What animals live in Italy. Geography, climate, fauna and flora of Italy
The nature of Italy, stretching from north to south for more than 1100 km, is very diverse.
The far north of the country is located in the zone of the Alpine mountain system with a highly dissected relief and amazing natural diversity. Southern slopes of the Alps with the highest point Western Europe- Mount Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco, 4807 m) - form a complex system of ridges and valleys, overgrown at the foot with dense broad-leaved forests, changing as they rise to coniferous and mixed, and at the very peaks turning into beautiful belt alpine meadows and high mountain wastelands. Many rivers and streams flow down from the mountains, merging into a complex network of large rivers of the Padana lowland. Springed by landslides and tectonic processes, water flows form many mountain lakes of all shapes and sizes (about 7000, among them the largest lakes in the region - Garda and Lago Maggiore), whose shores have been inhabited since ancient times and are actively used as excellent resort areas.
To the south, flat as a table, the Padana lowland (Pyanura-Padana) is formed by the alluvial activity of the vast Po system and other rivers of the Adriatic basin. An extensive lowland area (almost 200 by 500 km) stretches across the entire northern part of Italy, turning in the northwest into the Lombard lowland (altitude up to 400 m) gradually rising to the spurs of the Alps and the barely hilly Venetian lowland in the east. The lush vegetation of this zone is almost entirely formed by human activity - almost 60% of the territory is occupied by orchards, vineyards and other agricultural lands, and many big cities countries - Venice, Padua, Milan and others.
South of the flat areas of the Po basin, the medium-high mountain system of the Apennines begins, stretching across the entire peninsula. The Ligurian, Tuscany-Emilian, Umbro-Marque, Abruzzo, Central, Southern and Lucan Apennines, as well as the Le Murge range, form a vast mountainous country that occupies almost 90% of the country's territory, stretching from the Alpes-Maritimes in the north to Cape Spartivento in the south. Their continuation can be found even in Sicily, which is geologically one with the massif of the Apennine Peninsula. The total height of the mountain ranges is relatively low (the highest point is Mount Korno, 2912 m), and the slopes are strongly weathered and gentle, but here the altitudinal zonality is also clearly expressed, and the vegetation belongs to the subtropical type. Most of the territory is occupied by thickets of dry Mediterranean shrubs, beech and coniferous forests, and on the tops of some mountains there are meadows and dry mountain wastelands. There are few rivers, and most of the small lakes are ancient reservoirs, so much of the region is dominated by dry subtropical vegetation and artificially cultivated land, including many vineyards and other plantings.
The coastal zone of the central part of the country forms a narrow and discontinuous hilly lowland, which in most cases has a width of no more than 5 km. The coastline of Italy is little dissected, most of the bays are vast and shallow cut into the land, forming long but narrow zones of sandy, pebble and rocky beaches. However, there are also vast bays (Genoese, Neapolitan, Gaeta, Squillace, Policastro, Sant'Eufemia, Taranto and others), most often fenced from the sea by a belt of small islands. The west coast abounds with rocky cliffs and tiny bays, as well as numerous traces of volcanic activity, the most notable of which are the famous Mount Vesuvius and the thermal fields of Solfatara in Campania.
Sicily and Sardinia in their natural and climatic conditions differ little from the mainland. Most of these islands are occupied by low mountain ranges with clear traces of ancient and modern volcanism. characteristic feature the landscape of Sicily - the most big island region ( total area about 25.4 thousand sq. km) - is dominant over eastern part the cone of the active volcano Etna (Monguibello, height approximately 3340 m, area - 1250 sq. km) - the highest and most active volcano in Europe. Along the northern and northeastern coast of Sicily stretch the massifs of the Iblean, Ereisky and Pelorite mountains, as well as the ridges of Ficuzza, Nebrodi and Le Madonie (altitude up to 2000 m) and volcanic plateaus. The central part of the island is formed by hilly hills on the foundation of ancient plateaus, and the southern outskirts are more flat. The coastline of Sicily is narrow and rocky in northern regions and somewhat more canopy in the south. The vegetation is Mediterranean evergreen at the foot of the mountains and dry hard-leaved in the mountainous regions.
Sardinia (the second largest island in the Mediterranean, area - 24.1 thousand square kilometers) is also occupied by an extensive system of low mountain ranges and plateaus (the highest point is Mount La Marmora, 1834 m), formed by the spurs of ancient volcanoes. The western shores of the island are mostly low-lying and abound in small bays and bays, the eastern ones are steeper and more rocky. The width of the coastal lowlands of Sardinia in many places does not exceed one kilometer. However, due to a slightly more humid climate and the relative abundance of rivers, a more diverse flora has formed here than in Sicily, numbering as many species in its composition as in the rest of Italy.
The nature and environment described below refer to mountains, valleys, seas, climate, hydrography, lakes, vegetation and fauna on a peninsula with an area of 301.338 sq. km. In order to encourage tourists to develop different niches of tourism in Italy related to nature and the environment.
mountain ranges
Italy is divided into three parts: the Alps, the Apennines, the Sardinian-Corsican Massif. Italy itself is subdivided into: continental (north of the imaginary line between the Magra and Rubicon rivers); peninsular (south of this line); insular (islands and archipelagos). The Alpine-Apennine mountain system extends from the northern arc of Italy to Sicily; The Sardinian-Corsican Massif touches the island of Sardinia on the Italian side. The plateaus of Gargano and Le Murge (in Apulia), along with the plateau of Iblea (in Sicily), morphologically belong to the tip of the African coast.
The mountain backbone is the undivided realm and the apotheosis of summer and winter tourism, which over time has become a model for the development of the industry. Among the centers in the Alps, one can single out: Coz d "St, Sestriere, Ayas - Champollu, Breuil Cervinia, Alagna - Valsesia, Aprica, Bormio, Livigno, Moena, Alta - Badia, Corvara, Val - Zoldana, Ortler area, Cortinud "Ampezzo , Selwoodi-Cadore, Civetta, Tarvisio; along the Apennines - Abetone, Apuan Alps, Roccaraso, Terminillo, Gran Sasso, Matese, Pollino, Aspromonte, Sila, Etna, Gennargentu. The highest point in Europe - Mont Blanc (4.810 m) - characterizes the sunlit slope of the Italian Alps, facing the sea. On the Italian slope of the Alpine mountain system there are almost a thousand glaciers of various sizes. The largest of them - the Gran Paradiso and Mont Blanc groups - are concentrated in the Valle d "Aosta region. The glaciers of Monte Rosa, the Ortles, Adamello and Marmolada massifs are also impressive. At a distance of more than 1000 km to the south, Mount Etna acts as a "counterweight" to them (3.323 m) in Sicily... The Apennines and the sea stretch between the two peaks.
Just as it is impossible to imagine Italy without seas, lakes and rivers, so it is impossible to imagine it without snow-capped mountains (www.enit.it), hills, forests, islands. It is equivalent to imagine the universe without stars. However, the Italian mountains, along with any other geographical and social component of the peninsula, constitute a universe, but in this case a botanical and geological universe that preserves the last remnants of true Mediterranean vegetation. These mountains are a mixture of granite and slate, limestone and dolomite, marble and lava rocks.
There are many sites on the World Wide Web dedicated to mountains, including Italian ones: www.gae.it (Association of Local Guides and Tour Guides), www.planetmountain.com, www.altaquota.it, and for extreme sports - www. pareti.it.
Mountain landscapes in Italy are both steep and gentle. At the disposal of tourists are well-equipped ski slopes and hiking trails, sports equipment, and equipped with last word fitness clubs, rock climbing and hang gliding grounds. In addition, in the structures of agriturismo (www.agriturismo.com.) you will be offered local wines and gastronomy, you will be able to get acquainted with culture, folklore, traditions, history. You will be accommodated near the centers mountain recreation not far from cities rich in sights and events: Aosta, Turin, Genoa, Milan, Bergamo, Venice, Florence, Aquila, Rome, Naples, Catania.
Holidays in the Alps and the Apennines are a complete holiday in all seasons, especially in winter (www.cai.svt.it) and summer (www.corpoforestale.it). Summer, in the Italian mountains, no longer means only climber's boots, traditional mountain breeches, rock climbing, Mountain bikes, trekking (hiking along mountain trails with a guide), canoeing, rafting (rafting and kayaking down mountain rivers), excursions, long walks (www.boscaglia.it.), evening feasts with "polenta" (cornmeal porridge ), grappa (grape vodka) and dancing (www.localionline.it).
Mountains, like beaches and pine groves, have become today a kind of gym where you can get in shape, enjoy clean air and good food. Where to get rid of stress excess weight to regain fresh and clean skin? Yes, everywhere: from Cortina d "Ampezzo for those who like to combine relaxation, giving it a little secular character, to the National Park of Abruzzo and Gran Sasso for those who love the Apennine landscape. The mountains have also become a kind of ramp for classical music concerts on high altitude (Valle d "Aosta, Trentino).
The protection and breeding of rare species of animals is carried out in National reserves del Gran Paradiso, d "Abruzzi, dello Stelvio, del Circeo and natural areas under the protection of the environmental law (www.pegaso.bio.uniromal.it/gsap/).
The fauna of the seas, lakes, and fast mountain rivers(www.lineablu.it).
In the catalogs of BUYERS who offer Russian tourists holidays in Italy, there are no offers for recreation and sports activities related to bird watching and long excursions on horseback to remote areas (www.cavalloonline.it). As for the pets that tourists want to take with them on vacation - cats, dogs - you can use the sites that indicate beaches, campsites and hotels where they are accepted (www.petz.it, www.viaggiarecolcane.it).
The Moscow office of ENIT is ready to assist Russian BUYERS in the search for an Italian partner for "certain interests" related to vacations in the "nature" and "green tourism" types.
Handbook of practical and technical information on the reception of tourists in Italy for travel agencies
Italian National Tourist Board (E.N.I.T.)
Moscow, 2002
A country that is located in two belts: in the north - within the forest zones temperate zone, and in the south in the subtropical zone. Sea and climate big influence on the formation of nature and fauna in these places.
So let's start with the flora of Italy
At an altitude of 800 m in the Alps can be found mainly broadleaf forests: oaks with chestnuts, ash, maple. If you rise to a height of over 800 m and up to 1800 m, you will see coniferous and beech forests, various shrubs and meadows are located even higher. On the islands of Sardinia and Sicily in the Apennines, at an altitude of up to 500-600m, groves of evergreen cork and holm oaks, Aleppo pines, pinnies, as well as shrub pharmacies growing on brown volcanic and dark-colored soils grow.
The Padana Plain is now mostly cultivated vegetation, and earlier it was filled with oak forests, shrubs and meadows. At 2000 m, mountain broad-leaved forests of spruce, beech, pine and fir predominate. Subalpine meadows are located on the uppermost parts of the mountains.
Surprisingly, before almost all of Italy was covered with forests, and now their main concentration is in the Alps. In some places, there is a small reminder of large forests, in the form of shrubs and thickets, which are called maquis or machia. And in particular, there are gariges - Mediterranean heaths.
In the Apennines, the vegetation is very similar to the countries of Central Europe; here you can find oaks, cypresses, walnut, spruce and pine. And on the coast of the Apennines and the nearest islands, subtropical trees grow - almonds, figs, citrus fruits, pomegranates, olives, cork trees.
The fauna in Italy is also quite diverse.
Most of the animals live in the mountains. In the Central Apennines, you can meet a brown bear, a wolf, a fox and a wild boar. In the Apennines and the Alps, you can meet a wild cat, chamois, pine and stone martens, and a ferret. Hares and squirrels are often found. The fact is that when preparing for the exam in biology, tutors often give examples from the forest and marine fauna Italy, because of its enormous diversity.
Deer live in hunting reserves. And stone goats live in the Gran Paradiso National Park. On the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, fallow deer, mouflon, wild boar, wild forest cat are found.
The world of birds is very rich - about 400 species. In the mountains you can see a falcon, an eagle, a vulture, a goshawk, a golden eagle, a vulture. There are many ducks and geese on the plains. And in the highlands of the Alps, hazel grouse, capercaillie, white partridge, swift, buzzard soar.
The world of reptiles is also quite diverse: all kinds of lizards of different colors, snakes and turtles are often found. You can also meet a scorpion, though only in the south of the country.
Natalya Glukhova
You have never seen such nature of Italy
21/03 2017
Good afternoon friends!
Let me tell you today how wonderful the nature of Italy can be. Of course, I recommend everyone to see it with their own eyes. So far, a virtual tour of the most beautiful, unusual places in the country.
From this article you will learn:
Such a different and unique Italy
Italy ... Here is the Colosseum, ancient cities, ancient ruins,. Of course, pizza, the most delicious spaghetti, do not forget about wine and gelatto! Let's talk about these Italian miracles separately, but today - nature.
Wild is no less attractive than all the man-made wonders of this country. Here we will meet mountains, sea, plains and caves. Someone will say that the entire Mediterranean looks about the same. I will try to prove that this is not so.
Italy is a land of seas. Beneficial since ancient times geographical position made the country rich and powerful. It is washed by the Adriatic, Mediterranean, Ionian, Tyrrhenian, Ligurian seas.
Each of the seas creates areas of a unique microclimate: temperature changes, soil, plants and animals, its own landscape.
Let's not forget about the mountains: the Alps and the Apennines. Taming rivers, planting fields is still a real task. But the sea and mountains require a person to adapt to their mood.
Mountains of Italy
Mountain ranges - the border of Italy, separating it from other European countries. There are really a lot of mountains, they make up two thirds of the entire territory of the country. The rest of the area is hilly. In the Southwest, the Alps and the Apennines join.
It is a paradise for skiers and climbers. Dolomites - one of the most convenient for winter views sports. Take your camera with you when you ride - the views are amazing.
Volcanoes are of great interest. Many of them are still active. Stromboli, Etna and even the infamous Vesuvius. Others are long gone. The seismological situation in this area is unstable. Frequent earthquakes, tremors. Volcanoes are always a threat, even if they have been "sleeping" for years.
Rivers and lakes
Here are the rivers Po and Adige in the north of the country. The Tiber and Arno flow through the entire Apennine Peninsula.
The largest and beautiful lakes— Garda, Como, Bracchiano. By the way, many of them are of volcanic origin. These are the real wonders of nature. The water in them is medicinal, has unique properties. Known volcanic lakes filled the basins of cooled volcanoes. Spa resorts have been built around the medicinal lakes.
caves
Very beautiful caves attract tourists and explorers. There are funnels, volcanic faults, grottoes and dips. Italy boasts underground caves over 800 meters.
The famous Blue Grotto is located on the island of Capri. Entrance from the sea. If there is a storm on the sea, you cannot enter. The rest of the time it is best to swim by boat. The grotto has been known since ancient times; ancient sculptures have been found in it.
The water inside seems magically blue. These are the features of the rock, so light falls and is reflected from the walls. This place has been chosen by tourists since 1830. Then the German writer August Kopisch visited him together with his friend Ernst Freis. Kopisz devoted a whole book to the grotto, since then it has become the main emblem of the island.
flat terrain
The most extensive is the Padana Plain. I recommend you ride it. There are farmlands, orchards, famous vineyards. It is the birthplace of many Italian wines. You will see these wonderful fields while driving.
Plenty of sun, close to the Po River – ideal conditions for Agriculture. The soil here is rich in all the necessary minerals. And the views ... see for yourself!
Top 12 most beautiful places in Italy
I have compiled a small list of picturesque corners of Italy. Of course, there are many more! I hope my article will help you decide to go on a trip as soon as possible. It is beautiful all year round, and the area absolutely changes its appearance depending on the season.
1.Cinque Terre
national park and the pride of all Italians. There are beautiful rocky shores, secluded beaches. True, not sandy, but stone. Taken under the care of UNESCO.
2. Chianti Valley
It is located in one of the most beautiful regions - Tuscany. There is really charming nature here, a lot of greenery in the background. blue sky. Of course, we know the Chianti Valley for its wines and olive oil.
But, it is better to get to Tuscany once than to read about it. In summer there is a riot of colors, in autumn - the charm of golden leaves. Winter in Tuscany is mild, without sudden temperature changes. In spring, everything blooms, young grapes please with delicate greenery.
3. Vesuvius
At the foot famous volcano located national park. In addition to the volcano itself, there are many interesting things. This is a monument of nature that can wake up at any moment - change the landscape, the landscape again.
The valley of Vesuvius is planted with orchards. Great harvest, by the way. Those who wish can try to conquer the volcano by climbing it.
4. Aosta Valley
In winter, lovers of skiing and snowboarding gather here. The valley is at the foot of the mountains. In the summer, this is the place where the Italians themselves come to rest. It is very beautiful, calm, a lot of open space under the most romantic Italian sky.
5. Lake Garda
The largest lake in Italy. Around - ancient castles, historical monuments. By itself, the lake can enchant you with its landscape for a long time. The Italians are trying to keep natural objects as best as possible. You will notice with what respect they treat nature here.
6. Lake Como
The Alps protect the lake from the north. This view is worthy of many photographs. Blue water, and behind it - the white peaks of the mountains. The air is very clean, and the place is considered an elite place to live.
7. Lake Braies
Formed from melted glacial water. It descends from the Dolomites and has a unique emerald color. The surroundings of the lake coniferous forests. Everything is as in the picture, and no photoshop is needed - the own color palette is deep and soft. Here is a place for leisurely walks, and you definitely need to breathe deeply. You can climb a hill - from there you can see the lake at a glance.
8. Faraglioni Rocks
Located on the island of Capri. This is a huge limestone reef. Over thousands of years, the landscape has changed, and the reef has turned into rocks. One of them has a hole through which you can sail on a boat. And yet, near Faraglioni you can go diving.
9. National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago
If you ask where is the most beautiful nature, then I will answer you - in Tuscany. This is a unique corner of the Mediterranean flora and fauna. The archipelago consists of 8 large islands and several smaller ones.
10. Rocks of Tre Cime di Lavaredo
The rocks of Tre Cime di Lavaredo are the most famous place in the Dolomites. There are three natural "cubes" 500 meters high. If you are into photography, welcome. The scenery of the rocks is simply breathtaking.
The amazing nature of Italy is beautiful and attractive at any time of the day or year, thanks to the southern spurs of the Alps in the north, which are a barrier that protects the country from cold northern winds. At 1100 km, resembling the outlines of a boot, the mountain ranges of the Alps and the Padan lowland of the mainland in the north, the narrow and long Apennine Peninsula in the center and a number of large and small islands in the south are located. Italy is washed by four seas: Lugirian, Tyrrhenian, Ionian and Adriatic. The "boot" is characterized by three main types of relief: mountains, hills of various heights and a valley.
Northern Italy
The continental part of Italy, visually similar to the lapel of the Italian "jacket", is located in the Alpine mountain ranges with the highest point in Western Europe - Mont Blanc. This mountain range is called the Dolomites in honor of the French geologist Deod de Dolomieu. Steep slopes with sharp cliffs, bare cliffs with deep gorges, narrow and long valleys covered with snowfields and glaciers are typical of the Italian Alps. Mountain lakes formed here under the influence of glaciers different forms and sizes. Many streams descend from the mountains, forming a network of rivers of the Padana lowland. In the midst of this most fertile plain flows largest river country Po.
Central Italy
The middle part is occupied by the Apennine mountains, passing along the entire peninsula, dividing Italy into Western and Eastern. Their length reaches 1500 km, and the average height is 2000 km. In this mountain system there are volcanoes of different types and stages of development. In Central Italy, there are meadows and dry mountain wastelands, small lakes and artificially cultivated vineyards, a semi-desert area in the Tuscany region called the Accona Desert. The Apennine Peninsula is located in a zone of seismic activity, so volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are not uncommon here.
Southern Italy
The coastal zone consists of hilly sections, usually no more than 5 km wide. On the southern coast there are bays that are arched and shallowly cut into the land, forming beach areas from sand, pebbles and rocks. The western coast is dominated by mountainous, fertile terrain with volcanic rocks and small bays.
Sicily, Sardinia and a scattering of small islands make up the insular part of southern Italy. A characteristic feature of the landscape are breathtaking panoramas of mountainous and hilly reliefs with volcanic plains.
Mountains and volcanoes
Italy is considered a mountainous country: the peaks of the Dolomites and the Apennines, the Sabini and Nebrodi mountains cover a third of the territory of the Italian Republic. In the Western Alps, Mont Blanc stretches for 50 km, which means “white mountain”. Mont Blanc is the highest peak of the Alps and Europe with a height of 4810m.
Italy is located in the area of a tectonic fault, so earthquakes and volcanoes, both active and extinct, have become an integral part of the life of the country. Etna, Stromboli, Vesuvius are the most famous and active volcanoes in Italy. At the moment, Vesuvius is classified as an inactive volcano. During its existence, it erupted about 80 times, and the last lava ejection was in 1944. On the island of Sicily, Mount Etna erupts at the same time once every three months. The permanent Stromboli, famous for its frequent small eruptions, is located on the volcanic island of the same name.
Rivers and lakes
Millennia of movements of the earth's crust have created unique on the territory of the country. Because of the mountains there is no place for long and deep rivers. The largest and most navigable river is the Po. Its length is 652 km. The second place in length is occupied by the Adige River in the north, its length is 410 km. The smallest river is the 175-meter Aril, which flows into the largest lake Garda, located at the foot of the Alps. There are about 1500 lakes on the Italian territory, some of them formed in the craters of long-extinct volcanoes, such as Nemo, Vico, Albano, but most are of glacial origin - Logo Modgiore, Como. The mountainous area is rich in waterfalls. The largest and most beautiful of them is the Marble Falls, which consists of three tiers with a total height of 165 meters.
Soil resources are favorable for plowing in mountainous and hilly areas. The upper sections of the mountain ranges of the Alps are occupied by mountain-meadow chernozem-like and mountain-forest lands. On the slopes, the foothills of the Alps and the center of the Padana lowland, infertile brown forest land cover prevails. The coast of the Adriatic Sea is covered with swampy soils. The brown lands of the subtropics, covering the seaside of the Apennine Peninsula and Sicily, are exploited for agricultural land. Under the deciduous woodlands in the Apennine region of the island part of Sardinia, fertile humus-carbonate soils formed. Near the seas are the best red-colored Mediterranean soils intended for cultivation. The volcanic eruptions have created layered soil covers on which vineyards are grown. In river floodplains, rich mineral alluvial meadow substrates are found at every step.
Minerals
Italy is poorly equipped natural resources, but in terms of resources of mercury ores, native sulfur, pyrite, Italy occupies one of the main places in Europe. The largest reserves of various building materials- granite, marble and travertine. The famous white Carrara marble, used for facing and sculpting, is mined in Carrara. Location natural gas concentrated in the region of the Padana lowland, the Apennines and Sicily, where large underground sulfur deposits are also located. Resources for fuel energy are presented in a small volume. Hard coal is mined on the island of Sardinia and in the Alps, and brown and lignites are mined in Tuscany. Oil reserves are small, up to 98% are imported into the country.
Vegetable world
The small area of Italy and the active intervention of man in the natural environment have led to the fact that natural nature has remained mainly in the Alps, artificially created landscapes predominate in the rest of the territory. In mountainous areas at a level of 800 m and below, there are broad-leaved forests represented by chestnut, maple, and cork oaks. Above are beech and coniferous forests. The forest area turns into alpine meadows with lush herbs. High in the mountains, about 3000 m, you can see only shrubs, mosses and lichens. The flora of the Padana Plain is filled with mixed cultural vegetation: spruce, cypress, walnut, and pine. Island and peninsular landscapes are formed by subtropical trees: cork trees, citrus fruits, pomegranate, almond, fig.
Animal world
The fauna of Italy, due to human intervention in the environment, is not distinguished by great diversity. Wild animals are found in the Alpine mountain ranges and the Apennines: stoats, ferrets, brown bears, foxes. On the islets wildlife inhabited by large mammals. The class of herbivores is represented by hares, squirrels, roe deer, mountain goats, which are listed in the Red Book. The Italian region is rich in feathered representatives of the animal world, there are about 400 species. There are many reptiles on the territory of the country: snakes and lizards, different types toads, in the south even scorpions. There are sturgeons, eels, brown trout in the rivers. Tuna, mackerel, sardine, and flounder are of great importance for fishing. AT southern waters there are white sharks.
Natural monuments of Italy
According to natural criteria, 5 sites in Italy are classified as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. One of the first monuments included in the list is the National Park in the Valcamonica Alps with pictroglyphs on the rocks.
In 1987, Venice was added to the list along with the Venetian Lagoon in the Adriatic Sea.
D 2003 list world heritage Mount San Giorgio was introduced, thanks to the discovery of fossils from the Triassic era in shale layers.
Since 2013, the active stratovolcano Etna, and since 2014, the natural landscapes of vineyards in the Lombardy region have been protected by UNESCO.
Part of the Dolomites, lying in the area of Venice, are listed by UNESCO as a natural phenomenon of exceptional beauty and a monument to the main stages of the formation of the Earth.
environmental protection
For protection environment national nature reserves- Gran Paradiso and Stelvio in the Alps, Abruzzo in the Apennines, Circeo on the Tyrrhenian coast, which make up 10% of the entire territory. Protected areas are high-mountainous alpine landscapes, glaciers, extremely rare objects, from the point of view of geology, naturally grown forests that protect animals from the threat of extinction.
The primary problem is water pollution. The greatest damage is done industrial waste throw into the internal and marine water. Wastewater discharged into lagoons endangers rare birds.
The soil located on the steep slope, due to large-scale construction, is being destroyed, creating a threat of floods and landslides.
In the greatest danger is the habitat in industrial metropolitan areas. The environmental policy aims to increase funding and support for urban greening and biodiversity conservation programs.
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