The Urals are the "stone belt" of Russia. Development of the Middle Urals

It was then that the Stroganovs finally understood: peace will come to their lands only when they establish themselves beyond the Stone. They decided to ask the tsar for permission to own the lands near the Ob - and received it in 1574. So the Stroganovs wanted to solve all their problems - and even with a lot of welding. But in order to accomplish the plan, strength is needed. And there is nothing unusual in the fact that they decided to call the defenders from afar. It must be remembered that in 1578 the twenty-year period of exemption from taxes expired, which was granted to the Stroganovs and the people who settled on their lands in 1558. Starting in 1578, there began an outflow of mobile workers, especially men who did not want to pay the taxes presented to them. With whom did Stroganov have to go to fight the Tatars?! So from this side, both historical logic and the actual outline of events are correlated.
What confuses those who disagree with the version of this chronicle? Stroganov's participation is too prominent there. Up to that - how much, and how, and to whom Maxim gave, and how he selected guides, and so on and so forth.
In addition, there was no reason for them, according to some, to keep a horde (at least 500 people) of armed idlers for two whole years. The Stroganovs were not such fools to first invite people, and then figure out what to do with them. They probably would have immediately prepared and bought food for them, rather than wasting money on feeding them for two years.
In the summer of 1581 on...

1) Determine the features from the atlas maps geographical location Ural.

The Urals stretch meridionally from the coast of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan, the boundary between Europe and Asia.

2) What subjects of the Federation are included in this natural region.

Arkhangelsk region, Komi Republic, Tyumen region, Perm region, Sverdlovsk region, Republic of Bashkortostan, Orenburg region.

Questions in a paragraph

*remember from initial course physical geography, to which group but height can be attributed Ural mountains.

The Ural Mountains are medium-altitude mountains.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

1. Independently characterize the specifics of the geographical location of the Urals.

Ural - Mountain country, stretching from the coast of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan, the border between Europe and Asia. She crosses five natural areas Northern Eurasia - tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, forest-steppe and steppe. The Urals has long been considered the border between two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The border is drawn along the axial part of the mountains, and in the southeast along the Ural River.

3. Tell us about the history of the development and study of the Urals

The ancient inhabitants of the Urals were Bashkirs, Udmurts, Komi-Permyaks, Khanty (Ostyaks), Mansi (formerly Voguls), local Tatars. Their main occupations were agriculture, hunting, fishing, cattle breeding and beekeeping. Communication between indigenous peoples and Russians goes back centuries. Even in the XI century. Novgorodians paved the water route to the Urals and Siberia. They founded their first settlements in the Urals in the upper reaches of the Kama; fur riches attracted them here.

In 1430, the first industrial enterprise was created in the Urals: townspeople, merchants Kalinnikovs, founded the village of Sol-Kamskaya (modern Solikamsk) and laid the foundation for the salt industry. In 1471, the Novgorod lands were annexed to the Muscovite state. Great Perm with the main city of Cherdyn also passed under his authority.

After the conquest of the Kazan Khanate (1552), the number of Russian settlers in the Urals increased greatly. In the second half of the XVI century. the vast land areas of the Kama region were captured by the Stroganovs of Solvychegodsk industrialists. They were engaged in salt production and various crafts, later - in mining.

With the development and settlement of the territory of the region by Russians, information about its riches gradually accumulated. The first "geologists" of the Urals were natives of the people - miners. The first information about finds of valuable ores and minerals dates back to the 17th century. At the same time they began to mine iron ore and smelt iron.

Samples sent to Moscow in 1696 by the governor of Verkhoturye iron ore from the Neiva River were tested by the Tula gunsmith Nikita Demidovich Antufiev, and they showed that the Ural ore "is melted with profit and the iron obtained from it in weapons is no worse than the Svean one." After that, in 1699. construction of the state-owned Nevyansk iron-smelting and iron-working plant began. From the very first iron received, Nikita Antufiev made several excellent guns, presented them to Peter I and asked that the Nevyansk plant be transferred to his jurisdiction. The certificate for the ownership of the plant was issued by the tsar in the name of Nikita Demidov. From that time on, he and his descendants bore this surname. So the era of the Demidovs began in the Urals.

The 18th century is the century of the development of the mining industry in the Urals. The geographer V. N. Tatishchev was engaged in the study of the natural resources of the Ural Mountains and their description at that time. He justified the need to build a large industrial center of the Urals and chose a place for it. So Yekaterinburg was founded.

Geological research of the Urals was actively carried out in the 19th century. A. P. Karpinsky, I. V. Mushketov, E. S. Fedorov. The mining industry of the Urals was studied and improved by the famous scientist D. I. Mendeleev. Why has the Urals been assigned (and is assigned) such a big role in the life of the country? Why exactly this region, and no other, received such high rank: "The supporting edge of the state, its earner and blacksmith"? The answers to these questions go back a long way.

Goodness, justice, honesty, Love for one's Motherland is taught by a Russian folk tale.

From legends, legends (folklore stories) we learn about life that has become history. In them, real information can be combined with fictional representations. Their content is always a true story, but a story that has passed from generation to generation, from century to century, often bears the stamp of a fairy tale.

In my work, I tried to rely on ancient legends, on famous historical monuments in the vicinity of Nizhny Tagil: Gorbunovsky peat bog, a parking lot near Mount Medved Kamen, a parking ancient man on the bank of the Chernoistochinsky pond to study the history of the formation of the peoples of the Middle Urals.

1. Ural in ancient legends.

Tales from antiquity about northern lands- The Urals and Siberia belong to that distant time when this area was very little known.

According to the testimony of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (V century BC), who widely uses myths and legends,. at the foot of high mountains live people born bald, flat-nosed, with oblong chins, having their own special language. And what is higher than this people - no one knows. The path is blocked by high mountains, no one can cross them. The bastards tell. as if people with goat's feet live on the mountains, and behind them - others who sleep for six months of the year. There is reason to believe that the Ural lands were the object of this information.

Information from ancient legends mentions one-eyed and one-legged people living there. Very curious information is contained in a handwritten Russian article of the 15th century “On the unknown people on the eastern side and on the tongues of the different”, it continues ancient tradition legendary tales of little-known peoples and lands in the northern part of the world:. up to the navel, people are hairy to the bottom, and from the navel up - like other people. and if they eat, and they crumble meat and fish and put them under caps or under a hat, and how they start eating, and they move their shoulders up and down. live in the earth. walk through the dungeon. day and night with lights.

Such are the inhabitants of the Northern Urals and the Trans-Urals in medieval legends. So, the plot about people dying for the winter (i.e. falling asleep) is connected with the fact that in winter the northern peoples hid in yurts and communicated through passages dug under the snow. The excavations of the new time confirmed this at a depth of a meter, and were connected by tunnel-type passages. The motif of the unusual, even monstrous appearance of people, (shaggy, hairy) is an impression of the characteristic fur clothing of the northern inhabitants.

Legends about dying and resurrecting nature "attached" to the Urals and Trans-Urals. The period of falling asleep is also definitely indicated: from November 27 to April 24 (i.e., the winter period).

In the legend of silent barter, furs are the products of exchange. These realities give the story a Ural-Siberian flavor, which is also felt in another legendary story - about "young squirrels" and "small deer" falling out of the clouds to the ground.

Novgorodians, visiting the Northern Urals and the Trans-Urals and leaving from there with rich furs, willingly told the legend, traditional for northern peoples, about squirrels falling from the sky. There were many stories about the golden wealth of a little-known land in which “the gods are made of pure gold.

In folk ideas, the image of the Ural land was formed, amazingly rich, but it is difficult to reach it because of natural barriers. In the story of Ugra to Novgorodians (XI century):. there are mountains, resting on the bow of the sea, as high as the sky. The path to those mountains is impassable due to abysses, snow and forests, and therefore we never reach them.

Legends are firmly and faithfully attached to our area, to specific hills, rivers, caves. The indigenous inhabitants could not imagine themselves without unity with the mountains, a formidable natural reality. The description of the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals is connected with this.

Having studied the description of ancient people, I found out that we could live: Khanty, Mansi, Finno-Ugric peoples, Bashkirs, Tatars.

This is a picture of the initial settlement of the territory of the Middle Urals using legends.

2. The first person in the Urals.

The first area covered by the mass migration of Russian people to the East was the Urals, stretching like a stone belt from the icy Arctic Ocean. The Urals, with a stone belt, intercepts present-day Russia in the middle, but in ancient times it was new territory Russian state. Impenetrable and gloomy forests filled everything around. The palmate branches of firs and firs do not allow light to penetrate to the ground, and at the very bottom a person cannot cut through a windbreak even with an ax, and it is almost impossible to get to the Ural fabulous wealth. But here people have an ally - the blue ribbons of numerous rivers and their tributaries. Resettlement to the Urals began with the development of the vast Kama River and its tributaries.

In deep, hoary antiquity, when man had just escaped from the bosom of nature and began to actively colonize our planet, the first Neanderthals came to the Urals. It happened about 75,000 years ago. They came mainly from Central Asia and the Caucasus and populated the territories of the Middle and Southern Urals. These territories were free from the glacier, which reached what is now Solikamsk. These first people left us burial grounds, tools.

Neanderthal man - fossil species late people who lived 300 - 24 thousand years ago.

Neanderthals had an average height (about 165 cm) and a massive physique. In terms of the volume of the cranium, they even surpassed modern people. They were distinguished by powerful brow ridges, protruding wide nose and a very small chin. There are suggestions that they could be red and pale-faced.

The Neanderthal man was undoubtedly part of the human race. At first he was depicted as half-bent, silly in appearance, hairy and similar to a monkey. It is now known that this erroneous reconstruction was based on a fossil skeleton that had been severely deformed by disease. Many fossils of Neanderthals have been found, confirming that they were not very different from modern humans. The structure of the vocal apparatus and the brain of Neanderthals allows us to conclude that they could speak.

However, over the course of many thousands of years, the Neanderthals gradually died out, and Homo Sapiens (reasonable man) took their place. Their most distinct traces were found by archaeologists in the Mesolithic layer 15-6 thousand years ago (Berezovskaya, Kama-Zhulanovskaya, Ogurdinskaya, etc. sites).

Currently, tens of thousands of monuments are known in the Urals, which tell about the distant past of our region. One of these monuments is the Gorbunovsky peat bog, a peat bog near the village of Gorbunovo, near Nizhny Tagil, where the remains of 8 Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements of different times (3 thousand BC - 10 - 9 centuries BC) were discovered and explored .).

Archaeologists discovered a swamp settlement: these are the remains of wooden houses with adobe floors and a light birch bark roof. Parts of residential buildings have been preserved in the form of wooden decks, on which many household items have been found: fragments of pottery, tools made of wood and stone, floats and weights for nets, flint arrowheads, bone harpoons, hoe tips made of horn, wonderful wood products - vessels in the form of figures of an elk and a waterfowl, idols, oars, a boomerang, etc. These are dishes made of wood that existed in the 3rd millennium BC. Crockery used in bronze age. Her arms are shaped like heads. waterfowl. In addition to wood, many products made of birch bark, as well as clay were found. The finds indicate that the main occupations of the population were fishing, hunting and, possibly, agriculture.

Probably, it was this first population of people of the modern anthropological type that became the ancestor of many tribes, and then peoples, the local population.

The location of natural waterways - rivers and determined the places of settlement of the first inhabitants of the Ural Territory. By the VIII - IX centuries. n. e. its indigenous population were Khanty and Mansi, as well as Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts and Bashkirs, the first and legitimate owners of the Ural lands, their natural resources, which were not immediately revealed to people.

The Middle Urals were populated from the north. southeastern part Trans-Urals - places located along the rivers Lozva, Vyya, Tagil, Mugai, Neiva, Rezha, Pyshma, as a result of complex migration processes, gradually settled Mansi, or Voguls, descendants of the ancient Finno-Ugric tribes. To the south-west of them, in the upper reaches of the Chusovaya and its tributary, the Sylva, the Ugrians, related to the Voguls, settled. Russians began to call them Ostyaks Until the 17th century, the indigenous population of the Tagil region was a people who called themselves Mansi (the Russians called them Voguls). His language is part of the Finno-Yugorsk group of the Uralic language family. Mansi - semi-sedentary hunters, fishermen, reindeer herders. The main dwellings for them were the yurt and the chum.

Mansi has a special relationship with the owner of the forest - the bear. Since ancient times, they have performed a special ceremony of worshiping this beast - a bear festival. A dead bear was skinned with its head and paws and taken home. In the evening, to the sounds of the sangyltapa instrument, a holiday began, which lasted five nights if a bear was caught, four if a bear, two or three if a bear cub. People sang sacred "bear" songs, told stories, danced, participated in dramatic performances, after which they began to ritually eat bear meat.

Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. Their dwellings of wooden log cabins with adobe floors resembled Russian huts. On the economic activity, the material and spiritual culture of these peoples was significantly influenced by communication with neighbors - Russian peasants in the west and Tatar settlers in the southeast.

The Bashkirs, owning a rather large territory, did not, however, become farmers. The settlements of the ancient Bashkirs consisted of light dwellings such as yurts and were scattered over a vast territory. Continuing their nomadic way of life, they leased empty lands to Russian peasants, who began to settle in the Southern Urals from the 16th century.

3. Russian penetration into the Urals.

The first stage of the development of the Ural lands by Russians begins in the 1st millennium AD. e. campaigns of Russian troops in the Urals and spontaneous peasant migrations, and ends with the entry of the peoples of the Western Urals (Komi-Permyaks and most of the Udmurts) into the Russian state.

Russian interest in the Urals was caused by the natural wealth of the region, mainly furs. In addition, the imagination of people was fueled by the myths and legends that reached them about the innumerable natural riches of the eastern lands, about "squirrels falling directly from the clouds," about "vultures guarding gold."

First, the Novgorodians decided to try their luck. Back in the 12th century, they were the first Europeans to penetrate beyond the Urals: they organized a military campaign to the north - in order to get expensive furs - "junk" and collect tribute from the "Ugra" - Finno-Ugric tribes. Several times the Novgorodians undertook campaigns "for the Stone" and later - in the XII, XIV centuries.

As a result of these campaigns, the northern Ural lands fell into tributary dependence on Novgorod and began to be called its volosts.

The struggle of the Moscow principality for Novgorod volosts was part of the struggle for the creation of a Russian centralized state. The Ural lands were needed as a springboard to fight the Cossacks and the Siberian Khanate and to replenish the treasury by collecting tribute.

The Moscow principality strengthened its influence in the northeastern lands through the introduction of the Christian church. Church colonization began under Bishop Stephen, who in 1383 was appointed metropolitan of Moscow to Perm Vychegodskaya. Thanks to the missionary activity of Stephen, the richest land of the Vychegda Komi lands was annexed to Moscow at the end of the 14th century.

At the beginning of the 15th century, the first Russian settlements appeared in the region, founded by Moscow proteges.

In 1462, the Moscow army made a campaign from Ustyug to the Vyatka land and to Great Perm in order to strengthen Moscow's positions in the Vyatka land, annexing the Upper Kama region.

In the second half of the 15th century, the Russian state struggled with the Kazan Khanate. In 1468, the Tatar army was damaged.

At the end of the 15th century, the lands of the Udmurts were annexed to the Russian state.

In the spring of 1500, the difficult and victorious campaign of joining the Moscow possessions of the land from Pechora to the Ob ended.

Thus, to early XVI century, the whole of Perm the Great became part of the Russian state. The first Russian settlements - the towns of Anfalovsky, Pokcha, Cherdyn, Usolye Kamskoye became the centers of management and economic development by the Russians of the Western Urals and defense fortresses.

The Ural tribes, even in the era of primitiveness, began to create their own unique culture. Closely associated with the harsh and beautiful Ural nature the culture of the peoples of the Urals reflected their perception of the surrounding world, spirituality and religious beliefs, served as a support for morality, love and deep respect for their native land.

Over time, the Russian people themselves mastered the difficult craft of hunting. The settlers, having settled down on the Ural spurs, hunted beaver and sable. People went to the taiga to deserted and empty lands with one single goal - to stay here to live, seriously and for a long time. Settlers made their way to the northern Urals along the waterways. Another way to the new uninhabited lands went along the Northern Dvina, Vychegda, Izhma, but again came to the upper reaches of the Kama River.

The natural wealth of the Urals and their distribution determined not only the population, but also the occupation of the settlers. The main factors were climate and soil. In the north of the Urals, many small settlements appeared, and in the south, in the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals, large settlements appeared, the income of which was Agriculture. Centuries passed, settlements grew stronger and developed.

People who were settlers centuries ago became the indigenous inhabitants of these places. The development of technology has reached the development of countless treasures lying in the Ural subsoil. From artisanal and unorganized mining precious stones, people switched to iron ore mining. In those distant years, ore was also mined by handicrafts, but this was enough to make steelworks smoke in the Ural taiga. In addition to ore, there was a myriad of wood and water at hand. That's right, many centuries ago Middle Ural turned into a mining and industrial center.

A special, unparalleled relationship developed between the indigenous peoples of the Urals and the Russian pioneers. Simple people they came to the Urals not to conquer, not to subjugate someone, but to live side by side in harmony and peace, manage, raise children, improve their lot. From the very beginning of the appearance of Russian settlers in the Urals, they entered into the closest interactions with the natives: economic, domestic, cultural. There was a rapprochement and interpenetration of different cultures and civilizations. Peasants, merchants, artisans, merchants, entrepreneurs were ready to invest their energy, ingenuity and just strength in a new business.

The Ural land was raised to life by their physical and spiritual energy, watered by their sweat, built up by their hands. It was they who uprooted the impenetrable taiga jungle, built mines, factories, mines, cities and settlements, laid roads. The settlement and development of the Urals by Russians is a great labor feat of the masses of Russia.

The Urals did not become a colony, but turned into an inseparable constituent part Russian state, its economy and culture. Favorable conditions were created for the use of the vast natural resources of this region, which turned into a "supporting edge of the state", one of its main industrial regions.

From 1904 to 1926 the population more than doubled. Moreover, the list of nationalities living in the Ural region has significantly expanded. According to the 1926 census, representatives of more than 70 peoples were taken into account, including Tatars made up 2.85% of the total population, Bashkirs - 0.87%, Mari - 0.28%, Udmurts - 0.2%, etc. In comparison with 1908, the number of Tatars increased significantly and, on the contrary, the number of Bashkirs decreased.

In 1998, during the census, in Sverdlovsk region there were 120 nationalities, in 2002 the census showed already 140 nationalities.

The largest diaspora in the Sverdlovsk region is Russians (4 million people), followed by Tatars (about 150 thousand people), Ukrainians (55 thousand people), Mari, Udmurts (from 15 to 30 thousand people), and a friend

We see a great diversity of the indigenous peoples of the Urals. All of them left their traces in the history of the development and development of the Ural lands.

Today, our city of Nizhny Tagil, like any other, is multinational. All the nationalities and nationalities inhabiting it live as a big united friendly family. We Tagil people are Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Maris, Tatars, Udmurts, Bashkirs, and other nationalities - part of a great family called Russia.

Ural in15th century

In the XIII century. as a result Mongol invasion the Volga Bulgaria and specific Russian principalities were defeated. The refugees went to the Permian land, where impenetrable taiga forests and swamps prevailed.

Since 1451, his relatives along the Vereya line, Ermolichs, became the deputies of the Grand Duke of Moscow, although most of modern researchers attribute them to the local Komi-Permyak princes. In 1472, using the conflict between Moscow merchants and Permians, Ivan III sent an army to the Perm Territory, headed by the Moscow governor, Prince F. Motley, who subordinated the territory to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1505, the Great Perm Principality was headed by the governor - Prince V.A. Carpet, which became the first from the Russian princes. The construction of cities began, the distribution of temporary benefits from the payment of tribute and duties.

The main occupations are hunting and fishing, along the rivers Kama and Chusovaya - arable farming. The Nikon Chronicle reports four settlements- princely residences: Iskor, Uros, Pokche and Cherdyn, located on Kolva.

Development of the Urals in the first half16th century

Until the middle of the XVI century. on the territory of the Kama region, a difficult situation remained, the population was subjected to attacks from the south and east. In 1506, the Siberian Tatars under the leadership of Kuluk Saltan attacked the Upper Kama region, in 1521 - the people of the Petsh prince attacked the Great Perm, in 1539 - 1540. Kazan Tatars ravaged the lands of Vyatka and the upper Kama. All this slowed down the colonization of the Urals. Nevertheless, the governing bodies and their administrative division are gradually taking shape here. Perm Velikaya was divided into the Upper and Lower lands, which in turn were divided into rural districts headed by churchyards. Administrative and judicial functions were in the hands of the governors, who received statutory letters.

In 1530, the first population census took place in Perm the Great. The unit of taxation - "bow" - is an adult male hunter who annually paid two squirrels or two or three money.

The settlement of the Urals in the second half16th century

In the second half of the XVI century. intensive development of the outskirts of the Russian state begins. This was facilitated by the annexation of new territories and peoples who had previously attacked the Russian population. In 1555, the Siberian Khanate asked Russia to accept him into Russian citizenship with the payment of tribute in furs. In 1555 - 1556. most of Bashkiria became part of the Russian state, in 1557 the Kama Udmurts did the same. In 1563, the Nogai Horde also recognized the tributary dependence on the Russian state. Here began the construction of Russian towns. The black-eared peasantry of northern Pomorye rushed to the Urals and Siberia.

In Bashkiria and the lower reaches of the Kama, new towns became the basis of a system of defensive lines that covered the Urals from the south from nomadic peoples - the Kalmyks and Nogais. In addition, the refusal of the Siberian khans from tributary relations aggravated the situation in the Urals. The tsarist government agreed to provide special conditions for immigrants from the wealthy Pomeranian peasants, salt producers and merchants Stroganovs, who undertook to organize the defense and exploitation of the salt deposits of the Urals. The first tsar's charter for "latrine lands" along the river. Kame from the mouth of the river. Lysva to the mouth of the river. Chusovoy received G.A. Stroganov in 1558

The defense and economic development of the territory were carried out by the Stroganovs without state aid, the family's possessions expanded: in 1558 at the mouth of the river. Pyskorki was erected the first fortified town of Kankor, in 1564 - Oryol-town on the left bank of the Kama, in 1568 - the Lower Chusovskoy town, in 1570 - Sylvensky Ostrozhek and Libyan. These towns turned into military-administrative and salt-producing centers.

By the 1580s Don Cossacks appeared in the Stroganov lands, fleeing from the wrath of the government. First, a detachment of about 500 Cossacks went to the northern Stroganov lands, to Oryol-gorodok. Then, in the fall of 1580, they, led by Yermak from Orel-gorodok, descended the Kama to the mouth of the Chusovaya and turned to the Sylva. Having wintered on the settlement, which later received the name Ermakovo, the Cossacks went to Chusovaya and climbed along it to the Nizhny Chusovsky town, and already on September 1, 1581, a detachment of Yermak, consisting of about 500 people, advanced from the Chusovsky town to Siberia. In the spring of 1582, the Cossacks reached the Tagil River, fought along the Tura, Tavda, Tobol rivers, and on October 26, 1582, they took the capital Siberian Khanate Kashlyk city. The Trans-Ural Mansi and Khanty gradually accepted Russian citizenship.

The death of Yermak in 1585 and the temporary retreat of the Russian detachments did not stop the fall of the Siberian Khanate. The peaceful development of the Trans-Urals and Siberia by the Russian people began. Temporary military camps, created by Yermak's squad and the Russian detachments following her, were used as strongholds on the way to Siberia. In 1588, at the confluence of the Ivdel River with Lozva, the main transshipment base was built - Lozvinsky town - the center for collecting yasak from the surrounding Vogul population.

The development of the Urals in17th century

The defeat of the Siberian Khanate led to the active economic development of the Urals, the Urals and Zayralye by the Moscow state. The search for minerals began. In 1617, the Stroganov peasant Y. Litvinov found copper in the Solikamsk district (Perm). In 1618, geological surveys were carried out here. The expedition found copper and a small amount of gold. In 1634, the Pyskorsky copper smelter was built in the Kama region, which operated until 1657.

Nikon's church reform also contributed to the settlement of the region: the Old Believers, hiding from the authorities, mastered hard-to-reach terrain, which included the Urals with its dense forests, mountains and numerous rivers and lakes.

The main part of the settlers goes beyond the Ural Mountains - to the eastern slope of the Urals and to Siberia. In the first half of the XVII century. on the eastern slope, the fertile lands of the southern part of the Verkhotursky district up to the Pyshma River were most quickly developed. About one and a half dozen large settlements and churchyards were founded here. Most of them were fortified with prisons and inhabited by Cossacks who carried military service endowed with land, receiving a salary and exempt from tax. Settlements arose on the initiative of wealthy peasants - Slobodas, who called on "eager people" to develop arable land. The villagers themselves became representatives of the local administration. The peasant population grew rapidly in the settlements, some of them numbered 200-300 households. In the second half of the XVII century. the southern border of the Russian lands advanced to the Iset and Miass rivers. Over 20 new settlements appear here (Kataysk, Shadrinsk, Kamyshlov, etc.). Russian villages are growing rapidly in their vicinity.

For 56 years (1624-1680) the number of households in the vast Verkhoturye district increased by more than 7 times. Settlers from the northern counties of Pomorie prevailed, and by the end of the 17th century. about a third of them were the peasants of the Urals. The population density was much less than in the Urals. The Pelymsky district with its infertile soils was slowly populated.

At the end of the XVII century. total strength the peasant population in the Urals was at least 200 thousand people. The population density in previously developed counties is increasing. The peasants of the estates of the Stroganovs moved to the lower Kama and the eastern slope of the Urals. In the Verkhotursk uyezd, they move from settlements with "the sovereign's tithe arable land" to settlements where natural and especially cash dues prevailed (Krasnopolskaya, Ayatskaya, Chusovskaya, and others). The peasants were resettled in whole groups of 25-50 people in the settlement. Communities are formed on a national basis. Komi-Zyryans settled in Aramashevskaya and Nitsinskaya settlements, Komi-Permyaks settled in Chusovskaya, in the district of Ayatskaya settlement a Mari village appeared - Cheremisskaya.

In the 17th century The Urals becomes the base for the spontaneous peasant colonization of Siberia. In 1678, 34.5% of all peasants who left the estates of the Stroganovs went to Siberia, 12.2% - from Kaigorodsky, 3.6% - from Cherdynsky district. Rivers remain the main means of migration. In the 17th century small rivers, tributaries quickly develop major rivers Ural. The old Kazan road from Ufa and Sylva to the upper reaches of the Iset, which ran to Sarapul, Okhansk and through Kungur to Aramilskaya Sloboda, is being revived. The direct road from Tura to the middle reaches of the Neiva and Nica rivers is widely used.

In the 17th century the posad colonization of the Urals becomes noticeable. The reasons for the resettlement of the townspeople were the intensification of feudal exploitation in the towns, the outgrowth property stratification into the social, which manifested itself more sharply in the cities than in the countryside, and created a surplus of labor. Increasing competition pushed to new lands not only the urban poor, but also the middle strata of the suburbs. The main part of the settlers came from the settlements of northern Pomorie.

The increase in the township tax in 1649-1652. caused an outflow of population from cities to the outskirts. The resettlement was also influenced by government repressions during the suppression of urban uprisings, famine years, which were more pronounced in the city than in the countryside. The reasons for the internal displacement of the townspeople within the Urals were exhaustion natural resources(for example, salt brines near Cherdyn), a decrease in trade due to changes in transport routes and the administrative status of some cities (for example, the transfer of the center of Perm the Great from Cherdyn to Solikamsk, a decrease in trade in Solikamsk due to the rise of Kungur on a new route to Siberia), relative overpopulation of old cities. The dense building of cities with wooden buildings often led to their burning out during large fires and to the outflow of the population.