Means of passive protection. Protective coloration in animals

False scorpion - a representative of the detachment, which includes arthropods (class arachnids). This pest has some resemblance to a scorpion predator, however, it is completely harmless to humans. Such arachnids are distinguished by their small size, which makes them invisible in their natural environment.

The arthropods of this species got their name due to the presence of grasping claws. Because of this feature, the false scorpion causes fear, but you should not be afraid of it, because it does not have poisonous glands, and its small size will not allow it to harm a person, even if the pest tries to attack.

What does it look like?

This is not a beetle, although from a distance it can be mistaken for one. The false scorpion of those varieties that are common in Russia reach a length of 3 mm, no more. Some individuals develop to large sizes: 7 mm, and sometimes 12 mm. However, such pests are found on other continents. 6 pairs of legs are provided for movement. However, despite this feature, the arthropods of this order are still inactive.

The first pair of limbs resemble claws (called chelicerae). With their help, the pest feeds: it pierces the cover of the victim, and then sucks out internal organs. The second pair (pedipalps with claws) is used to capture food. These limbs simultaneously perform the function of organs of touch. The rest of the legs are used exclusively for moving.

The book scorpion can be identified by its pronounced claws. In size, they usually correspond to the length of the body.

The cephalothorax is protected by a shield on which the organs of vision are located. However, with their help, the pest can only distinguish between light and darkness, since vision in false scorpions is poor, and sometimes completely absent. The body is segmented, rounded, dark in color. To move along vertical surfaces, the limbs have claws and suction cups.

The book scorpion can be identified by its pronounced claws. In size, they usually correspond to the length of the rest of the body. Pests move more often sideways, which makes them look like crayfish. Book false scorpions and ticks have similarities, but the former have much longer grasping limbs.

More about habitats and lifestyle

There are about 3300 species of arthropods of this order. Depending on what species the pest belongs to, its habits, lifestyle and habitat are determined. There are no strict requirements for choosing a territory for life in false scorpions, so they can exist in the desert and in the mountains, as well as in more comfortable conditions. Such pests are more common in tropical latitudes.

For habitation choose a hollow, needles, caves. A false scorpion can also be found in a human dwelling. Here, arthropods populate books, aided by the flattened shape of the body. An alternative shelter is a pantry in the house.

Given that these pests are inactive and have no means of protection, they prefer to settle in hidden corners where they can go unnoticed.

Arthropods get out of the shelter at night. When meeting with the enemy, they pretend to be dead, and the limbs are pressed against the body. Sometimes arachnids can stretch large claws towards the source of danger, creating the appearance of intimidation.

Food habits

The false scorpion prefers to eat insects: cockroaches, bug larvae, flies. Another favorite food is ticks. Beetle, springtail, young offspring of spiders are another component of the pest diet.

They feed on small inhabitants of houses and apartments: book and house hay eaters, dust mites, etc.

As you can see, these arthropods are able to consume various insects, dipterans, and also their offspring. While eating, the false scorpion sucks out the insides of the victim, and then diligently cleans the claws from pollution.

How does reproduction take place?

An obligatory ritual is mating dances. In this case, arthropods rise on their legs and perform certain movements using claws. With a life expectancy of 2-3 years, sexual intercourse takes place on average 1 time per year. The female does not lay larvae, they are attached to her body.

With a life expectancy of 2-3 years, sexual intercourse takes place on average 1 time per year.

The development of offspring occurs in a cocoon / nest, which arthropods build around themselves using pieces of paper, grains of sand, and plant particles. After the appearance of the larvae, the female dies. Her body is used by the young as initial nourishment.

Do they harm or benefit?

Despite the frightening appearance of a spider with claws, in fact it is not dangerous to humans. The arthropods of this order do not have poisonous glands, but the products of their vital activity and the husks that the larvae shed as they develop create an allergenic background in the house.

False scorpions are of great benefit, as they destroy various insects that usually inhabit human habitation.

They rid the apartment of flies, cockroaches, ticks, beetles and other pests. In addition, false scorpions do not spin webs, which is also their positive quality.

Interesting video:False scorpions - various types

If the pest has bitten, what should I do?

Given the tiny size of arthropods and the complete absence of poisonous glands, there will be no harm from a bite, except for a mild allergic reaction of a local nature. False scorpions attack only rarely when there are no escape routes for cover. If, however, this happened, and the pest has bitten, the affected area should be treated with a disinfectant / iodine.

Do I need to fight false scorpions?

Since these arachnids, unlike their counterparts, do not weave a web, it means that their presence will not affect the interior of the housing. In addition, they rarely bite, without causing any consequences. However, there are a lot of benefits from arthropods, which is especially noticeable if different insects live in the house: cockroaches, beetles, etc. For this reason, it is not necessary to deal with false scorpions. You should only get rid of them if their number has increased significantly.

Many young women suffer the consequences of a turbulent and active adolescence, reflected in their skin - all kinds of scars from falling off a bicycle; strange moles resulting from long stay in the sun; "bumpy" or "spider" veins.

Modern medicine offers many ways to reduce the appearance of these skin imperfections. And although most scars cannot be completely removed, you can still improve them significantly. appearance and make them more invisible.

scars

Ingredients such as glycolic and salicylic acid (which gradually soften and exfoliate tight skin) help to make scars less visible, as well as components with light-reflecting pigments, such as kojic acid or hydroquinone.

A scar is a scar on the skin from a healed wound that predominantly consists of inelastic collagen fibers. The scar tissue is usually deformed and very different from the surrounding normal tissue.

Onion extract (also called alium) has an emollient effect on all types of scars, improving their appearance (when used 2-4 times a day for 1-4 months).

Topical gels or silicone bandages also have a positive effect on scars. If you really want to achieve a visible result, it is recommended to use the gel 2-4 times a day or wear a bandage continuously for 4 months. You can get rid of scars and ugly defects on the skin using the cosmetic procedure of microdermabrasion or laser resurfacing. Microdermabrasion consists in the gradual "erasing" of the upper layer of the epidermis with a stream of inert microcrystals (aluminum oxide) with their simultaneous removal through a special vacuum system. It stimulates the formation of collagen and elastin, and improves skin tone.

Moles

Not all moles are dangerous. Only “wrong” moles or moles that suddenly change are of potential danger, which may be a sign of skin cancer. To always keep the situation under control and solve the problem at an early stage, do your own monthly inspection. own body carefully examining each mole.

If you notice any of the following signs, contact your doctor:
- The mole has changed color, size or shape;
- A mole that itches, bleeds, or has a hard surface
- A mole with asymmetrical edges.

Stretch marks

Stretch marks, also known medically as pregnancy scars, are cracks that appear in the middle layer of the skin. As a rule, stretch marks occur with a sharp increase in body weight, when the skin does not have time to adapt to the changes taking place (for example, during pregnancy, a sharp increase in weight or rapid growth muscle mass). And although stretch marks fade over time, they still remain quite noticeable, lowering a person’s self-esteem.

Perhaps no other skin defect causes such strong controversy among dermatologists. Some argue that stretch marks are curable, others, on the contrary, insist that no remedy is able to remove stretch marks, and others hold an intermediate opinion. Daily use of tretinoin ointment/gel, or a product containing glycolic acid or onion extract, has been shown to improve skin conditions in some people.

In this case, cosmetic procedures such as microdermbrasion, laser resurfacing or photopigmentation will also be effective means. Some people claim to be able to get rid of stretch marks through the use of vitamin E and jojoba oil. If you have stretch marks and want to get rid of them, you can experiment and try different remedies to achieve a positive result.

Vein problems

"Lumpy" veins - also known as "spider" or threadlike veins, or simply broken capillaries - are veins that have lost their elasticity, causing them to stretch and dilate. These unnaturally dilated veins fill with blood, making them extremely visible under the skin. At one time, dermatologists cauterized these small vessels with electric current. Today, cosmetic lasers have replaced cauterization - modern technologies, which lead to good cosmetic results, eliminating the effect of cobwebs on the legs.

Varicose veins, which are predominantly found on the legs, are dark blue, green, or purple. Varicose veins occur when the valves in the veins fail. The function of the valves is to move blood towards the heart, but pregnancy, excess weight, the formation of blood clots, or a hereditary defect can lead to disruption of their functioning. When this happens, the valve cannot close properly, causing blood to enter the veins. A saline solution is used to shrink the enlarged vein. In difficult cases, the vein is removed entirely.

Bad smell

Despite regular brushing and regular oral care, some people still have bad breath. In this case, the problem is not in the teeth, but in the throat and tongue. The less oxygen enters the mouth, the more bad smell sulfur compounds. Sulfur compounds are also found in onions and garlic, which explains the sharp smell from the mouth after their consumption.

To prevent bad breath, consume as much as possible more water during the day. Use a variety of mouthwashes. Consume oxygenated foods such as celery or parsley. If following these recommendations, you do not see improvement, you should contact your dentist.

Warts on the hands

Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus. Warts can develop through close contact with a person who has them. Fortunately, this disease is treatable. Nowadays, warts can be removed using a cauterization procedure or a laser in any cosmetology center.

Salicylic acid is also an effective treatment for warts. The main disadvantage of this skin defect is the possibility of their reappearance. We recommend that you always follow the rules of personal hygiene and avoid using other people's things, such as towels, scrubs or clothes.

Protective coloration and shape

protective coloring and shape, coloring and shape of the body of an animal, contributing to the preservation of its life in the struggle for existence (See Struggle for existence). By. and f. diverse and found among many groups of invertebrates and vertebrates. Distinguish 3 types of P. about. and f.: disguise, demonstration and mimicry (See Mimicry) (including mimeticism).

Disguise- coloring and shape, thanks to which the animal becomes invisible against the background environment, which allows him to successfully hide from enemies. Almost all such animals are characterized by the ability to hide. Camouflage coloring can be cryptic, concealing and dismembering. The cryptic coloration in color and pattern mimics the background. For example, insects that live in grass or among the foliage of trees usually have a green color (grasshoppers, bugs, caterpillars of butterflies and sawflies), animals polar regions- white (white partridge, polar bear, arctic fox), desert dwellers - yellow or brown (eared roundhead, monitor lizard, desert locust). Some animals (cuttlefish, octopuses, some fish, chameleons, etc.) are able to change their color according to the background. This is due to the presence in their skin of cells with various pigments, which, under the influence of impulses from the central nervous system stretch or shrink depending on the perception of the senses, mainly the organs of vision. Concealing coloration is based on the effect of countershading: the most brightly illuminated parts of the body are colored darker than the less illuminated, having a light color; at the same time, the coloring seems monotonous, and the outlines of the animal merge with the background. Concealing coloration is common among aquatic animals (smooth bugs, squids, fish, dolphins), but is also found in terrestrial ones (snakes, lizards, deer, hares, caterpillars of some butterflies). Dissecting coloration, or Disruptive coloration, is characterized by the presence of contrasting stripes or spots that break the body contour into separate sections, making the animal invisible against the surrounding background. Dissecting coloration is often combined with cryptic and is found in many animals: giraffe, zebras, chipmunks, some fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects - locusts, many butterflies and their caterpillars.

Demonstration- a type of coloration that contrasts with the background, against which the animal stands out well. The combination of bright coloring with various protective devices (See Protective devices) is called warning coloring (See Warning coloring). It is typical for some poisonous snakes, salamanders, inedible fish, ladybugs, blister beetles, bees, wasps, etc. There is a demonstration that is not associated with inedibility or poisonousness, which is usually combined with cryptic coloration. This is a Menacing coloration and form (or aposematic, frightening), which is shown suddenly, in case of danger. Examples of such coloration are the bright red folds of the mouth in the eared roundhead, the eye spots in the hawk moths, the bright bands and spots in the ribbon moths and some locusts. Menacing coloration is usually combined with a threatening posture, movement, or frightening sounds.

By. and f. arose in animals in the process of evolution under the influence of natural selection. Their adaptive nature is relative, because when the conditions of existence change, they lose their protective value.

Lit.: Cott H., Adaptive coloration animals, trans. from English, M., 1950; Sheppard F. M., Natural selection and heredity, trans. from English, M., 1970.

I. Kh. Sharova.

Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Protective color and form" is in other dictionaries:

Protective coloring and shape of animals, coloring and shape of animals, making their owners less noticeable in their habitats; funds passive protection from predators. By. and f. combined with a certain behavior of the animal, i.e. with ethological ... ...

PROTECTIVE, oh, oh; vein, vein. Dictionary Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Aposematic, or frightening, coloration and shape, one of the types of protective coloration and shape (See Protective coloration and shape) in animals. Threatening coloration contrasts with the background environment, is shown ... ...

Animals, a device that contributes to the preservation of the life of an animal; the same as the protective coloration and form ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

PLANTS COLORING- and animals (its biological significance). The lake of animals has big biol. meaning. AT different time it was regarded differently. For the first time the doctrine about biol. The meaning of O. was put forward and developed by Darwinism, which evaluated all the signs that are useful to the animal, which ... Big medical encyclopedia

- (from the Greek kryptós hidden) the similarity of some animals in color and pattern with the background, making them invisible to enemies or victims. See Protective coloration and shape ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia- PROTECTIVE COLORING AND SHAPE OF ANIMALS. Disguise. Critical coloring is in harmony with the background and is typical for animals living in the grass and on the leaves green grasshopper (Teiligonia vindissima) 1, green shield bug (Palomena prasind) 3, caterpillar ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

A special form of natural selection (See. Natural selection), which determines the emergence in the process of evolution of secondary sexual characteristics (See. Secondary Sexual Characteristics). These signs include: the bright marriage color of the plumage of ducks, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Wallpapering requires accuracy and good endurance if you have to deal with such wall repairs for the first time. To make the wallpaper on the wall even and smooth, and even so that the joints of the edges are invisible, is only possible for an experienced worker. Often, it is the seams and joints between the panels that cause fear and refusal to use vending vinyl wallpapers in favor of non-woven ones.

Why are joints formed between wallpaper panels

The reasons for the appearance of thin vertical lines that highlight the panels of the rolls on the plane of the wall can be several different unforeseen circumstances:

• A frank marriage in the edge zone of the cloth, in which a tiny zone of 0.5-1 mm remained unpainted or erased from the paint by the roller of the upholstery machine. Sometimes a similar defect appears in vinyl wallpaper, and is almost always present on inexpensive paper textures;
• If you make an incorrect convergence of joints and seams due to a violation of the parallelism of the position of the upper edge of the panel;
• Incorrectly distributed glue on the wallpaper and the wall, which led to swelling of the joint, layering of the edge of one panel on another, or exposure of the base of the wall on which the wallpaper is glued.

Important ! In the latter case, when squeezing out "bubbles" of air and excess glue from under the pasted strip of wallpaper, the edges can "overlap" onto the adjacent canvas, forming a double-thickness seam, as in the photo.

Most often, the cause of such a defect is the loss of elasticity and rigidity of the cellulose base of the wallpaper waterlogged with glue. Usually, the ability to elongate different textured wallpaper made of paper or vinyl is tested on separate test pieces. The length of a thin strip cut off from the edge of the roll is measured with a ruler before applying the adhesive, after moistening and after complete drying. Accordingly, we can conclude about the quality of the material used.

How to eliminate joints, decorate or make them invisible

As in any other situation, trouble is easier to prevent than to deal with the consequences of the problem. Therefore, do-it-yourself wallpaper lovers try to stick, adhering to a few simple and affordable rules:

Advice ! When gluing, it is important to make an exact alignment of the pattern, and if it is not possible to simultaneously align the edge and reduce the pattern of the wallpaper, it is better to do it with a slight overlap of the seams than to lose the integrity of the composition.

How to hide the resulting overlap of the edge of the wallpaper with your own hands

With the normal quality of glue and wallpaper, as a rule, there is no particular problem in the resulting joint. In this case, it is necessary to clean up excess glue from under the joint in a timely manner, so that later it would be easier to hide the seam between the panels. Do not allow the glue to dry at such a junction. It will be very difficult to hide traces of glue and from the edge of the neighboring panel that has stuck on top, it will be necessary to do a thorough and lengthy cleaning of the wallpaper from the remnants of the adhesive mass.

The overlap removal procedure is carried out after about 10 hours, when the material has dried thoroughly and has already acquired the necessary rigidity, and the glue has not yet dried completely. According to the resulting joint, using a plumb line and a long metal ruler, preferably a meter long, you need to make a thin vertical line of the joint.

We apply a steel ruler according to the marking, and simply cut the seam with a construction knife with a thin blade. The resulting barely noticeable light cut will be tinted with the appropriate dye after the final drying of the wallpaper.

Edge processing will help prevent and hide joints

During wallpapering, the edges of the panels may unexpectedly "rise" due to different properties of the adhesive or poor adhesion of the edge. If you do not pay attention to the problem immediately, it is much more difficult to hide the joints formed after drying. Therefore, in addition to the main rolling of the pasted panel with a wide roller, it is imperative to make rolling with a narrow, 3-4 cm wide, roller with a rubber base. If the walls are even without defects, we additionally pass the joints with a wallpaper spatula made of plastic or hard rubber. With it, uneven joints can even be slightly trimmed.

If, after such a procedure, the seams and joints do not adhere to the wall, then the glue is very weak. It is urgent to make a correction of the glue, raise the edges of the wallpaper for additional gluing of the wall surface, otherwise the wallpaper will fall off the wall. In this case, non-woven wallpaper with a pre-applied adhesive base has certain advantages over vinyl.

In addition, before starting work, you should pay attention to different quality edges, you may have to cut off a thin, colorless strip along the entire length of the unwound roll so that a light dividing line does not appear on the glued panel.

Hide the joint problem with paint

From practice it is known that people tend to trust manufacturers of expensive textured wallpaper, and often the appearance of light or even white stripes at the joints of the wallpaper comes as a complete surprise to them.

Such joints can also be hidden relatively in a simple way. In this case, the easier it is to hide the joint, the fewer color patterns on the wallpaper. The joint is simply painted over with special paint. There are no problems in order to hide the defect, there are difficulties with the correct selection of the color and shade of the dye. In this case, you have to trust the numerical designations of the toner more than your eyes, since the paint in the bottle is in a concentrated form and will look much darker than the color base of the wallpaper.

Before applying paint to the joint, be sure to check its quality and match the colors with the wallpaper colors on a small piece of wallpaper. We apply the dye to the surface, and after soaking, carefully wipe it with a clean and damp cloth. Check for color matching color scheme wallpaper is needed only in daylight, in artificial light it is very difficult to do it right.

As a rule, the toner is sold and used already in ready-made and does not require any additional manipulations. To hide the joint and make it match the color of the base, it is enough to carefully apply color with a clean brush to artwork to the surface of the seam. The paint is applied with short strokes in the direction transverse to the joint line. We grout the joint along a vertical line. After every 30-40 cm of tinted wallpaper joint, we carefully erase the paint napkin.

The more paints and colors on the wallpaper, the more difficult it is to hide the defect, and more attention has to be paid to making the transition from one color of the picture to another. The work comes down to drawing a seam of wallpaper in succession with several specific colors. Sometimes masters try to hide the line using a thin spatula blade instead of a brush, but this method requires a certain skill, otherwise you can skip individual light areas on the seam. In addition, inaccurate work with the dye can lead to unnoticed spots in the drawing and make all the work in vain.

Protective coloration is a protective color and shape of animals that make their owners invisible in their habitats. In fact, this is a kind of passive defense against natural predators. Protective coloration is combined with a certain behavior of its owner. Usually the animal hides against a background that matches its color, in addition, it takes a certain pose. For example, many butterflies settle on the surface of a tree in such a way that the spots on their wings coincide with the spots on the bark, and the bittern, which nests in the reeds, in case of danger, stretches its body along the stems of plants.

The role of passive protection in animal life

Protective coloration is especially important for the protection of organisms at an early stage of ontogenesis (larvae, eggs, chicks), as well as for adults leading a sedentary mode of existence or at rest (for example, sleep) for a long period. Besides big role she plays in a rapidly changing environment. So, in many animals, the possibility of changing color when moving to another background is due. For example, in the agama, flounder, chameleon. AT temperate latitudes many animals and birds are susceptible seasonal change colors.

It is customary to distinguish between three types of patronizing demonstration and mimicry. All of them arise as a result of the interaction of living beings in biogeocenosis against the background of certain environmental conditions. Protective coloration is a biocenotic adaptation developed as a result of the coupled evolution of predators and prey. In addition to patronizing, there are also warning, attractive and dismembering colors.

Protective coloring

As mentioned above, the protective coloration of animals always bears a resemblance to the environment in which they live. For example, desert lizards or snakes have a yellow-gray color to match the vegetation and soil, and the inhabitants of snowy regions have white feathers and fur. This disguise of animals allows them to remain invisible to enemies. It may be to some extent the same for the inhabitants of completely different natural areas. For example, praying mantises or grasshoppers, lizards or frogs living in the grassy cover of the middle zone are characterized by green colors. It also prevails in insects, reptiles, amphibians, and even in some species of birds. rainforest. Often, protective coloration may include a pattern. For example, ribbon butterflies have an ornament of many stripes, spots and lines on their wings. When they sit on a tree, they completely merge with the pattern of its bark. Another important element protective coloration is the effect of countershading - this is when the illuminated side of the animal has a darker color than that which is in the shade. This principle is observed in fish that live in the upper layers of the water.

seasonal coloring

For example, consider the inhabitants of the tundra. So, partridges or arctic foxes in summer have a brown color to match the color of vegetation, stones and lichens, and in winter period she becomes white. Also inhabitants middle lane, such as foxes, weasels, hares, ermines, change their coat color twice a year. Seasonal coloration exists in insects as well. For example, a leaf-winged plant with folded wings is remarkably similar to a tree leaf. In summer it is green, and in autumn it becomes brown-yellow.

Frightening coloration

Animals with bright colors are clearly visible, they often keep open, in case of danger they do not hide. They do not need to be careful, as they are often poisonous or inedible. Their warning coloring signals to everyone around - do not touch. Most often, it includes various combinations of such colors: red, black, yellow, white. Examples include a number of insects: wasps, bees, hornets, ladybugs, etc.; and animals: dart frogs, salamanders. For example, poison dart frog slime is so poisonous that it is used to treat arrowheads. One such arrow can kill a large leopard.

Let's look at what is meant by this term. Mimicry in animals is the resemblance of defenseless species to species that are well protected. A similar phenomenon in nature was first discovered in South American butterflies, so in flocks of hyliconids (inedible for birds) whites were seen, which were very similar in color, size, shape and manner of flight to the first. This phenomenon is widespread among insects (glass butterflies disguise themselves as hornets, syphid flies as wasps and bees), fish and snakes. Well, we have considered what mimicry is, now we will deal with the concept of form, dismembering and changing coloring.

Protective form

There are many animals in which the shape of the body is similar to various objects of the environment. Such properties save them from enemies, especially if the shape is combined with a protective color. There are many types of caterpillars that can stretch out at an angle to a tree branch and freeze, in which case they become like a twig or knot. The resemblance to plants is widespread in tropical species diabolical, cicada adelungia, cycloper, acridoxena, etc. With the help of the body, a sea clown or a rag-picker horse can be disguised.

Dissecting coloration

The coloring of many representatives of the animal world is a combination of stripes and spots that do not correspond to the shape of the owner, but merge in tone and ornament with the surrounding background. Such a coloring, as it were, dismembers the animal, hence its name. An example would be a giraffe or a zebra. Their spotted and striped figures are almost invisible among the vegetation. African savannah, especially at twilight, when hunting comes out. A large masking effect due to dismembering coloring can be observed in some amphibians. For example, the body of the South African toad Bufo superciliaris is visually divided into two parts, as a result it completely loses its shape. Many also have dissecting colors, which makes them invisible against the background of fallen leaves and variegated vegetation. In addition, this type of disguise is actively used by residents underwater world and insects.

changing color

This property makes animals hardly noticeable when the situation changes. There are many fish that can change their color when the background changes. For example, flounder, thalassoma, marine needles, skates, dogs, etc. Lizards can also change their color, this is most pronounced in the tree chameleon. In addition, the octopus mollusk changes its color in case of danger, it can also skillfully disguise itself as soils of any color, while repeating the most cunning seabed ornament. Various crustaceans, amphibians, insects and spiders masterfully manage their colors.