What is the name of the birch forest in Altai. Forest resources of the Altai region

The nature of the region fascinates with its beauty, attracting tourists from all over the world.

Let's understand the concept of "Altai"

Geographically, Altai is a large territory in the very center of Asia. It is located on the territory of 4 states at once (Russia, China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia). The generally accepted name is Altai Territory. The nature of the region is very diverse, containing such climatic zones as taiga, forest, forest-steppe, steppe and mountains.

From the point of view of administrative division in the vastness of our country, this territory is divided into 2 subjects of the Russian Federation - the Altai Republic with its capital in the city of Gorno-Altaisk and the Altai Territory, the capital of which is the city of Barnaul.

Thus, the concept of Altai Territory can designate both an administrative unit of the state and a special natural zone on the planet. This article will focus specifically on the natural area.

Altai region

The nature of the region is very diverse. The terrain is divided into:

• Plains located in its western and central parts, occupying the outskirts of the West Siberian Plateau.
• Mountains occupying the north, east and south of the region. The nature of Altai is incredibly beautiful. Russia is a country on whose territory most of the hills are located. The peaks of the mountains along their entire length range in height from 500 to 4500 m.

On the flat part there is forest-steppe and steppe. Coniferous and deciduous forests rustle in the mountain valleys and plateaus.

Many rivers flow throughout the region, most of which are not navigable, but are decorated with picturesque waterfalls. The main water arteries are the Katun (688 km long) and Biya (280 km long) rivers, from which the mighty Ob River originates. Water resources are also represented by numerous lakes, about 20 thousand in total. The most significant are Teletskoye - a huge reservoir of fresh water, mountain lake Aya, and the sacred reservoir Dzhulukul.

The Altai Mountains are a complex system of ridges, dotted with caves, gorges and cliffs with hanging glaciers. The highest part of the Altai Mountains is the peak 4506 m.

Flora and fauna

The Altai region and the nature of the region amaze with the diversity of its fauna. The territory is inhabited by squirrels, chipmunks, sables, otters, wolverines, foxes, wolves, musk deer, deer, goats, hori, manul cat, even reindeer and antelopes. In total there are more than 100 species of mammals and reptiles, many of which are protected and listed in the Red Book. More than 260 species of birds live in these parts: tundra partridge, golden eagle, hawk, owl and eagle owl, lark, wheatear and others.

The fauna is represented by such tree species as larch, spruce, pine, fir, birch, aspen, poplar and others. The pearl of the region is cedar.

Valuable medicinal plants are common in the steppe zone, such as marin root, valerian, moralium, adonis vernalis, Kuril tea, golden root, ginseng, sea buckthorn, horse sorrel, and edelweiss.

Sights of Altai

They abound in picturesque places, many of which are unique in nature. Here are the only ribbon forests in the world - unique natural monuments of the Altai Territory.

In the Altai Territory, 33 nature reserves and sanctuaries have been created, which occupy 5% of the territory of the region. They were created to protect unique amazing landscapes and unique biological complexes in which rare animals live and unique plants grow. Many territories have a pristine appearance and are untouched by civilization.

The most beautiful and interesting places in the Altai Territory have been declared a UNESCO heritage site. Among them are the Altaisky Nature Reserve with Lake Teletskoye, a natural park on the slope of Mount Belukha and the total territory of the protected zone - 1.64 million hectares.

Altai caves - another amazing creation of nature

Among the most significant:

Geofizicheskaya is one of the most beautiful caves in the Altai region. It is 500 m long and goes 130 m deep into the rock. The “Royal Grotto” with 4-meter stalactites and stalagmites is especially impressive.
. Denisova Cave is one of the most interesting from a scientific point of view. Archaeological excavations have been going on here for a long time. 20 cultural layers have already been studied, the oldest of which is about 300 thousand years old.
. Ecological - the cave has the deepest shaft in Siberia - 340 m, the length of the cave is more than 2 km.
. Tavdinskaya - for the unusual beauty of through corridors and arches, the cave was named a natural monument of republican significance.
. Altai - goes 240 m deep, its length is about 2.5 km. It is interesting because in the depths of the cave, speleologists discovered a lake with unique calcite flowers and cave pearls.

The region's stock of fishery reservoirs includes about 2,000 water bodies with a total area of ​​112 thousand hectares. Salt lakes, which have an annual production limit of Artemia cysts of 300 tons, occupy an area of ​​99 thousand hectares. Of the 38 species of fish that live in the reservoirs of the region, 12 species are used for fishing.

The Altai Territory has such a variety of zonal and especially intrazonal landscapes that this could not but affect the number and species diversity of flora and fauna. Each of these landscapes has its own, to one degree or another, special world of animals, birds, and plants.

Plants

Of the 3,000 species of plants growing in Western Siberia, in the Altai Territory there are 1,954 species of higher vascular plants belonging to 112 families and 617 genera. The flora of the region includes 32 relict species. These are Siberian linden, European hooffoot, fragrant bedstraw, giant fescue, Siberian brunnera, floating salvinia, water chestnut and others. The Red Book of Russia includes 10 species of plants growing in the region: Siberian candyk, Ludwig's iris, Zalessky's feather grass, feather-leaved feather grass, feather feather grass, Altai onion, steppe peony, cape flower, Altai gymnosperm, Altai stellophopsis. 144 plant species are included in the Red Book of the region. These are rare species, endemic, reducing their range, and also relict. The species richness of the region's flora is due to the diversity of natural and climatic conditions.

The vegetation cover in the region is subject to strong anthropogenic influence, especially within the steppe zone. The largest areas of steppes have been preserved along forest belts, along the edges of ribbon forests and individual forests, and on saline soils.

A significant proportion (up to 30%) of the flora of the region is made up of a group of weeds found in gardens, fields, orchards, on road embankments, along river banks, wastelands, and fallow lands. Behind last years escapee crop plants appeared, actively invading natural cenoses. Thus, along the banks of rivers and forests, ash-leaved maple and Echinocystis lobeda are often and abundantly found. The proportion of alien plants is steadily increasing from year to year, and currently their number reaches 70. Among them, plants from Central Asia and Kazakhstan, as well as from North America, predominate.

The useful flora of Altai is rich, numbering more than 600 species of plants, among which there are medicinal - 380 species, food - 149, melliferous - 166, vitamin-rich - 33, dyeing - 66, fodder - 330, decorative - 215. valuable species We can include Rhodiola rosea, Raponticum safflower, forgotten pennyweed, evasive peony, elecampane, etc.

According to preliminary estimates, the region is characterized by more than 100 species of lichens, 80 species of bryophytes, and about 50 species of macromycete fungi. Among these objects there are also rare ones listed in the Red Book of Russia.

Of the almost 2000 species of vascular plants found in the Altai Territory, 144 species are included in the Red Book.

In early spring, when it is not yet so hot, low yellow hornwort, desert alyssum, palmate buttercup, and coppice bloom. Occasionally there are dark purple hazel grouse and tuberous valerian. Later, in mid-summer, the feather grass blooms. Long panicles sway in the wind, creating the impression of running waves. Due to the plowing of the steppes, its population has greatly decreased.

A wide strip of steppe and forest-steppe vegetation in the middle part is broken by several ribbons of pine forests. These are unique natural formations not found anywhere else in the world, confined to the bottoms of ancient hollows of the drainage of melted glacial waters, lined with blown sands. Under the pine canopy, a shrub layer is developed, especially rich as it approaches the Ob valley. Eryngium flat-leaved, meadowsweet, meadow grass, sweet clover, common bedstraw, and gray speedwell grow here.

In the mountainous part of the region, the distribution of vegetation reveals altitudinal zone. The types of this zonality, the degree of its expression and altitudinal limits reflect, depending on the position, the features of either Western Siberia and Central Asia, or Mongolia and the mountains of Southern Siberia. It is no coincidence that N.K. Roerich called Altai the heart of Asia, the center of four oceans.

The steppe belt is most developed along the northern and northwestern slopes of Altai; its individual fragments are widely found inside the mountainous country on the flat bottoms of river valleys and intermountain basins. The height of the steppe areas increases to the southeast of Altai, where at altitudes of more than 2,000 m, peculiar tundra-steppes dominate. There are also steppe areas on the southern, well-warmed slopes of the ridges.

On the chernozem, chestnut and chernozem-meadow soils of the belt, a forb-grass grass cover is developed, interspersed with thickets of caragana shrubs, meadowsweet, honeysuckle, and rose hips. The higher the steppe areas rise, reflecting the increasing continentality of the climate, the poorer the vegetation becomes.

Feather grass, wheatgrass, fescue, and bluegrass grow here. The external plainness is somewhat diversified by yellow alfalfa, Siberian sainfoin, Siberian adonis, and sticky cinquefoil. Among the plants of the rocky steppes of mountain slopes there are feather grass, astragalus, asters, carnations, and wormwood. For most of the summer, the steppe areas are monotonous and dim. Only in spring does the steppe transform for a short time, decorated with the multicolored grass.

The harsher the conditions, the more adapted and outwardly rougher and tougher the plants become. The Chuya Basin is dominated by wormwood, fescue and cinquefoil. Pebble feather grass, desert feather grass, sedges, and astragalus are common. The plants are stunted, the flowers are usually small, many of them have thorns - everything indicates a lack of moisture and strong influence cold.

Forests occupy about half the area of ​​the mountains, being the main type of vegetation. The nature of forests varies and depends on the conditions of moisture and heat supply. In Salair and near Lake Teletskoye black forests dominate, the northeastern and western outskirts of the mountains are occupied by dark coniferous taiga, and the low mountains of northern Altai are occupied by pine forests. As we move deeper into the mountains, dominance in the forest stands passes to larch.

Inside the mountainous region, the forest belt is often interrupted, steppe areas appear on the southern slopes, and alpine vegetation appears in the upper part. Through the Salair black forests, the mountain taiga merges with the lowland West Siberian taiga. The lower boundary of the forest belt in the north is 400-600 m, while the upper one changes quite significantly: in the ridges surrounding Lake Teletskoye - 1800-1900 m, in Central Altai - 2,100-2,200 m, and in the southeast, individual massifs rise up to 2,450 m. They consist mainly of Siberian fir, Siberian cedar, Siberian larch, Scots pine, and Siberian spruce.

The most common is larch, adapted to both severe frosts and poor soils. Some specimens reach a height of 20-30 m, with a girth of 2-3 m. Giant larches are especially impressive among green meadows and fields. Park larch forests are good, light, with low shrubby undergrowth and rich herbs. Larch is a long-liver and a great lover of light. Its wood is extremely durable and difficult to process.

Pine forests are confined to low mountains with its dry valleys and sandy soils. Pine does not rise above 600-700 m.

The decoration of the Altai forests is cedar - a tree species with many advantages that have long been appreciated by man. Cedar wood, with a pleasant pinkish tint, has high resonant qualities and is used to make musical instruments. Cedar needles contain essential oils, carotenes, and vitamins. No less valuable are resin and pine nuts, for which cedar is called the taiga breadfruit tree. Nuts are food for many birds and animals and are widely used by humans.

The black taiga is characterized by the predominance of Siberian fir, aspen, bird cherry, rowan, and viburnum in combination with tall grasses. Representatives of relict flora are found here. These are the fragrant woodruff with modest white flowers and whorled leaves, the European hoofweed with hoof-shaped dark green leaves, the woodcrystal with soft hairy leaves and purple flowers, the Siberian brunner with large, conspicuous heart-shaped leaves on long petioles and pale blue flowers, like a forget-me-not. The ground moss cover is poorly developed.

Dark coniferous forests of cedar, Siberian spruce, and Siberian fir usually cover the northern slopes of mountain ranges. Mosses, shrubs, subshrubs grow here - honeysuckle, blueberries, lingonberries. Larch forests dominate in Central Altai, where along river valleys and slopes they form park thickets without undergrowth, with a closed grass cover dominated by grasses (reed grass, Siberian bluegrass, hedgehog grass, meadow foxtail, etc.). On the northern slopes, where there is more moisture, under the larches there is an undergrowth of Siberian rhododendron, meadowsweet, and Altai honeysuckle.

Meadows are widespread in the forest belt, confined to sufficiently moist, leveled areas, clearings and burnt areas. The areas of high-mountain meadows in Central and Western Altai are significant. In subalpine meadows, maral root, thistle, white-flowered geranium, and swimsuits are common. Alpine meadows have low grass cover. Columbine, gentian grandiflora, and cobresia Bellardi are common. The combination of simultaneously blooming orange lights, blue columbines, dark blue gentians and snakeheads gives the alpine meadows an extraordinary colorfulness.

The upper altitudinal zone of mountain vegetation is represented by various tundra groups - gravelly herbaceous, moss-lichen, rocky, shrubby, in which large-leaved birch, alpine bison, Claytonia John, whole-leaved lagotis, and cold gentian are common.

In general, within the region there are about 3 thousand species of higher plants: medicinal, food, fodder, poisonous.

The group of medicinal plants used in the pharmaceutical industry includes about 100 species. However, in folk medicine this list is much wider. In the steppe zone, they collect Ural licorice, spring Adonis, marshmallow, elecampane, creeping thyme, sandy immortelle, multiveined violet, thermopsis lanceolata, and wormwood.

In the forests grow elecampane, marsh white lake, golden capillary, oregano, Maryin root peony, Lobel's hellebore, St. John's wort, and burnet. In the coastal zone of reservoirs, marsh calamus, marsh wild rosemary, three-leafed rosemary, yellow egg capsule, and true rosemary are common.

Maral root, Rhodiola rosea, and bergenia are found in the high mountain zone.

Many plants can be used as food during summer hikes. Among them are sorrel, young nettle, young leaves of quinoa, dissected hogweed, soft honeydew, honeydew, young (hare cabbage), bracken, leaves and roots of dandelion, etc. The most famous among food plants are wild garlic (flask), and onion. Some plants (wild mint, thyme, peppermint) can be used for seasonings. Leaves of lingonberry, black currant, oregano, strawberry, leaves and inflorescences of meadowsweet, leaves of fireweed (willowherb) are suitable for preparing camping tea. Tea made from dry bergenia leaves has long been known in Altai.

Travelers should also remember about poisonous plants, such as henbane, hellebore, wrestlers, and crow's eye. Along the banks of reservoirs one can find poisonous wedge, black grass, speckled hemlock, and porcupine. And many medicinal plants, used without sufficiently reliable knowledge and doctor’s recommendations, can have a negative effect on the body. The first warning when encountering most poisonous plants is the beautiful, often bright coloring of the flowers and fruits.

Botanical research has identified more than 100 plant species found only in Altai. These are the so-called endemic species that arose here in the process of evolutionary development. The southeast of Altai is especially rich in endemic species. The famous botanist P.N. Krylov noted that in the recent past this area served as an arena for glacial processes, which is why the formation of flora continues here today.

In addition to the endemics of the Altai proper, such as the Altai swimsuit, alpine edelweiss, subalpine violet, purple swimsuit, in Altai there are endemic species with a wider Altai-Sayan range. Together with them, the total number of endemic species, according to A.V. Kuminova, reaches 212.

Intensive use of vegetation cover leads to a depletion of species composition and a decrease in the population size of individual species. Botanists have noted 120 plant species in need of protection. In recent years, the thickets of Rhodiola rosea (golden root), Raponticum safflower (maral root), spring starube, water chestnut (chilim), and Ural licorice have significantly decreased. Lady's slippers, orchis, lyubka, kandyk, tulips, frying (lights, bathing suits), peonies, lumbago, St. John's wort have become rare.

Among the plants included in the Red Book of the USSR, in Altai there are: large-flowered lady's slipper, true and spotted lady's slipper, Altai wolfgrass, water chestnut, Altai woodsia, unifoliate guldenstedtia, Siberian kandyk, Siberian and tiger iris, feather feather grass, curly lily, onion Altai, leafless grouse, Maryin root peony, steppe peony, checkered hazel grouse, etc.

Most of us don't know what these plants look like. Therefore, it is important, during preparation for the trip, to get acquainted with them through reference books and herbariums, and meet with specialists. In Barnaul there is a botanical garden of Altai University, where many rarities of the region's plant kingdom are collected. Visit it before heading out. It is advisable to find a place in your backpack for a small book by I.V. Vereshchagina “The Green Miracle of Altai”, published by the Altai Book Publishing House.

And most importantly, do not tear (do not destroy!) the flower, branch, or grass you like. It is necessary to remember: the resources of the plant world are not endless, we are all responsible for ensuring that the flowery carpet of Altai herbs, the taiga cedar splendor and the lush greenery of deciduous forests remain for future generations.

Animals

The region is home to about 100 species of mammals, more than 320 species of birds, 7 species of reptiles, 6 species of invertebrate animals and 7 species of amphibians. The rivers and lakes of the region are home to 35 species of fish.

The Red Book includes 134 species of animals that need protection. The largest number of bird species is 82. Approximately half of them are listed in the Red Book of Russia (demoiselle crane, saker falcon, white partridge, eagle owl, etc.), 10 species are included in the IUCN Red Book (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). These are extremely rare species, such as, for example, the bustard, imperial imperial falcon, peregrine falcon, as well as category zero (probably extinct) little bustard and slender-billed curlew.

In addition to birds nesting in Altai, the Red Book of the Altai Territory includes species that appear during spring-autumn migrations (small swan, lesser white-fronted goose), as well as occasional vagrants (dallas and pink pelicans, flamingos, black cranes, griffon vultures, etc. .).

The forests are inhabited by the chipmunk, flying squirrel, otter, ermine, and sable. Also found here are moose, musk deer, and almost everywhere - brown bears, lynx, wolverine, and badger. The steppes are inhabited by marmots, gophers, and jerboas; you can meet the steppe ferret, fox, and wolf; the Kulundinskaya steppe is home to white and brown hares. Muskrats live in the Ob reservoirs, and the river beaver lives in almost all forest and lowland rivers.

Among forest birds there are many predators, the most aggressive are hawks (goshawk and sparrowhawk), and nocturnal birds are common - owls and eagle owls. On the shores of the lakes you can see demoiselle crane and gray crane. Along the river banks there are numerous waders, white wagtails, and common terns. The rivers and lakes of the region are rich in fish; they contain pike, ide, burbot, sterlet, perch, dace, chebak, and ruff.

There are 17 species of mammals in the Red Book. These are mainly insectivores and rodents (eared hedgehogs, jerboas) and the bats(there are 9 species, including the pointed-eared bat, listed in the Red Book of Russia). Two representatives of the mustelid family entered here - the otter and the bandage (also included in the Red Book of Russia).

The Red Book includes 26 species of insects. These are, among other things, relict butterflies - the variegated ascalafus, the gypsy mother-of-pearl, as well as the Gebler's ground beetle, endemic to Western Altai, possibly extinct at present.

In addition to birds, mammals and insects, the book includes 3 species of reptiles (takyr round-headed lizard, multi-colored lizard, steppe viper), 2 species of amphibians (Siberian salamander, common newt) and 4 species of fish - lenok, apparently disappeared from the rivers of the region, the endemic species Siberian sturgeon, nelma and taimen.

In addition to the main part, the Red Book of the Altai Territory includes 30 species that require special attention. These are, for example, musk deer, gray goose, little gull, quail, carpenter bee and other species.

The objects of hunting are several dozen species of animals, representatives of four orders of birds.

The formation and development of animal resources in the region occurs under conditions of increased anthropogenic influence. A decrease in the bioproductivity of pastures due to overgrazing of livestock, water and wind erosion of soils, and deforestation lead to changes in animal habitats and a reduction in the number of squirrels, marmots, otters, musk deer, Siberian mountain goats, etc. The short-tailed snake eagle, blue-faced bustard, and bustard have disappeared partially or completely. The number of waterfowl, with the exception of the gray goose, is decreasing from year to year. The number of small mustelids, field and forest game is decreasing due to changes in the feeding and nesting conditions of their existence. Intensive development of ungulate resources, and primarily elk, requires a reduction in its production, increased protection and control over production, and in some areas a complete ban on hunting.

Currently, in the Altai Territory there are practically no original natural landscapes preserved; they are all affected by economic activity or the transfer of substances by water and air currents. The region currently lacks both active nature reserves and national parks. There are 33 reserves in the region. Their total area is 773.1 thousand hectares or less than 5% of the region’s area, which is significantly lower than the Russian average and is not enough to maintain landscape-ecological balance in the biosphere.

In 1997-1998, the production amounted to 7 wild boars and 11 bears.

The number in 1998 was: elk - 10,930, wild boar - 430, roe deer - 11,000, bear - 500.

Number of rare species: snow leopard - 39-49 pcs., Pallas cat - 250-350 pcs., gazelle - herds of 4-5 individuals, Altai mountain sheep - 370-470 pcs.

Each of the Altai landscapes is characterized by a certain species composition of animals.

The fauna of the steppe and forest-steppe lowland parts of the region is least rich. Rodents predominate here: red and bank voles, red-cheeked ground squirrel, steppe pika, and large jerboa. After the plowing of virgin lands, the field mouse became especially numerous. Large mammals include the wolf, fox, steppe polecat, mountain hare, corsac fox, badger, and sometimes the brown hare, and elk can also be found in the forests.

The predominant birds after plowing the virgin lands are the rook, magpie, hoodie, and jackdaw; Of the small passerines, the most common are the skylark, yellow wagtail and stonechat. Numerous and varied waders roam in the swamps and along the banks of reservoirs, ducks, greylag goose and gray heron nest. There are many ducks and coots on the lakes, and grebes are common, especially the great grebes. Numerous colonies of gulls (herring, glaucous, and black-headed gulls) are also often found there.

The fauna of lowland forests is much richer. They are home to various species of shrews, voles and mice. Chipmunk and teledut squirrel are numerous. Typical forest inhabitants are the mole, hedgehog, weasel, ermine, weasel and badger. Mountain hare and fox are common; wolverine, wolf, lynx and brown bear, beaver, roe deer and elk are less common.

The world of small forest passerine birds is colorful and diverse: tits, warblers, warblers, redstarts, thrushes, tree pipit, finches - chaffinch, redpoll, brambling, lentil, crossbill, spruce, goldfinches. Cuckoo, nightjar, and woodpeckers - black, great and small spotted, three-toed, and woodpeckers - are common. Of the small predators, the most common falcons are the hobby, merlin and falcon. There are hawks - goshawk and sparrowhawk, black kite, buzzard, great owl, long-eared owl, and less often - eagle owl. In the flat and foothill zones of Altai, the gray crane is not uncommon. The most common reptiles are the common grass snake, the viper, the Pallas's copperhead, the sand lizard and the viviparous lizard. There are few amphibians: mainly frogs and grass frogs, gray and green toads.

The mountain steppes of Altai are characterized by burrowers: red-cheeked and long-tailed ground squirrels, Altai and Mongolian marmots. Among the small rodents, voles are numerous. Daurian and Mongolian pikas are common on rocky areas on the outskirts of mountain steppes. In addition, the Chui steppe is home to the jumping jerboa, the Djungarian hamster and the tolai hare, which does not change color in winter (there is very little snow on semi-desert landscapes).

The species composition of birds is very small: skylarks and steppe larks, wheatears - bald-headed and dancer, steppe pipit, hoopoe, steppe harrier, kestrel. However, the fauna of the Chui steppe is distinguished by much greater diversity and originality: these places are characterized by the ogre, Indian bar-headed goose, herring gull, black-throated loon, black stork, whooper swan, Altai gyrfalcon, griffon vulture, black vulture, and bearded vulture. Only here you can find bustard, sajja, thick-billed plovers, and common plover.

The world of mountain inhabitants is especially diverse. This is facilitated by the diversity of natural conditions in the region. 62 species of mammals, more than 260 species of birds, 11 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 20 species of fish live here.

The fauna of mountain forests consists of almost all species found in lowland forests. These are the flying squirrel, chipmunk, sable, bats - the whiskered bat, the Siberian tubebill, the Ikonnikov bat, the rufous noctule and the long-eared bat. There are numerous ungulates that feed on trees and shrubs - elk, red deer, roe deer, musk deer; reindeer are much less common.

Common large predators include brown bear, lynx, wolverine, otter and badger. Small predators from the mustelid family that feed on mouse-like rodents are common: weasel, ermine, solonga, weasel and American mink. Burrowing insectivores - moles, shrews - are found everywhere. The Asian wood mouse is numerous; Water voles and field voles prefer moist habitats.

Among the birds found everywhere in the forests of Altai are jays, jays and nutcrackers. Important commercial species of chickens - capercaillie and hazel grouse - are also common in the taiga zone. In the foothills, along the edges of the forest, grouse are common.

Few animal species are adapted to the harsh conditions of high-mountain open landscapes. These are the Siberian mountain goat, argali (mountain sheep), snow leopard (irbis) - a beautiful and very rare predator. In the summer, the alpine belt is visited by deer, bears, wolverines, and there are also ermine, pika, narrow-skulled and high-mountain Siberian voles, fox, and mountain hare.

Common birds in the lower part of the alpine belt (shrub tundra) are ptarmigan, black-throated thrush, arctic bunting, and bluethroat. Redstart and Altai snowcock live almost right next to the snow.

The rivers of the plains and foothills are inhabited by pike, ide, burbot, sterlet, perch, dace, Siberian roach, ruffe, bream, and gudgeon. During the spawning season, salmon and sturgeon come here. In lakes and oxbow lakes in river valleys, crucian carp and tench predominate.

IN mountain rivers ah, the species composition changes dramatically: taimen, lenok, grayling, loach, minnow, spiny loach, mottled and Siberian sculpin live here. Grayling, char and minnow are found in the upper reaches of small mountain rivers. 13 species of fish have been recorded in Lake Teletskoye, of which two species - the Teletskoye whitefish and the Pravdin whitefish - live only in this reservoir. Numerous mountain reservoirs in the south of the Altai Territory are inhabited mainly by Ottoman people.

The species composition of the Altai entomofauna is very diverse. Travelers coming here should remember that some insects (mosquitoes, ticks) pose a real danger, being carriers of infectious diseases. Currently, ten species of ixodid ticks have been identified that can be carriers of tick-borne rickettsiosis and tick-borne encephalitis. Therefore, before you travel, you should get the necessary vaccinations.

During the period of greatest danger of tick bites (May - early June), you need to take basic precautions: have appropriate clothing that prevents ticks from penetrating the body, and systematically examine yourself and your friends.

The maximum danger of infection is characteristic of the indigenous dark coniferous and deciduous forests of the low mountains of Altai and Salair with their rich herbaceous vegetation.

The development of the region's natural resources is accompanied by a reduction in areas suitable for animal habitats, and, as a consequence, their numbers are reduced and the species composition becomes poorer. On the territory of the region, 6 species of mammals and 34 species of birds listed in the Red Book of the USSR have been recorded. These are argali, gazelle, snow leopard, red wolf, bandage, manul; among birds - Altai snowcock, black stork, mountain goose, osprey, steppe eagle, demoiselle crane, etc.

06.12.2015 17:25

Altai is amazing a unique place. Fauna similar to this one is not found anywhere else on our planet. But at the same time, in Altai you can find plants growing in the European part of Russia and even in the territory of the former USSR, including Kazakhstan. This incredible diversity is explained by the peculiarities of climate, terrain and geological development of the region.

Altai is a land of forests. Rarely anywhere in the world are unique ribbon pine forests found - tree-like formations stretching in a strip along rivers along ancient mineral deposits. Such forest belts form a unique microclimate in their surroundings and are natural protectors of the soil from weathering.

Altai ribbon pine forests

Ribbon pine forests date back to ancient times, when the sea splashed over the Western European plain. The internal currents of this sea, which extended to the Aral Basin, deposited sand in certain directions. On these ancient alluvial deposits, pine trees began to grow, forming beautiful ribbon forests today.

The longest of all Altai strip forests is the Barnaul pine forest, stretching more than 500 kilometers from the Ob to the Irtysh. It is not so wide - about ten kilometers. However, in some places the ribbon pine forests merge with each other, and then their width becomes comparable to their length - about 50-100 kilometers.

It became a sad page in history for the tape pine forests 18 century. In Altai, the silver industry developed rapidly, requiring huge amounts of coal fuel for its needs. Beautiful cedars, pines and firs were ruthlessly cut down at the roots. There was no talk of observing any basic rules of forestry.

Later, terrible fires caused serious damage to the belt burs. Many hectares of forests were destroyed. And only by the beginning of the 50s of the last century, a decision was made to restore the belt pine forests of Kazakhstan and Altai at the highest level. After this, the forests began to gradually recover, and by 2013 their area exceeded 700 thousand hectares.

Types of Altai trees

The climate and geology of the area significantly change the types of forests in different regions of Altai. Experts distinguish three types of forest plantations: ribbon forests, Priob forests and Salair ridge.

The Altai foothills are a real storehouse of valuable wood. Forests formed by cedars and fir trees grow in abundance here, and there are many birch groves. The most common pine tree in these areas of Altai forms the black taiga. In such forests, fruit and berry bushes such as currants, raspberries, blackberries and rowan are often found. Altai forests are not only the “lungs” of our country, but also a storehouse of medicinal plants.

One of the most common wood species in Altai is larch. Its wood is very light and durable. In addition, larch does not lose its unique properties even after prolonged exposure to moisture, which only increases the value of the tree.

That is why larch is the most popular construction material in Altai. This wood is used to make residential buildings, telegraph poles, and railroad sleepers; build bridge supports, piers and dams. All these structures will serve their owners for a long time, since larch wood is characterized by increased wear resistance.

In addition, larch forests are an ideal place for walking. In their appearance they resemble parks - just as bright and spacious. Walking through such a forest is a pleasure!

Another remarkable tree of the Altai forests is the famous cedar. Altai cedar pine mainly grows at the foot of the mountains, forming powerful forests with a dense crown of dark green color. But single representatives of the species are found in larch and fir forests.

Cedar wood is of particular value for local handicrafts. Craftsmen use it to make handicrafts, jewelry and amulets that are so valued by travelers and tourists. Cedar furniture is no less popular. This material is beautiful, light and durable.

Deciduous tree species in Altai are represented by species such as aspen, poplar and birch. They mainly grow in the lowlands and valleys of the region. Such forests are rich in shrubs. Blackberries, raspberries, and currants are often found.

Altai cedar

Cedar is rightfully considered the king of trees in Altai. Since ancient times, our ancestors understood all the beneficial properties of this tree.

Cedars secrete a fragrant resin that repels tree pests. Therefore, furniture was often made from cedars: chests, benches, cabinets. Moth larvae die in cedar furniture. Scientists have proven that substances released by cedar wood destroy pathogenic microbes. That is why in a house with furniture made from Altai cedar, residents will get sick much less often.

Cedar wood is an ideal building material. In terms of strength, it is not inferior to structures made of steel, and in many other properties it is much superior to the latter. For example, cedar has excellent thermal insulation and is also resistant to large temperature changes and prolonged exposure to moisture. Unlike metals, wood is not susceptible to corrosion. We can say that cedar wood is an excellent building material given to us by nature itself. The main thing is to use this gift correctly and rationally and not to cut down the amazing Altai forests at the roots and haphazardly.

Another amazing property of cedar is the ease of wood processing. Wood can be cut, planed and sanded even by hand, not to mention power tools. At the same time, cedar does not lose its strength, and its surface acquires a glossy shine. Such construction qualities, coupled with the beauty of the wood, rightfully make cedar a royal tree.

Scientists have discovered the secret of these amazing qualities. When examining a cut of a tree under a microscope, it turned out that cedar wood is formed by a huge number of tiny tubes filled with air. The capillary structure of wood provides it with more than ten times better thermal insulation properties than stone or concrete. Moreover, it is this structure that determines the resistance of cedar to excessive drying or waterlogging. Cedar wood does not crack and is not susceptible to harmful insects. Heat treatment in special ovens prepares cedars for further use as an excellent building material.

Cedar wood is rich in natural phytoncides, which have the pleasant property of disinfecting and healing the air. Cedar forests are a real natural health resort. After drying trees in ovens, many beneficial properties are lost, but what remains has a powerful healing effect.

Altai cedar in construction

Homes and furniture made from cedar or finished with cedar wood are valued for more than just their aesthetic appeal. The light aroma released by the tree calms and relieves stress, relieves headaches and migraines. And the air in the room, as scientists note, becomes almost sterile. Pathogenic microbes quickly die from substances released by cedar wood. The likelihood of airborne disease in a cedar house is reduced to almost zero. It has been noticed that residents of such houses get sick less often and live longer.

And living in a house made of cedar is a pleasure. It will always be warm here due to the excellent insulating qualities of wood, and it will also be very cozy. Cedar is an amazingly beautiful tree, and proper processing only emphasizes the natural beauty of the material. The strength of cedar wood will allow more than one generation of a family to live in such a house. Who wouldn’t want to have such a family nest, where “even the walls help”?

Cedar wood is no less popular in the construction of baths and saunas. Cedars are not as resinous as pine or spruce trees. Therefore, cedar baths, saunas, steam rooms and phyto-barrels have become quite widespread.

In Altai you can often find hives made of cedar wood. It has been noted that bees populate such “dwellings” better and produce more honey.

The disinfecting properties of cedar wood allow it to be successfully used for making dishes. It is especially good to store milk in cedar products - it does not sour longer and remains fresh.

In addition to all of the above, cedar has amazing resonant properties. This allows the use of wood as a material for the manufacture of musical instruments - guitars, violins, cellos and many others.

Forest conservation

Unlike many other natural resources, forests are a renewable species. The constant use and deforestation of forests requires measures to preserve them and reproduce their volume. Such measures include:

• Use of modern technologies and equipment;
• Preventing the felling of rare and valuable tree species;
• State and environmental control;
• Ensuring the constant reproducibility of forests;
• Mass agitation and educational activities in favor of forest conservation.

A rational and careful attitude to natural resources will allow us to use forests for our own needs and preserve the “lungs of our planet” without harming all the inhabitants of the Earth.

Back forward

Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Ecological knowledge is an important part of modern education, without which humanity cannot solve the problem of preserving life on Earth. Taking into account the fact that the curricula have reduced the hours allocated for studying the subjects of the natural-geographical course, I consider it advisable to study issues of environmental-geographical education not only in the classroom, but also in extracurricular activities and elective courses. (Annex 1)

Elective courses differ from the lesson system in that they are focused on the interests of students, are playful in nature and create conditions for the formation of a professional test in the field of ecology and environmental protection. Classes involve the use of person-centered learning aimed at developing children’s communication and personal self-realization, as it allows them to explore problems related to the nature of their locality. (Presentation. Slides 2,3,4,5)

Preparatory work. Students are divided into 6 working groups, each of which is tasked with conducting research in one of the areas and presenting a report in the form of a public presentation at the final lesson. To assess the quality of the work done, a commission is formed from high school students and teachers of biology and geography. As a result, the creators of the most interesting works are awarded diplomas of the first, second, third degree and they receive the right to participate in the school competition “Step into Science”.

Equipment. Multimedia installation. Multimedia support in the form of slide shows and multimedia presentations. (Presentation. Slides 6,7)

Leading. Forest... This short and very capacious word contains a lot. If life on planet Earth appeared in water, then its intelligent branch, that is, human life from its very inception to the present day, is closely connected with the forest. The forest was the cradle of humanity in the initial period of its development. It gave primitive man protection from animals and bad weather, material for making houses, fuel, necessary food products - everything that helped him survive in an unfavorable environment.

Leading. If you carefully study the Altai reference books, you get the impression that we live in a forest paradise. There are eight villages called Lesnoy alone, and one Lesnaya Polyana. The fact that the settlement is located next to the forest is indicated by the names Zalesovo, Borovoe, Borovoy, Borovskoye, Borok, Bor-Forpost, and also the village of Podborny. The second place in terms of frequency of use is occupied by Sosnovki - there are six of them in the region. There is Sosnovy Log, Sosnovy Bor, Podsosnovo. Beautiful names. Surprisingly, there are no dissonant names of settlements in the Altai Territory. Except for Penka in the Rebrikha district. In our Romanovsky region, despite the predominantly steppe location, we also have forest names - Dubrovino, Zelenaya Dubrava, named after the tulips growing here. But today we will talk about a real miracle of nature in the world of forests - the pine ribbon forests of the Altai Territory. One of the belts, Kasmalinskaya, runs through the Romanovsky district.

Leading. Ribbon pine forests are unique natural objects that can only be found in Altai. Moreover, to say that they are unique means to say nothing. There are simply no others like them in the world. What are these tape burs and where are they located? We address this question to a group of geographers.

Defense of the project “Green Ribbons in the Nature Wreath of the Altai Territory”

(Presentation. Slide 8,9)

Target– through cartographic sources, determine the geographical location of pine belt forests in the Altai Territory.

Task– analyze the location of pine belt forests, create a map of their growth, and identify factors influencing their location.

Brief abstracts of the speech

Ribbon forests are pine grass and grass-shrub forests, stretching in strips (5-40 km) along rivers on sandy ancient alluvial deposits. Distributed in the south of Western Siberia in the Altai Territory. There are four of these amazing strips: Barnaulskaya, Kasmalinskaya, Kulundinskaya and Burlinskaya. (see Fig. 1) The name of the ribbon forests is consonant with the names of the small rivers flowing through them: Barnaulki, Kasmaly, Burly, Kulundy. The longest is the ribbon of the Barnaul pine forest, stretching 550 km from the Ob River in the vicinity of Barnaul to the Irtysh River in the vicinity of Semipalatinsk. The width of the forest over a considerable distance, and in particular in the vicinity of Barnaul, is 8-10 km. If you drive along the Barnaul ribbon from north to south, you can see how the height of the trees decreases, the forest becomes more sparse, and the crown descends along the trunk close to the ground. This is due to an increase in heat from north to south and a decrease in precipitation. Crossing any ribbon across, we will also see that the trees closest to the steppe are always lower than those growing in the depths of the forest. Trees at the edge of the forest are exposed to harsher conditions. They are forced to take the blows of the wind and protect the trees behind them. In the southwest, near the village of Novoyegoryevskoye, the boron ribbon merges with the neighboring Kasmalinsky boron ribbon. The Srostkinsky pine forest formed in this way has a width of about 40-50 km. The Kuchuk-Kulundinsky forest stretches for 110 km from the village of Verkh-Kuchuk to the regional center of Zavyalovo. Proslaukha-Kulundinsky pine forest is located between the villages of Klyuchi and Bayevo. Burlinsky Bor, the northernmost, begins at the Novosibirsk reservoir 35 km north of the city of Kamenya-on-Obi and runs through the territory of the Krutikhinsky and Pankrushikhinsky districts, its length is 100 km, width 6–7 km.

Memo 1.(Appendix 2)

Leading. The ancient legend has been preserved. The god of the wind, flying over the Altai lands, saw a beautiful girl with the beautiful name Aigul. He decided to move her to his sky-high castle and there, coaxing her with wondrous gifts, persuaded her to marry him. But the girl knew that it was not easy to love someone like that, the wind changed its character all the time, changed its mood, was “windy” and flew away all the time. The girl heard how the wind began to quietly creep up to her, bringing the smell of strange flowers, was afraid of the fate of being torn away from her native place and ran across the steppe to the house. But the wind turned into a hurricane, caught up with the beautiful fugitive, and, picking her up, carried her to her heavenly palaces. The green ribbons with which Aigul tied her braids, the elegant belts flew off and rushed to the ground. Where they fell, forests grew to show the brothers the way where to look for their sister. Aigul cried, and where her tears fell, small salt lakes appeared. But it is unknown whether her brothers found her or not. There is such a beautiful history of the formation of ribbon forests and lakes, but this is only oral folk art. And how our forests really formed, young researchers will tell us.

Defense of project No. 2. “Ribbon pine forests – greetings from the Ice Age”

(Presentation. Slides 10,11)

Target– to identify the reasons for the origin of ribbon forests in the Altai Territory.

Task. Having studied and analyzed various sources of information, prove that ribbon forests were formed during the Quaternary geological period of the development of nature.

Brief abstracts of the speech

Scientists' opinions on the origin of ribbon forests differ in details, but they are similar in one thing: they owe their birth to ancient glaciation.

1. Scientists have been counting the appearance of ribbon burs since the Quaternary period. About a million years ago, a cold snap occurred on Earth. The snow that falls in winter did not have time to completely melt and accumulated, forming powerful glaciers. When general warming set in, meltwater from the Altai foothills rushed in huge streams along the ancient riverbed of the Ob River to the north, but backed by a slowly retreating glacier, they were forced to look for a way out. Having washed and deepened the largest left tributaries of the Ob, gigantic streams flowed towards the Irtysh. After the continental ice melted and the waters rolled into the Polar Sea, freeing the West Siberian Lowland, the modern course of the Ob River was finally formed. By ready-made paths modern rivers flowed from ancient hollows: Burla, Barnaulka, Kasmala, Kulunda and others, and on the remaining layers of sand brought into the hollows by ancient rivers, beautiful pine forests and unique ribbon forests subsequently grew.

2. According to one version, it turns out that the ribbon forests remained after the Ice Age, when the territory between the Ob and the Irtysh was between two huge glaciers - the Northern, which was located along the Ob bed before the Irtysh flowed into it, and the Altai. As a result, pine forests now grow along the hollows, and steppe vegetation dominates in the spaces between them. Thanks to the ability of forests to accumulate moisture, ribbon forests are a natural oasis to support life.

3. According to another version, the origin of ribbon pine forests has an interesting history, which is associated with the period when there was a large sea in the south of the West Siberian Lowland, the flow of water from it passed through deep hollows towards the Aral Basin. The flowing water carried sand, and when the climate warmed and the Ob flowed again into the seas of the Arctic Ocean, pine trees began to grow in the sand-filled hollows of the ancient runoff. This is how four ribbons of pine forests were formed, which stretch parallel to each other from the Ob near Barnaul in a southwestern direction towards the Irtysh and the Kulundinskaya lowland.

Scene “The Wind and the Seed”

Leading. I'll tell you a story that started with a seed. Yes Yes! From an ordinary pine seed! Have you ever seen such a seed? It is small, with one transparent golden wing. There are a lot of them ripening in the mother cone. And the mother pine also grows a lot of cones every year! When the seeds ripen, the mother cone slightly opens its scales - and the seeds scatter around so that new pines can be born and grow. So, one day a breeze blew and our little seed flew, catching the air flow with its small wing.

Leading. Of course, you understand that further our conversation will take place under the sign of the main character of our forests - the Scots pine. Meet Pinus sylvestris!

Defense of project No. 3. “The ordinary and most unique pine”

(Presentation. Slides 11,12)

Target. To prove that Scots pine is one of the most valuable trees in the Altai region.

Tasks. Describe the biological features of Scots pine. Assess its ecological role in the biocenosis of ribbon forests. Describe the economic importance of pine.

Brief abstracts of the speech

Scots pine (lat. Pinus sylvestris) is a plant, a widespread species of the genus Pine of the Pine family. It grows naturally in Europe and Asia. In the best growing conditions, the tree reaches a height of 35-40 meters (sometimes up to 45) and more than a meter in diameter. The crown is through, with a rounded or flat top, raised high. The branching is whorled. One whorl is formed annually. Pine grows on shifting sands and swamps, fertile soils and permafrost; in the mountains it rises to 1700-1800 meters above sea level. Has high adaptability. Grows quickly. The increase in height up to 40 years is especially significant. Pine has a plastic root system that can change depending on soil conditions. Life expectancy is up to 350-600 years. Pine blossoms in spring. Male and female flowers are located on the same tree. The entire process of seed development lasts one and a half years. The seeds are small, have a wing, and with its help they are carried by the wind from two kilometers from the tree. The bark of young trees is gray, then becomes brownish-red with long longitudinal cracks at the bottom. The needles are steamy, live 2-3 years (sometimes up to eight years)

Scots pine does not shy away from any kind of work: it burns in furnaces, strides across the country like telegraph poles, lies as sleepers under hundreds of thousands of kilometers of steel highways, stands on millions of supports in coal and ore mines. Thanks to pine, treasures are born: first cellulose, and from it - artificial silk, plastics, artificial leather, cellophane, and various papers. Chemistry draws from "ordinary wood" some sources of "magic" - aromatic resin (or turpentine). It is difficult, perhaps even impossible, to find a useless piece of pine body. The bark contains tannins, the cambium contains vanillin, valuable immersion oil is obtained from the seeds, and pollen is used as a substitute for lycopodium. By the way, the balm with which the ancient Egyptians soaked mummies that have survived to this day and survived for thousands of years also includes pine resin. And who doesn’t know the wonderful mineral amber. Amber is also pine resin, but it has lain in the ground for millions of years. Even the air of a pine forest is valuable: it’s not for nothing that sanatoriums and holiday homes are built here. A place of honor is occupied by “pine medicines” - pine extracts for baths, dried pine buds, turpentine and others... Pine cones are the best fuel for the famous Russian samovars; they burn beautifully and hold the heat for a long time.

Pine serves not only humans. Wood grouse feed on pine needles almost throughout the year. For elk, the best winter food is young pine shoots and their bark. Squirrels, chipmunks, and pine cone birds feast on pine seeds, which they extract from the cones with amazing skill. Woodpeckers and crossbills are big hunters of pine seeds. Incredibly, fish are also connoisseurs of pine: fry willingly and with great benefit switch to a pine diet. They eat pollen, which in the spring, during the flowering period, covers the vast expanse of water bodies with a thin film (each pollen grain of a pine tree has two air sacs, giving it the ability to swim and fly hundreds of kilometers). There is so much pollen that sometimes it forms small yellow clouds that fall in “sulfur” showers.

Our list of “pine blessings” has grown so much that it is hardly worth talking in detail about pine roots that fix shifting sands and protect rivers and lakes from silting, that the thick bark of pine is a salvation from runaway fires, about the evergreen outfit of city gardens and parks, and about many other things..

Leading. Now let's take a little trip into the past. Ninth century. Yaroslav the Wise punishes negligent subjects for arson and cutting down forests. Ivan the Terrible limits forest felling with safe conduct. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich is punishing for cutting down someone else's forest and starting a fire. A turning point in the regulation of forestry came with the adoption of the first national forest laws and strict instructions of Peter the Great. By his decree, he put a limit on the free felling of forests, declared oak and pine to be protected species, and imposed “deprivation of the belly” (death penalty) for unauthorized felling, which was later replaced by exile and hard labor. And finally, on May 26, 1798, Paul the First issued a decree on the creation of the first central forest management body in the history of Russia - the Forestry Department. What laws exist today to protect our forests?

Defense of project No. 4. “Forests under protection”

(Presentation. Slides 14,15)

Target. Highlight laws in environmental law that protect the rights of our forests.

Task. Consider the most common environmental crimes that cause maximum damage to forests

Brief abstracts of the speech

Environmental law in the Russian Federation is a set of legal norms regulating relations in the field of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection, taking into account the interests of the present and future generations of people. Environmental law as an independent branch began to be considered in Russia only from the beginning of the 90s. of our century.

Environmental crimes against forests are crimes that are socially dangerous acts that encroach on the environmental legal order established in Russia, the environmental safety of society, and cause harm to the natural forest environment and human health. (Appendix 4)

Leading. And now the question: “What is the name of the territory that we will now talk about?”

In this territory, any types of economic activity that impede the preservation, restoration and reproduction of natural complexes and their components are prohibited temporarily or permanently, or are limited: plowing of land; felling, harvesting of resin, haymaking, grazing, procurement and collection of mushrooms, berries, nuts, fruits , seeds, medicinal and other plants, other types of use of the plant world; commercial, sport and amateur hunting, fishing, obtaining animals not classified as objects of hunting and fishing, other types of use of the animal world; provision of land for development, as well as for collective gardening and vegetable gardening; carrying out drainage and irrigation works, geological surveys and mineral development; construction of buildings and structures, roads and pipelines, power lines and other communications; the use of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection products and growth stimulants; imploding works; passage and parking of motor vehicles, ships and other floating vehicles, arrangement of halts, bivouacs, tourist stops and camps, other forms of recreation for the population.

Leading. Of course, you know that these are nature reserves. The next question: “Which of the listed reserves is located on the territory of two neighboring districts, including Romanovsky? Be careful and don’t miss: Volchikhinsky, Kulundinsky, Egorvsky, Pankrushikhinsky, Kasmalinsky, Mamonotovsky.

Leading. That's right, Mamontovsky. The next group of our participants will tell us for what purpose it was created.

Defense of project No. 5. “Let's save the ribbon forests - and not disappear like mammoths!”

(Presentation. Slides 16,17)

Target. Determining the role of the Mamontovsky reserve in preserving the biological diversity of the Kasmalinsky ribbon forest.

Task. Get acquainted with the diversity of the animal world of the Mamontovsky reserve.

Give a brief description of the organisms that are protected by the Mamontovsky Nature Reserve.

Brief abstracts of the speech

Unique natural and climatic conditions have made our areas one of the richest in the region in terms of diversity and species composition of natural resources. There are more than 30 species of trees and shrubs and 50 species of herbs. The fauna is diverse. And the abundance of water and grass vegetation create favorable conditions for nesting of waterfowl of over 90 species. A variety of animals can be found here - elk and Siberian roe deer, which are quite common here. In some places, sticking to the bushes, the Asian chipmunk lives, and in open areas - the brown hare. In forest plantations there are mustelids: badger, weasel, ermine, weasel and steppe ferret. American mink comes to the banks of reservoirs. The muskrat is common in these areas and may be numerous. Common fox, wolf and lynx are spotted irregularly in our forest, and a small number of common beaver are spread along the river.

In 1963, on the territory of the region, in the Kasmalinsky forest, a state reserve (Mamontovsky) with an area of ​​8 thousand hectares was created to preserve the ecosystems of the ribbon forest with a system of lakes. Here the natural habitats of elk, roe deer, squirrel, hare, fox, weasel, swan, dabbling and diving ducks and other animals are protected to maintain the ecological balance of the region, for the reproduction of animals and plants of the forest and forest lake system.

The reserve is designated as a natural and economic territory, including forest and meadow landscapes, wetlands. This territory is experiencing significant anthropogenic pressure. The forest area is covered with a dense network of highways, the shores of lakes experience significant recreational pressure in the summer, and steppe communities are used for grazing. Therefore, the following plants listed in the Red Book of the Altai Territory are on the verge of extinction: feather feather grass (Stipa pennata), sandy grass (Helichrysum arenarium), Ural licorice (Glyzirrhiza uralensis).

Leading. In some regions of Russia, there was a custom to decorate a pine tree at a bachelorette party before a wedding. When the bride's friends sang ritual songs, they placed a loaf of bread in the middle of the table, stuck a small pine tree into it and, like a bride, decorated it with colored ribbons and wildflowers. In wedding songs, the bride was compared to a young pine tree:

Little pine, young little pine,
Why are you not green pine?
Young girl, young girl, young girl,
What, you young girl is not cheerful.

Why should she really be cheerful and green if she was torn out of her native land along with her roots? But our designers - masters of holiday affairs - know how to create a festive mood without damaging trees.

Defense of project No. 6. “Pine cone”

(Presentation. Slides 18,19,20)

Target. Demonstrate the aesthetic possibilities of a pine cone.

Tasks. Conduct a master class on making crafts from pine cones.

Brief summary of the speech

The idea of ​​making something out of pine cones came to us a long time ago. In the summer, when we were walking in a pine forest, we started collecting cones: here a cone, here a cone, and we collected a whole bag. It was fun, everyone was running and shouting: “But this one is better, and this one is even better.” I wanted to take all the cones home and then make something very beautiful out of them, just like our forests. Today we will teach you how to make a beautiful wreath from pine cones that will decorate your home.

1. Cut out a large wreath from cardboard. Adjust the size and width of the workpiece to the size of the pine cones you are using.

2. Glue the 4 largest cones onto the cardboard blank.

3. Place the remaining pine cones on the wreath and glue them in place.

4. Tie a bright ribbon into a bow and decorate the top of the wreath with it.

5. And if you show patience and imagination, you will create a whole collection of products from pine cones and give them to your friends. How I do it.

Awarding and summing up. In conclusion, the children are invited to look at a photo album created by the student. Then the presenters sum up the results and present diplomas to the creators of the projects. Guests of the event receive reminders (Appendix 2) and souvenirs made from pine cones as a gift.

Literature.

1. Vinokurova N.F. and other elective course program “Forest and Man” // Geography at school. 1998.-№5. – P.54-58.

2. Grekhankina L.F. and others. The world of the protected area // Geography at school. 2001.-№6. – P.41-49.

3. Ribbon forests and salt lakes: tourist. Alt districts. edges/composition A. N. Romanov, S. V. Kharlamov. - Barnaul: Polyprint, 2004. - 184 p.

4. Mironova L. Trees of Siberia. Scots pine // Newspaper Nature of Altai. 2009.- No. 5-6. –P.38-39.

5. Muravlev A. Unknown Altai. The fate of trees // Newspaper Nature of Altai. 2007.- No. 1-2. –P.22-23.

6. Paramonov E.G. Stories about trees and bushes. – Barnaul: Alt. book Publishing house, 1982.- pp. 20 – 29.

7. Podkorytova L.D., Gorskikh O.V. Geography of the Altai Territory. Methodological complex: - Barnaul, 2008.- P.88-90.

8. http://mamontovo22.ru/zdrav.html - official website of the Mamontovsky district.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Altai State Academy of Education named after V.M. Shukshin"

(FSBEI HPE "AGAO")

Faculty of Natural Geography

Department of Geography

GRADUATE WORK

Characteristics of forest resources of the Altai Territory

Performed:

VI year student gr. GZ-G071

Gerstner I.V.

Checked:

D. agricultural n. Professor Vazhov V.M.

Grade _______________

Signature___________________

Biysk 2013

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 3

Chapter 1. Physiographic characteristics of the Altai Territory.4 1.1. Geographical location of the Altai Territory…………………...4

1.2. Characteristics of the relief…………………………………………..5

1.3. Climatic features of the region……………………………..7

1.4. Characteristics of soils in the Altai Territory…………………………..9

1.5. Inland waters of the Altai Territory…………………………….. 10

1.6. Vegetation of the region………………………………………………………... 13

Chapter 2. Theoretical justification of forest resources: definition, significance and factors influencing the territorial structure... 14

2.1. Forest resources. 14

2.2. The importance of the timber industry in the national economy of the Altai Territory 18

Chapter 3. The structure of the timber industry complex and the importance of the forest sector in the Russian economy……………………………….. 23

3.1. Structure of the timber industry complex of the Altai Territory... 23

3.2. Forest sector in the economy of the Altai Territory 26

Chapter 4. Problems and prospects for the development of the forestry complex of the Altai Territory……………………………………………………… 29

4.1. Problems of the forest sector of the Altai Territory.. 29

4.2. Protection of the forest complex of the Altai Territory 31

4.3. Prospects for the development of the forestry complex of the Altai Territory. 39

Chapter 5. Use of thesis materials in

rural school……………………………………………………… 43

Conclusion 57

References 59

Appendix 60

INTRODUCTION

Natural resources are a set of natural conditions and elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere formed in the natural environment as a result of natural processes 4  . Natural resources are divided into Biological; Recreational; Land; Forest; Climatic; Water; Mineral.

Let’s stop and study in detail one of them – forest resources.

Forests, being part of the natural sphere, perform a number of important and unique ecological and economic functions. Firstly, forests play a significant role in global carbon and oxygen cycles, largely “responsible” for the composition of the atmosphere. Secondly, forests assimilate environmentally harmful emissions, maintaining the cleanliness of the environment, especially the air, and also reduce noise pollution. Thirdly, forests provide microclimatic effects, and on a planetary scale they form the global climate. Fourthly, forests have a great influence on water exchange and the state of aquatic ecosystems. Fifthly, forests prevent soil erosion, prevent the formation of ravines and landslides, and also preserve landscapes and soil fertility. Sixthly, forests provide habitat for most species of plants and animals, i.e. serve as a natural and mandatory condition for preserving biodiversity on the planet. Seventh, forests perform recreational and aesthetic functions. Eighth, forests to a certain extent ensure the ecological and economic security of the country. Ninth, forests are actively used for economic purposes, providing raw materials for many sectors of the economy.14

Since in modern times, the use of forest resources is very unsustainable; forests are constantly being cut down; forest fires occur frequently; There are many insects that destroy the forest.

The purpose of this work is to consider the importance and problems of the forestry industry and offer prospects for the development of the forestry complex of the Altai Territory.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

1. Study the importance of the forest industry in the national economy.

2. Analyze forestry problems.

3. Suggest ways of development and measures to protect forestry.

4. Develop measures to use the results of the thesis work in a rural school.

The thesis was carried out during 2010-2012.

Currently, an urgent problem is the protection of forests from fires and their prevention. In recent years, there has been a tendency for the number of fires to increase and the situation to become more severe. One of the serious problems of forestry is ensuring the timely reproduction of forest resources after a fire.

The work is ready.

Keep the red line, font, line spacing, chapters on a new page, titles in the center, look at the spelling, and only then print. The conclusion must meet the objectives, look carefully.

CHAPTER 1. Physiographic characteristics of the Altai Territory

1. Geographical location of the Altai Territory

The Altai Territory is located in the southeast of Western Siberia and borders the Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, Kazakhstan and the Altai Republic. Its territory is 168.0 thousand sq. km.

The region includes 12 cities, 14 urban-type settlements, 7 urban and 60 rural districts, including the German National District. The administrative center is Barnaul, with a population of 655.4 thousand people.

Two types of geomorphological landscapes predominate in the region: mountainous in the east, steppe in the west, large areas are occupied by taiga massifs. Unique ribbon forests stretch for hundreds of kilometers. The rich vegetation cover, combined with the contrasts of the relief, is accompanied by a variety of animal life. About 300 species of mammals, more than 300 species of birds live here, there are reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

Climatic conditions are generally favorable for development Agriculture. There is enough heat and light here to grow almost all crops, vegetables, berries and fruits.

In our region the most large rivers The Biya and Katun merge to form one of the main Siberian rivers - the Ob. There are about 13 thousand lakes in the region, more than half of them with fresh water. The largest lake is Kulundinskoye (728 sq. km). In the Altai Mountains there is the amazingly beautiful Aiskoe Lake.

1. Relief characteristics

The relief of the Altai region is diverse not only in appearance and degree of dissection, but also in its origin and history of formation. At the beginning of the Cenozoic, there was a peneplain here, formed on the site of mountain structures; later it was deformed by recent tectonic movements. In the southeast, the peneplain was mainly uplifted and dissected, as a result of which mountains arose here, and in the northwest, on the contrary, it was lowered and buried under the sediments of the neotectonic Kulunda depression, within which accumulative and basement plains were formed. The relief of the plains of the Altai region was created by exogenous processes against the background of slow and relatively weakly differentiated recent subsidence of the Kulunda depression during the Neogene and Quaternary periods. The initial accumulative relief was formed at the beginning and middle of the Quaternary period, when, as a result of subsidence, a thick layer of alluvial and aeolian deposits of the Krasnodubrovsky suite accumulated. At this time, extensive eolian-alluvial (loess) plains formed, in some places retaining their original appearance. In Quaternary times, the uplift of most of this territory began, which led to the reworking of the accumulative relief under the influence of erosion processes and to the separation of the Priob Plateau, the Biysk-Chumysh Upland and the Kulunda Plain. The transformation of the relief of the plains is significantly affected by the differences in climatic conditions between the eastern and western parts of a given territory. Due to the low amount of precipitation in the west, the activity of wind and planar erosion are most pronounced, and the processes of linear erosion are significantly weakened. In the east, the original relief has been largely destroyed as a result of the growth of Quaternary erosional forms (beams, valleys), the density of which increases when moving from west to east, due to an increase in precipitation, and reaches a maximum on the Biysk-Chumysh Upland and the Pre-Salair Plain. In the same direction, the extent of erosional forms created by constant flows (valleys) increases and the number of small erosional forms formed by temporary watercourses (ravines, deluvial hollows, gullies) decreases. This pattern is violated only in the river valley. Ob, where aeolian relief dominates on the terraced sandy plains, and erosional forms fade into the background due to a reduction in surface runoff due to the infiltration of a significant proportion of atmospheric precipitation into the sandy soil. The relief of basement plains, like accumulative plains, is largely determined by the amplitude of recent tectonic uplifts; in addition, it is directly related to the structure of the Paleozoic foundation, which is reflected in the appearance of individual valleys and gullies and in the configuration of the erosion network. Within the basement plains, eluvial-deluvial plains are distinguished, which are characterized by a thin cover of loose sediments and frequent outcrops of bedrock in watershed areas, where they form numerous hills 5-10 m high. above the surface of the watershed. This territory is opposed by highly elevated eolian-alluvial plains, which have preserved on their surface a relatively thick layer of loess and loess-like loams.

1. Climatic features of the region

The main features of the climate of the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic are determined by the interaction of common climate-forming factors: solar radiation, circulation air masses and the nature of the underlying surface (relief, vegetation, rivers, swamps, presence of snow and ice cover, etc.). Their significance is determined by the location of the region in the temperate latitudes of the central part of Eurasia and its distance from the seas and oceans. The climate is greatly influenced by the adjacent territories: Western and Eastern Siberia, Central and Central Asia. Through the mechanism of cyclonic activity, the European territory of Russia and the distant Atlantic have a great influence on the Altai climate. The role of the latter affects the distribution of precipitation, especially in mountainous areas exposed to the influence of higher layers of the troposphere in the zone of westerly transport of air masses. The climate of the Altai Territory has pronounced continental features: it is cold, long-lasting, snowy winter and short, warm, sometimes hot summers. The annual temperature amplitudes in the region for some points are as follows: Barnaul - 37.3 degrees, Biysk - 36.2 degrees, Slavgorod - 39.3 degrees, Rubtsovsk - 38.0 degrees. The position of the edge is at 51-54 degrees north latitude. and the predominance of anticyclonic weather create favorable opportunities for a large influx of solar heat. The annual amounts of direct and diffuse (total) radiation vary from 100 kcal/sq. cm in the north to 120 kcal/sq. cm in the south of the region. In the mountains, where cloudy weather occurs more often, the influx of solar radiation decreases, and its distribution also depends on the orientation and steepness of the slopes. In summer, the sun rises high above the horizon (60-66 degrees), the day becomes long, up to 17 hours. In winter, the sun's altitude barely reaches 20 degrees, and the day becomes almost half as long. Some mountain valleys receive almost no direct sunlight in winter. The total radiation is partially reflected by the earth's surface: in summer up to 20-30%, in winter up to 60-70%, and the amount of absorbed radiation decreases to 70-90 kcal/square cm. The absorbed solar heat is spent on heating the soil, water, and ground layers of air. Some of the heat is radiated from the earth's surface into space. Depending on the season of the year, the value of the radiation balance changes, which accounts for no more than 30-45% of the incoming heat, that is, 30-45 kcal/square cm. In the annual output, the radiation balance is negative only at altitudes above 2500 m. In summer it is positive throughout the region, in winter it has a negative value everywhere, since the arrival of radiation at this time is less than heat loss due to radiation. The transfer of air masses, and in place with it heat and moisture, is carried out in the process of general circulation of the atmosphere. As a result of the interaction of the western transfer of air masses, stationary areas of high and low pressure, cyclones and anticyclones, the region turns out to be flooded either with sea air of the Atlantic and Arctic, or with continental masses of Central Asian or East Siberian origin. The significant size of the edge, dissection and a wide variety of types of underlying surface contribute to changes in the properties of incoming air and the formation of local air masses. The result is a varied thermal regime and a complex distribution of precipitation. The underlying surface plays a big role in this. The plains favor the free movement of air, however, having reached the foot of the mountain structures, it is forced to climb the slopes. The rise is accompanied by an increase in precipitation and a decrease in temperatures. As a result, the mountain climate differs from the plain climate in less harshness: winters are warmer, summers are cooler, and there is more precipitation. In the southwest of the Altai Territory, up to 1500 mm falls. Precipitation per year. The relief of the mountains creates conditions for the development of local mountain-valley winds and hair dryers, and in winter time In the basins, air stagnation and strong cooling are observed. The average annual air temperature throughout the region exceeds 0 degrees. IN northern regions In Kulunda it ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 degrees, and in the foothills from 1.1 to 2.2 degrees. In addition to the increase in temperatures from north to south in the latitudinal direction, throughout the entire plain there is a decrease in them from west to east, that is, in the direction of increasing annual precipitation.

1. Characteristics of soils in the Altai Territory

In accordance with the geological structure, relief and climate, the soil cover differs in the plain and mountainous parts with the formation of a transitional strip of foothill soils. In the Altai Territory there are almost all types of soils characteristic of the territory of our country, except for tundra and subtropical ones. In addition, there are many salt marshes, solonetzes, and solods. The geographical position of the region in the contact zone of plains and mountains is also expressed in the fact that the soil zones are elongated in the meridional direction. They change from west to east. In total, there are more than 130 soil types in the region. The vast Kulundinskaya plain is occupied by chestnut soils (dark, less often light), the peculiarity of which is a very small amount of humus content, light mechanical composition, and exposure to wind. To the east of the Kulunda Plain stretches a wide strip of southern chernozems, the most fertile. The main areas of the Priobsky plateau are occupied by ordinary and weakly leached chernozems. The Zaob part up to the Salair Ridge is occupied by leached and podzolized chernozems. Under the forests there are gray forest, soddy, slightly podzolic soils. Despite the high natural fertility of Altai soils, their use in agricultural production is associated with many difficulties, to overcome which zonal farming systems have been developed in the region. One of the difficulties is the spread of soil erosion throughout almost the entire territory of the region. More than 50% of arable land has been changed by erosion. Three zones of erosion are distinguished: wind (distributed in the western part of the region (Kulunda) over an area of ​​more than 1,300 thousand hectares), water (the foothill strip of Salair and Altai, on the Biysk-Chumysh Upland, prevails over an area of ​​more than 1,500 thousand hectares) and their combined action . For all zones the following are required: organization of the territory of farms and the structure of crop areas on a scientific basis, development and implementation of soil-protective crop rotations, agrotechnical measures, reclamation work, water management and hydraulic engineering construction. The most important type of improving the water properties of soils is irrigation, the main area of ​​which is the Kulunda Plain.

1. Inland waters of the Altai Territory

The Altai region is rich in rivers. The distribution of rivers and lakes is closely dependent on local natural conditions and, first of all, on the structure of the relief and climate. Depending on these reasons, the entire water network of the region can be divided into two parts: 1) the Upper Ob basin, covering the Altai mountain system, its foothills, the entire Right Bank and not a large number of rivers flowing into the Ob from the left side; 2) a basin of steppe rivers and a large number of fresh, salt and bitter-salty lakes of the drainless Kulunda depression. The territory of the Altai Territory lies entirely in the upper part of the river. Obi. The Ob is formed from the confluence of the Biya and the Katun and flows through the flat part as a large, high-water river. Among its tributaries, small ones predominate. The Ob collects the main amount of water in the Altai mountains, where there are more than 2000 rivers over 10 km. The length and density of the river network is 1.5…2 km. Per square kilometer. Many rivers begin high in the mountains from glaciers and snowfields, their flow is rapid, their beds are rapids, and the presence of tectonic ledges made of durable rocks contributes to the formation of picturesque waterfalls.

The flow regime is determined by climatic conditions. Most rivers in the region are fed by rain and snow. Ground nutrition is much less pronounced, with the exception of rivers in the plains. In the highlands, rivers are fed by snow, glaciers and partly rain. The river regime changes depending on snow melting, rainfall, the nature of the relief, and underlying rocks. During the warm season, up to 75% or more of the annual flow passes. The shortest and earliest floods occur on the rivers of the Kulunda Plain. In the upper reaches of the Kulunda basin, the flood lasts 10-12 days, and in the lower reaches it is much longer. After a flood, the water level quickly drops and the rivers become shallow. Freezing of rivers occurs in October-November. Freeze-up lasts 110-170 days, and the ice thickness reaches 250-280 cm. The opening of rivers usually begins at the end of April. The Ob is a great Siberian river (the basin area is more than 3 million square km. The length from the confluence of the Biya with the Katun is 3676 km.) flows within the region for 453 km. In a wide valley, with clearly defined terraces above the floodplain. There are many steep cliffs (yards) on the left bank, the right bank is low. The Ob's diet is mixed, with a predominance of snow (49%) and a noticeable proportion of rain (27%). The flood on the Ob begins in April and lasts more than 120 days. The maximum rise in level (up to 1-8 m) occurs in May - early June, when mountain snows and glaciers melt. The summer-autumn low-water period covers August - October and is interrupted only by strong rain floods. In the north of the region, below the Stone - on the Ob, the Ob Reservoir begins, dammed by a dam near Novosibirsk. The length of this reservoir is 230 km, width - up to 20 km, area 1070 square km. Biya is the second largest river in Altai. The Biya begins from Lake Teletskoye, but its own sources are located far in the southeast, where Bashkaus and Chulyshman begin in the spurs of the Chikhachev ridge. The northwestern and western parts of the region belong to the area of ​​local drainage. The Burla, Kulunda, and Kuchuk rivers flow here and flow into the lake. The rivers are low-water and are fed mainly by snow waters. During the hot summer seasons they often dry out. The water in the rivers is mineralized. The largest lake by area is Kulundinskoye. Other lakes are much smaller - Kuchukskoye, Bolshoye Topolnoye, Gorko-Peresheichnoe and Bolshoye Yarovoye. According to the origin of the basins, the lakes of the region belong to several types:
a) floodplain oxbow lakes formed as a result of the erosion-accumulation activity of rivers. There are especially many of them in the flat part of the region;
b) erosion lakes of ancient drainage hollows.
c) suffosion lakes (subsidence). They are also called steppe saucers. Found in the Kulunda steppe;
d) terminal lakes in which the flow of the rivers Kulunda, Kuchuk, Burla ends.
According to their regime, lakes are divided into flow-through (drainage) and drainage-free. The regime of the former depends entirely on the rivers flowing into them.
The territory of the region is located within the Kulunda-Barnaul artesian basin and the folded region of the Altai-Sayan fractured water basin. Special meaning The groundwater have in the western half of the region, where surface runoff is small. Several aquifers are distinguished in sediments of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic era. The depth of their occurrence varies - from 50m. in quaternary up to 2500m. in the Cretaceous. In total, about 10 thousand were drilled in the region. wells In places where surface drainage is difficult, in the low floodplains of rivers there are swamps, among which there are highland, lowland and transitional swamps. Raised sphagnum bogs occupy watershed areas and are fed by precipitation. There are also plaster ones. Much more common are lowland swamps that arise on the site of overgrown lakes and oxbow lakes with the formation of peat in them.

1.6. Vegetation of the region

The vegetation of Altai is very diverse in its species composition. The total number of vascular plants exceeds two thousand species, while there are about three thousand of them throughout the vast territory of Western Siberia. The richness of wild flora is explained by the great complexity and diversity of physical and geographical conditions. The Altai Mountains are distinguished by their exceptional wealth of plant forms, having very diverse landscapes - vast taiga forests, mountain steppes, subalpine and alpine meadows and high-mountain tundra. The plain is more uniform in its species composition and is represented by grass cover with a small number of tree and shrub species. The vegetation of the Altai Territory follows the basic patterns of soil cover distribution. In the west, the most common are forb-fescue-feather grass steppes; in the Ob region - meadow steppes in combination with small-leaved birch and aspen stakes (spike forest-steppe). There are also pine forests in the region, part of which are unique ribbon forests that dissect the steppe zone in the form of strips. They are confined to the bottoms of ancient drainage hollows and are lined with blown sands. In the flat part of the region, cultural plantings are quite common: gardens, forest belts, parks. The vegetation cover of the steppes is mostly low-growing, with a predominance of narrow-leaved grasses adapted to systematic droughts. Most plants have a powerful root system for faster and more complete capture of water after rains. Plant tissues of steppe plants decompose quickly and well. The wide floodplain of the Ob is occupied mainly by meadow vegetation. There are many wetlands with sedge, reeds, reeds, and cattails. On the high floodplain and above-floodplain terraces there are numerous shrubs: viburnum, black currant, willow. The right bank of the Ob River is occupied by forest-steppe, where meadow steppes on chernozem soils are almost completely plowed or used for grazing. On Salair, despite its low altitude, the zonality of the vegetation cover is clearly expressed. Forest-steppe, then subtaiga foothills turn into taiga lowlands.

CHAPTER 2. Theoretical justification of forest resources: definition, significance and factors influencing territorial structure

2.1. Forest resources

This is one of the most important types of biological resources, characterized by reserves of wood, as well as furs, game, mushrooms, berries, medicines, plants, etc. Renewable and, with proper forestry management, inexhaustible natural resources. They are characterized by the size of forest area (4 billion hectares in the world) and standing timber reserves (350 billion m3). The area of ​​the world's forests decreases annually due to human economic activity (by at least 25 million hectares); global wood harvesting in 2000 reached 5 billion m3, i.e., the annual increase in wood was fully used. The world's forests form two forest belts. The North (Russia, USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden) accounts for 1/2 of all forest areas in the world and almost the same part of all timber reserves. In the South (Amazonia, Congo Basin and Southeast Asia), there is currently a catastrophically rapid destruction of tropical forests

Rice. 1 (Atlas “Economy, geographical areas”, AST, Moscow, 2006, P.23)

(in the 80s, 11 million hectares were cut down annually).

Forests in the Russian Federation occupy 22% of all forests on the planet, and 45% of the total area of ​​Russia, which is about 1179 million hectares (Fig. 1)

The main forest-forming species are coniferous, accounting for 82%, soft-deciduous 16%, and hard-leaved 2%.

Russia accounts for a significant part of the world's timber reserves, for which it ranks first in the world, this is 82.1 ml. ha (2003).

Forests in the Russian Federation are mainly concentrated in the eastern regions of the country. In the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East, forests occupy 641 million hectares. In these areas, wood of various species accounts for 66 billion m 3 . In the Urals the largest forest region is the Sverdlovsk region, in Western Siberia - the Tyumen region, in Eastern Siberia- Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, in the Far East - the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Khabarovsk Territory, in the Northern Economic Region - Arkhangelsk Region and Karelia.

An important indicator for assessing forest resources, according to which Russia ranks 21st in the world (45%), is the forest cover of the territory. In terms of the size of forest area per capita, Russia occupies a leading position - 3 hectares. Forests are a source of hard and soft (construction and ornamental) wood, raw materials for pulp and paper, hydrolysis, wood chemical and other industries, serve as habitat for many game animals, and are a source of so-called secondary products.

The main place in the forests (78%) is occupied by species of industrial importance: pine, spruce, fir, larch, oak, ash, beech, maple, linden, etc.

Fig. 2 ((Atlas “Economy, geographical areas”, AST, Moscow, 2006, P.23)

The forests of Russia are part of the unified state forest fund and, taking into account their natural characteristics and economic significance, are divided into three groups.

Forests of the first group include water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic and health forests, as well as forests of nature reserves, national parks, nut-producing zones, and tundra forests. The share of this group is 24%.

The second group includes forests in areas with high population density, a developed transport network and limited raw material resources, which have environment-forming, protective and limited operational functions. Their share is 8%. Forests of this group are typical for the Central Economic Region.

The third group includes forests in multi-forest areas, which are primarily of operational importance and are intended to continuously meet the needs of the economy for wood without compromising the ecological functions of these forests. Their share is 68%. The Amur region, the Urals, the north of the European part of Russia, Siberia and the Far East are rich in such forests. Forests - this group serve as the main source of supplying the national economy with wood. Forests of the third group are divided into developed and undeveloped - the so-called reserve ones. Reserve forests include forests that are not put into exploitation due to their remoteness from transport routes and other reasons.

The division of forests into three groups provides for differences in the types and volumes of forest use. In the forests of the first group, reforestation felling can be carried out in order to obtain mature wood while maintaining the water protection, protective and other properties of the forests and to improve the forest environment. In the reserves and other forests included in the first group, only maintenance felling and sanitary felling are allowed.

In forests of the second group, final felling can be carried out, i.e. Timber harvesting is allowed in forests with mature and overmature stands, provided that valuable species are restored to preserve the protective and water-protective properties of the forest.

In the forests of the third group, final felling is concentrated, subject to effective and rational exploitation of the forest. All methods and types of felling, depending on forest groups and protection categories, are provided for by the Fundamentals of Forestry Legislation of the Russian Federation.

Depending on the predominant direction of use, forests can be divided into protective (first group and other protective plantings), raw materials (exploitation of the second and third groups) and hunting (reserve and others not used for raw materials and natural protective purposes).

The quality of forests is largely determined by their natural composition. Forests with a predominance of coniferous species have the greatest economic value. They are more durable than hardwoods, produce high quality wood, and are generally more environmentally friendly. The qualitative composition of Russian forests is very high. Up to 80% are non-coniferous species and only 20% are deciduous. In the European part of the country, the share of coniferous species in the forest fund is significantly lower (63.5%) than in the Asian part (up to 74.2%).

In the total reserves of coniferous wood in the country, larch occupies 42%, pine - 23.5, spruce - 18.8, cedar - 11.4%. The distribution area of ​​larch is from the Urals to the Pacific coast. The main reserves of pine and cedar are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East, while spruce and deciduous forests are concentrated in the European part of the country.

Total estimated cutting area, i.e. The amount of mature and overmature forests intended for felling in Russia is about 1.4 billion m3. In areas with a high population density, the estimated logging area has been fully developed, and in some places it has been exceeded, while 90% of the entire rated logging area is used extremely poorly, since the vast majority of forests are located in hard-to-reach areas, far from communications.

The total annual increase in wood in Russian forests is 830 million m 3 , of which approximately 600 million m 3 - In coniferous forests. The average annual increase in wood stock per 1 hectare in the European part of Russia ranges from 1 m 3 in the north up to 4 m 3 V middle lane. In the Asian part it ranges from 2 m 3 in the south up to 0.5 m 3 in the north, which is explained by harsh climatic conditions, high age of plantings and the consequences of forest fires (high fire danger due to weather conditions occurs primarily in the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Sakha and the Krasnoyarsk Territory).

Since the forest is a system of interconnected external environment components: raw materials of woody and non-woody plant origin, resources of animal origin and multilateral useful functions - and the effect from the use of individual components manifests itself differently and in different spheres of the national economy, then the economic assessment of the forest should be presented as the sum of the effects from the use of all types forest resources and utilities for an unlimited period of use. Methods for assessing all types of forest resources and forest benefits have not been sufficiently developed, therefore, in a simplified way, the economic assessment of a forest is expressed through one of its resources - wood.

Forest resources act not only as a source of raw materials, but also as a factor in providing the necessary constant environment for society.

2. 2. The importance of the forest industry in the national economy of the Altai Territory

The Altai Territory occupies the southern part of Western Siberia and includes four natural zones: steppe, forest-steppe, low-mountain taiga of Salair and mountain taiga of Altai. About 28% of the area of ​​the Altai Territory is occupied by forest ecosystems, which are highly diverse in species composition, productivity, structure, and age structure.

The importance of forests can hardly be overestimated, and the main thing is to stabilize the gas composition of the planet’s atmosphere, which ensures the normal course of all life processes in the animal world and humans. Forests serve as a source of wood and non-wood resources, the special value of which lies in their renewability. The role of forests in preventing water and wind soil erosion and in regulating the climate and water balance of the territory is invaluable.

It is possible to meet the growing needs for forest resources from year to year only by increasing the productivity of forest ecosystems, and this is the main task solved by forestry.

All forestry activities are aimed at solving three main tasks: protecting forests from fires and harmful insects; reproduction and use of forests.

In the forestry sector, the formation of the main component of wood takes many decades, however, even in the period between the “harvesting of the main harvest,” people have long imagined the forest as a testing ground for the variety of annual human economic activities in the forest.

Altai, like many regions of Western Siberia, owes much to the development of many industries, including forestry, logging and wood processing, to Peter the Great's reforms and Demidov's pioneers. Mineral deposits and forest wealth Altai gave impetus to the development of mining and copper smelting production.

The Altai forest faithfully served post-revolutionary Russia; suffice it to say that the thousand-kilometer Tursib was built on Altai sleepers.

During the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war years, the wood of the Altai forests and the products of its processing were used to restore many dozens of plants and factories evacuated from the west, to develop the industrial production potential of the region and the Central Asian republics.

Having become a separate industry in the post-war years, forestry went through a difficult path of development and forestry enterprises became centers of forest culture.

The forest fund of the Altai Territory occupies a total area of ​​436.4 thousand hectares or 26% of the total area of ​​the region, of which 3,827.9 thousand hectares are forest lands. The forested area is 3561.5 thousand hectares or 81.6% of the total forest area (according to forest fund records as of 01/01/98). The forest cover of the Altai Territory is 21.1%.

Forest cover varies across regions from 54.6% to 1 percent or less. The highest percentage of forest cover is in the Zarinsky district - 54.6%, in the Talmensky district - 52.9%, in the Troitsky district - 45.4%. Less than one percent forest cover in Tabunsky, Slavgorodsky, Pospelikhinsky districts.

The total wood reserve is 395 million m3, the share of burned areas from the total forest area is 0.141%, the share of fellings from the total forest area is 1.08%.

Forests are unevenly distributed. They are mainly located in the northeast and east of the Altai Territory. On sands and sandy soils in the floodplain of the river. On the Ob River and along river beds, unique ribbon forests stretch for hundreds of kilometers. Significant areas of mountains and foothills are occupied by taiga massifs.

Forests of group 1 occupy 2918.9 thousand hectares. Forests of group 2 occupy 818 thousand hectares. Group 3 forests occupy an area of ​​625.6 thousand hectares.

Based on natural and forestry conditions, role and significance in the State Fund forests, 4 forestry areas have been identified:

Ribbon-pine forests - forests of ribbon pine forests, all forests are classified as “especially valuable forest areas”, the total area is 1123.5 thousand hectares, incl. forested area - 880.1 thousand hectares;

Priobsky - includes forests of the Ob region: total area 837.7 thousand hectares, incl. forested area - 661.1 thousand hectares;

Salairsky - includes the forests of the Salair black taiga, the total forest area is 583.3 thousand hectares, incl. covered with forest - 515.6 thousand hectares;

Predgorny - foothill forests of Altai, total forest area 836.3 thousand hectares, incl. covered with forest 646.6 thousand hectares.

The predominant species in the forests of the Altai Territory are coniferous - 54% (including cedar - 1.9%), small-leaved - 46% (see Appendix No. 2). The average age of the State Forest Fund forests is 66 years, incl. coniferous - 80 years and deciduous - 48 years. The timber reserve of the entire forest fund is 494.85 million m3, incl. State Forest Fund - 400.08 million m3.

The average annual growth reaches 6.5 million m3, of which coniferous trees account for 3.5 million m3 and deciduous trees - 3 million m3 (see Appendix No. 2).

The estimated cutting area for the main use is 2040 thousand m3, incl. for coniferous farming - 331 thousand m3.

The intensity of forest use decreases annually, so in 1994 - 900 thousand m3, in 1995 - 800 thousand m3, in 1996 - 500 thousand m3, in 1997 - 331.3 thousand m3.

The forests of the Altai Territory are divided into 5 classes according to fire hazard classes. Forests of the 1st and 2nd classes of natural fire danger include mainly ribbon forests (average class 1.8) and Priobsky forests (average class 2.6), which contain a large number of coniferous plantations of dry forest types, coniferous young trees and forest crops.

As a result of intensive exploitation of forests, especially the Ob massifs, the area of ​​young coniferous forests has decreased, the area of ​​mature and overmature plantations has increased, and a dangerous phenomenon has emerged of the replacement of coniferous trees with less valuable deciduous trees. In close connection with it, standard house-building, the production of furniture, matches, plywood, fiberboard and particle boards, etc., were widely developed.

First of all, the forest provides commercial timber. The economic importance of wood is very great, but to the greatest extent it is used and used in construction, industry and transport, in agriculture and public utilities. Wood is easy to process, has a low specific gravity, is quite durable, and chemical composition allows you to obtain a wide range of useful products from it.

But at the same time, the forest is a source of many products for various purposes. These non-wood products of plant and animal origin serve to meet the multifaceted needs of the population. Forests have a great potential for food and feed resources, the most valuable of which are reserves of various varieties of nuts. The forest produces mushrooms, berries, birch and maple sap, and medicinal plants. These resources can be harvested in significant volumes, although the unevenness of their territorial concentration and large fluctuations in yield from year to year affect the degree of their economic use. In addition, the forest is a habitat for numerous animals of commercial importance.

The beneficial functions of forests are very diverse. Water protection and soil protection occupy a significant place among them. The forest regulates spring floods, the water regime of rivers and soils. It has a positive effect on river, lake and groundwater, improving their quality and removing various harmful substances. Changing the microclimate in fields protected by forest belts contributes to higher (15-25% higher) yields

The use of forests for social needs - recreation and human health, and improvement of their habitat is becoming increasingly important. The recreational properties of the forest are very diverse. The forest produces oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide: 1 hectare of pine forest at the age of 20 years absorbs 9.34 tons of carbon dioxide and produces 7.25 tons of oxygen. The forest absorbs noise: the crowns of deciduous trees reflect and dissipate up to 70% of sound energy. The forest humidifies the air and weakens the wind, neutralizing the effects of harmful industrial emissions. It produces phytoncides that kill pathogenic bacteria and has a beneficial effect on the human nervous system.

CHAPTER 3. Structure of the timber industry complex and the importance of the forest sector in the economy of the Altai Territory

3.1. Structure of the timber industry complex of the Altai Territory

Industries related to the procurement, processing and processing of wood raw materials are united in a group with a common name - the forestry industry, it is also called the forestry complex

The timber industry is the oldest in Russia and the Altai Territory. It includes about 20 industries, sub-sectors and productions. The most significant are the logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries.

The importance of the timber industry in the economy of the Altai Territory is determined by significant timber reserves, but forests are distributed unevenly and by the fact that at present there is practically no sector of the national economy where timber or its derivatives are used. If at the beginning of the twentieth century. 2-2.5 thousand types of products were made from wood, then at the beginning of the 21st century. The industry's products include over 20 thousand different products.

The following sectors are distinguished in the structure of the timber industry complex:

1. logging, sawmill - main sawmill areas: Kamen-on-Obi - Kamensky timber processing plant, Topchikhinsky district;

1. furniture production - Barnaul, Biysk, Rubtsovsk, Novoaltaisk, Zarinsk, Slavgorod;
2. standard housing construction – Topchikhinsky district, Kulundinsky and Mikhailovsky districts;

1. Pulp and paper industry – Blagoveshchenka;

1. chemical-mechanical processing of wood – Shipunovsky district.

Sawmill industryIt is located mainly in the main logging areas and at the junctions of transport routes, at the intersection of railways and floating waterways. The largest sawmills are located in Barnaul.

Furniture manufactureconcentrated mainly in the largest cities of the Altai Territory, influenced by the consumer factor.

Standard house constructionlocated in the Topchikhinsky district, Kulundinsky and Mikhailovsky districts.

The most important branch of chemical wood processing ispulp and paper industry.Various types of paper can be produced from sulfite pulp with the addition of wood pulp. Various types of paper are produced (for banknotes, capacitor, cable, insulating, photo-semiconductor, paper for transmitting images at a distance and recording electrical impulses, anti-corrosion, etc.) Some types of paper are used to produce yarn for making twine, twine, coarse fabrics, burlap, also paper for wrapping and bitumen pipes. Technical grades of paper andcardboard are widely used for the production of corrugated cardboard, book bindings, in the automotive and electrical industries, radio engineering, as electrical, thermal, sound insulating and waterproof material, for filtering diesel fuel and purifying air from harmful impurities, for insulating power cables as gaskets between machine parts, in the construction industry for the production of dry plaster, roofing materials (tar paper, roofing felt), etc. When processing highly porous paper concentrated solution Zinc chloride is used to obtain fiber, from which suitcases, containers for liquids, helmets for miners, etc. are produced. Waste from sawmilling and mechanical processing of wood, as well as lower-quality small-leaved wood, are widely used as feedstock for pulp and paper production.

Pulp production requires large amounts of heat, electricity and water. Therefore, when locating pulp and paper enterprises, not only raw materials, but also water factors and the proximity of the energy supply are taken into account. In terms of production scale and economic importance, the second place Among the forest chemical industries, after the pulp and paper industry, it belongshydrolysis industry. In hydrolysis production, ethyl alcohol, protein yeast, glucose, furfural, carbon dioxide, lignin, sulfite alcohol stillage concentrates, thermal insulation and construction boards and other chemical products are produced from non-edible plant raw materials. Hydrolysis plants use sawdust and other sawmill and woodworking waste, and crushed wood chips as raw materials.

Chemical-mechanical processing of woodincludes the production of plywood, particle boards and fibreboards. Wood from the least scarce deciduous species - birch, alder, linden - is processed into plywood. Several types of plywood are produced in Russia; glued, facing, thermal, fire-resistant, colored, furniture, decorative, etc. There is a plywood production plant in Barnaul.

The role of the raw material factor in the location of forest industry sectors increases with integrated use wood, on the basis of which a combination of production arises. In many forest areas of the Altai Territory, large timber processing complexes have emerged and are developing. They represent a combination of logging and many wood industries, interconnected by the deep, comprehensive use of raw materials.

3.2. Forest sector in the economy of the Altai Territory

The timber industry has always been one of the important sectors of the economy and determined the development of the socio-economic component of the regions, increasing the foreign exchange reserves of the state through the export of wood.

The forestry sector plays a significant role in the economy of the region and is of great importance for the socio-economic development of more than 50 administrative districts, and also ensures the development of close cooperation between Altai and the countries of the Asian region and neighboring regions of the Russian Federation.

Modern forestry management should ensure the integrated and rational use of resources and beneficial properties of forests, carrying out measures for the protection and protection of forests, their reproduction, preserving biodiversity and increasing the sustainability of forest ecosystems.

The use of forests for timber harvesting by Union organizations is currently not carried out effectively enough. The free wood reserve for harvesting is about 0.9 million m3 and is represented mainly by deciduous wood.

In 2007, the development of the estimated volumes for all types of felling was 83%. At the same time, coniferous wood was harvested, which led to the accumulation of mature and overmature deciduous wood, and this, in turn, can lead to negative environmental consequences.

The main reason for the low level of development of the estimated cutting area for deciduous trees is the lack of production facilities for deep processing of low-grade wood. Existing production capacities for processing wood raw materials are fully loaded and there are no reserves for mechanical processing of wood. The lack of chemical-mechanical processing capacity does not allow the full use of the estimated logging area for soft-leaved species and logging waste from logging in coniferous plantations in the amount of 1.8 million m3.

Forest losses from forest fires, pests, industrial emissions and illegal logging remain high. Over the past 10 years, forestry workers of the Altai Territory have created forest plantations on an area of ​​57.1 thousand hectares and taken measures to promote natural forest regeneration on an area of ​​12.1 thousand hectares. At the same time, as a result of insufficient funding for reforestation activities in areas affected by large forest fires in 1997-2006, 42.5 thousand hectares of burned areas remain treeless areas, and artificial reforestation is carried out mainly at the expense of forestry organizations’ own funds, which does not allow increase the annual volumes of planting forest crops, as a result of which the restoration of burnt areas will be extended over many years.

The strategic goal of forestry development is to create conditions that ensure sustainable forest management, adherence to the principles of continuous, multi-purpose, rational and sustainable use of forest resources with modern high-quality reproduction of forests and the preservation of their ecological functions and biological diversity.

To achieve the strategic goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. ensuring rational use and reproduction of forests;
2. creation of new directions in the use of wood raw materials based on advanced technological solutions;
3. formation of growth points in various areas of activity of the forestry complex;
4. designation of the goals of long-term environmental and economic development of the forestry complex;
5. identification of the main factors and limitations for the development of all types of forestry activities in the long term;
6. increasing the intensity of forestry, taking into account environmental and economic factors;
7. increasing the competitiveness of goods from woodworking organizations in the region with their further promotion to foreign markets;
8. development of a program for restoring the production of consumer goods, including souvenirs, children's toys and forest chemical products.

The prospect for a qualitative improvement in the condition of forests should be deep chemical-mechanical processing of soft-leaved wood (birch, aspen).

The development strategy for wood processing in the forestry industry consists of a transition to an innovative type of production development, in the structure of which the leading role is given to high-tech products. Innovative activity associated with the development of new technologies and markets, updating the product range, and increasing the use of raw materials will dramatically expand the range and quality of goods.

In conclusion, we note that, despite favorable conditions for the development of the timber industry, the production and trade of timber leaves much to be desired due to a lack of funds. Reforms in the forest sector of the Altai Territory economy cannot be successfully carried out if they take place separately in forestry and in the timber industry complex. It is all the more important to have a common understanding that attempts to pull the logging industry out of the crisis based on increasing export potential cannot be successful due to the current situation on world markets. Everything depends on the actions of the Russian Government in relation to the forest sector as a whole, and not piecemeal is required today system solution question

CHAPTER 4. Problems and prospects for the development of the forestry complex of the Altai Territory

4.1. Problems of the forest sector of the Altai Territory

There is such a concept in ecology - slightly disturbed forest areas. It stands for this: large tracts of forests, swamps, and copses that have experienced minimal impact from civilization. These territories could well be the pride of the Altai Territory. Valuable, highly productive (capable of reproducing) forest species and many rare species of flora and fauna are preserved there.

One of the most pronounced negative consequences of timber industry activities in the Priobsky forests of the Altai Territory is a change in their composition. After clear cuttings of the 60-80s, there was a reduction in the area of ​​coniferous trees and an increase in the area of ​​birch and aspen forests. During the logging process, coniferous undergrowth was completely destroyed or it was absent from the parent stands. In addition, large forest fires contributed to the change in species composition, after which the burnt areas were quickly populated by soft-leaved species. As a result, deciduous forest stands appeared in place of coniferous trees. This is clearly seen in the example of the Upper Ob region. If in the 50s of the last century the share of coniferous species here amounted to over 70 percent of the total composition of plantings, then by the year 2000, about 30% of coniferous plantings remained.

This change in species led to a sharp reduction in the estimated logging area for coniferous farming.

Reforestation measures carried out to prevent the change of species, namely the production of traditional pine plantings, did not justify themselves due to insufficiently high standards of production, insufficient care and damage by wild animals - in particular, moose. In such conditions, plantings eventually turn into low-value deciduous stands.

In recent years, forestry in the region has used to combat unwanted vegetation. chemical substances. But since the process is expensive, it is difficult to apply despite the effectiveness of this event. For further work In this direction, financial resources are needed: on average, per hectare costs range from 6 to 8 thousand rubles.

2. In accordance with Article 62 of the Forest Code, on leased forest lands, reforestation is carried out at the expense of the tenant. What to do with the restoration of forest areas formed earlier (before transfer to lease), as a result of natural disasters (forest fires, windfalls), and economic activities. The tenant's funds are not enough; federal support is needed.

It is necessary to introduce direct rules into Article 19 of the LC, providing for the conclusion of contracts for the implementation of measures for the protection, protection and reproduction of forests in accordance with forest legislation (through forestry competitions), as well as requirements for the qualifications of participants in forest auctions (legal and individuals who have some experience in carrying out the above work).

In addition, the contract is envisaged to be completed within one year, and reforestation activities cannot be carried out in such a short period of time. It is necessary to provide for a longer period for carrying out these activities so that the forest user has the opportunity and time to grow planting material, create forest crops, carry out maintenance, and transfer to a forested area. Throughout the contract, the contractor must be responsible for the quality of the work performed.

4. It is necessary to provide for the introduction of technical acceptance and inventory of forest crops. In addition, in order to monitor those performing reforestation work, it is necessary to develop instructions for all types of reforestation activities.

With the disappearance of forests, the habitat of many animals is reduced. Forests cut off roads, there are too many settlements, people, whom wild animals are afraid of. Entire species are falling out of the thousand-year balance of nature near Moscow. Without old forests, with snags, hollow, rotten trees and dead wood, a wide variety of animals and plants cannot exist. For example, some species have disappeared bats. The degradation of nature is going unnoticed, but surely.”

4.2. Protection of the forest complex of the Altai Territory

Protection of forest resources is a system of scientifically based, biological, forestry, administrative, legal and other measures aimed at conservation, rational use and reproduction of forests to enhance their environmental, economic and other useful natural properties. 1 

Speaking about forests, it is impossible to overestimate their role and importance in the life of the biosphere and humanity inhabiting our planet. Forests perform very important functions that allow humanity to live and develop.

Forests play an extremely important role in the life of humanity, and their significance for the entire living world is great.1

However, the forest has many enemies. The most dangerous of them are forest fires, insect pests and fungal diseases. They contribute to the depletion of resources and often cause the death of forests.1

According to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, Russian forest legislation is aimed at ensuring rational and non-exhaustive use of forests, protection and reproduction of forest ecosystems, increasing the ecological and resource potential of forests, meeting the needs of society for forest resources on the basis of scientifically based multi-purpose forest management.

Forestry activities and use of the forest fund must be carried out using methods that do not harm the environment, natural resources and human health.

Forestry management must ensure:

Preservation and enhancement of the environment-forming, protective, sanitary-hygienic, health-improving and other useful natural properties of forests in the interests of human health;

Multi-purpose, continuous, non-exhaustive use of the forest fund to meet the needs of society and individual citizens for timber and other forest resources;

Reproduction, improvement of the natural composition and quality of forests, increasing their productivity and protecting forests;

Rational use of forest lands;

Increasing the efficiency of forestry management on the basis of a unified technical policy, the use of achievements of science, technology and best practices;

Conservation of biological diversity;

Preservation of historical, cultural and natural heritage sites. 4

As stated above, in accordance with economic, environmental and social. Based on the importance of the forest fund, its location and the functions it performs, the forest fund is divided into forest groups.

In the forests of these groups, specially protective forest areas with a limited forest management regime can be allocated (bank and soil protection forest areas along the banks of water bodies, slopes of ravines and ravines, forest edges on the borders of treeless areas, habitats and distributions, rare and endangered disappearance of wild animals, plants, etc.).

To the forests of the first groupinclude forests whose main purpose is to perform water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic, health-improving functions, as well as forests in specially protected natural areas.

Forests of the first category are divided into the following categories of protection: protective forest strips along the banks of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies; protective forest strips protecting the spawning grounds of valuable commercial fish; anti-erosion forests; protective forest strips along railway lines, highways federal, republican and regional significance; state protective forest belts; band burs; forests in desert, semi-desert, steppe, forest-steppe and sparsely forested mountain areas with important to protect the natural environment; forests of green zones of settlements and economic facilities; forests of the first and second zones of sanitary protection of water supply sources; forests of the first, second and third zones of the sanitary (mountain sanitary) protection districts of resorts; especially valuable forest areas; forests of scientific or historical significance; natural monuments; walnut fishing zones; forest fruit plantations; tundra forests; forests of state natural reserves; forests of national parks; forests of natural parks; protected forest areas. 4

To the forests of the second groupinclude forests in regions with high population density and a developed network of land transport routes; forests that perform water conservation, protective, sanitary, hygienic, health and other functions and have limited operational significance; forests in regions with insufficient forest resources, the conservation of which requires restrictions on the forest use regime.

To the forests of the third groupinclude forests in many forest regions that are primarily of operational importance. When harvesting timber, the ecological functions of these forests must be preserved. Forests of the third group are divided into developed and reserve. The criteria for classifying forests of the third group as reserve forests are established by the federal forestry management body.

In 1997, the government of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution “On the introduction of state accounting of the forest fund,” according to which state accounting of the forest fund is carried out by the Federal Forestry Service of Russia on the basis of forest management materials, as well as inventory and other types of forest surveys. 4

Protecting forests from pests and diseases (see Appendix No.3). Insufficient volumes of extermination activities lead to a sharp increase in the area of ​​pest outbreaks and to the death of tree stands.

To prevent the appearance and mass reproduction of forest pests, to identify forest diseases, preventive measures are carried out. Exterminators are used to kill harmful insects. Preventive and exterminatory measures provide effective protection of plantings, provided that they are applied in a timely and correct manner.

Before carrying out protective measures, it is necessary to establish the distribution areas of harmful insects and identify diseases of forest plantations. Based on these data, the question of which forest protection measures is advisable to apply is decided.

Measures to combat forest pests and diseases are divided depending on the principle of action and technology of application into: forestry, biological, chemical, physical-mechanical and quarantine. Often their complex implementation is required. 4

Nuclear pollution.The Chernobyl disaster and accidents in nuclear testing zones could not but affect forestry. The total area of ​​the forest fund that has undergone significant radioactive contamination in Russia is about 3.5 million hectares, of which as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant - about 1 million hectares, in the Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan regions about 0.5 million hectares , in the Altai Territory - more than 2 million hectares.

IN Lately the dose of radiation contamination in irradiated forests decreased by an average of 13-15%, which is explained by the processes of natural radioactive decay of radionuclides and their gradual shielding by the forest litter. At the same time, the level of radiation in mushrooms, berries, herbaceous vegetation, and tree leaves decreases faster in more humid forest conditions.

During fires on forest lands contaminated with radionuclides, there is a multiple increase in the concentration of radionuclides in the ground layer of air. In addition, the ash and underburning remaining after fires are actually low-level waste, which requires constant radiation monitoring.

Fire fighting. Protecting forests from fires is one of the main tasks of foresters.

Forest fires in the Altai Territory have occurred regularly over the historically foreseeable period of time. This is due to the fact that over 24% of the region’s forest area belongs to forests of fire hazard classes 1 and 2. These are mainly pine plantations of strip forests on dry and very dry sandy soils.

The situation is aggravated by the fact that in the forest zone there are 234 settlements (with a population of about 352 thousand people).

Analyzing the statistics of forest fires in the Altai Territory over the past 3.5 years, it is clear that their number was 2806 on a total area of ​​20220 hectares. At the same time, the distribution of forest fires over the years is extremely uneven and depends, first of all, on the weather conditions of a particular year.

Conditions for forest fires occur annually from April to October inclusive. The main causes of forest fires remain: careless handling of fire in the forest (80%), including fires from agricultural burning (about 20%), and dry thunderstorms (20%). And if it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of dry thunderstorms, then reducing the number of fires caused by the population should remain the primary task of the region’s foresters.

In addition, the management of the industry and farms is of great concern about the proximity of the border with the Republic of Kazakhstan, from where, during the period from 1996 to 2010, 11 forest fires spread to the territory of the Altai Territory, the last one on September 8, 2010 to the territory of the Klyuchevskoye forestry, where it was eliminated in the area 12945 hectares. The total area covered by transboundary fires over the past 15 years amounted to 28 thousand hectares. Despite the measures taken by both sides to prevent transboundary fires, a number of problematic issues still remain unresolved.

In order to prevent emergencies caused by forest fires in the Altai Territory annually:

The Consolidated Plan for extinguishing forest fires, mobilizing forces and resources is approved; to protect settlements located in the zone of possible transition of forest fires, this year alone it is planned to attract 1036 units of personnel and 182 units of equipment - 1 echelon; 870 units of personnel and 170 units of equipment - 2nd echelon; 850 units of personnel and 150 units of equipment - reserve;

Regular meetings of the CoES and PB of the Altai Territory are held; command post exercises and training on the topic: “Organization of the management of forces and assets of city and regional units of the RSChS TP in the event of the threat and occurrence of emergencies caused by forest fires”;

Agreements are being concluded with interested organizations for the protection of forests from fires, including the Republic of Kazakhstan;

On the basis of the Biysk Forestry Technical School, training is carried out for managers of extinguishing large forest fires (236 people have been trained over the past 3.5 years).

Currently, a reliable system for protecting forests from fires has been created in the Altai Territory, including ground forces and means, aviation and space monitoring, recognized as the best in the Russian Federation. 157 fire-chemical stations of the region and 50 points for the concentration of fire-fighting equipment are equipped with the necessary equipment, equipment and supplies. The use of this technique will strengthen the existing ground-based forest protection.

In order to timely detect forest fires, there are 159 fire observation towers on forest lands, from which constant monitoring is carried out, 51 of which are equipped with video surveillance systems. The number of available fire observation towers and their placement make it possible to timely detect a fire, determine its location and promptly deliver people, specialized forest fire equipment and equipment to the fire site, thereby minimizing the area covered by the fire and minimizing the damage caused by the forest fire.

Forest guards are also armed with 3 modern Robinson R-44 helicopters, which carry out regular patrols on forest lands. Thanks to the use of these helicopters, this year alone it was possible to timely detect and extinguish 60 forest fires. The high efficiency of aviation work in the region is due to the presence of:

3 operational aviation points (Pavlovskaya, Volchikhinskaya, Charyshskaya), meeting all modern requirements for take-off, landing, basing of helicopters, refueling of fuels and lubricants and crew rest; - communication systems; - information and telecommunication system "Yasen" hardware and software complex (aircraft - control tower);

A specially trained professional team, including 3 pilots, 3 observer pilots, 10 engineering and technical staff.

The complex of preventive fire-fighting measures carried out in the region, together with the well-established interaction of all government agencies, the ability to predict the development of emergency situations, solve issues of operational maneuvering and transfer of the necessary forces and fire-fighting equipment to the sites of forest fires, allows us to keep the fire situation in the region under control.

Stay of citizens in the forest.According to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, citizens have the right in the forest to collect wild fruits, berries, nuts, mushrooms and other food forest resources, medicinal plants that are not included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the List of narcotic plants and natural narcotic raw materials.

Forests are damaged by tourists (they damage trees, bushes, grass) and cars. Mechanical impact causes soil compaction and damages brittle forest grasses.

With soil compaction, the condition of tree and shrub vegetation degrades, the nutrition of trees deteriorates, since in high trampled areas the soil becomes drier, and in lower areas it becomes waterlogged. Poor nutrition weakens trees and retards their growth and development. The annual growth, especially of coniferous trees, is noticeably decreasing. Their young needles become shorter. Soil compaction disrupts its structure and reduces porosity, worsening the living conditions of soil microorganisms.

Picking mushrooms, flowers and berries undermines the very regeneration of a number of plant species. A fire completely disables the piece of land on which it was laid for five to seven years. The noise scares away birds and mammals and prevents them from raising their offspring normally. 4

Breaking branches, nicks on trunks and other mechanical damage contribute to the infestation of trees by insect pests.

Forest monitoring.According to the federal target program “Russian Forests for 1997-2000”, the main goals of forest monitoring are, in particular, the development and creation of an existing information exchange network at the regional-federal center level; collection and dissemination of information on the condition of forests with the most valuable plantings, as well as plantings damaged by negative impacts. 4

Reforestation in the Altai Territory began to develop during the years of development of virgin lands. The main principle when implementing measures for forest reproduction remains the mandatory timely restoration of economically valuable species in cleared areas, burnt areas, areas of dead plantations, and the reduction of forest fund lands not covered with forest vegetation. During the period from 1951 to 1970, 319 thousand hectares of forest crops were created in the region. This became possible thanks to the hard work of foresters in developing the seed production base, creating nurseries, growing planting material, and the widespread introduction of mechanization in all technological processes. It should be noted that until 1989, the volume of creation of forest crops was stable and even had a tendency to grow slightly. Large volumes of reforestation work led to the fact that the forest fund in the belt forests was exhausted, and the creation of crops began to decline.

4.3. Prospects for the development of the forestry complex of the Altai Territory

Sawmilling in Altai has favorable prospects and it is advisable to develop it in the form of large-scale production with a complete cycle for the use of wood raw materials and waste.

Negatively affects the efficiency of use wood waste There are no organizations for advanced wood processing in the timber industry complex of the region; therefore, a significant development of such capacities is envisaged.

The main strategic directions for the development of timber processing production are:

Development and implementation of investment projects for the development of deep wood processing;

Creation of large organizations specializing in modern high-tech woodworking (sawmills, slabs, plywood, house-building) and wood-chemical industries;

Promoting the restructuring of production to create and develop integrated structures capable of competing in international markets;

Creation of mutually beneficial economic relations between organizations of the timber industry complex;

Production of competitive forest products with high added value.

The main growth points of the region's forestry complex include the construction of new and reconstruction of old production facilities:

S. Severka, Klyuchevsky district, Altai Territory - production of wooden houses from laminated veneer lumber and wooden frame house construction with a volume of 40 thousand m2 per year;

S. Mikhailovskoye, Mikhailovsky district, Altai Territory - construction of a plant for the production of OSB wood boards with a volume of 70 thousand m3 per year;

S. Volchikha, Volchikhinsky district, Altai Territory - concentration of lumber production facilities with a volume of 150 thousand m3 per year;

S. Uglovskoye, Uglovsky district, Altai Territory - concentration of production of lumber with a volume of 120 thousand m3 per year, construction of a plant for the production of laminated MDF boards with a volume of 70 thousand m3 per year;

S. Rakity, Rubtsovsky district, Altai Territory - production of fuel pellets with a volume of 5 thousand tons per year, sleeper sawing with a volume of 20 thousand m3, sets of interfloor stairs;

S. Peresheichnoe, Egoryevsky district, Altai Territory - production of rounded logs with a volume of 20 thousand m3 per year;

S. Novichikha, Novichikhinsky district, Altai Territory - concentration of production of milled products for house construction with a volume of 12 thousand m3 per year;

S. Mamontovo, Mamontovsky district, Altai Territory - production of laminated furniture panels from solid wood with a volume of 5 thousand m3 per year, increasing the production volume of wicker products;

S. Vylkovo, Tyumentsevsky district, Altai Territory - production of window and door blocks, incl. for completing wooden houses with a volume of 30 thousand m2 per year;

S. Rebrikha, Rebrikha district, Altai Territory - construction of a plant for the production of laminated MDF boards with a volume of 70 thousand m3 per year;

S. Pavlovsk, Pavlovsk district, Altai Territory - concentration of lumber production facilities with a volume of 150 thousand m3 per year;

S. Topchikha, Topchikhinsky district, Altai Territory - production of wooden houses from laminated veneer lumber, rounded logs, frame house construction with a volume of 50 thousand m2 per year;

Kamen-na-Obi, Altai Territory - construction of a workshop for the production of plywood with a volume of 50 thousand m3 per year, a plant for the production of lumber 100 thousand m3 per year;

S. Bobrovka, Pervomaisky district, Altai Territory - production of lumber in the volume of 60 thousand m3 per year, production of wooden frame-panel houses with a volume of 10 thousand m2 per year, construction of a workshop for the production of activated carbon with a volume of 3.0 thousand tons, production chlorophyll-karatin paste;

S. Larichikha, Talmensky district, Altai Territory - construction of a plant for the production of chipboards with a volume of 70 thousand m3 per year and a chipboard lamination line;

The main growth points for Union organizations with small production volumes include:

The city of Zarinsk, Zarinsky district of the Altai Territory - development of sawmilling with an increase in the volume of lumber production to 10 thousand m3, procurement and processing of "Orlyaka" fern in the amount of 45 tons per year, growing and procurement of New Year's trees;

S. Zalesovo, Zalesovsky district, Altai Territory - development of sawmilling with an increase in the volume of lumber production to 8 thousand m3, procurement and processing of Orlyaka fern in the amount of 55 tons per year, growing and procurement of Christmas trees;

S. Togul, Togul district, Altai Territory - development of sawmilling with an increase in the volume of lumber production to 5 thousand m3, procurement and processing of Orlyaka fern for export in the amount of 40 tons per year, growing and procurement of Christmas trees;

S. Frunze, Krasnogorsk district, Altai Territory - development of sawmilling with an increase in lumber production to 10 thousand m3, harvesting and processing of Orlyaka fern for export in the amount of 45 tons per year, growing and harvesting Christmas trees;

S. Altayskoye, Altai district of the Altai Territory - development of sawmilling with an increase in the volume of lumber production to 5 thousand m3, growing and harvesting Christmas trees;

S. Kolyvan, Kuryinsky district, Altai Territory - development of sawmilling with an increase in the volume of lumber production to 5 thousand m3, production of fir oil with a volume of 3 tons per year, growing and harvesting Christmas trees;

S. Znamenka, Slavgorod district, Altai Territory - development of sawmilling with an increase in lumber production to 2 thousand m3 per year, procurement and processing of birch sap, fruits, wild berries, mushrooms, medicinal plants, technical raw materials;

S. Shipunovo, Shipunovsky district, Altai Territory - procurement and processing of firewood for the population of the region, cultivation, collection of medicinal herbs and their processing.

CHAPTER 5. Use of thesis materials in a rural school.

Based on the research conducted, we propose the following measures.

Lesson-trip through ecology. 2nd–4th grades. Topic: "Nature of the Altai Territory"

Lesson objectives: To form ideas about the natural environment of the Altai region; enrich students’ knowledge about the life of animals, plants, birds; cultivate a caring attitude towards nature.

Equipment: Cards with tasks, surprise box, illustrations, book “Altai State Reserve”, map of the Altai Territory, collection of minerals, red and green markers.

During the classes:

Hello children!

Look, my dear friend,
What's around?
The sky is light blue,
The sun is shining golden
The wind plays with the leaves,
A cloud floats in the sky
Field, river and grass,
Mountains, air and foliage,
Birds, animals and forests,
Thunder, fog and dew.
Man and season -
It's all around...
(children in chorus: “Nature!”)

Sit down more comfortably. Today we will go on a journey through the nature of our region. We have to find out how well you know your native nature. She needs your protection, care, love. Let's find out who knows better the life of animals, birds, plants, insects.

First station "Questions and Answers".

The Wise Turtle lives at this station, he has prepared questions for us that we must answer quickly and accurately, so that the station owner will give us a ticket for further travel. Don't shout, raise your hands (questions are asked simultaneously to two classes).

1. Who is white in winter and gray in summer?(hare)
2. What predatory animals live in our area?(fox, wolf, weasel, marten)
3. What bird eats cedar and spruce seeds?(crossbill)
4. Name a nocturnal bird of prey?(owl)
5. Which bird does not come to us in winter?(bullfinch)

Great! We got a ticket and went to the station " Mathematical."

You have cards with mathematical chains on your tables, solve them and find out the answer to the question.

Card-1 (2nd grade)

Card-1 (4th grade)

Answer options on the board: 12-EZh, 11-BEaver, 4-HARE.

Card-2 (2nd grade)

Card-2 (4th grade)

Answer options on the board: 20-STERLET, 21-PIKE, 36-PERCH.

Well done! You did it! Let's go further to the station"Mushroom".

Guess riddles about mushrooms(riddles are given to two classes at the same time):

Look how good it is!
Red polka dot hat
lace collar,
He is not new to the forest.
(fly agaric)

Dense, strong, stately,
In a brown and smart hat.
This is the pride of all forests!
The real king of mushrooms!
(white, boletus)

There are no more friendly mushrooms than these,
Adults and children know -
They grow on stumps in the forest,
Like freckles on your nose.
(honey mushrooms)

Autumn is brought to the forest in the summer,
They wear red berets.
Very friendly sisters,
Golden…
(chanterelles)

This is interesting to know guys, listen:

1. Did you know that moose love to eat mushrooms?
2. You should go for mushrooms early in the morning, at dawn, at this time the mushroom is the strongest.
3. Mushrooms do not have roots, but have a mycelium, it is easily destroyed, so they cannot be pulled out of the soil, otherwise mushrooms will not grow in this place for 7-10 years.

What mushrooms grow in our area?
(white, champignons, honey mushrooms, milk mushrooms)

Hurray, we got to the station " Physical education »

Are you probably tired?
And now everyone stood up together.
Necks stretched out
And the geese hissed.

Here they jumped like bunnies
And they barked like huskies,
Trampled like bears
And now the mice have sat down.

Guess the riddle.
Runs along a path
Ringing and agile.
It wriggles like a snake.
What is it called
(Creek)

For second grade, everyone has a task card on their desk.

Connect the names of rivers and lakes on your cards with arrows.

Fourth grade guys form a group and work together. For you to work with the map.

Find on the map of the Altai Territory the rivers: Katun, Biya, Ob (circle with a green felt-tip pen); lakes: Kulundinskoye, Kuchukskoye (in red felt-tip pen).

2nd grade guys, let's test ourselves, I posted the correct answers on the board. Whoever did it right, raise your hands.

On the board there is a plate with the names of rivers and lakes of the Altai Territory.

For the 4th grade guys, I give you my card for checking,(self-check)

The wise turtle prepared for us a story about the beautiful Lake Teletskoye.

The Altai peoples call it “Altyn-Kel”, which translated into Russian means “Golden Lake”. This lake ranks second in the world in terms of fresh water reserves, after Lake Baikal. The length of the lake is 78 km, width – 3 km, depth – 325 meters, 71 rivers flow into the lake, and only one flows out - Biya. Part of Lake Teletskoye and the adjacent territory are part of the Altai State Nature Reserve.

Guys, why are nature reserves created?(To save nature.)

Our assistant, the Wise Turtle, was in a hurry to leave, but left us a gift, here it is, this is a magic box. She must be heavy? Gena , help me put it on the table.(No, it's light).

What do you think is there?(…)

Let's open it. Approach one at a time, and with your eyes closed, take what comes to hand. Take your seats. Look carefully and read.

The box contains envelopes with pictures and inscriptions for them: forest, water, animals, insects, air, flowers, birds, amphibians, mushrooms, minerals(based on the number of children in the class).
What is this?

(pictures with mushrooms, birds...)

1. Children, let's tell everyone what kind of wealth each of you received, who was first?
2. Why does the Wise Turtle consider all this wealth?
3. Why did she give it to us?(we must save it)

Well, now we have reached the final station, it’s called"Final".

1. What did we do in class today?
2. What new things have you learned about yourself?
3. Why do we all need to protect nature?

Thank you! You all did a great job today.

Homework:There are many wild trees in our region, what kind of trees are they, list them in your notebook.

Extracurricular event on the topic "Journey to the world of plants of the Altai Territory"

Purpose of the event:create conditions for getting acquainted with the flora of the Altai Territory.

Tasks:

1. show the importance of photosynthesis for life on Earth;
2. introduce you to the flora of the Altai region;
3. introduce you to the medicinal plants of our region;
4. introduce plants listed in the Red Book of the Altai Territory;
5. cultivate love for one's native land.

Material and technical equipment:multimedia projector, computer, Whatman paper, markers, herbariums, plant drawings.

Form:travel game.

Epigraph:

“You are inhabitants of one planet,
Passengers on the same ship."

Progress of the event

Presenter 1:

We are surrounded by a green ocean of plants, which clothes us, nourishes us, supplies us with oxygen and treats us from various diseases.

I bow to you, forests, -
Roots, trunks and every branch.

M. Kovalevskaya.

Presenter 2:

Today we will go on an amazing journey into the world of plants in our region.

I strive for luxurious will,
I'm rushing to the beautiful side,
Where in a wide open field
It's good, like in a wonderful dream.
The clover is blooming and lush there.
And an innocent cornflower.

A. Bely

Presenter 1:

We will travel by train, stopping at each station to learn as much as possible about the flora of the Altai region. You need to split into two groups of tourists. Since the railway uses red and green lights, each of you will take a token of one of the colors. The guys who have a red token will be a group of tourists “The path is busy”. The guys who have a green token are tourists from the “The Path is Free” group.

Presenter 2:

At the stations you have to answer questions. For correct answers you will receive tokens. The group of tourists with the most points will receive tickets to travel to the next station. The group with fewer points will have to work extra to continue their journey.

Presenter 1:

We will visit the stations with you(Slide No. 4):

“Plant” “Rescue”

“Photosynthetic” “Green Pharmacy” “Zapovednaya”

Station duty officer:

“Photosynthetic.”I will introduce you to the great miracle of photosynthesis. But first I want to know what you guys know about this process.

Questions:

1. How many of you know what photosynthesis is?
2. Where does photosynthesis occur?
3. What is the importance of photosynthesis for life on Earth?
4. What do the words of S. Kostychev mean: “As soon as a green leaf stops its work for several years, the entire living population of the globe, including all of humanity, will die, just as a small insect dies when winter sets in, but it will only die irrevocably.”
5. Why? Two rule life on Earth:

Red Sun
Yes, green grain?

(The station attendant distributes tokens)

Guide:

The Sun is the source of Life on Earth. And nothing else can replace its life-giving rays, which have been illuminating our planet for about 5 billion years. Thanks to them, a bird flies high in the sky, a fish swims deep in the waters of the ocean, and a man walks proudly on the Earth.

Station duty officer:

The palm tree hums like a flame in the wind.
Trampling the dead stone with its roots,
Green torch long sips
Drinks thunderous heat from the sky.
The zenith touched the green fire,
To the trunk, where under the swollen nodes.
Like mash, the sun's flame wanders,
Spilled into the crown and bark.
And up, along the veins of the leaves of flame,
From the white-hot abyss,
Volcanic snakes flow.
Molten lava realized
That the path to the sun couldn't be straighter,
Than the vertical of this trunk.

(M. de Umomuno)

Station duty officer:

Please tell me what processes are described in this poem?

(Answer: The poem shows two processes: the flow of water with mineral salts (“...And up through the veins...”) and the absorption of the energy of the Sun (“... by a green torch...”) by a leaf of a green plant.

Guide: Please tell me what process occurring in the leaf is mentioned in the riddle? A hundred little hands catch the sun,

Food is cooked on the beams.

(Answer: Photosynthesis)

Guide:

The term “photosynthesis” itself appeared somewhere in the 19th century (Greek “photos” - light, “synthesis” - connection). However, air nutrition itself was discovered back in the 18th century. A connection was established between the green plant and the Sun. And K.A. wrote about it best. Timiryazev: “This connection between the sun and the green leaf leads us to the broadest, most general idea of ​​the plant. It reveals to us the cosmic role of the plant. Green leaf or, rather, a microscopic green grain of chlorophyll, is a focus, a point in cosmic space into which the energy of the sun flows from one end, and from the other all manifestations of life on earth originate. The plant is a mediator between heaven and earth. It is the true Prometheus, who stole fire from the sky. The ray of the sun he stole causes the monstrous flywheel of a giant steam engine, the artist’s brush, and the poet’s pen to move.”

Station duty officer:

And so a leaf is a special photosynthetic laboratory in which miraculous transformations of water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide occur, but, what is important, always with the participation of a light quantum. Light quanta captured by chlorophyll trigger the food production system for “everything on Earth.”

Guide:

What exactly is cooked in the leaf? What substance is synthesized by the chlorophyll grains of the leaf? What conditions does he need for this?

Look for the answer in the riddle: To the factory - salt and water,

And the air is good!
And from the factory - fat and flour
And a grain of sugar.

(Answer: The process of photosynthesis requires water with mineral salts, carbon dioxide, and organic substances are synthesized in chlorophyll grains (in granules) using a light quantum.)

Station duty officer:

What organic substances are formed?

(Answer: Mostly sugars, starches and fats)

Guide:

Every year, as a result of photosynthesis, 232 billion tons of organic matter are created and 248 billion tons of oxygen are produced.

Additional questions for the group of tourists who have collected fewer tokens:

1. How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf?
2. How are leaf stomata arranged?
3. Which shade or light plants have more chlorophyll? (5-10 times more chlorophyll in shade leaf cells)
4. What organic substances are formed during photosynthesis?

Station duty officer:

Guys, you have received tickets to travel to the next station. Please take your seats in the carriages according to your tickets.

Train departs.

Have a nice trip!

Station duty officer:

Guys, you have arrived at the station.“Vegetable”.Here you will get acquainted with the vegetation of the Altai region.

Guide:

The vegetation cover of the Altai Territory is very diverse.

(Slide number 5)

In the west (Kulunda Plain) the most common are mixed-grass fescue-feather grass steppes, in the Ob region - meadow steppes combined with small-leaved birch and aspen forests. There are also pine forests in the region. Their proximity to the steppe led to the penetration of steppe plant species under the tree canopy. The vegetation of the steppes is mostly low-growing; narrow-leaved grasses, adapted to systematic droughts, predominate. In the grass of the steppes there are fescue, bluegrass, feather grass, and wormwood. Most plants have a strong root system.

Within the region there are 1980 species of higher vascular plants. The richest species of the family are: Asteraceae (Asteraceae) - 237 species, grasses - 156, legumes - 106, sedges -85, Rosaceae -72 species. As well as about 400 species of mosses, a significant amount of lichens and algae. Among them there are representatives of endemic and relict species. The beneficial flora of the region includes more than 600 species of plants, among which are: medicinal – 380 species; melliferous plants – 166 species; feed -330 species; decorative - 215 types, food - 149 types, vitamin-rich - 33 types, dyeing - 66 types.

Most plant species are found both in the mountains and on the plains.

The forests of the region include Scots pine (1072.6 thousand hectares), birch (592 thousand hectares), aspen (582.4 thousand hectares), fir (288.3 thousand hectares), larch (69.3 thousand hectares). ha), spruce (14.8 thousand ha).

(Slideshow #6-11)

Station duty officer:

And now each group of tourists will complete the following tasks:

1. Name the most common plants in our area (write it down on a piece of paper and give it to the station duty officer).
2. Use herbariums to identify plants in our area.
3. Which of them are medicinal?

Station duty officer:

You have completed the task well and can continue your journey.

Have a nice trip!

Station duty officer:You have arrived at the station“Green Pharmacy”.

Herbs and flowers have healing powers
For everyone who knows how to solve their mystery.

Guide:

Here you will get acquainted with the medicinal plants of the Altai region.

The Altai region is rich in medicinal plants. Over 100 tons of medicinal raw materials are prepared annually. Particularly valuable include: golden root (Rhodiola rosea), maral root (Rapoptikum safflower), red root (forgotten kopeck), Maryin root (Elecampane), Ural licorice, oregano, St. John's wort, elecampane and others. Dandelion, plantain,

Cornflower, sage and mint.
Here is the green pharmacy
Helps you guys!

Slide demonstration No. 12-16 “Medicinal plants of the Altai Territory”

Station duty officer:

And now questions for you:

1. What grass do cats like, what disease is treated with this grass? (Valerian, heart disease)
2. Which plants have flowers or inflorescences used as medicinal raw materials? (Linden, calendula, chamomile, tansy, corn silk, spring primrose, sandy tsmin)
3. Which plants use roots and rhizomes as raw materials? (Valerian, elecampane, ginseng, Rhodiola rosea, burdock, licorice)
4. Which plants have fruits used as medicinal raw materials? (Hawthorn, rose hip, rowan, currant, sea buckthorn, viburnum, raspberry).
5. Which poisonous plants are also medicinal? (Belladonna, datura, spotted hemlock, lily of the valley)
6. This nickname is not for nothing for a beautiful flower.
   A drop of juicy nectar is fragrant and sweet.
   cure a cold
   It will help you... (Lungwort)
7. Why do you steam in a bathhouse with a birch broom? (Birch leaves kill pathogens).
8. The unusual leaves of this tree secrete phytoncides that kill microbes and treat scurvy. Used for soothing baths. Call it...(Pine).
9. The juice of this plant is used instead of iodine to remove warts; they wash their hair with an infusion of the leaves. (Celandine).
10. The leaves and roots of this plant are used for bruised pain. (Burdock, plantain).

Station duty officer:Both groups of tourists did a great jobtask. You can continue on your way, the green light is on for you.

Have a nice trip!

Station duty officer:

You will be met by the station attendant“Rescue”.

What do you guys think, who needs to be saved?

Bells, chamomile,
The eyes of blue cornflowers,
Goldenflower, peas, porridge-
A sea of ​​flowers...

Let them grow, fragrant,
Let them bloom in all their glory,
Let, dropping your grain,
Give life to other flowers!

A. Korinfsky

Here you will get acquainted with the plants of our region listed in the Red Books.

Guide:

As sad as it is to realize this, our time has become in the history of the Earth the time of the most dramatic change by humanity in the natural habitat in which Homo sapiens as a biological species arose, and those ethnocultural and social structures that were created by human society in the process of intelligent and irrational activity .

Come true prophetic words the great naturalist V.I. Vernadsky

“Man has become a geological factor.”

With the active development of a territory, the unique natural appearance of nature may change in a short time and the genetic fund of the plant world may be reduced. More than 100 species of plants in the region are now classified as rare and endangered.

Slide demonstration No. 17-21 “Rare and endangered plant species of the Altai Territory.”

Plant species listed in the Red Book of Russia grow in the region.

Plants listed in the Red Book of Russia:

Lady's slipper true, lady's slipper grandiflora, orchis orchis, Altai rhubarb, Siberian kandyk, feather grass, leafless feather grass, cut violet, yellow slipper, Siberian brunnera, floating hornwort, water chestnut (chilim).

The book “Rare and Endangered Plants of Siberia” includes 127 species growing in the region.

Plants listed in the Red Book of Siberia:

Open lumbago (snowdrop), Asian swimsuit, maral root, European hooffoot, yellow rosemary, golden root, Ledebur rhododendron, one-flowered tulip, Siberian linden, Vereshchagin cattail.

In 1998, the Red Book of the Altai Territory was published

The regional Red Book contains 144 species of plants that require protection, these are 14 species of ferns, among them the extremely rare aquatic fern - salvinia floating, roseworts, Steller's cryptogram.

The remaining 130 species are flowering plants.

Plants listed in the Red Book of the Altai Territory:

Ural licorice, golden root, maral root, adonis, evasive peony, Altai rhubarb, sandy tsmin, broadleaf campanula, cold rhodiola, round-leaved sundew, pink astragalus, Siberian iris, tiger iris, Altai tulip

Station duty officer:

Guys, name the reasons why so many plants ask for help.

What words would you use to address all the people of the Earth?

(Designing slogans on prepared sheets of Whatman paper and reading the slogans).

Guide:

How scary it is - the death of a race,
All of them, every single one,
When nature is devastated
I can no longer do anything.
And the leprosy of desolation will creep in.
And the threads of water will dry up.
And the birds will die out. And the plants will fall.
And the beast will not escape its misfortune.
And no matter how much self-interest you seek here,
Whatever excuse you have,
The earth requires protection. Protection.
She asks people for salvation.

S. Ostrovoy. Red Book.

Station duty officer:

And now you guys are heading to the final station of our journey.“Reserve”.

Have a nice trip!

Station duty officer: You have arrived at the station“Reserve”.

Guide:

“We live in the same family,
We should sing in the same circle,
Walk in the same line
Fly in one flight...
Let's save
Chamomile in the meadow
Water lily on the river
And cranberries in the swamp.”

Station duty officer:

1. Why are nature reserves created?
2. What nature reserves do you know?
3. Do we have any nature reserves in our region?

Guide:

There is one small nature reserve in the region - TIGIREKIY, created in 1999. Materials have been prepared for the creation of the Belokurikha, Kulunda lake-steppe and Kolyvan national parks. 36 reserves have been formed on the territory of the region, 4 of them are complex: Beloretsky - in the Zmeinogorsky district, Inskoy - in Charyshsky, Mikhailovsky in Krasnogorsky and Eltsovsky - in the Eltsovsky district. In nature reserves, either all components of nature are protected, or individual species plants and animals. There are hunting reserves, forest reserves, and taiga reserves. Among the reserves, the largest are Chinetinsky (70 thousand hectares), Togulsky (65 thousand hectares), Charyshsky (55 thousand hectares), and the smallest is Lake. Aya (72.2 ha)

Guide: And now we will take a short excursion to the Tigirek Nature Reserve.

date of creation

Tigirek State Nature Reserve was created on December 4, 1999 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1342.

Geographical position

The reserve is located in western Altai on the watershed between the tributaries of the Charysh River and in the upper reaches of the Alei River, on the territory of the Zmeinogorsky, Tretyakovsky and Krasnoshchekovsky districts of the Altai Territory on the border with Kazakhstan.

Purpose of creation

Protection of weakly disturbed mountain ecosystems of Western Altai.

Square

40,693 hectares.

Number of clusters 3.

Subordinate territories and protected zone

The reserve has a protected zone with an area of ​​26,257 hectares.

The geographical location, climate heterogeneity and diversity of environmental conditions determine the characteristics of the reserve's vegetation cover. The territory of the Tigireksky reserve belongs to the Western Altai province, the Srednecharyshsky taiga-shrub-forest-steppe region (the northern part of the reserve) and the Tigireksky black taiga region (the southern main part of the reserve).

The originality of the black taiga of the mountains of Southern Siberia and Altai is the most ancient (relict) formation. The black taiga is dominated by aspen-fir ​​tall-grass forests. There grow such plants as European hoofweed, common wolfberry, Osmoria spinosa, broadleaf bellflower, spear-shaped polygonum, European undergrowth and others.

The undergrowth of aspen-fir ​​forests is dominated by bird cherry, meadowsweet, common raspberry, and Siberian rowan. Common grass cover species include ferns, Altai frogwort, Maryin's root peony, and golden capillary. Large areas are occupied by shrubs: caragana tree, meadowsweet, and currant.

The forest-steppe zone is dominated by Tatarian honeysuckle, caragana arborescens, needle hips, prickly rose hips, Siberian barberry, and chokeberry cotoneaster.

The herbaceous cover is dominated by meadow-steppe species (bluegrass, high pearl barley, common bedstraw, silky wormwood, squat skullcap, etc.)

The upper border of the forest is formed by cedar-fir woodlands with areas of subalpine high-grass meadows in which maral root, various-leaved thistle, Frolov's bitterweed, white-flowered geranium, Altai swimsuit (wisp), white hellebore and many others grow.

In the northern part of the Tigireksky reserve, feather grass and meadow steppes predominate.

The highest diversity of lichens is in the forests of the reserve. Here they grow over the entire surface of the trunks, rising to a height of 15-20 m.

The preliminary list of higher vascular plants of the reserve includes 602 species, 286 genera. 74 families. The leading 10 families: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Legumes, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Carnation, Umbelliferae, Lamiaceae, and Cruciferae contain 59% of the total list of plant species.

The flora of the Tigirek Reserve contains a significant number of species of economic importance: medicinal, fodder, melliferous, and ornamental plants. Among the valuable medicinal plants are such as Rhodiola rosea (golden root), maral root, peony Maryin root, and bergenia.

The Red Books of Russia and the Altai Territory include: male shieldweed, Altai onion, corydalis grandiflora, Bludov's iris, broad-leaved bellflower, marin root peony, South Altai scabiosa and others.

(Slide show no. 22, 23, 24).

Presenter 1: What did you guys learn from this trip?

(The guys express their impressions of the trip).

I offer you tasks (to choose from):

1. Select material about any medicinal plant of the Altai Territory, or about a plant listed in the Red Book of the Altai Territory.
2. Tell legends and tales about plants.
3. Make drawings of plants of the Altai region.

CONCLUSION

From the above, we can summarize that forests are a unique natural resource that has been used by humans for thousands of years. At the same time, forests the most important part natural environment, experiencing the consequences of anthropogenic influence and economic activity.

The disappearance of forests not only undermines the actual functioning of the forest complex, but also largely determines the nature of environmental degradation as a whole, often on a global scale.

Also from the above we can conclude that at the moment the forestry management authorities of the region are faced with a number of issues that require a rational solution.

In economic terms, forests are primarily considered as a source of raw materials for economic needs. Despite the apparent timber reserves in the region, the possibilities for extensive exploitation of forest resources have now been exhausted. The transition to nature and resource-saving technologies in the forestry complex is the only way that can meet both the needs of the economy and the requirements for environmental protection.

The main measures to protect forests from destruction and degradation is fire prevention. Involvement of the population in this problem. Especially schoolchildren, can bring positive results. All measures to change the forest management system, preserve and reproduce forest resources should be aimed at this.

Bibliography

1. Fundamentals of ecology and nature conservation: a textbook for professional educational institutions. - Samara, 2000.
2. Sidorov M.K. Socio-economic geography and regional studies of Russia. - M: Infra, 2002.
3. Russian statistical yearbook. - M.: Goskomstat, 2006.
4. Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and people: textbook. – M.: “Grand”, 1999.
5. Bobylev S.N., Khodzhaev A.Sh. Economics of environmental management: textbook. – M.: INFRA-M, 2004.
6. Zheltikov V.P., Kuznetsov N.G., Tyaglov S.G. Economic geography of Russia: textbook for universities. - Rostov-on-Don, “PHOENIX”, 2001.
7. Economic geography of Russia: textbook for universities / Ed. T.G. Morozova. – M.: UNITY, 2000.
8. Economic geography of Russia /Under the general editorship. ak. Vidyapina V.I. and Doctor of Economics. science prof. Stepanova M.V. - M.: INFRA-M, 2005.
9. Kozyeva I. A., Kuzboshev E. N. Economic geography and regional studies: textbook. - M: Knorus, 2005.
10. Economic and social geography Russia /Ed. Khrushcheva A.T. – M.: DROFA, 2002.
11. Encyclopedia for children. T. 12. – M.: “Avanta+”, 1999.
12. Piliev S. Forest reserves of Russia: management aspect. - Economist. - No. 8. 2003. P.56-58.
13. Voronin A.V. Prospects for the development of integrated timber industry enterprises - M.: Timber Industry. -No. 3. 2003. P.6-9.

14. Balakirev A.A. Forestry sector in the Russian economy. – Timber industry. - 2005.- No. 1. P.11-13.

15. Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary. – M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2003.

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

POSITION

ON THE PROTECTION OF FORESTS FROM PESTS AND FOREST DISEASES

1. General Provisions

1.1. The Regulations on the Protection of Forests from Pests and Forest Diseases (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations) regulates activities to protect the forest fund of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the forest fund) from pests, diseases, and other harmful impacts of a natural and anthropogenic nature, as well as the implementation of forest protection measures (hereinafter referred to as the Forest Fund). forest protection, forest protection).

1.2. The federal forestry management body carries out state management of forest protection activities directly and through its territorial bodies.

1.3. Forests, forest crops, nurseries, permanent forest seed plots, plantations and harvested timber are subject to protection from pests, diseases, and other harmful impacts of natural and anthropogenic nature in accordance with the requirements of the Sanitary Rules in Forests of the Russian Federation, approved by the Order of the Federal Forestry Service of Russia dated January 15. 98 N 10 (hereinafter referred to as the Sanitary Rules).

1.4. Forest protection is carried out taking into account their natural characteristics, intended purpose and is a system of measures aimed at increasing the sustainability of forests, preventing damage from destruction, damage, weakening, pollution of forests, reducing losses in forestry from pests and forest diseases, and other harmful natural and anthropogenic impacts.

1.5. Forest protection includes the following activities:

design and implementation of preventive measures to protect forests from pests and diseases;

sanitary and health measures;

design and implementation of extermination measures in areas of pests and forest diseases;

measures to protect forest products, including harvested timber and timber;

forest pathological monitoring, including supervision of the development of pests, forest diseases and damage to forests, nurseries, permanent forest seed plots and plantations;

special expeditionary forest pathological examinations;

control over the implementation of regulatory requirements for forest protection in forestry and forest management, inspection of the sanitary condition of forests.