What is a sentence punctuation scheme? Punctuation analysis of sentences: easy and simple

Modern schoolchildren, according to educational program, study several types of analysis: phonetic, lexical, morphological, morphemic, syntactic and punctuation analysis offers. Each of them has its own distinctive features and difficult to understand moments.

Definition

Many students and their parents wonder what punctuation analysis of a sentence means. It is designed to find and clarify punctuation marks in a sentence. The ability to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence can improve general level student literacy. Analysis of simple (PP) and complex (SP) sentences has its own distinctive features.

Parsing a simple sentence

Read the text provided for analysis.
Assign a number to all punctuation marks present in the text.
Indicate the punctogram that completes the sentence and explain the reason for its placement.
Identify and explain all the signs found in the sentence.

It is according to this plan that punctuation analysis of the sentence is carried out. A sample parsing is presented below.

Analysis examples

Let’s take the punctuation analysis of a sentence as an example:

1. I can trust this secret to a person who knows how to keep his mouth shut.

2.Haven't you seen people running down the street holding flags, posters, Balloons?

Step one. The sentence is interrogative in terms of the purpose of the statement and intonation. That's why it ends with a question mark.

Step two. By assigning a number to punctuation marks, we determine their number in a sentence:

Haven't you seen people running down the street (1), holding flags (2), posters (3), balloons (4)?

Step three. The offer has one grammatical basis you did not see.

Comma number one highlights the participial phrase. Commas number two and three separate homogeneous members offers flags, posters, balloons, expressed by additions.

Analysis of a complex sentence

Punctuation analysis of a sentence of this kind is somewhat more complicated.

1. Read the sentence.

2. Assign a serial number to all punctuation marks in the sentence.

3. Indicate the paragraph ending the sentence and explain its placement.

4. Indicate punctuation marks at the SP level and explain the reason for their placement.

5. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in parts of the joint venture.

Analysis examples

As an example, we suggest conducting a punctuation analysis of the sentence:

1.We will probably not see Sergei again, since the insult inflicted on him is unlikely to be easily forgotten.

Step one. There is a period at the end of the sentence, because the purpose of the statement is narrative, and the intonation is non-exclamatory.

Step two. The numbering showed the presence of five punctuation marks in the sentence:

Probably (1), we will not see Sergei again (2), since the insult (3) inflicted on him (4) is unlikely to be easily forgotten (5).

Step three. This proposal is complex. Parts of a complex sentence are connected subordinating conjunction because the. A comma stands at the border between the main and subordinate clauses.

Step four. In the main sentence, a comma is used to highlight the introductory word. probably. In the subordinate clause, commas separate the participial phrase inflicted on him.

2. I am sure that you will carry out this assignment because you value my location and want to advance in your career.

Step one. The sentence ends with a period because it is declarative, non-exclamatory.

Step two. There are four punctuation marks in the sentence:

I am sure (1) that you will carry out this assignment (2), because you value my location (3), you want to advance in your career (4).

Step three. This sentence consists of one main clause and two subordinate clauses, which are separated from each other by commas numbered one and two.

Step four. In the main part and first subordinate clause There are no punctuation marks. In the second subordinate clause, a comma at number three separates homogeneous predicates you appreciate And you want to advance.

If the student knows what punctuation analysis of a sentence means, he will not make gross mistakes in the placement of punctuation marks. By doing so, he will significantly improve his performance and increase his chances of getting a decent grade in his final exams. This is important, because how well a student passes them determines his future admission to a university. And even such a small thing as the wrong punctuation mark can deprive him of much-needed points.

Modern schoolchildren, in accordance with the educational program, study several types of analysis: phonetic, lexical, morphological, morphemic, syntactic and punctuation analysis of sentences. Each of them has its own distinctive features and difficult to understand points.

Definition

Many students and their parents wonder what punctuation analysis of a sentence means. It is designed to find and clarify punctuation marks in a sentence. The ability to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence can increase the student’s overall literacy level. Analysis of simple (PP) and complex (SP) sentences has its own distinctive features.

Parsing a simple sentence

Read the text provided for analysis.
Assign a number to all punctuation marks present in the text.
Indicate the punctogram that completes the sentence and explain the reason for its placement.
Identify and explain all the signs found in the sentence.

It is according to this plan that punctuation analysis of the sentence is carried out. A sample parsing is presented below.

Analysis examples

Let’s take the punctuation analysis of a sentence as an example:

1. I can trust this secret to a person who knows how to keep his mouth shut.

2.Haven't you seen people running down the street holding flags, posters, and balloons?

Step one. The sentence is interrogative in terms of the purpose of the statement and intonation. That's why it ends with a question mark.

Step two. By assigning a number to punctuation marks, we determine their number in a sentence:

Haven't you seen people running down the street (1), holding flags (2), posters (3), balloons (4)?

Step three. The sentence has one grammatical basis you did not see.

Comma number one highlights the participial phrase. Commas numbered two and three separate homogeneous members of the sentence flags, posters, balloons, expressed by additions.

Analysis of a complex sentence

Punctuation analysis of a sentence of this kind is somewhat more complicated.

1. Read the sentence.

2. Assign a serial number to all punctuation marks in the sentence.

3. Indicate the paragraph ending the sentence and explain its placement.

4. Indicate punctuation marks at the SP level and explain the reason for their placement.

5. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in parts of the joint venture.

Analysis examples

As an example, we suggest conducting a punctuation analysis of the sentence:

1.We will probably not see Sergei again, since the insult inflicted on him is unlikely to be easily forgotten.

Step one. There is a period at the end of the sentence, because the purpose of the statement is narrative, and the intonation is non-exclamatory.

Step two. The numbering showed the presence of five punctuation marks in the sentence:

Probably (1), we will not see Sergei again (2), since the insult (3) inflicted on him (4) is unlikely to be easily forgotten (5).

Step three. This proposal is complex. Parts of a complex sentence are connected by a subordinating conjunction because the. A comma stands at the border between the main and subordinate clauses.

Step four. In the main sentence, a comma is used to highlight the introductory word. probably. In the subordinate clause, commas separate the participial phrase inflicted on him.

2. I am sure that you will carry out this assignment because you value my location and want to advance in your career.

Step one. The sentence ends with a period because it is declarative, non-exclamatory.

Step two. There are four punctuation marks in the sentence:

I am sure (1) that you will carry out this assignment (2), because you value my location (3), you want to advance in your career (4).

Step three. This sentence consists of one main clause and two subordinate clauses, which are separated from each other by commas numbered one and two.

Step four. There is no punctuation in the main clause or the first subordinate clause. In the second subordinate clause, a comma at number three separates homogeneous predicates you appreciate And you want to advance.

Found in the analyzed. Traditionally, they are grouped as emphasizing and separating signs. The first group of signs (emphasizing) serves to indicate the boundaries of a syntactic structure introduced into a sentence to explain its members. It can also be used to semantically highlight any part of a syntactic unit and to limit constructions that are grammatically unrelated to other members (for example, addresses, introductory words). This group includes paired signs: two commas, brackets, quotation marks, two dashes. The second group of signs serves to distinguish independent sentences, or simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, or members. Suggestion marks also belong to this group. The period, question and exclamation marks, colon, dash, ellipsis and dot c form a group of separating characters.

Begin your punctuation by explaining your punctuation choices in . To do this, determine what the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement. If it contains , then it is a declarative sentence, a question is interrogative, a call to action (a request or an order) is incentive. Also, consider the emotional nature of the offer. If there is an exclamatory intonation, an exclamation mark is placed at the end; if a break in speech or understatement is indicated, an ellipsis is used.

Determine which syntactic structure is being analyzed, simple or complex. In a complex sentence, “count” the number of parts and determine the type of connection between them: subordinating, coordinating or non-union. Thus explain the choice of secession signs.

Determine what signs are found inside simple sentence or each syntactic unit in a complex. To do this, find out what structures are used by the author to convey additional semantic shades. Thus, explain the choice of highlighting characters (for detached members sentences) and separating ones (for example, for series of homogeneous members).

Helpful advice

Do a punctuation analysis of the sentence using the example.

I looked and couldn’t tear myself away; these silent lightnings, these restrained brilliances seemed to respond to those silent and secret impulses that also flared up in me. (I.S. Turgenev).

There is a period at the end of the sentence, because... this sentence contains a complete message and is declarative in terms of the purpose of the statement, and non-exclamatory in terms of intonation.

This is a complex sentence made up of three simple ones. Between the first and second there is a non-union connection, between the second and third there is a subordinating connection. A semicolon is used in a non-union connection, because the second and third sentences represent a single semantic whole. A comma is used to separate a subordinate clause definitive sentence from the main one.

Inside the second sentence there is a separating sign - a comma, which is used when listing homogeneous subjects. There is also a construction that is grammatically unrelated to other parts of the sentence - an introductory word, distinguished by paired signs - two commas.

When writing various types of texts, many of us are faced with the acute problem of correct use of punctuation marks. There are often situations when the author of a text misses necessary commas, does not work correctly with direct speech, or makes other punctuation errors. To correct these shortcomings and improve general work With speech, it is recommended to use punctuation parsing of sentences, which is an important tool for syntactic text analysis.

Working with punctuation analysis of a sentence allows you to “hone” the correct use of punctuation marks (specific cases of applying the punctuation rule), learn to determine the boundaries of semantic segments in a sentence, and use punctuation norms in practice.

When conducting punctuation analysis, they analyze the structure of the sentence, the presence of main and minor members, the number of parts of the sentence, its intonation features, the order of the members of the sentence, and so on.

The procedure for punctuation analysis of the text

Let's move on to the direct algorithm for punctuation parsing of sentences. It usually looks like this:

Explanations for punctuation marks

If the sentence we are analyzing contains a complete message talking about some action, event, or fact that is affirmed or denied, such a sentence is declarative. If a sentence contains a question, it is interrogative, and if a sentence contains an order or request, then such a sentence is motivating. When there is an understatement in a sentence, or speech is interrupted by pauses, you should use an ellipsis at the end.

When analyzing a complex sentence, decide on the number of its parts, and the characteristics of the connection between these parts (conjunctive or non-conjunctive, subordinating, coordinating). Having decided on the specifics of the connection, you will be able to understand the need to use one or another sign between the parts of the sentence in question.

Emphasizing marks(comma, dash, parentheses, quotation marks, colon) are used to highlight particularly significant parts of a sentence. Such significant elements can be introductory words, addresses, phrases, sentences, circumstances and additions, homogeneous members of the sentence, clarifying and explanatory members of the sentence.

Dividing marks(comma, semicolon, dash, colon) in a simple sentence indicate boundaries between homogeneous members (usually a comma and a semicolon are used). In a complex sentence, they help to separate the simple sentences that are part of the specified complex sentence.

When analyzing direct speech, determine where the author’s words are located and where direct speech is located. If direct speech occurs before the words of the author or after the words of the author, then the rule of four punctuation marks is used, but if direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author, then use the rule of seven punctuation marks.

Examples of using punctuation analysis of written speech

Let's look at examples of punctuation analysis of simple and complex sentences.

Example of a simple sentence

As an example of a simple sentence, let's take the sentence:

“The words “language” and “speech” for a person who is not involved in linguistics usually mean the same thing.”

Let us denote those available in this proposal punctograms in numbers:

The words “language” and “speech” for a person (1) not involved in linguistics, (2) usually mean the same thing. (3)

Let's look at the proposal:

Example of a complex sentence

As an example of a complex sentence, take the sentence:

“Of course, the modern Russian language is different from the one in which Pushkin, Gogol, Karamzin and Turgenev spoke and wrote.”

Let's designate each available paragraph in the sentence with numbers:

Of course, (1) the modern Russian language is different from the one (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (5).

Let's look at the proposal:

First, we explain the punctogram at the end of the sentence. Since we are dealing with a declarative sentence where there is a complete thought, there should be a point (5) here.
Comma (2) separates subordinate clause complex sentence from the main one;
Comma (1) is used for separation introductory word from the rest of the sentence;
Commas (3) and (4) separate homogeneous members of the sentence.

Conclusion

Punctuation analysis of the text consists of a consistent explanation of the punctuation diagrams used in the sentence under consideration. Its implementation requires knowledge of the necessary rules of the Russian language in terms of the use of punctuation marks in a particular sentence. I recommend using the tips given in this article to perform punctuation analysis of the text you need.

Knowledge of the rules of punctuation greatly contributes to the ordering of spelling and the elimination of illiteracy. Punctuation - a science whose priority is the correct statement (the term came to Russian from Latin and literally means “point”) - is closely related to syntax (the concept comes from Greek word“military system”) is a section of grammar that aims to study the speech system, parts and components that make it up. In the complex it is

These disciplines are studied and punctuation analysis is performed.

Following the linguist A. A. Shakhmatov, modern syntactic scientists recognize the central
syntactic unit proposal, which is the minimum model in verbal communication. It has the form of an intonation-closed syntactic structure that expresses a real situation or a process of thinking and imagination. Both simple and consistent with this definition.

The main object of attention in the syntax of a sentence is its positional components (this includes phrases, word forms at the level of interpositional and intrapositional syntactic connection, the formal indicators of which include the presence of conjunctions, inflections, prepositions). The basic principle of the linguistic structure is not to unnecessarily complicate the use of punctuation marks (which at the same time facilitates punctuation analysis), but at the same time, the need to maintain the flexibility of the syntactic system is taken into account in order to express the semantic nuances and features of the text as fully as possible. This inevitably leads to variation in production. And if we also take into account the possibility of individual authorial placement, then punctuation analysis becomes noticeably more complicated.

To accurately place one or another punctuation mark, you must follow certain rules. And for this, in turn, you need to be able to distinguish (know the features of the use of each of them and basic information on them), find the predicative center, have an idea of the secondary members of the sentence, feel intonation pauses, understand the difference in the expression of the author’s emotions and highlight them accordingly way in writing. This includes the concept of “punctuation analysis”, and also explains the close intertwining and interconnection of syntax, punctuation, and morphology.

Which can be used in the text: period (expresses completeness of thought), interrogative (contains a question), exclamation (way of conveying

special emotions, feelings) signs, ellipsis (in case of understatement, incompleteness), comma (placed with the purpose of dividing, highlighting, separating homogeneous members, introductory constructions, direct speech, addresses, isolated constructions, parts of a complex sentence), semicolon (characteristic for the most part for non-union complex sentences), a dash (used in both simple and complex sentences, in dialogues, direct speech), colon (similar to a dash), quotation marks (characteristic of direct speech), brackets (for providing additional information).

That is, summarizing the above, we can imagine an algorithm by which punctuation parsing of a sentence is performed:

Identify the purpose of the statement, according to intonation features.
Determine whether it is simple or complex.
Find predicative structures and minor members.
If it’s simple, characterize it from this point of view (two-part / one-part, complete / incomplete, widespread / not widespread, complicated or not).

For a complex one - identify the type of connection (subordination / composition / non-union / with various types) and the means of its transmission (intonation, conjunction, conjunction or correlative words).

Explain the appropriateness of all punctuation marks (periods, commas, dashes, colons, etc.), both at the end of the sentence and within its parts.
Make a diagram.

By doing this, you can analyze any proposal.