of Star Configurations. Dating Ptolemy's Almagest.- USA: CRC Press, 1993.- 300 pp". The first book on the "New Chronology" was published in 1993 in the USA. Is it really also at the personal expense of Fomenko? This is a 300 page book. It turns out Nosovsky just lied! But let's look at the English-language Wikipedia article about Fomenko and see there: Fomenko A.T. “Some new empirico–statistical methods of dating and the analysis of the present global chronology,” London: The British Library, Department of printed books. cup. 918/87, 1981. As we can see, the "new chronology" has been known in the West since the 80s. So, it turns out that when Fomenko and Nosovsky paint themselves as such donquixotes from science - a pure lie.

And now let's see where the books of Fomenko and Nosovsky were printed in foreign languages ​​abroad: the USA, Great Britain, the Netherlands. Isn't there too much attention in the West to the "New Chronology"? Doesn't this seem strange? If they show me the same attention to other Russian historians or scientists, then I will agree. So, on Wikipedia, the historian A.P. Novoseltsev is mentioned in articles in only three languages, while Fomenko is in 35 languages. It looks like someone is actively promoting the "New Chronology". Is it really the same as Fomenko's personal funds? Who paid for the translation of the books by Fomenko and Nosovsky? who paid for their publication? It is hard for me to believe that the West has suddenly become inflamed with great love for the theory of "new chronology". There are plenty of analogues out there.

And on account of the fact that no one finances the "New Chronology", Nosovsky is just as blatantly lying. This video is from 2013. And here is an article from "Echo of Moscow" dated July 14, 2014:

"In this regard, the conversation turned to the theory of the "new chronology", which is presented by Gleb Nosovsky on "Echo". Deputy Venediktov Sergei Buntman admitted that this character broadcasts on a commercial basis: “There are patrons who pay for his broadcast. This pleased me: I thought, in what form can it be submitted, are there people? who are interested in the new chronology. Thank God, someone took and paid". “And I, for example, believe that the earth stands on three pillars. But I don’t spread my views,” Venediktov put in the word. “And I - that at four. But there was no patron for me,” Buntman picked up.

Note that we are talking about a series of interviews with Nosovsky in 2012-2014, just when Nosovsky impudently lied that no one was financing the "new chronology" project. And here, it turns out, a certain secret sponsor was found who financed a series of programs about Tartaria from Nosovsky. And who is this sponsor and why is Nosovsky hiding his name? And notice with what undisguised irony the leaders of Ekho Moskvy speak about Nosovsky, his theory and his sponsors. It seems that they know this sponsor. And who feeds "Ekho Moskvy" is well known to us.

Thus, I do not believe Mr. Nosovsky and his words about the lack of funding.

Reconstruction of history. Movie 12

Modern historical science is bursting at the seams. Scientists - mathematicians who created new mathematical methods for studying historical documents did not leave a stone unturned from the generally accepted chronology of historical events. But chronology underlies history, being its "vertebral column". Changing the chronology automatically leads to the need to review all the events of world history. It turns out that many rulers and even events of the ancient world known to us from books and films did not exist at all, that they are phantoms, a reflection of later medieval rulers and events. The reconstruction of history, carried out by scientists on the basis of the new chronology of the world, eliminates a large number of secrets and mysteries in the past of mankind, finds simple and logical explanations for those historical events that historians are already arguing about cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border : medium none" width="1127">

"The Falsification of Written History". Movie 13.

The film deals with the falsification of written history. He will tell about the mass destruction and falsification of written documents in the XVI-XVIII centuries. The fact that since ancient times people have understood how important it is to know the history of their people and preserve it for posterity, because it is history that helps a person to realize his belonging to a particular nation and culture. But over the centuries, history had another task - in any state, it stood guard over the political interests of its rulers, which means it was largely subjective. Despite the fact that today there are enough examples of the distortion of world history, many are still convinced that it is impossible to falsify history on a global scale. The reason is in the generally accepted historical version of Scaliger-Petavius, on which each of us was brought up. By watching this film, viewers will learn not only about little known facts falsification of historical documents, but also that very often the falsification of history is not only possible, but inevitable.

"Crafts and forgeries". Movie 14.

The film is about fake objects of art and material culture, the number of which is so great that no one can be sure of the authenticity of the acquisition made: neither a tourist who bought an allegedly "ancient" Egyptian papyrus, nor a collector who found a rarity in an antique store, nor an art critic who bought for museum exhibit that has undergone many examinations. Unfortunately, today in the world there are many fakes of antiques, art, antiquities and material culture. Forgeries end up not only in private collections, but also in the halls of the most authoritative museums in the world, they can end up in the shop of an Arab merchant, and at the Sotheby's auction. Among the fakes there are not only paintings, sculptures and objects of religious worship, but even architectural structures, such as temples. Once upon a time, most of these fakes were created to serve as a justification and confirmation of the historical version of Scaliger-Petavius, so to this day they prevent us from forming a correct understanding of the history of mankind.

"Three great fakes". Movie 15.

Legendary archaeological sites or great fakes? The film is addressed to both avid tourists and those who are just about to go to distant lands. In whatever country we come, we are surrounded by history everywhere. Any building, any item that has survived to this day has its own historical value. And the older these objects, the more they attract the attention of people. Therefore, acquaintance with history is a very exciting process. However, today it is well known that among the so-called antiquities there are many fakes. Many people think that coins, sculptures, documents can be fake. But not everyone knows that there are fakes among archaeological sites. Some of them have even been declared World Heritage Sites. Because the grander the fake, the easier it is to convince people of its authenticity. This film will tell about who, when and why actually built three legendary archaeological sites: Tomb of Tutankhamen, the legendary Troy and the Great Wall of China.

"Ivan the Terrible". Movie 16.

The era of Ivan the Terrible is the time of the heyday of the Russian empire, the triumph of Russian weapons and Orthodox faith. In this era, Russia reached its highest development, and the great Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible became for the people a symbol of the struggle against external and internal enemies. However, for more than two hundred years a completely different image of Grozny has been imposed on us. In textbooks and novels, in paintings and movie screens, he appears as a pathologically cruel and mentally ill tyrant. This film will help the viewer figure out who and why came up with just such an image of the Terrible and who Ivan IV really was - a bloody monster or a great autocrat who brought Russia to the pinnacle of its power. And also, who is hiding under the name of Ivan IV the Terrible.

"Trouble". Movie 17.

What are the real causes and consequences of the Time of Troubles in Russia? From the generally accepted version of Russian history, it is known that the Time of Troubles in Russia began in 1598 after the death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, who, as is commonly believed, had no children. The absence of a direct heir was the cause of the many years of Troubles in Russia. But there is another version of those distant events, which belongs to the authors of the "New Chronology" Anatoly Fomenko and Gleb Nosovsky. They believe that the Time of Troubles began in the era of Ivan the Terrible, when power in the country was temporarily in the hands of the Zakharyin-Romanov clan. After their temporary defeat, the Romanovs continued their struggle for power, and in 1613 the first Romanov ascended the Russian throne. And the last two rulers of the Rurik family - Boris Godunov and False Dmitry - were declared impostors by the Romanovs and blamed on them for all the troubles and crimes that happened in Russia during the so-called Great Troubles. This film will tell about authentic documents and testimonies that refute the version of the Romanov historians.

"The First Romanovs". Movie 18.

The film tells about the change of ruling dynasties and its detrimental effect on the country's architectural heritage. As you know, architectural monuments contain a lot of information about the era to which they belong. Sometimes the decorations of palaces and temples can tell more about the time of their creation than chronicles and government documents. This film tells about the Russian architectural structures of the XV-XVII centuries, which contained the true history of the old Rurik Empire. With the coming to power of the new Romanov dynasty, the fate of many of these monuments was sealed. After the destruction of their political opponents, the new rulers of Russia set about destroying the history and ancient culture of the Russian people. A wave of pogroms swept across the country, as a result of which most of the historical monuments of the "pre-Romanov" era were irretrievably lost.

"How Russian History Was Written". Movie 19.

A film about how Russian history was written. Every country has a so-called official history. Russia also has it. The generally accepted version of Russian history began to be composed at the beginning of the 17th century after the accession to the throne of the first Romanovs. And in the XVIII century, this work was put on a scientific basis. Both Russian historians and foreign ones were engaged in describing the past of Russia. Each of them had their own attitude towards Russia and its history. Each gave his own assessment of the Russian state and its rulers. Therefore, reading and comparing the works of different authors, you understand that this is not the true past of Russia, but only different historical versions. And in the end, our knowledge and understanding of Russian history depends on which authors we read. More precisely, which authors we are forced to read from childhood. This film will tell about those who composed the official version of Russian history, and about those who introduced it into the minds of the Russian people.

The Radzivilov Chronicle. The calling of the Varangians. Movie 20.

Radzivilov Chronicle: forgery or original? Everyone who is familiar with Russian history, knows about the existence of the Radzivilov Chronicle. It is known that this ancient literary monument includes The Tale of Bygone Years, which describes the Norman origin of the first Russian princes. For many years we were forced to take this version on faith, since there was no complete edition of the Radzivilov Chronicle, but at the end of the 20th century the chronicle was finally published. When the researchers began to study this edition, they found that there are clear signs of forgery in the Radzivilov Chronicle. The authors of the film decided to check the results of the research of Russian scientists and conducted their own investigation, having studied in detail the original of the Radzivilov Chronicle. This film will tell about the results of the investigation.

"The Reformation or the Dissolution of the Empire". Movie 21.

The film will give answers to questions about the existence of a world empire, about what really happened: the reformation or the collapse of the empire. AT XVI-XVII centuries, during the creation of the traditional version of history, historians came up with many empires that supposedly existed in the past. However, numerous studies show that in reality, in the entire history of mankind, there was only one world empire - the Russian-Horde. Supporters of the traditional historical school object: if such an empire really existed, then its fall would have been a global event of its time, which simply could not have been preserved on the pages of the chronicles, but neither Russian nor European documents about such an event are actually true. In history, the collapse of the Russian-Horde empire is described in great detail, only it is known under a different name - the European Reformation.

"Soldiers of the Empire. Cathars. Razin. Pugachev. Movie 22.

The film tells about the results of the events that took place in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries during the collapse of the world empire. After a series of wars and rebellions that went down in history as the Reformation, many new independent states appeared on the territory of the Russian-Horde Empire. However, the historians of the Scaligerian school either incorrectly interpreted the true picture of these events or deliberately concealed from subsequent generations. And a vivid example of this is the defeat of the Cathars in Western Europe and the wars of the Romanovs with Stepan Razin, and then with Emelyan Pugachev in Russia. Both the Cathar movement and the uprising of Razin and Pugachev were a large-scale war of devoted soldiers of the Empire against the rebel reformers who seized the thrones in all countries of Europe.

"The Etruscans are Russians." Movie 23.

Are the Etruscans Russian? In the film, scientists reveal the secret of the ancient Etruscans. Everyone who is interested in history knows that there are still many unsolved historical and chronological mysteries in the world. One of them is the mystery of the ancient Etruscans. It is believed that this people appeared in Italy in the 7th century BC, that is, even before the founding of Rome. Then he mysteriously disappeared, leaving behind numerous monuments covered with incomprehensible writings that scientists still cannot decipher, so the expression “Etruscan is not readable” has become widespread. But why are they so sure of it? It is possible that these ancient inscriptions hold some kind of secret, which greatly confuses and even frightens historians. Russian and Italian scientists take part in the film, who express different points of view on the culture and origin of the Etruscans.

"Roman Antiquities. The collapse of the myth. Movie 24.

This film is the collapse of the myth of Roman antiquities. It is dedicated to several sensational discoveries made by Russian and Italian scientists. Which of us in childhood did not read the legends and myths of the ancient world? And these were not just entertaining stories for extracurricular reading. legendary past Ancient Greece and ancient rome occupies many pages in school history textbooks. After all, since the 18th century, knowledge of the so-called ancient history has become a measure of a person's education. Therefore, for more than one century, schoolchildren have been memorizing the names of Roman gods and emperors, the dates of the great Roman battles and the years of construction of grandiose structures, dreaming of seeing the Roman Forum, the Colosseum, Trajan's Column and the Capitoline she-wolf. However, the results of modern studies of ancient monuments often completely destroy the myth of the extraordinary antiquity of both the monuments themselves and the entire history of Ancient Rome.

NEW CHRONOLOGY Fomenko-Nosovsky

NEW CHRONOLOGY of Fomenko-Nosovsky (abbr. NX), a chronology of historical events of antiquity and the Middle Ages, built in 1973-2006 by Russian mathematicians Academician A. T. Fomenko (cm. FOMENKO Anatoly Timofeevich) and G. V. Nosovsky (cm. NOSOVSKY Gleb Vladimirovich)(who joined Fomenko's research in 1981) using natural science dating methods.
NH does not rely on the generally accepted "historical" chronology of Scaliger (cm. SCALIGER Joseph Just)-Petavius (cm. PETAVIUS), created in the 16-17 centuries, and differs significantly from the latter. The difference in dates between NC and the chronology of Scaliger-Petavius ​​disappears after the 15th century AD, however, in terms of historical reconstructions, NC also differs significantly from Scaliger's version until the 17th century, and in some cases even later. According to NC, the history of mankind known from written sources was much shorter than is commonly believed in Scaliger's chronology. So, for example, the most ancient events, about which written evidence has been preserved, refer, in accordance with the NC, to the 9th-11th centuries AD, the Nativity of Christ - to 1151 or 1152 AD, the Trojan War, also known as the Crusades. campaigns - by the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th century AD, the adoption of apostolic Christianity in the Empire - by the second half of the 14th century.
In accordance with the alleged reconstruction of history proposed by Fomenko and Nosovsky, the era of the Ancient and Medieval world was the era of governing the entire civilized world from a single center - the capital of the Great Medieval Empire. The capital of the Empire moved from south to north over time: in the 9th-10th centuries AD. she was supposedly in African Egypt and owned only the shores mediterranean sea, in the 12-13 centuries - in Constantinople on the Bosphorus, in the 14-16 centuries - in Vladimir-Suzdal Russia. At the end of its existence, in the 16th century, the Great Empire already covered not only North Africa and Eurasia, but also America. On the ruins of the Empire in the 17th century, all the later independent states of the East and West were formed. At the same time, the era of the Ancient World (aka “ancient”) lasted from the 12th to the middle of the 14th century and was the time of the domination of “royal”, tribal Christianity, which was very different from the now familiar apostolic Christianity. In the second half of the 14th century apostolic christianity defeats the generic and declares it "paganism". This event is known as the adoption of Christianity in the Empire under Constantine the Great, he Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy (cm. DMITRY Donskoy). Then begins the Christian Middle Ages, which lasts about 200 years - until the beginning of the 17th century. Then comes the New Age.
History of the development of the New Chronology
De Arcilla - 16th century, professor at the University of Salamanca. Information about his research on chronology is very vague. It is known that in his works de Arcilla argued that all ancient history was composed in the Middle Ages.
Isaac Newton (cm. NEWTON Isaac)(1643-1727) - great English scientist, mathematician, physicist. He devoted many years of his life to studying chronology. He published a great work, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended. To which is Prefix "d, A Short Chronicle from the First Memory of Things in Europe, to the Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great".
Jean Hardouin (1646-1729) - a prominent French scientist, author of numerous works on philology, theology, history, archeology, numismatics. Director of the French Royal Library. The author of several books on chronology, where he sharply criticized the whole building of Scaligerian history. In his opinion, most of the "monuments of antiquity" were made much later or are fakes.
Peter Nikiforovich Krekshin (1684-1763) - personal secretary of Peter I, in his book criticized the version of Roman history accepted today.
Robert Baldauf - German philologist of the second half of the 19th century - early 20th century, Privatdozent at the University of Basel. Author of the book "History and Criticism" (4 volumes). On the basis of philological considerations, I concluded that the monuments of "ancient" literature are of late origin (created in the Middle Ages).
Edwin Johnson (1842-1901) - English historian of the 19th century, subjected the Scaligerian chronology to serious criticism, arguing that it should be significantly shortened.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (cm. MOROZOV Nikolai Alexandrovich)(1854-1946) - an outstanding Russian scientist-encyclopedist. Made a breakthrough in research on chronology. He subjected the Scaligerian version of chronology and history to extensive criticism. He proposed the ideas of several new natural-scientific methods for analyzing chronology. In fact, he was the first to turn chronology into a science.
Wilhelm Kammeier (late 19th century - 1959) - German scientist, lawyer. Developed a method for determining the authenticity of ancient official documents. I discovered that almost all ancient and early medieval Western European documents are in fact later forgeries or copies. He concluded that ancient and medieval history was fake. Wrote several papers on this subject.
Immanuel Velikovsky (1895-1979) - psychoanalyst doctor (born in Russia). Lived and worked in Russia, England, Palestine, Germany, USA. Wrote a number of books on ancient history, where he noted some contradictions and oddities. He made an attempt to explain them with the help of the "theory of catastrophism". In the West, he is considered the founder of the critical school in chronology, although, in fact, he is not the predecessor of HX, since he tried to protect Scaliger's chronology from too radical changes.
The second stage is associated with the name of N. A. Morozov, who for the first time clearly formulated the idea that Scaligerian chronology needs a radical restructuring not only in relation to ancient times, but up to the 6th century AD. Morozov developed a number of new natural scientific methods for the analysis of chronology and provided evidence in favor of his ideas. In the period 1907-1932 he published his main books on the criticism of the history of antiquity. However, he mistakenly believed that the chronology after the 6th century AD. more or less true and thus stopped before reaching its logical end.
The third stage (1945-1973) is the period when historical science consigns to oblivion the chronological studies of Morozov and his predecessors. In Russia, the discussion about chronology stops, in the West it closes within the framework of Velikovsky's hypothesis of "catastrophism".
The fourth stage (1973-1980) is associated with the name of Fomenko. At this stage, the main attention was paid to the creation of new mathematical and statistical methods for the analysis of historical texts. In 1975-1979, Fomenko proposed several such new methods and, with their help, revealed a global picture of chronological redistributions in Scaliger's version. In particular, he discovered three major shifts in the chronological version of Scaliger - approximately 333 years, 1053 years and 1800 years. In the period 1973-1980, Fomenko's first scientific publications on the new chronology appeared in special mathematical journals.
The fifth stage (1981-2000) is associated with the completion of the overall development of the NX and the historical reconstruction based on it. The results were published in a series of books on the New Fomenko-Nosovsky Chronology in Russian, English and some other languages. (see chronologia.org).
Methods of the New Chronology
The independent natural-scientific dating methods used in NC fall into three main groups.
The first group is mathematical and statistical methods for processing formalized dating information extracted from written historical sources. Based on empirical-statistical models calibrated according to reliable historical material, they make it possible to divide historical epochs into dependent and independent pairs, thanks to which, in the end, it becomes possible to restore the correct chronological order of chronicle fragments. This group of methods has a wide scope, is resistant to distortions and is almost insensitive to local changes in sources, since it relies only on their global characteristics that are beyond the control of scribes or chroniclers. However, mathematical and statistical methods do not allow obtaining exact absolute dates, they only give a system of relative dating.
The second group is astronomical and calendar-astronomical methods, which have a much narrower scope than mathematical-statistical methods, since they require a source containing a sufficient amount of reliable astronomical information. However, these methods lead to accurate absolute dating.
The combination of relative dates obtained by mathematical-statistical methods and absolute astronomical dates underlies NX.
The third group is physical methods of independent dating (radiocarbon and other physical methods). In principle, they can be used in NC, but they require preliminary refinement and calibration. As part of research on NC, an analysis was made of the accuracy and applicability of radiocarbon and other physical dating methods. It is shown that the results obtained using the now generally accepted method of applying the radiocarbon method for dating archaeological samples cannot be considered reliable (see also the site chronologia.org).
The first group includes the following methods:
The method of local maxima (Fomenko), based on the analysis of the volumes of chronological segments of chronicles. The idea of ​​using volumes for the purposes of chronology belongs to Fomenko, he also owns the formulation of the model and the development of the corresponding empirical-statistical method.
The method of numerical dynasties (Fomenko), based on the analysis of the duration of reigns in dynasties. The idea of ​​using this information for the purposes of chronology belongs to Morozov, who used it, however, only on an intuitive level. The mathematical model and the corresponding empirical-statistical method were developed by Fomenko and applied by him to extensive historical material. As a result, a number of pairs of dynasties duplicating each other were identified, which were previously considered completely different and even belonging to eras distant from each other.
The method of ordering historical texts in time (Fomenko), based on the formulated and experimentally verified principle of attenuation of the frequencies of references to full proper names in historical chronicles without duplicates and the principle of duplication of these frequencies in historical chronicles with duplicates. With the help of this method, Fomenko studied, in particular, the chronology of historical events described in the Bible. Both previously known repetitions of historical descriptions in it, as well as new, previously unknown duplicates, were discovered. The general picture of repetitions in the Bible is revealed.
Histogram method (cm. BAR CHART) frequency separation of related names (Fomenko, Nosovsky) is based on the analysis of indirect dependencies in the distribution of annalistic names. This method is applicable to both full proper names and simple (incomplete) names. The use of simple proper names makes it possible to expand the amount of information involved and improve the accuracy of statistical inferences. This method allows you to identify duplicates in the chronicles and calculate the time shifts between them. The method is especially useful in cases where there are many duplicates, and the overall picture of "repetitions in the annals" is rather confusing. This method, applied by Fomenko and Nosovsky to biblical and European history, made it possible to identify systems of chronological shifts in its individual parts.
The method of connection matrices (Fomenko, Nosovsky), which makes it possible to investigate dynastic lists of names in order to find duplicates in them, as well as the junctions of the chronicles from which this dynastic history was composed. Like the previous one, this method is based on indirect dependencies in the distribution of names, but unlike it, it is aimed not at calculating typical shifts between duplicates, but at finding specific segments that duplicate each other and identifying statistically homogeneous fragments. The method applied to the dynastic lists of the Ancient and Medieval world, covering the history of Europe, Asia, North Africa, and China, made it possible to find systems of duplicates in these lists and to find the places of "seams" between their heterogeneous parts.
The questionnaire-code method (Fomenko), based on comparing two streams of biographies of rulers in order to detect statistically significant repetitions in them. The method turned out to be effective in identifying within the vast chronicle those parts of it that are different versions of the same shorter chronicle.
The method of correct chronological ordering of geographical maps (Fomenko), based on the development of a special questionnaire for a geographical map, reflecting its main features. A method was developed for comparing old maps by the number of features that correspond to geographic reality or contradict it. Using this method, it is often possible to establish which geographic maps were created earlier and which later.
The second group includes astronomical methods:
The method of unbiased dating of ancient lunar and solar eclipses (Morozov, Fomenko) was first proposed by Morozov, subsequently developed and systematically applied by Fomenko. The idea of ​​the method is that the data on eclipses contained in the original source are taken "as is" without adjustments to Scaliger's chronology. Then, the time distribution of the obtained astronomical datings is analyzed. If this distribution reveals a pronounced thickening in a certain period of time, then it is concluded that this period is the correct dating of the “antiquity” era. For example: the triad of eclipses described in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian Wars (cm. FUKIDID)(5th century BC according to Scaliger's chronology). The unbiased dating of the triad gives only two solutions: either the 11th century A.D. (1039, 1046, 1057); or 12th century AD (1133, 1140, 1151).
Method for checking global chronology by the second derivative of lunar elongation (cm. ELONGATION) D"" (Fomenko), based on the idea of ​​the American astronomer Robert Newton, that using the dating of ancient and medieval eclipses, it is possible to determine the dependence of the parameter D"" on time. According to modern astrophysical theory, this parameter remains approximately constant over the centuries. Therefore, if the value of D"" calculated from the dating of ancient eclipses turns out to be significantly changing in time, then the totality of these datings is incorrect. The method allows us to conclude that the dates of eclipses in Scaliger's chronology are incorrect. On the contrary, the dates of eclipses proposed in NC stand up to the test by this method.
Horoscope of the Apocalypse (Morozov, Fomenko, Nosovsky). The merit of discovering the astronomical subtext in the biblical Apocalypse and deciphering the corresponding horoscope (location of the planets according to constellations) belongs to Morozov. However, scientists were offered an insufficiently substantiated date for the horoscope he discovered (allegedly the 4th century AD). A thorough study carried out by Fomenko and Nosovsky showed that the horoscope of the Apocalypse, and consequently the Apocalypse itself, dates back to 1486 AD.
Dating of the Almagest star catalog (cm. PTOLEMEY Claudius)(V.V. Kalashnikov, Nosovsky, Fomenko). A method of statistical and geometric analysis of ancient star catalogs and their dating based on the proper motions of stars. The velocities of the proper motion of stars were reliably measured only in the 19th and 20th centuries, so this method is a fully independent method for the absolute dating of star catalogs published before the beginning of the 19th century. The method, developed in 1991-1993, was applied to a number of ancient catalogs with known "historical" dates: the ancient Ptolemaic catalog from the Almagest, the Sufi catalog (cm. SUFI Abdarrahman), Ulugbek's catalog (cm. ULUGBEK), Tycho Brahe catalog (cm. BRAGE Quiet). The dates of the catalogs of Ulugbek (15th century) and Tycho Brahe (16th century) have been confirmed. The dating of the Almagest catalog differed significantly from the Scaligerian chronology, where it is dated to the 1st century AD. Namely, the most ancient part Almagest catalog, containing the basic stars for the entire catalog, was compiled from observations made between 600 AD and 600 AD. before 1300 AD The Sufi catalog turned out to be nothing more than a variant of the Ptolemaic catalog, brought to a different era by precession (cm. PRECESSION) longitude The result obtained proves the fallacy of the Scaliger-Petavius ​​chronology as a whole, since the interpretation of the Almagest calendar-astronomical information based on incorrect dating is one of the cornerstones of the Scaligerian chronology.
The method of dating the ancient Egyptian zodiacs (Fomenko, Nosovsky). The Egyptian zodiacs have attracted the close attention of researchers for about 200 years, starting from the time of the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt in 1799. They tried to decipher them in various ways, but satisfactory astronomical datings belonging to the Scaligerian era of Ancient Egypt were not obtained. In the early 20th century, Morozov showed that a number of Egyptian zodiacs could be deciphered leading to medieval dates. However, Morozov, like his predecessors, deciphered the zodiacs only partially, discarding a significant number of "superfluous symbols", which, in his opinion, had nothing to do with the astronomical content of the zodiac. This approach turned out to be wrong. In 2002, Fomenko and Nosovsky for the first time received a complete decoding of the Egyptian zodiacs, including all the symbols present on them. At the same time, it turned out that the date on the zodiac was recorded using several horoscopes at once (locations of the planets in constellations), one of which was complete (i.e. included all the planets of antiquity) and corresponded to this date, while others were partial, including themselves only circumsolar planets on the days of the equinoxes and solstices of the calendar year to which the main date belonged. The discovery of private horoscopes made it possible to calculate the decoding of the zodiac and prove it thanks to the redundant information contained in private horoscopes. So, for example, the dates of the famous Dendera zodiacs were finally calculated (cm. DENDERA)(Round zodiac - 1185 AD, Long zodiac - 1168 AD) and zodiacs from Esna (Great Esna zodiac - 1394 AD, Small Esna zodiac - 1404 AD).
In 2003, Fomenko and Nosovsky also deciphered the Egyptian zodiacs of the "Theban type", which were considered "very ancient", indecipherable. These include, in particular, all the funerary zodiacs of the pharaohs from the Valley of the Kings that have survived to our time: Seti I (969 AD), Ramses IV (1146 AD or 1325 AD), Ramses VI (1289 AD .e or 1586 AD), Ramesses VII (1182 AD), Ramesses IX (1148 AD). The deciphering of the Egyptian zodiacs made it possible to more fully understand the symbolism of the ancient European zodiacs, some of which were deciphered and dated by Fomenko and Nosovsky in 2003-2006.
The main provisions of the alleged historical reconstruction based on the New Chronology
According to NC, the written history of mankind emerges from obscurity and becomes partially known to us only starting from the 10th century. All the ancient documents that have come down to our time, including those classified today as "antiquity", actually describe the events of the era of the 10th-17th centuries. Many of them are forcibly sent to the distant past with incorrect chronology. It is important to understand that the vast majority of old documents have come down to us in the late edition of the 17th and 18th centuries.
The era of the 10th and 11th centuries is exceptionally dark, on which very few surviving documents shed light. The reconstruction of the events of the 10th and 11th centuries is still far from complete.
Apparently, in the era of the 10th-11th centuries, the Ancient Roman Empire, the cradle of the future Great Medieval Empire, arose in the Mediterranean. The first capital of Romea was probably the city of Cairo (Babylon) in Egypt. By the beginning of the 12th century, the capital had already moved north, to the Bosporus, where Constantinople arose, also known as the Gospel Jerusalem and ancient Troy. The Roman Empire of the 12th century included various lands(themes (cm. FEMA)) with local self-government. One of them, probably the largest, was Russia.
In the middle of the 12th century, in 1152, Jesus Christ is born (cm. JESUS ​​CHRIST). In secular Byzantine history, he was reflected as Emperor Andronicus, in Russian history - as the Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky, and also - as the Apostle Andrew the First-Called. Mother of God Mary, mother of Andronicus-Christ, was, most likely, a native of Russia. His father (Gospel Joseph) belonged to the royal family, ruling in Constantinople. The family of Andronicus-Christ spent a lot of time in Russia, where they fled, fleeing persecution in Constantinople. This event is described in the Gospels as the flight of the Holy Family to Egypt from King Herod. In the Bible, the word "Egypt" is often referred to as Russia.
Returning to Constantinople and becoming king there in 1183, Andronicus-Christ severely suppressed bribery and tried to make life easier for the common people, which led to the rapid development of trade and Agriculture, but aroused the hatred of a certain part of the nobility. In 1185 a rebellion broke out in Tsargrad. King Andronicus-Christ was captured, tortured and crucified on Mount Beikos (Gospel Golgotha), located on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus, near Constantinople (Jerusalem). Here, to this day, a huge symbolic “grave of St. Jesus (Yusha)” has been preserved - a piece of land surrounded by bars, approximately 3x17 meters in size, where Christ was crucified in 1185.
After the execution of Christ in 1185, a new dynasty of Angels came to power, belonging to the same vast royal family as Andronicus-Christ himself (in the Gospels, representatives of this family are called "Jews"). Today it is believed that "Angels" in this case is a generic name. However, most likely, at the time of Andronicus-Christ, the word "angels" meant royal officials in general. Hence the angels, "ranks of the angels" - the servants of God. After Hadronikos-Christ, "rebellious angels" came to power. Perhaps this is where the well-known story of the Holy Scriptures about Satan, an evil angel who rebelled against God and wanted to become God himself, comes from.
The execution of Christ caused an outburst of indignation both in the capital itself and in the regions of the Roman Empire, especially in Russia, the birthplace of Mary the Mother of God. At the end of the 12th century, at the call of the Apostle Paul, Crusade to Tsargrad in order to avenge the execution of Christ. Russia becomes the head of the campaign. A bloody war breaks out, then reproduced in the Scaligerian version under several names, in particular, as the famous "ancient" Trojan War (cm. TROJAN WAR) allegedly 13th century BC For example, the famous hero of the Trojan War, Achilles, is known in Russian chronicles as Grand Duke Svyatoslav Igorevich. Tsargrad (Troy) was taken in 1204, plundered and burned.
After the fall of Constantinople, at the beginning of the 13th century AD, a long turmoil ensued in the Roman kingdom. The regions separated from the capital and became independent. Internecine strife erupted. One of the representatives of the royal family, Aeneas-John, a relative and disciple of Andronicus-Christ, left the defeated capital of the kingdom and went with his companions to Russia, where his ancestors were from. The journey of Aeneas-John is described, in particular, by the "ancient" Virgil (cm. VERGIL (poet) in his famous poem, the Aeneid.
Arriving in Russia, Tsar Aeneas-John discovered here a powerful and rich country, which, however, was fragmented into separate principalities ruled by rival princes-khans. Being a descendant of an old and respected royal family, after a long armed struggle, Tsar Aeneas-John takes power into his own hands, unites the Russian lands under a single administration in the city of Yaroslavl on the Volga and establishes a new dynasty in Russia. This was the famous "calling of the Varangians to Russia" and the foundation of Rurik (cm. RURIK (prince) Veliky Novgorod (i.e. Yaroslavl). In Latin literature, these and subsequent events were reflected as the foundation of Rome by Romulus. (cm. ROMULUS) and Rem (cm. REM (in Rome)), descendants of Aeneas. Thus, the "ancient" Imperial Rome arose in Russia in the Mesopotamia of the Oka and Volga in the 13th century AD.
By the end of the 13th century in Russia (in "ancient Rome"), the most modern and numerous army at that time was created - a horde based on huge natural resources and resources of the country. Its backbone was cavalry troops - Cossacks. At the end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th century, under the tsars-khans of the Great Russian Empire, George of Moscow and his brother Ivan Kalita (cm. IVAN I Kalita) The Great Conquest was launched with the aim of restoring the Ancient Roman Empire. But in fact, a new, much more extensive Empire was created, which spread its power not only along the waterways (like Ancient Romea), but also overland. For the first time, the vast inland spaces of Asia and Europe, which lie far from the waterways, were mastered and annexed to the Empire.
In the latest version of Russian history, created after the collapse of the Great Russian Empire, the era of the 12th-15th centuries was deliberately presented in a distorted light, as the supposedly “Tatar-Mongol yoke” in Russia. According to the reconstruction of Fomenko-Nosovsky, the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was a special, Horde era in the history of Russia, when the entire population of the country was divided into two parts - the civilian population, ruled by princes, and the permanent, undissolved army, the horde. At the head of the horde was the king or khan, who held the supreme power in the Empire. Thus, in the Russian state of that time, two branches of power acted hand in hand: the military in the horde and the civil one in the field. At the same time, Russia (civilian population) paid tribute to the horde (troops) with property - tithe and tribute of blood - every tenth male child. But it was not a tribute to the conquerors, as historians believe, It was a tax on the maintenance of their own troops - the horde and the military recruitment into it. For refusal to pay tribute, the military authorities punished the population with punitive campaigns in the offending region. These were supposedly "Tatar raids on Russian regions." The remnants of the old Russian horde were subsequently Cossack troops.
Thus, in the 14th century, a huge Great = “Mongolian” empire arose with its center in Russia. She is the "ancient" Roman Empire. At that time, it covered almost all of Eurasia and a significant part of Africa, including South. Including African Egypt, the Nile Valley, where the ancestral royal cemetery of the Empire has long been located. The choice of location, among other things, was also due to the unique conditions of Egypt. dry and hot climate contributed to the good preservation of the remains. It was here, after death, that the Horde kings-khans, their relatives, courtiers, governors, etc. were taken in embalmed form on the Horde ships-plows across the Mediterranean Sea - the “ancient river Styx”. Embalming itself was invented specifically in order to preserve the bodies of the dead during a long journey from places far from African Egypt. It was not necessary to embalm people who died in Egypt, since mummification occurs naturally in the hot sands of Egypt.
In the 14-15 centuries, in all the numerous regions of the Empire (including those far removed from Russia-Horde), governors ruled, subordinate to the supreme Horde tsar-khan. Western European chronicles call the Russian tsar simply the emperor, considering him the only one in the world. In this they are right. The Russian-Horde dynasty of tsars-khans was reflected on the pages of Western European chronicles as "the imperial dynasty of the Habsburgs (cm. HABSBURG)» Epochs of the 14th-15th centuries. The attitude towards Russia-Horde and its tsars-khans in the provinces of the Empire, being extremely respectful, often reached deification. In some places far from the capital, various legends and myths arose about powerful and omnipresent gods feasting on the distant and inaccessible Olympus.
There were probably no nations and nationalities contemporary to us in that distant era. They formed, most likely, only in the 17th-18th centuries, after the split of the Empire. During its existence, the Empire created several "sacred" languages, intended both for the recording of Holy Scripture and for state records management. Initially, these were Egyptian hieroglyphs, then Arabic, and then medieval Greek and Church Slavonic. "Ancient" Latin and "ancient" Greek were created later, in the era of the collapse of the Empire, based mainly on the Church Slavonic language. spoken languages in Russia there were Russian (that is, simplified Church Slavonic) and Turkic (Tatar) languages.
The creed of the Empire in the 13th-14th centuries was “royal” (“ancestral”) Christianity. In the 12th century, two main branches of Christianity went from Andronicus-Christ. The first direction is apostolic Christianity, preached by the disciples of Christ. His supporters deified Christ himself, but by no means his relatives, subsequent emperors. The second direction is tribal Christianity, which arose in the royal family of Christ after his crucifixion. Tribal Christianity largely inherited the spirit of former family religions, when people worshiped the gods of their own kind, their own relatives. The "royal" Christians demanded that subsequent emperors, by right of Christ's relatives, should also be counted among the gods and appropriate honors would be given to them. This demand provoked strong opposition from the apostolic Christians. Relations between the two branches of Christianity, initially benevolent, began to deteriorate and turned into openly hostile. In the 14th century, probably already after the victory of the Great Conquest, cruel persecution of apostolic Christians by emperors began. However, by this time, apostolic Christianity already represented a significant force, had its own hierarchy, numerous churches and monasteries, in which, in particular, almost all scientific research of that time was carried out. Apostolic Christianity, which for a long time remained submissive to authority despite dogmatic disagreements, eventually began to fight against it.
In 1380 in the grand battle of Kulikovo (cm. KULIKOVSKAYA BATTLE) Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy, aka Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, relying on the apostolic Christians, defeated Khan Mamai (aka Ivan Velyaminov of the Russian Chronicles, aka Emperor Maxentius). The victory was ensured by a new weapon invented in the apostolic monasteries in Russia. Namely, gunpowder and cannons were invented. The first cannons were probably wooden and made from oak trunks. The inventor of cannons is, most likely, St. Sergius of Radonezh (cm. Sergius of Radonezh). The discovery of a new, unheard-of weapon was skillfully used by the apostolic Christians in their struggle against the "heretic" emperors. At a critical moment, just before the Battle of Kulikovo, the cannons were placed at the disposal of Dmitry Donskoy, who came out in support of apostolic Christianity. Opponents of Dmitry, supporters of "royal" Christianity united under the banner of Khan Mamai (Ivan Venyaminov, Maxentius of the Roman Chronicles). They had the main military forces of the Empire on their side and they had not the slightest doubt about their victory. Dmitry (Constantine the Great) could only rely on the militia. But he had firearms- guns that the enemy did not know about. It was the cannons - "Christian weapons" - that decided the outcome of the Battle of Kulikovo. Probably, they did not even so much defeat the manpower as terrified the enemy. Dmitry's victory was perceived by his contemporaries as a miracle. Having won the Battle of Kulikovo, Emperor Dmitry Donskoy (Constantine the Great) made Apostolic Christianity the state religion of the whole great empire.
The Battle of Kulikovo did not take place in the vicinity of Tula, as historians think, but on the site of modern Moscow. In 1380 Moscow was still a small settlement. Kulikovo field was located near the Moscow River, between the Yauza and Neglinka, near the modern Slavyanskaya Square. Due to its great significance, the Battle of Kulikovo was reflected in the pages of numerous chronicles, including those declared today as "ancient". For example, in the "History of Rome" by Titus Livius (cm. LIVIUS Titus), in Old Testament(in particular, as a duel between David and Goliath), in the "ancient" Aryan epic of India (as a battle on the Kuru field), in Western European chronicles, etc.
At the end of the 14th century, Dmitry Donskoy (Constantine the Great) moved the capital of the Empire from Russia to the Bosphorus, closer to the site of ancient Constantinople (Jerusalem), where Christ was crucified. However, he did not leave the ancient Tsargrad as the capital, but built a new city - Constantinople at the other end of the Bosporus, about 30-40 km from the ancient capital of Romea. The royal court and many people arrived in Constantinople from Russia. This event in the Scaligerian version is known as the transfer of the capital from "Old Rome" to "New Rome" by Constantine the Great. However, after the death of Dmitry-Konstantin, Russia refused to submit to Constantinople, and their tsars-khans established themselves there. For some time, two dynastic branches arose - in Russia and in Constantinople.
In this era, the Empire faced a new, never before seen mortal danger. In the 14-15 centuries, after the Great Conquest, a network of caravan routes was created, covering the vast expanses of Eurasia. This led to an unexpected and very serious test for the state. Infectious diseases have become much wider than before. If earlier epidemics, flaring up in one place or another, faded away in it, now diseases quickly spread along established caravan routes. Mass epidemics began in the Empire, the primary foci of which were in the southern regions. Vaccinations, vaccines have not yet been created. In order to stop the catastrophic spread of diseases, the Horde authorities in Russia sent troops to the south and west with an unquestioning order to exterminate the population of the infected areas without exception, to carry out a “cleansing” among the descendants of the first wave of conquerors, that is, in fact, their own brothers. In the Bible, this campaign of the 15th century is described as the conquest of the "promised land" by the troops of Moses and Joshua. It was the second wave of world conquest that came out of Russia. It is known in history as the Ottoman conquest.
Tension arose between the two capitals of the Empire, Veliky Novgorod (Yaroslavl) and Constantinople. The Russian-Horde khans looked with displeasure at their southern co-rulers, considering them guilty of the troubles that befell the Empire. The Russians did not like the "ancient" culture and customs, considering their "ancient" brothers to be limp, wallowing in pleasures, etc. Differences in faith began. War broke out. In 1453, Ottoman (Russian) troops took Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul.
The outbreak of resistance in Southern and Western Europe was brutally suppressed by the Ottoman troops. However, there was a heavy price to pay for this. Too many people were killed. Including the healthy population, since during the war the Cossacks were hardly able to distinguish the sick from the healthy. The tragic feelings of the people who survived this disaster were vividly reflected in the famous biblical book Apocalypse, the original version of which was created in 1486.
The Ottoman conquest (second wave) carried a very different ideology than the Great Conquest of the 14th century (first wave). If the conquerors of the first wave created "antiquity", then the Ottomans destroyed it. They believed that it was the freedom of morals of the 13th-14th centuries that led to mass infectious diseases, including venereal ones. The spirit of the Cossacks, who left Russia-Horde for the second time, was already much more ascetic and severe. Subsequently, both modern Orthodoxy and modern Islam grew out of it.
In the first half of the 16th century, the Ottoman conquest ended in complete victory. The empire has reached its highest power.
In the middle of the 16th century, a rebellion spread in the Empire, which broke out initially in Western Europe (the wars of the Reformation). Efforts by the authorities to put down the rebellion were unsuccessful. Western European governors are openly separated from the center. The rebellion takes on unprecedented proportions. Rebellious moods penetrate into the inner circle of the king. A conspiracy is formed in the capital, as a result of which the rebels manage to split the royal family. In Russian chronicles, these events are described as the history of the "heresy of the Judaizing (cm. NOVGOROD-MOSCOW HERESY)": the heretic Elena Voloshanka (she is also the biblical Esther), disposes of Tsar Ivan III the Terrible (in fact, it was about Ivan IV the Terrible (cm. IVAN IV the Terrible) from the 16th century) and takes the place of his legal wife. Russian Orthodox Church opposes heresy. There is a split in the state. Zemshchina (cm. ZEMSHCHINA)"supports the old order," oprichnina (cm. OPRICHNINA) supports heresy. At the end of the 16th century, the split was temporarily overcome and the heresy was crushed, but a few years later, at the beginning of the 17th century, Russia-Horde plunged into the Great Troubles. The troops of the rebels, among whom there were especially many immigrants from Western Europe, act against Russia. The old Russian-Horde royal dynasty and its inner circle, consisting of the Vladimir-Suzdal boyars, are dying. The Romanovs come to power in Moscow (cm. ROMANOVS), henchmen of the rebels. A strict occupational order is being established in the country. Serfdom is introduced, in fact, slavery of the main part of the common population. Almost all aspects of Russian life are undergoing strong changes towards "Western European standards". History is being rewritten everywhere. In particular, a false theory of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in Russia arises. The Romanovs deliberately set the peoples of Russia-Horde against each other, driving a wedge between the Russians (Orthodox) and the Tatars (Muslims).
In Western Europe, the new rulers enter into a fierce battle for land and influence. flare up heavy wars known today as the Wars of the Spanish Succession (cm. SPANISH HERITAGE)”, then “Wars of the Austrian Succession (cm. AUSTRIAN HERITAGE)" etc.
In order to justify their rights to the power seized and distributed among themselves, the new rulers were forced to rewrite the history of the past. The Great Medieval Russian Empire was, if possible, erased from the pages of chronicles, many important events were deliberately relegated to ancient times. The purpose of "correcting history" was, first of all, to prevent the possibility of restoring the old world order.
In the areas of the Empire that became independent of the former mother country, memories became more and more hazy over time. From the common for all world history of the 12th-16th centuries, many, at first glance, completely independent of each other, local histories of the "great Empires" were made. The Arabs began to think that they had their own, separate from the others, Arab Empire, the Germans wrote the history of the Holy Empire of the German nation, the Chinese - the history of the Celestial Empire, the Italians - the history of the ancient Roman Empire. At the same time, various chronological errors led to the fact that reflections of the same Great Empire were attributed to different historical eras.

Chronology of A.T. Fomenko and the history of Russia

Because the The World History due to the new global chronology of A.T. Fomenko is greatly shortened, there is a combination of "duplicates": the history of different countries or the history of different time periods of one country in the chronology of Scaliger-Petavius ​​in the new chronology turns out to be the history of one country or, accordingly, the history of a country of one period of time. And this cannot but be reflected in the history of Russia. Many historical figures, paradoxical as it may seem, will have to be recognized as one and the same person, but “multiplied” in sources in which he is mentioned under different names. This applies to both the Russian princes and the khans of the Golden Horde. Moreover, due to the hypothesis of A.T. Fomenko, that the Horde is Russia, the Russian princes will “stick together” with the Tatar khans. For example, Ivan Kalita = Batu. Funny? But here's what's funny: Batu in the "Scythian History" by A.I. There is Lyzlov, but the “collector of the Russian Land” Ivan Kalita, whom, it seems, Kalita was called not by the people, but by the historian N.M. Karamzin (Polevoi, vol. 2, p. 577) no, not mentioned.

Here is a diagram (Fig. 12) of the identification of Russian princes and tsars, borrowed from (Nosovsky, Fomenko. Empire. p. 648).

1. Nizami: "... Alexander of Macedon ... defeated the Russians ..." (Polevoi, vol. 1, p. 481). How could Macedonian fight with the Russians, because he died 1000 years before the appearance of the Russian people?

2. Find a sheet in the Radzivilov Chronicle, where the gospel events are dated around 1000 AD. ! (Nosovsky, Fomenko. Empire. p. 96).

3. How could the apostle Paul be a teacher of the Slavic language among the Slavs of Illyria? (Field, vol. 1. p. 477). After all, this contradicts the traditional chronology. But that's what it says in the PVL. However, the Apostle Luke painted an icon in Poland, which was kept in the Yasnogorsk Monastery in Czestochowa (Bushkov, 1997. p. 420), and the Apostle Andrew baptized the Slavs on the Dnieper. The saints forgot that they have been gone for several hundred years.

4. How is the word "Jesus" translated from Greek? Answer: God's help.

5. How is the word "Christ" translated from Greek? Answer: 1) anointed, dedicated; 2) letters. - smeared, painted.

G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko (Moscow State University, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics) Analysis of the books “Antifomenko” and “History and Antihistory” Criticism of the “New Chronology” by Academician A.T. Fomenko 1. Introduction In December 1999 at the Faculty of History of Moscow State University