In what province of the Russian Empire was Tvardovsky born. Alexander Tvardovsky: biography and creativity (detailed review)

Life and creative way of Tvardovsky.

The poet Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born on June 8 (21), 1910 on the farm of Zagorye, Smolensk province, into a strong peasant family. Despite the fact that Tvardovsky's father, Trifon Gordeevich, received only three grades of education, he had an extraordinary craving for knowledge, for reading.

This passion for the word was passed on to the future poet. After the end of the seven-year plan, Alexander begins to collaborate in Smolensk publications. Tvardovsky's first printed poem appeared in the newspaper Smolenskaya Derevnya, when he was only 14 years old.

The future poet acutely felt the lack of education, so he set himself the task of studying a lot and hard. Having entered the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute, he drew up a plan for himself, one of the points of which was: "re-read all the classics and, if possible, non-classics." Tvardovsky stubbornly achieved his goal.

Even then, in the late 1920s, he was intensively published in local Smolensk newspapers and magazines (his poems appeared then more than 200 times). main theme early creativity Tvardovsky is the theme of the formation of Soviet power in the countryside, the propaganda of the collective farm movement. However, collectivization was accompanied by brutal violence: dispossession, exile, executions began. The Tvardovsky family also suffered.

On March 19, 1931, the poet's family was dispossessed and exiled to the remote taiga region of the northern Trans-Urals. Tvardovsky, who glorified the collective farm system in his works, found himself in an ambiguous position. The persecution of the poet began. He was accused of complicity with the enemies of the Soviet regime, he was called a kulakist, "a kulak echoer."

He was withdrawn from SAPP (Smolensk branch of RAPP), he even had to leave the third year of Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. It's hard to say what would become of
poet, if he, warned of the arrest, had not left Smolensk for Moscow. Here fate smiled on Tvardovsky. In the magazine "October" M. Svetlov, to whom the poet showed his works, published his poems. Some of the leading and authoritative critics noted them. So Tvardovsky managed to avoid the tragic fate of many of his contemporaries.

The first major work of Tvardovsky is the poem "Country Ant" (1935). The poem is devoted to the theme of collectivization. This is an original, original work: not a statement-poem, but a question-poem created in the traditions of Russian classical literature. It hints at the motifs of the epic poem. Nekrasov "Who is it good to live in Russia".

The plot of the "Country of Ant" is a concentration of those doubts that the people experienced, painfully saying goodbye to the old way of life and growing into a new one. The poem was a resounding success and was noted by the government: in 1939 Tvardovsky was awarded the Order of Lenin, and in 1941 received the Stalin Prize.

In the late 1930s, collections of Tvardovsky's poems also appeared in print: The Road (1939), Rural Chronicles (1939), Zagorye (1941).

From the first days to the end of the Great Patriotic War, Tvardovsky went along with the combat units of the Red Army as a war correspondent for the Red Army newspaper,

Under combat conditions, the chapters of perhaps the most famous poem by Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" (1940-1945) were created. It was not only a “book about a fighter,” as the author himself defined the genre of the poem, but also for a fighter.

The officers wrote to Tvardovsky from the front: “In a deep trench of the front line, ... in a cramped damp dugout, in the houses of front-line villages, on highways and railways leading to the front, at stations and half-stations in the rear - your poem is read everywhere. This was evidence of the true nationality of the poem.

If "Vasily Terkin" is a broad epic canvas that tells about the everyday life of the war, then "House by the Road" (1946) is a story about the tragic side of the war. This poem is a “cry for the motherland”, a “lyrical chronicle”.

The plot of the poem is based on the story of the tragedy of the family of Anna and Andrey Sivtsov. Through the fate of these heroes, the fate of an entire people is shown.

Tvardovsky's post-war poems Far Beyond the Distance (1960)1 Terkin in the Other World (1963) and By Right of Memory (1969) have different fates. The poem "Beyond the distance - distance" is a meditation on the country, on the time of the social upsurge caused by the "thaw". This poem is about the first post-war years and about the poet's own fate. The poem. Terkin in the next world "(a satirical work) was published during the author's lifetime only in 1963 ("Izvestia", " New world»).

This poem for a long time was considered “perverse” (that is, discrediting the Soviet government) and was not republished.

The last poem by Tvardovsky, by right of memory, was conceived as one of additional chapters to the poem "Beyond the distance - the distance", was prepared by the author for publication in 1969, but was never published.

The reason for the creation of the poem was the famous words of Stalin: "The son is not responsible for the father." This work is a kind of confession-repentance before his father. The poem was never published during the life of the author in his homeland, it was distributed in the lists. Only 15 years after the death of the poet (during the period of perestroika in 1987), the poem appeared in the domestic press (“Znamya”, “New World”).

In the 1950s and 60s, Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was appointed editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine (he held this position twice in 1950-1954, 1958-1970).

It was the most widely read and democratic journal of the thaw period (often compared are Tvardovsky's Novy Mir and Nekrasov's Sovremennik). But Tvardovsky had to work in difficult conditions: there were too many conservatives who adhered to the old Stalinist convictions.

A. Tvardovsky became a chronicler of the 30-60s of the XX century, a biographer of the time of severe trials, changes, experiments. He was not afraid of difficult conditions speak out convincingly about everything that disturbed Soviet people, start an in-depth conversation about the "judgment of memory» over the mistakes of the period of collectivization, Stalinism, about the conscience and responsibility of the living to the dead.

Within the framework of socialist realism, communist ideology, the writer was able to create works about the life of Soviet people, full of ordinary and unusual worries, joys and sorrows, reveal their psychology, show the process of restructuring society that began during the thaw, humanity, faith in the future.

The poet's sister A. Matveeva wrote in 1980 that his paternal grandfather Gordey Vasilievich Tvardovsky "was from Belarus, grew up on the banks of the Berezina." In "Autobiography" the poet notes that his father was a literate person. Neighbors called him Pan Tvardovsky, respecting " western roots". He tried to give his children a decent education. Mother was an impressionable and sensitive nature, she was "touched to tears by the sound of a shepherd's trumpet."

The study of the future poet began with tutoring: for the children, a schoolboy of the 8th grade, N. Arefiev, was brought from Smolensk. In 1918, A. Tvardovsky studied in Smolensk at the 1st Soviet school (former gymnasium), and in the fall of 1920 - at the Lyakhovsky school, but it was soon closed. I had to continue my studies at the Egorievsk school. In 1923, A. Tvardovsky began to study 8 kilometers from home, at the Belokholmskaya school. In 1924, studies for A. Tvardovsky ended.

Love for literature grew on the basis of passion for the works of A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, N. Nekrasov, M. Lermontov. In 1925, among other materials about the new peasant life, the Smolensk Village newspaper published the first poem by the Komsomol correspondent A Tvardovsky, The New Hut, in which the old gods were overthrown and the new gods were glorified, instead of icons, portraits of Marx and Lenin were hung.

In 1928, the Komsomol activist broke up with his father. A. Tvardovsky moved to Smolensk, got to know M. Isakovsky, an employee of the Rabochy Put newspaper, who supported the young author.

Inspired, the poet travels to Moscow, where M. Svetlov publishes his poems in the October magazine, and in the winter of 1930 returns to Smolensk. In 1931 A. Tvardovsky married Maria Gorelova. In the same year, the writer's father was dispossessed and sent with his family to the Trans-Urals, to the North, they were forced to build barracks in the middle of the taiga. Father and 13-year-old brother Pavel fled from exile, asked to intercede for them, to which the poet devoted to Soviet power replied: “I can only help you by taking you to where you were for free” (from the memoirs of Ivan’s younger brother). He will atone for his guilt, both in his early (poem "Brothers", 1933) and late (poem "By the Right of Memory", a triptych about his mother) creativity. In April 1936, A. Tvardovsky visited his relatives in exile, and in June of the same year he helped them move to the Smolensk region.

The 1930s were the time of the formation of the poet. He writes epic, narrative poems - pictures from life, sketches, landscape and everyday sketches and poems "The Path to Socialism" (1931) and "Introduction" (1933). However, A. Tvardovsky's poems, couplings from nature, and landscape sketches were more successful. Among them, a melodious poem called “White birches were spinning ...” (1936) stands out. The author combines two narrative plans: concrete, special case- a round dance is being performed on the bank of the river, "teenage girls" are singing, playing an accordion with a bust, and the general one is talking about a holiday that was celebrated "across the river, throughout the country."

The picture of the holiday is recreated bright, carnival: “shawls, accordion and lights” flash, “teenage girls sing”, “round dance” goes around. The most successful and bright points in this carnival picture are two - the metaphor "White birch trees were spinning" and the comparison "And along the river in lights, like a city, / A handsome steamboat ran." The writer's skill is also manifested in the successful selection of original, innovative rhymes: "birches - teenagers", "not at home - otherwise", "brute force - the city", "various - holiday".

The poet's poems about childhood, about native places turned out to be true. "On the Farm Zagorye" can be called a small lyric-epic poem about childhood, about life. The author raises the well-known to the level of the poetic:

On the white hill the sun
Got up in the morning.

Following the path of rejecting rhetoric, reporting, in 1935 the poet wrote the poem "Morning" - light transparent, full of whiteness of snow, from which "it is light in the room." Snow, snowflakes, "flying fluff" are the central images of the work. They move, move in space, like living beings.
Let us pay attention to the personification, complicated by epithets: the snowflake is not just spinning, but spinning “easily and clumsily”, the first snowflake, still a timid creature. Snow is characterized by two epithets - thick and white. The weather, apparently, is quite frosty, windless, and therefore the snow does not lose its density and whiteness.

In 1932, on the recommendation of the Smolensk Union of Writers, A. Tvardovsky enters the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute without exams (as an active author, Komsomol member), and in the fall of 1936 he is transferred to the 3rd year of the IFLI - the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature. At that time he published the books “The Road” (1938), “About Grandfather Danila” (1939), the poem “Country Ant” (1936), for which he received the Order of Lenin.

During the war years

A. Tvardovsky participated in the war with Finland in 1939-1940 as a war correspondent. By the summer of 1939, he graduated from IFLI, and in the autumn he took part in the campaign of the Red Army in Western Belarus. He will forever remember the terrible pictures of the winter of 1940 in Finland. During the years of the Great Patriotic War the poet was a correspondent for the newspaper "Red Army", went from Moscow to Koenigsberg. The poem "Vasily Terkin" became an encyclopedia about the war. Also, a cycle of poems "Front Chronicle", a book of essays and memoirs "Motherland and Foreign Land", the poem "House by the Road" were written.

Battle battles in the poem "Vasily Terkin" are local in nature, as in the chapter "Duel", where Vasily Terkin defeats a strong opponent. The syllable of the poem is colloquial: there is a frank, friendly conversation about what happened in the war.

The poem "House by the Road" (1942-1946) is called by the author "a lyrical chronicle". This is the poet's confession about an abandoned, unmowed meadow near the house near the road, about a family left by a soldier, a kind of "cry for the Motherland", "song / Her harsh fate." The poem does not have a detailed plot, it is built on lyrical experiences of events: Sivtsov's departure for the war; the grief of Anyuta's wife, who meets the prisoners and tries to see her Andrey among them; farewell to her husband, making his way from the environment to his own, and then captured with his children in Germany.

The humanistic position of A. Tvardovsky was especially expressively revealed in his elegies - reflections of 1941-1945 on life and death, the senseless cruelty of war, which never spares. In the poem "Two Lines" we are talking about the inglorious Finnish war 1939-1940, when thousands of young soldiers and officers were left lying on the snow. The poems “War - there is no crueler word”, “Before the war”, “As if in a sign of trouble ...” are just as tragic in content.

In the postwar years

After the war, literature developed under conditions of ideological dictate. The “unprincipled” work of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko was criticized. The magazines "Zvezda" and "Leningrad" came under a special decree on the "ideological mistakes" made. The range of phenomena permitted for artistic image, narrowed, dominated by the "theory of non-conflict". A. Tvardovsky tried to avoid a simplified depiction of reality.

From 1958 until the end of his days, the writer was the editor-in-chief of the country's leading magazine, Novy Mir, which upholds the principles of truthful art, revealing to readers the names of new authors: F. Abramov, A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Bykov, G. Baklanova, E. Vinokurov and others.

At this time, the writer is working on works about what he experienced in the pre-war period, about the personality cult of Stalin, about bureaucracy, creates poems “Far beyond the distance”, “Terkin in the next world”, “By the right of memory”. The poet's lyrics of the late 1950s and 1960s become monologue, confessional, elements of descriptiveness disappear from it.

The works of A. Tvardovsky correspond to the principles of communist party spirit and nationality, and are ideologically sustained. They glorify Lenin's ideals, the builders of communism, but in the spirit of the "sixties" upholds "socialism with human face". The poet also turns to eternal problems (“Cruel Memory”, “Moscow Morning”, “About Existence”, “The Way Is Not Traveled”, etc.).

Poem " cruel memory”(1951), written during the years of the prevalence of publicistic poetry, and today touches our hearts with the sincerity of feelings, the author’s frankness, and the deep drama of his experiences. philosophical idea The poem is expressed in the final lines:

And the memory of that, probably
My soul will be sick.
For now, an irrevocable misfortune
There will be no war for the world.

This conclusion does not appear in the poem immediately, but after a talented, detailed description the author of nature, which he remembered from childhood, its colors and sounds. Heat pine forest, a sleepy stream, summer and the sun "baking in the back", "gadfly ringing", a dewy meadow - these are the realities of a peaceful life that filled the poet's childhood. The picture is designed in light colors. Nature is sonorous, pure... The second picture is tragic: instead of the former pure colors and smells, others appear - gloomy, military: the grass smells of "trench disguise", the smell of air is subtle, but mixed "with the smoke of hot funnels". Colliding pictures of peaceful and military life, the poet informs readers that now nature for him is not a source of joy, as in childhood, but a cruel memory of the war.

« Moscow morning" (1957-1958) - an epic plot poem about how the lyrical hero got up early to buy a newspaper in which, according to the editor-in-chief, his poem would be published. But when the newspaper was viewed, the poem was not there - it was removed by censorship because of the unacceptable ending. The last lines of the poem are the conclusion that the editor-in-chief in art is a “great time”, which the poet calls to teach “a wise lesson - reproach”. Thanks to such an editor, the lyrical hero becomes “on the shoulder”, he can “turn mountains”.

A. Tvardovsky leads a deeper conversation on the topic of the poet and poetry, the poet and time, the poet and truth, conscience in poems of the late 1950s and 1960s. “A word about words” (1962), “The whole essence is in one - the only testament ...” (1958), “On the Existing” (1958), “The path is untrodden ...” (1959), “I myself will find out, I will find ... "(1966)," At the bottom of my life ... "(1967)," Let's say you already thawed yours ... "(1968) and others.

« The whole point is in one single covenant..."(1958) - a philosophical reflection on the individual, independent of circumstances, the unique nature of artistic creativity. In the spirit of the time, the reappraisal of values ​​(Khrushchev's "thaw") is a bold conclusion. And the author presents it concisely, demonstratively, stringing the thesis upon the thesis, developing, repeating the original idea, gives the nature of evidence to the statement with the help of poetic syntax: repetitions - "in one - the only testament"; “I want to say. / And the way I want, ”but first of all - hyphens: the second stanza consists of them completely. A parallel is drawn in the poem: Leo Tolstoy is the author. The poet cannot entrust his word even to a genius - Leo Tolstoy.

Poem " About existence”(1957-1958) is written in a different stylistic vein than the previous one: it has more emotional images - bricks that make up one whole - life. Renouncing glory and power in the first lines (“For me glory is decay - without interest / And power is a petty passion ...”), in the following, the poet asserts his involvement in the full life of nature, society, and proves the essentially realistic, truthful mission of artistic creativity. He wants to have a part of the morning forest, "stitches that go back to childhood", "birch earrings", "the sea washing with foam / Stones of warm shores", songs of youth, misfortune and human victory. He needs all this in order to "see everything, and experience everything, / Not learning everything from afar." In this part of the poem, the emotional impact is achieved both by tropes (epithets - fragrant hemp, warm shores), and by repetitions - monophony (four sentences begin with the preposition "from"). The energy of the utterance is achieved by the reception of an allied combination of phrases. To the desires of a true artist of the word named at the beginning of the work, the author adds one more thing at the end of the work - the desire to be honest.

In the poem " Not good way..."(1959) continues the conversation about the poet, his mission. The author considers the first duty of an artist to be words - to keep up with the times, to be ahead, even if the path has not been explored. This idea is expressed already in the first stanza of the dynamic, written in the form of an appeal, appeal to "great or small", any creator. The effect of the action is created by using verbs and verb forms, breaking long lines into shorter parts, repetitions (“behind him, behind him”), appeals, questions, exclamations (“Are you scared yet?”; “Still not!”), additional pauses not provided for by the rules ("Yes - sweet!"). There is a feeling of excitement and high emotional mood of the author.

Elements of drama as a kind of literature are introduced into the poem: the monologue-address in the first two lines develops into a dialogue taking place between the author and his imaginary interlocutor. The poem uses colloquialisms (“srobel”, “without a trace”, “lid”). The last word expresses active content and therefore acts as a separate line. The image of a “barrage of fire”, a “barrage of fire” carries a great ideological load - this is an echo of military memory, a symbol of the front line of defense, the front. With its help, the idea is "fixed": the poet must be ahead, in the line of fire.

In the system of works about the essence of creativity, the role of the poet and poetry, the poem " Word about words» (1962). The philosophical thought contained in it is multifaceted, branched. The word is the primary element of literature, its construction material. Without an exact, significant, successful word, without its pictorial, figurative meaning, there would be no " belles-lettres”, as literature was called back in Pushkin’s time. The poet defends the importance of such creativity, in which the word is of great importance, actively opposes "extraordinary" (idle talk). His position is that of a thinker, a master. The poem is a meditation on true and false values, citizenship, honesty and opportunism. The poet divides words into two categories: word and words. Words are always precise, fiery, "sparingly applied" by the authors.

In the poem " At the bottom of my life..."(1967) sounds the motive of the autumn farewell-parting with life. The poet comprehends his life, reflecting on the question of whether his path in this world was mortal, and answers it in the negative.

The poem " About the motherland". It is built on the principle of negation (the first five stanzas) and affirmation (the remaining ten). In the first part of the poem, the poet, as it were, suggests what would happen if he were born "at warm sea in the Crimea", on the coast of the Caucasus, on the Volga "in the heart of the Urals", in Siberia, in the Far East. And then this assumption is consistently, with the help of a number of arguments, rejected, because in this case the author "could not have been born in his native ... side." All further description boils down to characterizing the Motherland as the dearest, most beloved. The poet selects "affectionate" epithets ("not so famous", "quiet" side; there is no majestic fullness of rivers, mountain ranges in it; it is unenviable). But this side is a hard worker, inhabited by fathers and grandfathers, with whom the poet is engaged with the “mystery of his native speech”, with the happiness of truth. Because this unfamous land is dear to the lyrical hero, because he is his component. The last three stanzas lead to a philosophical conclusion-generalization: it is from the horizons small homeland the scale of the great Motherland is visible.

cycle of poems about mother

For almost every poet, the theme of the Motherland is inseparable from the theme of the mother, the woman. The poet dedicated the poems “I remember the aspen farm ...” (1927), “Song” (1936), “Your beauty does not age ...” (1937) and others to the mother of Maria Mitrofanovna. But the most striking was a cycle of four poems under common name " Mother's memory(1965), written after her death. This cycle is autobiographical. The first poem is about the author, the poet, who remembers his departure from home to another life, about how this separation ends with a call to his mother for the last meeting-separation. This is a sad elegy about the inability (and even unwillingness) to love one's mothers, repentance before oneself and one's mother.

The second poem in the cycle is In the land where they were taken in a herd ...”- a description of the tragic page in the life of the Tvardovsky family in exile, in the Trans-Urals. The image of the mother appears already in an internal, spiritual state: she loves her land, cannot imagine herself without it. For her, even her own cemetery is a symbol of the Motherland. Mother could not look indifferently at someone else's taiga cemetery. Its image is the opposite of the centuries-old image of the Belarusian cemetery, which has always been distinguished by its “airy” features.

The third poem in the cycle How slowly the gardeners are working ..." translates the story into philosophical plan: comparing the unhurried work of gardeners, covering the rhizomes of apple trees in a pit with soil in such a way, “As if the birds were eating food from their hands, / They crumble it for an apple tree,” they measure it in a handful, and the work of gravediggers is hasty, “in jerks, without a break,” because it is justified the guilt of the living before the dead, the severity and magic of such a ritual. So the scene of the mother's burial develops into the author's monologue about life and death, their interdependence, about the nobility of any work, about eternity and the moment. This is a philosophical elegy, a meditation on eternal truths.

The cycle about the mother ends with the poem " Where are you from this song...", in which a melody sounds with a repeating epigraph (at the same time a refrain, somewhat modified at the end) from a folk song:

water carrier,
young guy,
Take me to the other side
Side home...

Once upon a time, the mother of A. Tvardovsky sang it in her youth. She remembered her when she moved to the Siberian region, where "the forests are darker", "winters are longer and fierce."

The sad melody then turns into a tragic one. The song of a mother who expressed the pain of separation both from her relatives in her youth and from her parents in adulthood, and with life, ends two stanzas before the end of the poem with an epigraph refrain. In the last two stanzas, the song continues to be performed by the author. It is the poet who writes his requiem, prayerfully repeating his mother's song.

A. Tvardovsky’s requiem poem can be called a response to the death of the first cosmonaut of the Earth - “ In memory of Gagarin» (1968). Prior to this, the poet wrote the poem "Cosmonaut" (1961), in which he admired the feat of his countryman, accomplished "in the name of our and future days." But it was a solemn ode, a hymn. The second poem complements the content of the first. The poet writes about the feat, thanks to which the world "became kinder", shocked by this victory. The moral and ethical significance of Gagarin's feat is brought to world proportions, and the son Smolensk region is shown as the son of the whole planet, the cosmos. Another idea is affirmed in the poem: the first cosmonaut is a messenger of peace, because after his flight the Earth seems so small, helpless, that the question arises: "... small Earth - why wars, / Why everything that the human race endures?" . The third idea of ​​the poem - the author claims that a great feat was accomplished by an ordinary young man, a "baker", then - the breadwinner himself, not like the ancient princely family. And the last thought of the work is a statement of the immortality of a feat, glory, grief that not only a hero, but also a person, “a friendly guy, mischievous and sweet, / Dashing and efficient, with a heart not stingy” has passed away.

Poetic epic by A. Tvardovsky. Poem "By Right of Memory"

At the beginning of his creative way A. Tvardovsky stated that he was attracted by the epic narrative. His poetic epic of the late 1950s-1960s becomes more lyrical, journalistic, philosophically profound, with elements of fantasy ("Terkin in the Other World").

Thematically, the poems of A. Tvardovsky are diverse: the heroism of labor, the enthusiasm of the creators of the “buildings of communism”, memories of the past and dreams of the future (“Far beyond the distance”), criticism of the vices of the socialist system - bureaucracy, sycophancy, ignorance of officials (“Terkin in the next world ”), the court of memory, conscience, responsibility for the past, anti-totalitarianism (“By the right of memory”).

poem " Beyond the distance - beyond” was written from 1950 to 1960 on the basis of observations from post-war trips around the country - to Siberia, Yakutia, the Urals, Far East. It is written in the form of a travel diary created on a train from Moscow to Vladivostok. In the chapter “So it was,” the poet passes judgment on Stalinism, the dictator, protected from the people by the Kremlin wall during his lifetime.

The ideological pathos of the poem " Terkin in the other world"The author himself defined it as follows:" The pathos of this work ... is in a victorious, life-affirming ridicule of all kinds of carrion, the ugliness of bureaucracy, formalism, bureaucracy and routine ... ". The vices of the Soviet bureaucratic system, which subordinated officials of all ranks to its will, and the people as a whole, which led to the separation of leaders from the masses and the prosperity of servility, blat, bribery, nepotism, the poet could not show in an open, journalistic form for censorship reasons. Therefore, he wrote a fairy tale poem, a fantasy poem, he had to resort to a fictional plot: the hero of the previous poem comes to life, enters the next world, where he is mistaken for a dead man. "That World" is projected onto the Soviet state system. All features (that (enlarged, caricatured) repeat the features of the bureaucratic state of the Stalinist type.

poem " By right of memory”was prepared for publication in Novy Mir in 1970, however, due to the uncompromising truth contained in it, it was published only in 1987. The poet assesses the tragic events that happened to his friend, with his family evicted to the taiga, passes judgment on Stalinism, totalitarianism, which turns people into powerless creatures, crippling them spiritually and physically. At the same time, it also passes judgment on itself - partially to blame for the tragic fate of his loved ones. With pain, "by the right of memory", the poet tells the terrible truth about the tyrant, nicknamed the father of nations:

He said follow me
Leave your father and mother
Everything fleeting, earthly
Leave - and you will be in paradise.

These lines of a tormented, suffering heart are taken from the second, central chapter of the poem. They push into the background the figure of the iron leader - the father of all peoples, decipher the phrase he threw in the title of the chapter - "The son is not responsible for the father." Answers! And how! That is why the poet suffers, who in his youth experienced the tragedy of renunciation of his father, and then received rehabilitation from the lips of the leader "The son is not responsible for the father." Why not answer? How to forget the father's hands "in knots of veins and tendons", which could not immediately grasp the small handle of a spoon, because they had a solid callus ("one callused fist")? How to forget him, hunched over "for years above the ground" and called a fist? The poet, rejecting the Stalinist slogan, recreates the image of his hard-working father Trifon Gordeevich, penetrates into the psychology of a man who, already in the carriage, leaving for Siberia, "belonged proudly, aloof / From those whose share he shared."

The third chapter - "On Memory" calls on humanity to remember the tragedy of the people. Gulags, prisons, repressions - this needs to be written about, since the younger generation must remember the "marks" and "scars" tragic history. Poets have to say "all the past omissions" because everyone was responsible for the "universal father".

A. Tvardovsky declares that hiding the truth will lead to tragedy - society will be out of tune with the future, "untruth will be at a loss to us." The reason for the former silence, the poet considers fear, which forced people to "keep silence / Before rampant unkindness."

The chapter “Before Departure”, which opens the poem, is a lyrical recollection of youth, bright dreams, new distances, metropolitan life, the world of science and knowledge.

“By Right of Memory” is the final work of a writer who saw the light and called for the insight of others, who believed in socialist ideals, in communism and fought for their “purity”. Serving utopian ideals, the poet served the people at the same time, hoping for a better fate for the Fatherland.

A. Tvardovsky is a classic of Russian literature of the Soviet period. His merit as a chronicler of his difficult times is great. It was he who managed to show not only the heroic, but also the tragic events that took place in the country, to reveal the truth of the Stalin era, to challenge the oblivion of the humanistic principles of life-building that came in the late 1960s - 1970s. The poet revealed additional features socialist realism, achieved greater veracity in the figurative reflection of reality, expanded the thematic horizons of verbal art.

A short message about the life and work of Alexander Tvardovsky for children 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 classes

The homeland of A. T. Tvardovsky is considered the farm Zagorye of the Smolensk province. In short, Tvardovsky was the son of a blacksmith, who, in turn, was extremely well-read and quite literate. As a child, little Sasha was familiar with such great literary figures as Gogol, Pushkin, Lermontov - all these books were in his father's library.

However, soon Trifon Tvardovsky was dispossessed and exiled to the north.

Already at the age of 14, Tvardovsky began to send his notes to many Smolensk magazines.

The Soviet - Russian poet Isakovsky, while being the editor of the journal Rabochy Put, supported the young talent and helped Alexander Tvardovsky publish his notes.

After leaving school for the writer came a difficult period. It turned out that it is not so easy to get a job and find a job without a decent education. Tvardovsky wandered around the editorial offices for a long time with his articles, but almost everywhere he was refused publication. The same thing happened in Moscow.

Tvardovsky, short biography upon returning to Smolensk.

In 1930, A. T. Tvardovsky returned to his native land and entered the pedagogical specialty However, he did not finish his studies at the institute, he quit studying at this institute from the 3rd year and a diploma, but nevertheless received it in Moscow.

1931 - publication of Tvardovsky's earliest poem "The Path to Socialism". However, Tvardovsky becomes famous only after his poem "Country Ant" was published, in which the main the hero Morgunok is looking for a country for eternal happiness.

For this unusual work, A. Tvardovsky was awarded the State Prize.

After the release of the poem, several collections of Tvardovsky are published -

"Road",

"Country Chronicle"

"Zagorye".

In 1941, Tvardovsky began large-scale work on the greatest poem "Vasily Terkin", which has not lost its popularity to this day. The poem was published chapter by chapter. The first chapters were published in the magazine "Red Army Star" (1942). The last version of the poem, which Tvardovsky finished writing in 1945, and Vasily Terkin really became folk hero. The book became popular in well-known literary circles, Tvardovsky was awarded the State Prize.

In addition to "Vasily Terkin", the poem "House by the Road", completed at the end of the war, was also written.
In parallel with his poetic activity, A. Tvardovsky wrote prose - "Motherland and Foreign Land", a book about the war.

The Novy Mir magazine, of which he was the editor, can briefly say about Tvardovsky.
December 18, 1971 A. Tvardovsky died, he died as a result of a serious illness.

Alexander was born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the Smolensk province of the Russian Empire. It is surprising that in the biography of Tvardovsky the first poem was written so early that the boy could not even write it down, because he was not literate. Love for literature appeared in childhood: Alexander's father loved to read works aloud at home famous writers Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolai Nekrasov, Leo Tolstoy and Ivan Nikitin.

Already at the age of 14 he wrote several poems and poems on topical topics. When collectivization and dispossession took place in the country, the poet supported the process (he expressed utopian ideas in the poems "Country of the Ant" (1934-36), "The Path to Socialism" (1931)). In 1939, when the war with Finland began, A.T. Tvardovsky, as a member of the Communist Party, participated in the unification of the USSR and Belarus. Then he settled in Voronezh, continued to compose, worked in the newspaper "Red Army".

Creativity of the writer

The most famous work of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was the poem "Vasily Terkin". The poem brought great success to the author, because it was very relevant in war time. The further creative period in the life of Tvardovsky was filled with philosophical thoughts, which can be traced in the lyrics of the 1960s. Tvardovsky began working in the Novy Mir magazine, completely revised his views on Stalin's policy.

In 1961, under the impression of Alexander Tvardovsky's speech at the XXII Congress of the CPSU, Alexander Solzhenitsyn gave him his story "Sch-854" (later called "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"). Tvardovsky, being at that time the editor of the magazine, rated the story extremely highly, invited the author to Moscow and began to seek Khrushchev's permission to publish this work.

In the late 60s, in the biography of Alexander Tvardovsky, significant event- Glavlit's campaign against the Novy Mir magazine began. When the author was forced to leave the editorial office in 1970, part of the team left with him. The magazine was, in short, destroyed.

Death and legacy

Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky died of lung cancer on December 18, 1971, and was buried in Moscow on Novodevichy cemetery.

Streets in Moscow, Voronezh, Novosibirsk, Smolensk are named after the famous writer. A school was named in his honor and a monument was erected in Moscow.

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Alexander Tvardovsky

Russian Soviet writer and poet, journalist, war correspondent; editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine (1950-1954; 1958-1970)

short biography

Childhood

Born on June 8, 1910 on the Zagorye farm near the village of Seltso (now in the Smolensk region) in the family of a village blacksmith Trifon Gordeevich Tvardovsky (1880-1957) and Maria Mitrofanovna (1888-1972), nee - Pleskachevskaya, who came from the same palace.

The poet's younger brother is Ivan Trifonovich Tvardovsky (1914-2003), later a Russian writer and writer, cabinet maker, wood and bone carver, dissident.

The poet's grandfather, Gordey Tvardovsky, was a bombardier (artillery soldier) who served in Poland, from where he brought the nickname "Pan Tvardovsky", which passed to his son. This nickname (in reality, not associated with a noble origin) made Trifon Gordeevich perceive himself more as a one-palace than a peasant.

The mother, whom Tvardovsky loved very much, Maria Mitrofanovna, really came from the same palace. Trifon Gordeevich was a well-read man - and in the evenings Nekrasov, Nikitin, Ershov were often read aloud in their house. Poems Alexander began to compose early, while still being illiterate.

The beginning of literary activity

At the age of 15, Tvardovsky began to write small notes for the Smolensk newspapers. In 1925, Tvardovsky's first poem, The New Hut, was published in the Smolenskaya Derevnya newspaper. Then Tvardovsky, having collected several poems, brought them to Mikhail Isakovsky, who worked in the editorial office of the Rabochy Put newspaper. Isakovsky met the poet cordially, becoming a friend and mentor of the young Tvardovsky.

In 1928, Tvardovsky left the family and moved to Smolensk.

In 1931 his first poem "The Path to Socialism" was published. In 1935 in Smolensk, in the Western Regional State Publishing House, the first book "Collection of Poems" (1930-1936) was published. In total for 1925-35. Tvardovsky wrote and published, mainly on the pages of Smolensk newspapers and other regional publications, more than 130 poems.

In 1932, Tvardovsky entered the first year of the Smolensk State Pedagogical Institute. In 1936, Tvardovsky moved to Moscow and entered the third year of MIFLI. In 1939, Tvardovsky graduated from MIFLI.

In 1939-1940, as part of a group of writers, Tvardovsky worked in the newspaper of the Leningrad Military District "On Guard for the Motherland". As a war correspondent, Tvardovsky participated in the campaign of the Red Army in Western Belarus and in the war with Finland.

The poem "At rest" was published in the newspaper "On Guard of the Motherland" on December 11, 1939. In the article “How Was Vasily Terkin Written,” A. Tvardovsky said that the image of the main character was invented in 1939 for a permanent humorous column in the newspaper “On Guard of the Motherland”.

Collectivization, family repression

In the poems "The Path to Socialism" (1931) and "Country Ant" (1934-1936) he depicted collectivization and dreams of a "new" village, as well as Stalin riding a horse as a harbinger of a brighter future. Despite the fact that Tvardovsky's parents, along with his brothers, were dispossessed and exiled, and his farm was burned down by his fellow villagers, he himself supported the collectivization of peasant farms.

"Vasily Terkin"

In 1941-1942 he worked in Voronezh in the editorial office of the newspaper of the South-Western Front "Red Army". The poem "Vasily Terkin" (1941-1945), "A book about a fighter without beginning and end" is Tvardovsky's most famous work; This is a chain of episodes from the Great Patriotic War. The poem is notable for its simple and precise style, energetic development of the action. Episodes are connected with each other only by the main character - the author proceeded from the fact that both he and his reader can die at any moment. As the chapters were written, they were published in the Western Front newspaper Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda and were incredibly popular on the front lines. The poem became one of the attributes of front-line life, as a result of which Tvardovsky became a cult author of the military generation.

Among other things, "Vasily Terkin" stands out among other works of that time by the complete absence of ideological propaganda, references to Stalin and the party.

By order of the Armed Forces of the 3rd Belorussian Front No.: 505 dated: 07/31/1944, the poet of the editorial office of the newspaper of the 3rd BF "Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda", Lieutenant Colonel Tvardovsky A.T. was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree for writing 2 poems (one of them - "Vasily Terkin", the second - "The House by the Road") and numerous essays on the liberation of the Belarusian land, as well as performances in front-line units in front of soldiers and officers.

By order of the Armed Forces of the 3rd Belorussian Front No.: 480 dated: 04/30/1945, the special correspondent of the newspaper of the 3rd BF "Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda", Lieutenant Colonel Tvardovsky A.T. was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree for improving the content of the newspaper (writing essays on battles in East Prussia) and enhancing its educational role.

Post-war poems

In 1946, the poem "House by the Road" was written, which mentions the first tragic months of the Great Patriotic War.

On the days of Stalin's death and funeral, A. T. Tvardovsky wrote the following lines:

“In this hour of greatest sorrow
I can't find those words
So that they fully express
Our nationwide misfortune…”

In the poem “For the distance - the distance”, written at the peak of the Khrushchev “thaw”, the writer condemns Stalin and, as in the book “From the lyrics of these years. 1959-1968" (1969), reflects on the movement of time, the artist's duty, life and death. In this poem, Stalin's personality cult and its consequences are discussed in the chapter "So it was", the rehabilitation of those illegally repressed under Stalin is discussed in the chapter "Childhood Friend".

In this poem, such an ideological side of the life and work of Tvardovsky as "sovereignty" was most clearly expressed. But, in contrast to the Stalinists and neo-Stalinists, the cult of a strong state, power in Tvardovsky’s mind is not associated with the cult of any statesman and in general a concrete form of the state. This position helped Tvardovsky to be his own among the Russophiles - admirers of the Russian Empire.

"New world"

Tvardovsky was the editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine twice: in 1950-54. and 1958-70.

In the autumn of 1954, Tvardovsky, by a decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, was removed from his post as editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine for attempting to print the poem Terkin in the Other World and publishing journalistic articles in Novy Mir by V. Pomerantsev, F. Abramov, M. Lifshits, M. Shcheglova.

During both periods of Tvardovsky's editorship in Novy Mir, especially after XXII Congress CPSU, the magazine became a refuge for anti-Stalinist forces in literature, a symbol of the "sixties", an organ of legal opposition to the Soviet government. The Novy Mir published the works of F. Abramov, V. Bykov, B. Mozhaev, Yu. Trifonov, Yu. Dombrovsky.

In the 1960s, Tvardovsky, in the poems “By the Right of Memory” (published in 1987) and “Torkin in the Other World,” revised his attitude towards Stalin and Stalinism. At the same time (early 1960s), Tvardovsky received Khrushchev's permission to publish the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" by Solzhenitsyn.

The new direction of the magazine (liberalism in art, ideology and economics, hiding behind the words about socialism "with a human face") caused dissatisfaction not so much with the Khrushchev-Brezhnev party elite and officials of the ideological departments, as with the so-called "neo-Stalinist-statesmen" in Soviet literature. For several years, there was a sharp literary (and actually ideological) controversy between the magazines Novy Mir and Oktyabr (editor-in-chief V. A. Kochetov, author of the novel What Do You Want?, directed, among other things, against Tvardovsky). The staunch ideological rejection of the journal was also expressed by the “patriotic sovereigns”.

After Khrushchev was removed from top positions in the press (the Ogonyok magazine, the Socialist Industry newspaper), a campaign was launched against the Novy Mir magazine. Glavlit waged a bitter struggle with the journal, systematically preventing the most important materials from being printed. Since the leadership of the Union of Writers did not dare to formally dismiss Tvardovsky, the last measure of pressure on the journal was the removal of Tvardovsky's deputies and the appointment of people hostile to him to these positions. In February 1970, Tvardovsky was forced to resign his editorial powers, part of the magazine's staff followed his example. The editorial board was essentially destroyed. The KGB note “Materials about the moods of the poet A. Tvardovsky” on behalf of Yu. V. Andropov was sent on September 7, 1970 to the Central Committee of the CPSU.

In the "New World" ideological liberalism was combined with aesthetic traditionalism. Tvardovsky had a cold attitude towards modernist prose and poetry, preferring literature developing in classical forms of realism. Many of the greatest writers of the 1960s published in the journal, and many were opened to the reader by the journal. For example, in 1964, a large selection of poems by the Voronezh poet Alexei Prasolov was published in the August issue.

In 1966, Tvardovsky refused to approve the court verdict for the writers Y. Daniel and A. Sinyavsky.

Shortly after the defeat of Novy Mir, Tvardovsky was diagnosed with lung cancer. The writer died on December 18, 1971 in the dacha village of Krasnaya Pakhra, Moscow Region. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery (site No. 7).

A family

• Grandfather - Gordey Tvardovsky (1841-1905), was a bombardier (artillery soldier), served in Poland.
• Father - Trifon Gordeevich (1880-1949) - was a well-read man, and in the evenings in his house they often read aloud Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Nekrasov, Tolstoy, Nikitin, Ershov.
• Mother - Maria Mitrofanovna (1888-1965), came from the same palace.
• Brothers: Konstantin (1908-2002), Ivan (1914-2003), Pavel (1917-1983), Vasily (1925-1954)
• Sisters: Anna (1912-2000) and Maria (1922-1984)
• Wife - Maria Illarionovna Gorelova (1908-1991)
• two daughters: Olga and Valentina

perpetuation of memory

• In 1990, an artistic stamped envelope was published in honor of the writer.
• In Smolensk, Voronezh, Novosibirsk, Balashikha and Moscow streets are named after Tvardovsky.
• The name of Tvardovsky was given to the Moscow school number 279.
• Aeroflot aircraft Airbus A330-343E VQ-BEK was named in honor of A. Tvardovsky.
• In 1988, the memorial estate museum "A. T. Tvardovsky on the farm Zagorye»
• On June 22, 2013, a monument to Tvardovsky was unveiled in Moscow on Strastnoy Boulevard next to the editorial office of the Novy Mir magazine. The authors are People's Artist of Russia Vladimir Surovtsev and Honored Architect of Russia Viktor Pasenko. At the same time, an incident took place: on the granite of the monument, “with the participation of the Ministry of Culture” was engraved with the second letter “t” missing.
• In 2015, a memorial plaque was opened in Russian Turek in honor of Tvardovsky's visit to the village.

Other information

In collaboration with M. Isakovsky, A. Surkov and N. Gribachev, he wrote the poem “The Word of Soviet Writers to Comrade Stalin”, read at a solemn meeting on the occasion of the seventieth birthday of I. V. Stalin at the Bolshoi Theater on December 21, 1949.

Awards and prizes

• Stalin Prize of the second degree (1941) - for the poem "Country Ant" (1936)
• Stalin Prize of the first degree (1946) - for the poem "Vasily Terkin" (1941-1945)
• Stalin Prize of the second degree (1947) - for the poem "The House by the Road" (1946)
• Lenin Prize (1961) - for the poem "For the distance - distance" (1953-1960)
• USSR State Prize (1971) - for the collection “From the lyrics of these years. 1959-1967" (1967)
• three orders of Lenin (01/31/1939; 06/20/1960; 10/28/1967)
• Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (04/30/1945)
• Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class (07/31/1944)
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor (20.06.1970)
• Order of the Red Star (1940) - for participation in Soviet-Finnish war (1939-1940)