Personality types are examples of famous people. Personality types, classification, characteristics

Six personality types

A person is always more than what he knows about himself.

K. Jaspers

Let's see what the explanation of human behavior can be.

Remember: Behind every act and action of a person is his key psychological need. People never do anything for nothing!

Key need- this is what for a person is the most important, significant and necessary in life, and - from childhood.

Each person has all six key needs, but they are not equally developed: one or two key needs always prevail. For example, positive communication is so important to one person that he sacrifices even the truth for it, agreeing with a deliberately false opinion in order to maintain relations with an opponent, because his key need is communication. For another person, on the contrary, it is important to defend the opinion that he considers true, and he argues to the point of hoarseness, spoiling relations with others, because his key need is knowledge of the truth. The third speaks at meetings to create

respected image, since the main thing for him is recognition. The fourth speaks at the meeting because it is his job to speak.

Needs are situational(appearing quickly and in a specific situation) and permanent(life-long, since childhood). We are now, as you understand, interested in permanent the key psychological needs of a person, that is, those that determine his personality type.

The key psychological needs of people are preserved from childhood and determine the behavior of a lifetime!

Take a look at the little children in the sandbox. One loudly boasts about his cars, the second does not listen to him at all and, stealthily looking around, hides his molds in the sand, and the third roars loudly because he was again not accepted into the general game. The fourth card explains the rules of hide-and-seek to friends. The fifth quietly retells the plot of the new cartoon. The sixth simply silently digs an underground passage, not paying attention to the fact that others constantly destroy this passage.

... And all these children are sitting in the same sandbox! But everyone is driven by their own key need, which lays down their personality type.

If we learn to identify the core need of a person, we can quickly find individual approaches to the most diverse and even the most intractable people.

Key needs of people

Test "Who are you?"

Every person has a sun. Just let it shine.

Socrates

Please, for each question, choose one of the answer options - the one that suits you best or you like best.

The column or two columns that received the maximum number of responses reflect the dominant personality types for you.

The main characteristics of each personality type

Man has always been and will be the most curious phenomenon for man ...

V.G. Belinsky

Depending on which key need is the most important for a person, he belongs to a certain type of personality.

Personality type- is a collection characteristic features person, which is explained by his key needs.

Artist: main need - always be the center of attention society and receive recognition, approval, applause.

Sociologist: need - always and with everyone be in a positive relationship, be friends, do not quarrel and do not swear.

Participant: need - don't be lonely, be accepted in human society to participate in the common cause.

Intellectual: need - solve intellectual problems, to receive answers to intellectual questions, to know the truth.

Pragmatist: need - follow the common order, always act in accordance with the rules.

Controller: need - control the situation, have full information, have power and influence.

Personality types and their key needs (what matters to them)

ARTIST

The key need is recognition.

Artist's Focus his own self: how he looks, how he is perceived from the outside. The uniqueness of the artist lies in the fact that he sees the world as if through himself, through his own state.

Behavior and Appearance: brightness and expressiveness in everything, the desire to stand out from the crowd in appearance, speech, voice, manners. A loud, shocking person who has at least one bright feature in his appearance, occupying all the space at once, requiring special attention.

Image created image: member of the elite, the center of attention.

The goal is to win applause, to get recognition and praise from other people, to be the best. Due to the need to conquer the crowd, the Artist can make a dizzying career, but, once falling ill with "star disease", he begins to behave inappropriately, scaring away those around him and thereby cease to be interesting to them.

The artist is comfortable when he likes himself.

The artist is uncomfortable when he does not like himself: the wrong image, clothes, image, well-being.

Words frequently used by the artist: “This is not prestigious”, “People of our circle”, “I am the best!”, “I demand respect for myself!”, “Do you generally know who you are talking to? ...”, as well as a lot of laudatory words, directly or indirectly pointing to the dignity of the artist.

The impression he makes on other people. From early childhood, it is important for him how he is perceived and what others think about him. Status, respect for others - that's what drives all the actions of this person. With all his behavior, the Artist seeks to make a good impression on others.

Famous sayings of great artists

Philosopher and writer C. L. Montesquieu:

“The desire for fame is common to all people. We seem to multiply our being when we can imprint it in the memory of others.

Philosopher K. Helvetius:

"Competition produces geniuses, but the desire for fame produces talents."

Poet P. Ronsard:

"... the virtues of the living The crowd throws after a caustic word, But the singer - only dies - becomes a god."

Writer S. M. Cervantes:

"An ounce of good fame weighs more than a pound of pearls."

Philosopher R. Descartes:

"Respect for others gives rise to respect for oneself."

Poet A. S. Pushkin:

“It is not only possible to be proud of the glory of your ancestors, but you should; not to respect it is shameful cowardice.

"Burn the hearts of people with the verb! .."

"Love yourself

Dear reader!

Item worthy: nothing

Kindly, it’s true, there isn’t one.”

"Genius and villainy are two incompatible things."

“Oh, it’s easy to deceive me!

I myself am glad to be deceived!

“We honor everyone with zeros,

And units - themselves.

Writer N. V. Gogol:

“There is no word that would be so bold, smart, would break out from under the very heart, would seethe and tremble so vividly, like a well-spoken Russian word.”

“Poets do not come from somewhere across the sea, but come from their own people. These are the fires that have flown out of him, the foremost messengers of his strength.

"The spring of poetry is beauty."

"The theater is such a department from which you can say a lot to the world."

“What are you laughing at? Laugh at yourself!"

Animator, screenwriter and producer W. Disney:

"I'd rather entertain and hope people learn something than educate people and hope they have fun."

"If you can dream, you can make your dreams come true."

Actress and screenwriter I. Bergman:

"Every time I get good role I think she's the last one. And that's why I give it my all."

“It doesn't matter if you're actually crying. It's important that the audience believe that you're crying."

“I have repeatedly seen that many actors and actresses are extremely shy people. When they play, it's not them anymore, it's someone else. Those words that fly out of the mouths of the actors belong to other people».

Actress S. Bernard:

"The great artist is the one who makes the audience forget the details."

"The gesture should reflect the thought, it is harmonious or stupid, depending on whether the artist is smart or not."

Singer A. B. Pugacheva:

“Any woman is always an actress. And if she's a bad actress, she'll lose."

"Maybe I sing more brilliantly in the studio, but when I'm on stage, the audience is more brilliant."

“Seriously, I’m the only star in Russia and in the “scoop”. This is my position."

“I have been married three times and I have always been happy. My husbands were unhappy, because I sacrificed them to the stage.

When an Artist is Dissatisfied with Something, he behaves aggressively and arrogantly, demanding a “special treatment” for himself and stressing his often non-existent status.

Examples of Artist Personality Types

Ostap Bender (Ilf I., Petrov E. "The Twelve Chairs"). A bright, outrageous rogue who, with his expressive speech, was able to create the illusion among the residents of the village of Vasyuki that over time this city will turn into New Vasyuki and become the capital of interplanetary and intergalactic chess tournaments. Vivid romantic dreams of a white suit and Rio de Janeiro are typical signs of the Artist type of thinking.

Khlestakov (Gogol N.V. "Inspector"). Thanks to his posturing, the ability to compose fairy tales about himself (this is an exclusive property of people of the Artist personality type), bright and virtuosic boasting, he managed to convince seasoned and experienced officials that he was a representative of the authorities who had come with a check from St. Petersburg.

Mister Jourdain (Moliere J.-B. "The tradesman in the nobility"). He dreamed of becoming a nobleman and was ready to do everything in the name of this: to dress up in a ridiculous dress, take music, fencing and dancing lessons, get into the most stupid situations and even get the ridiculous title of “mamamushi”, just to improve his social status and gain respect from a higher Sveta.

A lot of bright works of the comic genre built on the outrageous character of the Artist. These are Khlestakov and Ostap Bender, Jourdain and Figaro, Panikovsky; in children's literature - Carlson, Winnie the Pooh, Dunno; in the cinema - Kozodoev ("The Diamond Hand"), Ivan Vasilyevich and Miloslavsky ("Ivan Vasilyevich is changing his profession"), etc.

In classical dramaturgy (commedia dell'arte), the personality type Artist is represented by Brighell's mask: a cunning, bright, quirky, outrageous servant, aggressively and defiantly pushing his way to success (primarily in love), an intriguer and a bully.

The comic side of the Artist's character consists in constant attention paid to "yourself, beloved" more than to the whole the world. An Artist-type character looks funny when he is obsessed with himself and the impression he makes on others, constantly playing and depicting things that are not always true.

An extreme psychiatric form of manifestation of the personality type Artist: hysteria, when the patient resorts to extreme, inadequate forms of behavior to attract attention to himself (tantrums, scandals, inadequately outrageous image, fights).

Ideal Professions for an Artist: combining intensive communication with the audience and the need for self-presentation - an actor, teacher, tour guide, public relations specialist, TV presenter.

Professions not recommended : analyst, specialist in information-analytical, technological and technical fields - that is, specialties aimed not at society, but at documents (numbers) and involving a minimum of public speaking. In these professions, the Artist begins to get bored, experiencing a lack of human attention, and also risks making serious mistakes due to his own dislike of working with “inanimate objects” and excessive absent-mindedness.

SOCIOLOGIST

The key need is communication.

Sociologist's focus relationships with other people and the level of friendliness in communication.

Behavior and appearance: sociable, positive, optimistic, communicating with people for the sake of communication itself, benevolent, always ready to compromise, flexible, talkative, dynamic, active, talkative, quickly switching to an informal style of communication, delicate and polite, but able to win over very quickly with his unique charm. Likes to look and dress in a way that will please as many people as possible. That is why Sociologists love fur, lace, velvet, silk, accessories, Jewelry and just cute details of the toilet that attract, beckon and dispose people to it.

Target– create and maintain positive relationships with as many people as possible. For the sake of this goal, the Sociologist is ready to sacrifice very, very much, since the friendship and loyalty of those around him are the most important thing in life for him. The desire to save a good relationship with others and making more connections is both an impetus to the development of the Sociologist (he moves up with the help of connections and acquaintances), and the cause of failure (being afraid to quarrel with the enemies of his work, he can ruin a promising project).

The sociologist is comfortable when he feels a positive attitude towards himself around.

The sociologist is uncomfortable when he feels negativity, hostility, hostility from others.

Words Commonly Used by the Sociologist: “We are together ...”, “I am so glad to our communication!”, “Let's come to a compromise”, “We are our own people”, etc.

Friendship, communication, reciprocity, collective, team, mutual assistance, many friends - these are the key values ​​of a person of the Sociologist personality type.

When the Sociologist is Dissatisfied with Something(and this is extremely rare, because Sociologists are optimists by nature), he asks for help, “puts pressure on pity”, appeals to friendly feelings and the conscience of the culprit of the problems. In critical and conflict situations, the Sociologist can behave like a capricious child asking for help, and this role really often helps him solve problem situations.

Strengths of the Sociologist: highly developed social intelligence - almost innate knowledge of who and in what situations to contact, how and with whom to communicate, what approaches to apply to a variety of people to establish contact. Social intelligence, emotionality and intuition always help the Sociologist in difficult situations and help him achieve high goals.

Weaknesses of the Sociologist: an excessive desire to adapt to any person can play a cruel joke with him, leading to a loss of trust on the part of loved ones and acquiring an impartial reputation as a “slippery and unreliable person”. In addition, devoting a lot of effort, time and attention to contacts with people, the Sociologist sometimes does not attach importance to the observance of rules, dogmas, moral principles and other foundations of human stability, which is why he loses the trust of people for whom these foundations are significant.

Famous Sayings of Great Sociologists

Jesus Christ:

"Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth."

“And a man shall cleave to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh; so that they are no longer two, but one flesh.”

“Love your enemies, bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you, and pray for those who mistreat you…”

Philosopher Cicero:

"Without true friendship life is nothing.

“In the world there is nothing better and more pleasant than friendship; excluding friendship from life is like depriving the world of sunlight.

"Neither water nor fire we use as often as friendship."

“Love is the desire to achieve the friendship of one who attracts with his beauty.”

Omar Khayyam:

“And with a friend and an enemy, you must be good!

Who by nature is kind, you will not find malice in him.

Hurt a friend - you make an enemy,

Embrace the enemy - you will find a friend.

Aesop the fabulist:

Gratitude is a sign of nobility of the soul.

Critic and publicist W. Hazlitt:

"We love friends for their shortcomings."

Humanist scientist E. Rotterdam:

"Language is the best medium for establishing friendship and harmony."

Philosopher Confucius:

“For the people, philanthropy is more necessary than fire and water. I saw people die from fire and water, but I did not see anyone die from philanthropy.

“To control oneself so as to respect others as oneself, and to treat them as we would like to be treated, that can be called the doctrine of philanthropy.”

Poet M. Virgil:

“Love conquers everything, and we will submit to its power.”

Playwright B. Shaw:

“Love is too great a feeling to be only a personal, intimate matter for everyone!”

Examples of Sociologist Personality Types

Manilov (Gogol N.V. "Dead Souls")- positive, friendly, mannered and courteous - to the point of self-abasement. Uses diminutive words. Kisses everyone. Any dialogue with him is built on mutual compliments and helpfulness. The main things for Manilov are relationships with other people and gaining friendship with them.

Olga Semyonovna (Chekhov A.P. "Darling"), ready with all my heart to establish the warmest and most positive relations with the most different people(in this case, mostly men), gentle, affectionate and courteous.

Vasily Terkin (Tvardovsky A. "Vasily Terkin"), who with his sociability, optimism and cheerful, "unsinkable" energy, he helped his comrades survive in the most severe moments of being in the war, and even at the moment of his own death he retained his cheerfulness and optimism.

Heroes of the plays by Lope de Vega: cheerful and efficient servants of their masters who find compromises, woo their masters, connecting them with their loved ones, help them get out of difficult situations thanks to social flexibility, sociability, goodwill and well-developed social intelligence.

AT fiction, dramaturgy personality type A sociologist is most often a supporting character (a friend of the protagonist, a representative of society), striving to reach a compromise in everything, to reconcile the warring parties.

In classical dramaturgy (commedia dell'arte) personality type The sociologist is represented by the Harlequin mask: direct, sociable, ingenuous, lover of women, sincerely talking about his failures.

Extreme psychiatric form of manifestation of personality type Sociologist: clinical euphoria, when the patient is inclined to the idea of ​​universal love and sectarianism, including religious ones.

Professions in which a Sociologist personality type person will be successful: those whose purpose is to establish and maintain positive social connections: teacher, therapist, kindergarten teacher, event organizer, psychologist, human resources specialist in organizations, salesperson, merchandiser, public relations specialist, middle manager.

Professions not recommended: professions in the documentation and legal, accounting and computing fields. Sociologists are usually very superficial, do not like to delve into details, often digress from documents, which can lead to irreparable mistakes. The high emotionality of Sociologists makes it difficult for them to maintain the composure and discipline that are necessary in professions related to document management and calculations.

PARTICIPANT

The key need is not to be rejected, but accepted by human society.

Two phase emotional state- manic and depressive - characteristic a person of type Participant. AT manic phase The participant suddenly takes off, sets himself the most unattainable goals and hurries to realize them at any cost. Following the manic phase, a depressive phase occurs, when a person decides that no one needs him, and falls into a depressive, depressed state. In a depressed state, the Participant is indifferent to everything that happens around, mopes, looks painful, suffers and worries. Interestingly, being in a depressed state, the Participant does not want to get out of it at all, giving the impression of an emotional masochist: he tries to enjoy the feeling of loneliness, finding philosophical and existential insight in it. Expressive works of art created by a talented Participant can be the result of such an insight, if there is an appropriate level of giftedness.

Target – understand your degree of loneliness; depending on the mood, make sure and prove to yourself that he was either “left alone again, useless and uninteresting”, or still not forgotten and involved in the general process. This goal is the source of both life successes and failures of the Participant. The desire to escape from loneliness stimulates the Participant to do successful career. In addition, in a depressed state, a Participant's personality type may aggravate creative sensitivity, as a result of which he creates unique works of art (there are many great artists, poets and musicians among the Participants). On the other hand, the manic phase of the Participant's mood can lead to devastating effects.

Behavior and appearance: prevailing pessimism (periodically manifested in heavy irony), sharp mood swings from extreme sadness and depression to active enthusiasm and a thirst for activity. The participant is often invisible, inconspicuous, merging with environment without standing out from other people. Somewhat nervous, impetuous, sometimes abrupt in movements and judgments. From the outside, the Participant seems to be a very sensitive, vulnerable and neurotic person. He is often a heavy smoker with a hoarse quiet voice, cold hands, frequent coughs, a tendency to spleen and regular colds. He dresses inconspicuously and inconspicuously, prefers dark colors. Often chooses black for clothes.

In the manic phase:

– The participant is satisfied when society did not reject him, but accepted him, involved him in his affairs and tasks;

– The participant is unhappy when society rejected him, ignoring and not paying attention to him, leaving him alone. Here as a reaction and a form of defense the depressive phase.

In the depressive phase, everything happens the other way around:

– The participant is satisfied when society rejects it. It was then that he, like in a warm, viscous swamp, plunges into his feeling of loneliness. In this state he suffers and creates;

– The participant is unhappy when society tries to break his loneliness, to accept and involve him in its social process. "Let me suffer!" - then the real Participant is ready to exclaim. That is why it is extremely difficult to get a person out of a state of depression.

Words frequently used by the Participant: “You won’t understand me anyway”, “Everything is useless!”, “I don’t need anyone”, “I don’t need anything from you”, “I’m not interested in anything in this life”, and other words and expressions that detect depressive participant state phase.

The most important thing for a person of this type– determine the degree of your loneliness and experience deep, strong feelings. This tendency can be called "sensual alcoholism." Members like to invent reasons for themselves. for suffering. Hence - the emergence of overvalued ideas about the need to save humanity or raise the culture of the country. Unrequited love and suffering from it for many years without confessions and attempts to somehow translate it into real life- typical manifestations of the personality type Participant.

When a participant is dissatisfied with something he falls into a depressed state. Manifestations range from complete bodily petrification to silent tears.

Examples of People with a Personality Type Member. The participant's personality type underlies traditional ideas about the Russian character, in which a combination of unrestrained fun and classic Russian melancholy lead the "Russian hero" to unexpected philosophical insights and existential discoveries. The tendency to longing and despondency is traditionally associated with the depth and unpredictability of character, which is usually attributed to the Participant personality type.

Famous sayings of great Participants

Poet J. G. Byron:

“When alone, a person often feels less lonely.”

"Drying one tear is more valor than shedding a sea of ​​blood."

“If Laura were Petrarch’s wife, would he write sonnets to her all his life?”

"If we were to call all things by their real names, Caesar himself would be ashamed of his glory."

"Of all the paths that lead to a woman's heart, pity is the shortest."

Writer-philosopher P. Coelho:

“I heal wounds! Time said...

- I'm chained to the ground! Prejudice replied...

- I cover! Happiness replied...

- And I hurt, lift to heaven, and then throw to the ground! - Love smiled slyly.

"The future is revealed to man for one reason only: if what is destined to be changed."

Writer J. Sand:

“A lonely person is only a shadow of a person, and whoever is not loved is lonely everywhere and among all.”

Public figure S. Chamfort:

“We are happier in solitude than in society. And is it not because alone with ourselves we think about inanimate objects, but among people - about people?

Writer A. S. Green:

“Loneliness is a cursed thing! That's what can kill a man."

Philosopher A. Camus:

“The misfortune of the artist is that he lives not quite in a monastery, and not quite in the world, and he is tormented by the temptations of both lives.”

Sculptor, painter and poet Michelangelo:

"Art is jealous: it requires a person to give himself entirely to it."

The founder of scientific materialism K. Marx:

"To be sensual is to be suffering."

In classical literature, the Participant type comprehensively presented in all the plays of A.P. Chekhov. "Uncle Ivan", " The Cherry Orchard”, “Ivanov”, “Three sisters” from the first to last page filled with characteristic characters who can be called Participants. In these works, suffering representatives of the Russian intelligentsia and aristocracy reveal to the reader this type of personality from all sides: from depressive (when they fall into self-flagellation and reach suicide) to manic (when they are suddenly imbued with a completely utopian idea like “we will work hard, and then a new , happy life"). A.P. Chekhov very accurately and subtly reflects all the details of the character of the participant’s personality type: doubts, depression, enthusiasm, insights and brilliant spiritual insights.

The work of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows us classic problem representative of the type of personality The participant, who is Raskolnikov: he commits a crime in the manic phase, but in the depressive phase that follows, he faces a number of severe internal conflicts which develop into external conflicts.

In children's stories an example of a classic participant is the donkey Eeyore (Milne A.A. "Winnie the Pooh and All-All-All"), hallmark which was eternal whining and depressive complaints about life.

In classical drama personality type The participant is represented by the character Pierrot: the eternal "loser", sad, lonely and misunderstood by anyone, sad and always in love unrequitedly.

Tragedy - here is a theatrical genre where the participant's personality type becomes the central character. Only such typical representatives of this type of personality as Hamlet, King Lear, and other deeply tragic heroes of W. Shakespeare are able to reflect the tragic rethinking of being in the air of the era and the inevitability of a fatal death.

Extreme psychiatric manifestation of personality type Participant: manic-depressive psychosis, when both the manic and depressive phases are exacerbated to a pathological level and threaten with socially dangerous actions (violence) or deep depression up to suicide.

Professions in which a person of personality type Participant will be successful: artist, musician, composer, writer, poet, as well as a specialist in any intellectual and spiritual direction, associated with creativity and search.

Professions not recommended: requiring leadership and organizational potential and high responsibility for the result - managers high level, specialists whose work takes place in stressful conditions, situations of risk and the need to make decisions quickly, as well as specialists who are at risk of receiving a negative charge from others - actors, sellers. Being extremely sensitive and vulnerable, Participants often fail to cope with such professional tasks as managing and resolving conflict situations. Participants struggle to take responsibility and show initiative. Due to frequent mood swings, it is difficult for them to bring the matter to the end.

INTELLECTUAL

The key need is knowledge.

Target – get to the bottom of the truth find answers to interesting intellectual questions, solve an interesting problem. The difficulty of the task often does not frighten, but attracts and activates the Intellectual. In achieving his intellectual goals, he is always stubborn and, sometimes, apart from these tasks, he is not interested in anything and does not notice anything.

Behavior and appearance: quiet, laconic, often withdrawn, abiding in his own thoughts. The movements are rather slow. Gestures are sparse or absent. Often shackled, enslaved, awkward. Likes to ask questions. It gives the impression of a person "not of this world." He is dressed discreetly, but at the same time he always stands out from the society with emphasized unsociableness and closeness. The intellectual creates the feeling that he opposes himself to society, as if hinting at what he knows and understands the most. By this, the Intellectual can cause a negative reaction of the interlocutors and, as a result, the aggravation of social conflicts.

Intellectual type specifics: strong side - thinking and problem solving, weak side - everything related to communication and society.

Famous Sayings of Great Intellectuals

Poet, writer and translator B. L. Pasternak:

“But the fact of the matter is that for centuries man has been raised above the animals and carried up not by a stick, but by music: the irresistibility of unarmed truth, the attractiveness of its example.”

"Consciousness is a poison, a means of self-poisoning for the subject who uses it on himself."

Poet-philosopher R. M. Rilke:

"Any simple problem can be made unsolvable if enough meetings are held on it."

Philosopher J. Bruno:

“The peculiarity of a living mind is that it only needs to see and hear a little so that it can then think for a long time and understand a lot.”

“Usually those who lack understanding think they know more, and those who are completely devoid of mind think they know everything.”

Philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus:

"Everything flows, everything changes".

“Trust in unreasonable sensations is the property of coarse souls.”

"Out of diversity comes perfect harmony."

"Multiple knowledge does not teach the mind."

Philosopher-mathematician Pythagoras:

"Investigate everything, give reason the first place."

“To reason alone, as a wise guardian, should be entrusted with all life.”

Writer N. V. Gogol:

“Reason is an incomparably higher ability, but it is acquired only by victory over passions.”

"You have to be honest with words."

“Through suffering and grief, we are destined to obtain grains of wisdom that cannot be acquired in books.”

“The higher the truths, the more careful you need to be with them: otherwise they will suddenly turn into commonplaces, and common places no longer believe."

“No matter how stupid the words of a fool are, sometimes they are enough to confuse an intelligent person.”

Philosopher Cicero:

"To live is to think."

Philosopher R. Descartes:

"I think, therefore I am."

Philosopher F. Bacon:

"Knowledge is power, power is knowledge."

Poet O. Khayyam:

“For many years I pondered over earthly life.

There is nothing incomprehensible for me under the moon.

I know that I don't know anything! -

This is the last truth I have discovered."

Philosopher D. Diderot:

“Knowing how things should be characterizes an intelligent person; knowing what things really are characterizes an experienced person; knowing how to change them for the better characterizes a man of genius.”

Intellectuals are more interested in information(sign) rather than live communication with people. Most time the Intellectual spends alone with books, a computer and other sources of specific information. An Intellectual can reduce even communication with people to obtaining specific factual, numerical and detailed information about something that is of intellectual interest to him. People for the Intellectual are not an end in themselves, but only a means of obtaining certain information. The intellectual is interested in deep specialized questions, often not related to specific pragmatic life goals.

The intellectual is pleased when he found an answer to a question that was of interest to him, solved a problem that tormented him, or found an interesting problem that was difficult to solve.

The intellectual is dissatisfied when he is deprived of the opportunity to seek and find answers and solutions, or when life does not set him interesting tasks.

Words frequently used by the Intellectual: “This is interesting!”, “We need to think”, “I analyzed and came to a conclusion”, “Explain why?”, “I want to understand”, etc.

The most important thing for a person of this type– seek and find answers and solutions.

When the Intellectual is dissatisfied with something, he is more often silent, stops communication (if any), leaves the game, tries to get away from the problem. Care options for the Intellectual: physiological care; sleep and mental care; solving new problems, searching for new solutions.

Examples of people of the Intellectual personality type. People who devote their whole lives to intellectual research not for the sake of fame (as an Artist personality type) and not for the sake of communication (as a Sociologist personality type), but to get answers to their questions. There are many scientists, writers, philosophers, spiritual thinkers, developers of intellectual products among the Intellectuals.

In classical literature, the Intellectual type less common than other types. This is due to the social passivity of the Intellectual and, as a result, insufficient artistic expressiveness his character. Characters of this type of personality are found among the heroes of deep philosophical works, the theme of which is the opposition of the depth of the human spirit to superficiality and frivolity. social society. Among such writers are V. Nabokov (an example is Luzhin's Defense; the chess player Luzhin is a strongly manifested type of Intellectual with pathological tendencies), F.M. Dostoevsky ("The Brothers Karamazov", "The Idiot"), A.S. Griboyedov (“Woe from Wit”, where Chatsky is a classic Intellectual, opposed to a superficially corrupt society; as a result of this opposition, Chatsky is recognized as crazy).

An extreme psychiatric form of manifestation of the Intellectual personality type: schizophrenia, when a person, having complicated thinking and having a tendency to inadequate deepening intellectual questions, has serious problems in the field of communication with society, emotions and any interpersonal interactions.

Professions in which an Intellectual personality type will be successful: researcher, scientist, analyst, system development specialist.

PRAGMATIST

The key need is order (observance of order and rules in everything).

Target – set rules for yourself, follow them yourself, and see to it that others follow them. Rules and order for the Pragmatist above all. It is uncomfortable for him to live and work in unpredictability, instability, uncertainty. A pragmatist needs a system, structure, order and rules of work, then he is comfortable. The pragmatist is willing to dig into the details many times, checking and rechecking the information in order to find out if it conforms to the rules.

Behavior and appearance: does not stand out against the background of other people: he is dressed and behaves average. Always gives the impression of a normal, ordinary, adequate, realistic and down to earth person, standing firmly on his feet. Slow, constantly focused on something, observant in relation to details, able to notice the little things and draw global conclusions from them. He enjoys working with details and trifles, checking and rechecking.

Specifics of the Pragmatic type: a person who relies in his life not on abstract constructions (like the Intellectual), but on concrete material values. The main thing for him is stability and order in everything. The weak side of the Pragmatist is that, being successful in a stable and understandable environment, he is completely lost in non-standard situations that require a quick creative reaction. The pragmatist reacts very negatively to everything new, when quick actions “not according to the rules” are needed, when everything needs to be decided not by written contracts, but by personal contacts. The pragmatist experiences difficulties in the creative process when it comes to generating non-standard ideas. A pragmatist is a reliable keeper of an already created system, but not a creator of a new one. The strength of Pragmatik is economic and practical reliability in maintaining the stability of systems and structures. The weak side of the Pragmatist is the fear of changes and new projects, which is why - the low level of his creative potential.

Typical activities of the Pragmatist: maintaining and strengthening the existing system based on established and prescribed rules. Working with details and a lot of small data: verification, reconciliation, the implementation of verification mathematical operations. Detailed provision of the material base for different kind activities.

The pragmatist is happy when he learned the rules, established and maintained order, and made sure that everything was "going according to plan and in accordance with the standards", tasks were clear and understandable.

The pragmatist is unhappy when the system collapses, innovations appear, previously established rules are not observed, the environment is unpredictable, the situation is unstable, the tasks are not clear.

Words Commonly Used by the Pragmatist: “Where do you have this written?”, “Why is this not in accordance with the rules?”, “It is necessary to check everything!”, “This is unreasonable and does not correspond to the generally accepted opinion”, “Where can I find materials on this topic?”, “How much specifically?" etc.

The most important thing for a person of this type- a system of compliance with rules and order.

When the Pragmatist is Dissatisfied with Something, he calls everyone to order, demands the fulfillment of obligations, begins to “dig into” documents and contractual agreements, threatens with administrative and legal measures, is prone to litigation, and is vindictive.

Examples of Pragmatic Personality Types. Law and accounting are the areas where pragmatists are the most, and it is specialists of this type who are the most successful lawyers and accountants. Pragmatists are the people on whom the “material world rests”: it is thanks to their meticulousness and exactingness in trifles that the world maintains stability. Business as a sphere of human activity mostly consists of people of this type.

Famous Sayings of the Great Pragmatists

Commander A. V. Suvorov:

“The vigil of the chief is the best calmness of subordinates. His perspicacity overcomes the unexpected.

"Without virtue there is neither glory nor honor."

"Be sincere with your friends, moderate in your needs and disinterested in your actions."

"The war is over only when the last soldier is buried."

Playwright J.-B. Molière:

"Grammar commands even kings."

"Prudence enlightens, but passion blinds."

“Virtue is powerless to fight slander.”

“Virtue is the first sign of nobility, I give names where less value than deeds."

"A bad life leads to a bad death."

Philosopher Xun Tzu:

“Relying on the laws and also understanding their provisions is the only way to achieve agreement.”

Writer G. Fielding:

“Along with state laws, there are also laws of conscience that make up for the omissions of the legislation.”

Philosopher Cicero:

"Knowledge of the laws does not consist in remembering their words, but in comprehending their meaning."

US President T. Roosevelt:

“There is no man above or below the law; and we must not ask a man's permission to require him to obey the law. Obedience to the law is required by right, and not begged for as a favor.

Poet Ovid:

“Laws are given for this, to curtail the power of the strongest.”

Writer S. Zweig:

“Only the full truth is good. A half-truth is worth nothing."

In classical literature, the Pragmatic type over time, changes its location from a character of the third plan in the literature of the 19th century (merchants, owners of houses, holders of commercial establishments, like Famusov in A. S. Griboyedov’s Woe from Wit) to the main character of modern literary works, which is connected with the growing pragmatization and commercialization of our society. The beginning of this trend can be traced back to A.P. Chekhov in the work "The Cherry Orchard", which clearly reflects the image of Lopakhin - a wealthy clerk who allowed himself to buy the estate of his impoverished masters, because he had the appropriate in cash. All modern literature and cinema quite clearly demonstrate a new commercialized system of values, where material gain and compliance with commercial agreements, leaving far behind love, friendship and honor (lyrical-romantic values ​​of personality types such as Artist, Sociologist and Participant).

Even the heroes of modern children's cartoons are mostly Pragmatists: Shrek, Uncle Scrooge from DuckTales, even Russian heroes folk tales in a modern interpretation (“Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin the Serpent”), they reveal very charming and not devoid of immediate humor features of quick-and-dirty material pragmatism.

In dramaturgy Pragmatists are often used in tragedies - like a punishing finger (Claudius in Hamlet), in comedies - as amusing greedy hoarders who, trying to follow the rules, are deceived by clever rogues. A typical example is Ippolit Matveyevich Vorobyaninov in the work "The Twelve Chairs" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov.

At the commedia dell'arte The Pragmatic personality type is represented by the masks of Pantalone and the Doctor, which depict law-abiding citizens seeking pleasure, but because of the fear of breaking the rules and the awkwardness of being always deceived by the dodgers Brighella and Harlequin.

An extreme psychiatric form of manifestation of the Pragmatic personality type: epileptoid syndrome, characterized by long-term "stuck" in the details and rules and the desire to expose those who "do not live by the rules" and "does not correspond to traditions."

Professions in which a person of the Pragmatic personality type will be successful: lawyer, accountant, merchandiser, marketing analyst.

Professions not recommended: requiring a creative approach, associated with behavior in non-standard situations and implying a wide variety of contacts, without stability and following the same rules.

CONTROLLER

The key need is control and power.

Target – protect yourself through control, have all the information, manage the situation always and under any circumstances. The controller is afraid of losing control of the situation, not getting information or being defeated by someone. The controller always consciously or subconsciously not only opposes himself to the world around him, but also puts himself above all other people, believing that, due to some kind of privilege, he has the right to access special - exclusive - information, control over all people and manage all processes. Influence and power are the objects of the Controller's most ardent desire.

Behavior and appearance: Controllers in a conversation often take on the mysterious appearance of conspirators, they can deliberately lower their voices, exchanging " classified information". The Controller prefers clothes and accessories exactly those that are a sign of power and status: expensive items of elite and status brands, jewelry, which are distinguished by special luxury and wealth. Controllers wear jewelry and accessories not so much to decorate themselves as to protect themselves. Protection for the Controller is both a prestigious accessory (“You can’t touch me, I’m rich and powerful”), and a specific talisman, a charm made on the basis of occult knowledge. Controllers, like no other type of personality, often wear talismans and charms around their necks, arms, wrists, or simply sewn into the lining of their clothes. In relation to most people, they behave coolly, stiffly, emphasizing their own elitism and maintaining a distance. Close and truly friendly communication is rare for Controllers: they usually maintain it with one or two people from their inner circle, preferring the most useful to themselves and closed to the rest of society. Outwardly they are cold, closed, secretive, at times they portray increased courtesy to the interlocutors (so as not to arouse suspicion).

Specifics of type Controller:strengths Controller - the ability to achieve a goal, patience, the ability to wait, excellent political skills, strategic thinking, the ability to develop successful strategic plans and anticipate results, the ability to convince people by influencing them (sometimes suggestively), purposefulness. Weaknesses of the Controller: arrogance (which puts serious socio-psychological restrictions), obsession with a certain idea without trying to look at it from other sides and rethink it, strong concentration on issues of one's own security, reliability of information, one's own power and status. If the strengths help the Controller achieve very high success in developing his own career, then weak sides, on the contrary, hinder his achievement of success, sometimes leading to what the Controller most fears - loss of control over the situation and complete impotence.

Typical activity of the Controller: creating a system and structure of power, inventing a new order and controlling information for the purpose of their own security and control over the situation.

The controller is happy when he is in full command of the information and in control of the situation.

The controller is unhappy when he does not have complete information and the situation gets out of control.

Words frequently used by the Controller: Controllers like to ask questions and don't like to answer them. Their phrases and expressions: “There is important information”, “Why didn’t you inform me?”, “You need to be alert!”, “Keep me informed!”, “I have a few questions for you”, “Who are you responsible for this?”, “Why didn’t you inform me in a timely manner?” etc.

When the controller is unhappy with something, he is very offended by specific individuals and demands their punishment up to serious reprisals. The controller has a tendency to always look for someone to blame, even when they don't want to. The specificity of this type of personality lies in the fact that he is always convinced that there is some kind of “conspiracy”, “intrigues of enemies” and “the presence of opposition”.

Chapter 7 SIX HATS - SIX MASKS, SIX COLORS What hat we put on ourselves, such a thought we will generate in it Each of the six mental hats has its own color: white, red, black, yellow, green, blue. The color of the hat determines its name. I could designate different types

Hans Eysenck: Personality Type Theory Eysenck agrees with Cattell that the goal of psychology is to predict behavior. He also shares Cattell's commitment to factor analysis as a way to capture the whole picture of personality. However, Eysenck uses