“general designer m.p. simonov

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Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov(-) - a major Soviet designer of small arms. Hero of Socialist Labor. Laureate of two Stalin Prizes of the first degree.

Biography

• Simonov Sergey Gavrilovich- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

An excerpt characterizing Simonov, Sergei Gavrilovich

MODERN CIVILIZATION IS THE RESULT OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CREATIVITY KEY TECHNICAL IDEAS OF 42 PEOPLE CREATED THE MODERN WORLD, SIMONOV IS ONE OF THEM. IF SIMONOV WAS PROVIDED WITH ALL THE CONDITIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HIS IDEAS, RUSSIA WOULD BECOME A GLOBAL LEADER. THE ARMY OF RUSSIA WOULD BE STUNNINGLY INVINCIBLE. GERMANY WOULD BE DESTROYED WITHIN A WEEK, AND THE WHOLE HISTORY OF EUROPE WOULD GO DIFFERENTLY. THE MILITARY-TECHNICAL CONSPIRACY OF THE STR, WHATEVER THE MOTIVATIONS OF ITS PARTICIPANTS LEAD, IS TOO EXPENSIVE FOR THE COUNTRY. RUSSIA LOST THE BATTLE FOR THE FIRST PLACE IN THE WORLD.
RUSSIA LOST SIMONOV.
CHAPTER FIRST
SIMONOV SERGEY GAVRILOVICH
THE WORLD SOLDIER IS ARMED WITH HIS WEAPON, BUT IN RUSSIA IT WAS STOLEN FROM THE MEMORY OF THE PEOPLE.

Simonov is a typical Russian genius. What he created was recognized all over the world, but not under his name. At home, Simonov is only a half-forgotten name, but his talent as a designer never died, finding his embodiment far from his homeland, where he lived and worked.
Simonov is the only designer in Russia whose invention will be used all over the world as long as there are sovereign states and the armies that protect their independence and security.
Simonov is the best weapon in the world.
Simonov opened a new direction of automation small arms. His principle of locking the barrel bore "by skewed bolt" directly or in various versions has been applied and will be applied in the most advanced models of automatic weapons that are produced by countries - leaders among manufacturers of global weapons.
These are heavy and heavy machine guns. These are light machine guns, Rifles automatics and submachine guns. And these are all the best service models of the world soldier.
These are tank machine guns of America, England, France and Japan. These are machine guns and air guns from Vickers, Hotchkiss, MAS, Hispano-Suiza and Fabrik Nasienal.
These are the permanent leaders in their classes of infantry weapons - MAG and BREN machine guns.
Simonov is the whole range of small arms and machine guns in Japan.
Simonov is a promising weapon for the US infantryman of the 21st century.
Simonov is a world champion in the sale and personnel application of FN FAL. (FN FAL - the service miracle of the Kingdom of Belgium, the great leader of the 7.62-mm caliber, the best marching machine of the 20th century).
Simonov is the French MAS-49/56 and the Italian Luigi Franchi-59, which do not leave their military-tactical niches.
In addition, Simonov developed a scheme that made it possible to reduce the dimensions of submachine guns. On this basis, were created: "Uzi", "Ingram", "Beretta".
The constructive basis for the creation of the Kalashnikov assault rifle is also the work of Simonov.
Since 1938, work has been underway in Germany to create a new generation of automatic weapons, which were completed with the creation of the MP-44. "Superweapon" called this sample A. Hitler. MP-44 is, directly, Simonov's scheme.
In Russia, the skew of the shutter is used in the legendary ShKAS machine guns and the ShVAK created on their basis. The skew of the shutter is a machine gun of the Goryunov brothers, which in 1943 was adopted for service as an easel machine gun.
But the misfortune of the Russian army was that Simonov's weapon did not reach it in the version in which it experienced an extreme shortage. Great forces were applied so that light machine guns and automatic rifles and carbines, which Simonov created, did not get into service.
Simonov created double-barreled weapons: machine guns and machine guns. Simonov created weapons for a caseless cartridge and a 5.45-mm cartridge, as well as pistols ... And all this remained unclaimed in Russia, but found a worthy application in other countries. This is what this book is about.
Simonov can rightfully be put on a par with the already legendary authors of independent small arms systems. By the way, there will be very few of them, if only the authors of the original schemes are taken into account.
Yes, and the names of not the creators of weapons are often stored in memory, but of talented production organizers, or those who finalized someone else's idea to mass production.
So the famous Hotchkiss Ordnanz machine gun, which was bought by dozens of countries (those who watched the film "Golden Bullet" may remember it) was the product of a successful deal by Benjamin Hotchkiss, who bought the patent of the Czech designer Odkolek.
The Mauser brothers, under the name of their company, produced the Fiderle pistol. The Steyer company produced (and produces) pistols of the Krnk system. Bergman produced Schmeiser submachine guns, which at the end of the First World War entered the German infantry and found their use in the close combat horizon, destroying bayonet fighting as a form of combat contact.
As part of the Colt Patent Fire Arms. Mfc. Co. has registered 22 patents related to automatic weapons.
But the company became famous for the manufacture of automatic pistols, which in their constructive basis were created in the Browning family. Few people noticed that in addition to the hereditary dynasties of scientists or musicians and composers, one can find design dynasties. Of course, not in every generation talent flourished most brightly, and, moreover, not everyone was lucky. And, really, when this hidden creative line gave a surge, it captured the entire male part of the family.
The Chebyshev brothers worked all their lives on the theoretical support of artillery, although more than one is known - the author of the "Chebyshev grid". Chekhov brothers, Polzunov brothers. Before the war, the Goryunov brothers create their own machine gun, which they fought for the last two years. There is probably no need to talk about the Walter, Lewis and Mauser families. The Krnka brothers, forgotten now, were famous designers of Austria-Hungary. Nagant is the most famous revolver surname. But Nagant is a creative union of brothers.
The Browning brothers are even less known, as creative Group. The first two key machine gun patents belong to both Moses and Matthew (of which the famous 1895 machine gun). But after Matthew went into production, and the handsome imposing Moses took over the representative part ... Therefore, Moses (Moses) Browning is better known. Yes, and the company's patents went under his name. Karl Browning was on bad terms with Moses and moved first to England and then to Belgium on FN Herstal. (See additional at the end of the chapter).
The Brownings were the owners and managers of a small company in Ogden, they invented and patented a bunch of self-loading shotguns, self-loading rifles of them, the famous machine guns of 1895, 1918, 1919.
But the gun brought them fame.

It was interesting scheme locking the shutter with the barrel itself, on which there were protrusions on top that connected the barrel and the shutter. Smris ... After the shot, the barrel "sat" down on the swinging bar and released the bolt. They sold this pistol to the Colt company, which, in the end, released “their own” “Government Perpouse” (state - service - main) Colt of the 1911 model of the 11.43-mm caliber. It was also produced in a different caliber. The Brownings, already within the Factory Nacional in Belgium, produced the Browning FNH, the most popular blowback pistol in 9mm and 7.65mm calibers.
When Colt 45 caliber went on sale, Karl Browning patented his Browning High Power pistol, which is still produced to this day, where, with the same locking principle, the barrel “squatted” already on the same part with the barrel, in which the corresponding groove was selected. This method of locking the barrel and a single part with the barrel have become the basic basis for almost all modern pistols. This is the Beretta, and the Swiss ZIGs, and the American "Smitts", this is the French MAS, etc., etc.
A world soldier was armed by a very small number of creators of their systems. I repeat that if we leave those whose ideas were not the development of some other prototypes, then they will be: Mannlicher, Maxim. Browning, Thompson, Tomashek, Odkolek, Luger, the Walter brothers and the Mauser brothers, who, among other things, created their own original designs. These are the machine-gun schemes of Dreyse and Schwarzlose, Shosh and Madsen. I listed those whose technical ideas were embodied in samples that were successfully used as service weapons for a sufficient number of years.
In addition to these names, there are many authors of patents and ready-made weapons. But, as a rule, these were and are only the developers of what has already been created. This is already combinatorics of thinking, and I, in this case, are interested in those who put fundamentally independent ideas into the process of creating weapons. No, there were, of course, other independent authors, but, at best, their weapons could be classified as technical sophistication or even technical graphomania. There were dead-end - complicated schemes, created, as it were, according to the principle: “Why is it simple, when it can be difficult” ... All this was simply unacceptable for mass production and, even more so, for mass combat use. These are systems with “liquid gunpowder”, and electric machine guns ... etc.
Of these above, there have been few happy authors whose systems have stood the test of time.
Czech Alois Tomashek created a self-cocking mechanism for automatic pistols and will forever remain in the history of weapons around the world, but his pistol is forgotten.
Pistol schemes of Mauser - Fiderle and Parabellum - Luger are embodied, perhaps, in the most aesthetically finished and therefore perfect forms. But these pistols, first of all, are difficult to manufacture, especially the Mauser, but there’s nothing to say about its overall data - it’s too picturesque for our time.
In Parabellum, it is impossible to increase the capacity of the store and apply self-cocking due to the rigid interconnection of all structural elements. But, of course, given the ability to assemble this scheme with long barrels that move back after a shot, and do not clack, crouching, like the barrels of Brownings and other Berettas, the Parabellum, with its clear trigger, can remain in practice as a target weapon. The pistols of the Czech Krnka, which were developed and are being developed by Steyer, are accurate and structurally perfect, but they were and are purely Austrian delicacies. A promising priority, in my opinion, is behind the Walter system. The Walter R-38 with its supportive mask perfectly retains the power of the cartridge, and, in addition, in it, as in the Parabellum, it is possible to mount a longer target barrel moving in a straight line - back after the shot. Well, the self-cocking is very harmoniously inscribed in its scheme from the very beginning. (The modern "Beretta" used to create its pistols based on the Browning HP scheme, but after reluctantly bought the right to produce and use the locking element of Karl Walter. And now the whole world, Walter's idea in the "Body" of Beretta is conquering the whole world
The machine gun of Madsen lasted the longest of the old guard. He also fought in Vietnam. The end of World War II was the final farewell to the Browning light machine gun, arr. 1918, and with a Lewis machine gun, mod. 1920. At the end of the war, the Hollywood hero Thompson submachine gun also retired with honor. He created an interesting shutter with a wedge that slows down the shutter, (see Fig.). Although, it is possible that someone can use this scheme to create an apparatus for firing from Magnum cartridges that have come into fashion. It will be an interesting deadly monster.
Dreyse, Skoda, Schwarzlose, Hotchkiss machine guns survived until the 40s. The H. Maxim machine gun has an unusual fate - as an infantry machine gun, it disappears from use everywhere except the USSR. They tried to write it off to the reserve, but in 42 they would again urgently launch it into the series. In the West, it was used as an air machine gun, replacing the type of ammunition. Instead of a tape, a disk lying on top was used.
But the constructive misfortune of these machine guns was due to the tactical task - to destroy the infantry masses. And not just lead aimed shooting, but to sweep the enemy in the targeted sector. The body of the machine gun was attached to the turret, where it was possible to limit the movement of the barrel in the sector along the horizon and fix it in height. Shooting was carried out in long bursts, often "to the length of the tape", and this is 250 rounds of ammunition. To prevent the barrel from overheating, a water radiator was used and, in addition, the design provided for a quick change of the barrel. This, by the way, is a characteristic feature of the class of weapons that was called "machine gun" or "machine gever" - a machine gun. Classic armor shield and heavy machine. No one counted those extra pounds.
All schemes of these devices were a typical legacy of classical mechanics. This is a clear echo of large mechanical dolls, secretaries with a "secret" and machines for removing boots.
For example, I will give circuit diagrams mechanics of a number of well-known machine guns.
Only Simonov's scheme will qualitatively change the machine gun kinematics. But in order to grasp the significance of the new principle, it is necessary to briefly go over the history of automatic weapons. In parallel with the classic mechanics of positional machine guns, a direction was developing, which was generated by the desire to create something like mechanical hand, which would speed up the process of reloading a magazine rifle.

WHERE IT ALL STARTED?

MANLICHER AND SHUTTER ROTATION.

In fact, Mannlicher, having created his great rifle, gave impetus to the design of a new generation of compact automatic weapons.
All magazine rifles that began to enter service in the 19th century, as well as their single-shot prototypes, had a mechanism that was simple and reliable, like a crowbar, locking the bore. This is in various graphic options, in terms of its constructive essence, - a window latch. On the body of this latch there were protrusions that closed the barrel when the bolt was turned. And to this day, nothing has changed. In order to open the shutter, you need to pull the handle up - to the left and pull it back, you need to close it - away from you, and to the right - down.
In 1865, Mannlicher designed a rifle that could be reloaded by moving back and forth. An oblique groove was chosen in the body of the shutter, on top there was a coupling with a protrusion that was included in the groove of the shutter. It only remained to add some kind of force that would open the shutter and a return spring, which would this shutter ...
(It makes no sense to consider the lever schemes of the shutters of various Henrys and Winchesters other than technical psychopathy. This is Parkinson's idea - Why is it simple when it can be difficult)
GAS OUTLET - SHUTTER ROTATION.
The Swiss Schmidt-Rubin in the same year patents nothing more, nothing less than an automatic rifle in a modern bolt composition. The force of the gases removed from the bore through the piston acted on the bolt block, in which the bolt body was located.
A NEW AGE HAS STARTED. AUTOMATIC SYSTEM IS CREATED.
But the whole trouble was that both the Mannlicher rifle and the Schmidt-Rubin system were created for very large cartridges of that time. The cartridges were huge cylinders for black powder with bullets of 10-12 mm from non-shelled lead ... One can imagine how much weight this scheme would have in the composition of an infantry automatic rifle.
Mannlicher is constantly working on improving his system, and in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, new modifications regularly, almost every year, enter the troops. In 1889, the main basic model was created. In the same year, in Switzerland, the Schmidt-Rubin magazine rifle, cal. 7.5 mm. The difference between it and the Mannlicher rifle is in some compositional difference ... In 1895, the Mannlicher rifle was adopted by Austria-Hungary: to this day it is produced in sports and hunting versions for all kinds of calibers ...
SCHEME OF THE AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC ALLEGED KALASHNIKOV 1902. Mauser releases an automatic rifle, having finally completed the entire constructive direction - the gas outlet - the rotation of the bolt. Further, this constructive line is being developed in America.
1906 Knowles Williams creates an automatic rifle: gas outlet, bolt rotation. But, like a rifle, she did not go into action, and the place of the machine gun was taken by the Colt machine gun, model 1895. This is in the USA. But the first country in the world where a self-loading rifle was adopted was Mexico, in whose troops the Mondragon system, arr. 1907. This, of course, is a gas outlet and a turn of the shutter. Structurally, the Mandragon rifle developed the Schmidt-Rubin scheme. In Mexico, apart from tequila, they did not know how to do anything, and the order for a rifle was given to the ZIG (ZHZ) factories in Switzerland. Another coup is taking place in Mexico, no one bought the ordered rifles, and they remained in the warehouse.
The 1895 Colt machine gun, although lighter than other systems, did not solve the issue of mobile automatic weapons. And then the star of the heir to the hereditary gunsmiths Lewis rose. Isaac Newton Lewis (the name is still ...) creates his own legendary machine gun, which, as arr. 1912, will become a combat model in the United States and in many other countries. Lewis improves it by creating modifications of 1915 and 1920. (Comrade Sukhov will kill Abdullah's gang from him.)
The first World War, and, - the paradox of history, - the Mondragon rifle, already in the automatic version, with a round magazine, will be manufactured for the German Air Force in the same Switzerland, where at one time they did not pay attention to Schmidt-Rubin. In 1915, Mauser creates another version of an automatic rifle: a gas outlet - turning the bolt. But the same Mauser company has already created its legendary rifle, which laid the foundation for a new direction of automatic weapons.

BARREL RETRACT - SHUTTER ROTATING. MG-34 "SHAYTAN MULTUK" - THE BEST DEATH IN THE WORLD

1904 Mauser automatic rifle. Its constructive basis is based on the GREAT scheme of Karl Krnk, which was not paid due attention in Austria. The barrel was movable and after the shot made a short retreat back along with a massive bolt, the combat masks of which entered into the oblique grooves of the bolt box when the bore was locked. After stopping, the shutter, having acquired energy, was thrown back, completing a recharge cycle. As an automatic rifle, this system was not developed, but to this day it serves as the basis for many machine gun systems around the world. In Germany, on the basis of this scheme, the following were created: MG-15, an aircraft machine gun and its modification MG-17 ... Through modifications made in Switzerland (after Versailles), Solothurn-29 and the model of 30, a single MG-34 was created, in the infantry version, it will be replaced by the MG-42 (about it a little later). But as systems where a large caliber was used, this scheme continued its development. These are small-caliber automatic guns FLAK, cal. 37 mm, FLAK cal. 20 mm, MG-131 30 mm, MK-101 30 mm and MK-ST-11.2 mm. All of them were used both in the air defense system on land, and in ship gun mounts, and as air guns. With the help of their thugs soviet tanks from the air, which could not knock out the German tank guns "on the forehead" ... In the USSR, this is a Vladimirov machine gun in cal. 14.5 mm. After the war, this (as if recognizing) was used by the Austrians in the magnificent Steyer submachine gun and in the Steyer-Mannlicher assault pistol of the new generation.

Sergey Gavrilovich Simonov (1894-1986) is deservedly considered one of the patriarchs. His life was typical of talented nuggets who came to the Soviet defense industry in the 20-30s. Born into a peasant family, he graduated from three classes of a rural school, at the age of 1b he became a blacksmith's apprentice, then a factory locksmith, and in 1917 he began working as an adjuster of V.G. In 1922, Sergei Gavrilovich was already engaged in the creation of a light machine gun and an automatic rifle of his own design. After 7 years, he becomes the head of the assembly shop of the plant, then the experimental workshops, in 1932-1933. replenishes education at the Industrial Academy, and after 3 years, his automatic rifle is adopted.

After that, Simonov headed the design bureaus at defense industry enterprises and retired only in 1959. But even then he did not stop working on new models of weapons. Evidence of high appreciation of his merits - the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and twice - the laureate of the Stalin Prize, awarding eight orders and several medals. Per long years creative activity Simonov designed one and a half hundred different systems, but for a number of reasons only three received fame: automatic rifle AVS-36, anti-tank rifle PTRS and self-loading carbine SKS, which have become the service weapon of our army.

What about the rest of the designs? What were they like? Let's try to answer this question, especially since the prototypes did not disappear without a trace, as often happened, but are stored in the collection of the Central Museum of the Armed Forces in Moscow. Simonov himself contributed a lot to this, bequeathing his experimental weapon to the museum in 1960-1981. who transferred 155 "trunks" here. With a few exceptions, this automatic systems, among which a significant place is occupied by submachine guns and machine guns.

Sergey Gavrilovich developed his first submachine gun in 1945-1946. It seemed that during the Second World War, all conceivable improvements were made to the design of such weapons. Nevertheless, Simonov found new, original solutions in the design of individual components and elements, so that the initial version of the PPS-6P model of 1946 had undeniable advantages over the Shpagin and Sudayev submachine guns that were in service. Its automation remained traditional for such systems and was based on the return of a free shutter, but the moving parts were much better protected from contamination. In particular, the shutter and the receiver were covered from dust and moisture by a thin-walled stamped cover, which remained motionless during firing. On all serial submachine guns, spent cartridges were thrown up and to the side through a window in receiver and prevented the shooter from sighting the target, Simonov directed the extraction of the cartridges down, the PPS-6P of the 1946 model had a permanent sight at 200 m, consisting of a front sight and a rear sight, a carbine-type stock; 7.62-mm pistol cartridges of the 1930 model served as ammunition.

In 1949, the designer redesigned this weapon for 9-mm PM pistol cartridges and reduced its size by using a retractable metal butt. New pattern received the brand PPS-8P '49. In the same year, on the instructions of the NKVD, Simonov began work on the first Soviet compact submachine gun. Taking the PPS-8P as a basis, to further reduce the dimensions, he used the bolt to roll out onto the barrel at the time of the shot. (It was only in 1954 that such a decision was embodied in the Israeli Uzi, so its author Uziel Gal was far from the first.) A feature of the new weapon was a low rate of fire, which was achieved by a relatively large mass of moving parts, a long stroke of automation and a roll-out shutter. The percussion mechanism was of the classic type - a striker, the sight was cross-country, designed for aimed fire at distances of 50 and 100 m, the fuse fixed the shutter in the cocked position. The submachine gun turned out to be small, 600 mm long with the shoulder rest retracted and 380 mm with the folded one, and weighed 1.88 kg without cartridges.

PPS-10P arr. 1950. was made in 1950, but unfortunately it did not pass the entire test cycle. In addition, due to the lack of a muzzle brake-compensator, the accuracy of fire turned out to be low, and the strength of some parts was insufficient. It took two decades to appreciate Simonov's developments - only in 1970 did the design of small-sized submachine guns resume in the USSR. Moreover, it repeated itself: the samples presented by N.M. Afanasyev and E.F. Dragunov did not satisfy the military in terms of effective firing range. And only in 1993 did mass production of Kedra very similar to PPS-10P begin.

rate of fire - 700 rounds per minute
.

In parallel, Sergei Gavrilovich was engaged in machine guns - as the combat experience of the Second World War showed, the most successful and promising light small arms. Own AS-13P arr. He designed 1949 of the year in 1948. For the operation of automation, the energy of powder gases was used, partially discharged through the side hole in the barrel, for locking the cartridge - a well-worked out skew of the shutter by the author, to slow down the rate of fire - a long stroke of the piston rod. To reduce the length of the receiver, the designer placed the recoil spring in the butt. From AS-18P arr. 1948, it was possible to fire bursts and single shots. There was a fuse that locked the trigger. A significant number of parts were made using a high-tech cold stamping method. Although the weapon turned out to be quite usable, it was overweight - without cartridges it weighed 4.31 kg. Simonov tried to lighten it by abandoning the dust cover of the receiver window, redesigning the reloading handle, changing the fuse and the fire mode selector. New AS-18P arr. 1949 "lost" half a kilo and became more comfortable.

At the same time, the gunsmith tried a different principle for activating moving parts. Back in 1948, he created the AS-19P with a semi-free (self-opening) shutter, slowed down due to friction, which also ensured slow extraction of cartridge cases. Otherwise, the design was very reminiscent of the AS-13P and AS-18P.

The last in a series of automatic machines 1948-1949. became AS-21P arr. 1949, structurally similar to AS-18P. In it, the functions of the butt were performed by a receiver riveted from thin corrugated metal sheets. Folding sights, reminiscent of the device of the German FG-42 paratrooper rifle on all Simonov assault rifles, received a more convenient retractable rear sight. For hand-to-hand combat bayonet was intended. At the request of the customer, who paid special attention to the convenience of the weapon in circulation, Sergey Gavrilovich placed all the accessories for cleaning it in the pistol grip.

In 1949, the AK-47 designed by M.T. Kalashnikov was adopted, but the improvement of such systems continued. In addition, the operation of the Kalashnikov in the troops revealed a number of shortcomings. While the author sought to eliminate them, other gunsmiths were creating new designs. Simonov also joined them, having accumulated a fair amount of experience in the design of automata. In 1955-1956. he offered 6 models. The work of their automation was based on the removal of powder gases through a hole in the barrel - a scheme recognized as optimal. The locking of cartridges on all models was carried out by tilting the bolt, as on the universally recognized SKS carbine. In this experimental series, Simonov finally abandoned sights with a folding front sight and a retractable front sight, moving on to the classic - a sector sight with a cylindrical front sight protected by an annular steel front sight. His AS-95P and AS-96P mod. 1955, came out as light as possible. This was achieved by reducing the receiver and wooden parts. Original in both designs were a gas piston, made stepped to reduce the speed of movement of moving parts and a trigger mechanism made in a removable block. Tests revealed the pros and cons of new products; thus, the rigidity and strength of individual parts turned out to be insufficient, and the recoil, due to the low mass, was excessive. At the same time, experts noted the simplicity of the machine and its unification with the SCS.

The most successful were AS-106P arr. 1955 and AS-107P mod. 1956. Their trigger mechanism was trigger. To forcefully unload the receiver cover and slow down the rate of fire, Simonov used a long stroke of the piston rod and placed the return mechanism in front of the bolt carrier in the receiver, securing the spring located on the piston rod by turning the stop sector. The frame with a return mechanism was fixed with a detachable handle. The stem tube was attached to the gas chamber with a pin. To reduce the size of the weapon in the stowed position, one of the machine guns was equipped with a sliding metal butt.

In 1962, a new “automatic period” began for Simonov. Then it finally became clear that the "Kalashnikov" became the standard of such weapons, the technology for its manufacture was debugged "one hundred percent" and breaking it, even for the production of a more advanced model, was recognized as inappropriate. Therefore, Simonov's experimental products of the AO-31 series resembled the AK-47 and AKM; all had similar butterfly valves and fuses designed solely to prevent random shots, and signal flag translators located near the trigger served to change the mode of fire. Nevertheless, Simonov's automata had a number of characteristic features, which did not allow them to be confused with other systems. So the AO-31 assault rifle with serial number 3, manufactured and tested in 1962, had a gas chamber on the muzzle of the barrel, which simultaneously served as a compensator brake, front sight body and flame arrester. To lengthen the sighting line, the sight was mounted on the cover of the receiver. However, the AO-31 did not show any tangible advantages over the Kalashnikov, and the performance and reliability turned out to be even lower than that of the serial AK.

Of course, Sergei Gavrilovich was upset by this, but he did not give up. It was typical for him to look for something new in many respects empirically, repeatedly reworking and improving knots and details. So he did this time as well. Introduced in 1964, the AO-31-6 reintroduced the conventional gas chamber and long-stroke piston, and the breech had an improved arrangement with a roller on the cam to reduce friction when unlocking. Simonov considered the installation of the sight on the cover of the receiver to be irrational and returned it to the forearm ring. The AO-31-6 submachine gun received a wooden butt, folding in the stowed position and attached to the right side of the receiver. This allowed the use of the machine in all branches of the military. Only two decades later, a similar stock found a place on the Kalashnikov AK-74M.

In the 60s, Simonov was one of the first in the country to begin experimenting with new promising types of ammunition: 5.45-mm low-pulse and 7.62-mm caseless cartridges. In 1963, the designer proposed the AO-31-5 small-caliber assault rifle. With the exception of the barrel, it did not differ from other samples of this series. Although testing at the site confirmed the viability similar weapons, it took another 10 years before it was established in the weapons system Soviet army.

The experimental caseless AO-31-7 of 1965 was forgotten. Technically, it was designed like the entire AO series, but did not have an ejector and a reflector. It tested the possibility of firing ammunition, in which the powder charge was compressed with a primer. The AO-31-7 assault rifle was not intended for firing single shots, the main thing was to get the weapon and unusual ammunition to work in automatic mode, but this was prevented by clearly “raw” cartridges. It’s a pity, of course, because caseless ammunition promised considerable benefits. For example, due to the lower weight and dimensions, it was possible to place more ammunition in the store. And again about the priority: the Simonov automatic machine for 30 years anticipated the appearance of similar weapons in other countries, in particular in Germany.

Simonov's weapons were distinguished by the fact that they were easily disassembled and very technologically advanced due to the widespread use of cold stamping in the manufacture of parts. Based on the specifics of different branches of the military, it was equipped with wooden or metal butts; the latter in the retracted position significantly reduced the length of machine guns and submachine guns.

Tests AG-042 and AG-043 took place in competition with the Kalashnikov shortened AKS-74U. They did not show any significant advantages in terms of rate of fire and ballistics and therefore were not accepted into service. The authority of M.T. Kalashnikov, who by that time had already twice Hero of Socialist Labor, also had an effect. The AG-042 and AG-043 assault rifles were the last Simonov exhibits: Sergei Gavrilovich donated them to the museum in 1979.

22.09.1894 – 06.05.1986

Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov- large Soviet designer small arms. Honored Inventor of the RSFSR (1964), Hero of Socialist Labor (1954), twice winner of the Stalin Prize of the first degree (1942, 1949).

Biography

Born September 22 (October 4), 1894 in the village of Fedotovo, now the Vladimir region, in a family of peasants.

He graduated from the 3rd grade of a rural school. From the age of 16 he worked in a forge. In 1915 he went to work as a mechanic at a small factory, he graduated from technical courses. In 1917 he began to work for Kovrov plant(currently OJSC "Plant them. V. A. Degtyarev») locksmith. He took part in the finalization and debugging of the first Russian Fedorov assault rifle. Member of the CPSU (b) / CPSU since 1927.

Since 1922 - master, then senior master. Since 1929 - head of the assembly shop, designer, head of the experimental workshop. In 1922-1923. designs a light machine gun and an automatic rifle under the leadership of V. G. Fedorov and V. A. Degtyarev. In 1926 it was presented, and in 1936 it was adopted by the Red Army Simonov automatic rifle(ABC-36).

In 1932-1933 he studied at the Industrial Academy.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War Simonov was evacuated with the enterprise to Saratov. He paid much attention to the creation of light and heavy machine guns, but did not stop the development of other weapons. In 1941 he developed 14.5 mm anti-tank self-loading rifle(PTRS). By the end of 1944, Sergei Gavrilovich created the first samples of his famous SCS chambered for 7.62 × 39 mm based on the carbine, developed by him as part of a competition for a new carbine back in 1940-1941, but not put into production due to the evacuation of factories .

In 1950–1970, S. G. Simonov worked in NII-61(now the Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering TSNIITOCHMASH) in the city of Klimovsk, Moscow Region.

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"Education of love for the native land, for the native

Culture, to the native village or city, to the native speech -

A task of paramount importance and not

The need to prove it. But how to educate

This love? It starts small - with love for

Your family, your home, your school.

Gradually expanding, this love for the native land

Turns into love for his country - for its history, its

past and present."

D. S. Likhachev. Letters about the good and the beautiful.

The memory of the past, of glorious ancestors, of the great cultural traditions of the native land is one of the effective means of educating the future citizen. Integral part national history is the history of the Kovrov land, which has made a significant contribution to the economic and cultural development of the country, to the spiritual life of society, to increasing the defense capability of our great Motherland.

Project name -“A nugget of the land of Fedotovskaya. Constructor

Automatic small arms S.G. Simonov"

Project type: information research.

Goals and objectives of the project:

Collection and systematization of materials about S.G. Simonov: scattered, sometimes contradictory information about the facts of his biography, the history of his creation various kinds small arms, the Simonov dynasty of gunsmiths.

Research methods:

Our students and teachers strive to ensure that the school was named after S.G. Simonov. For this reason, our project ispractical significance:

Project participants:

Stages of work on the project:

November–December 2010

January - February 2011

During the course of the project, wethe following sources were used:

• Internet resources:

http://www.legendary-arms.ru

http://www.weaponland.ru Encyclopedia of weapons. The creator of the Armored Piercer is Sergei Simonov. Sergei Monetchikov.

http://www.agentura.ru

http://www.souz-avtorov.ru. Could big losses in World War II have been avoided? Anatoly Antonov.

• Books donated to the museum by V.V. Simonov:

Shestakovsky A.F. Achieve the impossible. Enlightenment, 1989.

Bolotin D.N. Soviet small arms, L., 1967.

Bolotin D.N. The oldest Soviet gunsmith. - “Military. news", 1969, No. 10.

Martynchuk N. N. A matter of life. M., 1975, p. 100-105.

"Weapon of Victory" (under the editorship of V.N. Novikov, M., Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1985) Chapter V -

"Weapon".

"Weapon of achievement". Central Order of the Red Star Museum of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

M., 1983.

• Periodicals:

factory truth. Socio-political newspaper of the Klimovsk Specialized Cartridge Plant. Nos. 34, 39, October 2004

Border Guard of the Northeast. Regional border newspaper of the FSB of Russia, No. 44, November 3-9, 2004. Viktor LITOVKIN, Ichthyander's Strike Force.

• Photos from the personal archive of S.G. and V.V. Simonov.

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"Love for one's Motherland is not something abstract; it is love for one's city, for one's locality, for the monuments of its culture, pride in one's history." Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev

Small arms designer S.G. Simonov 1894 - 1986

Goals and objectives of the project: Collection and systematization of materials about S.G. Simonov: scattered, sometimes contradictory information about the facts of his biography, the history of the creation of various types of small arms by him, the Simonov dynasty of gunsmiths. Research methods: Work with Internet sources, literature, periodicals, study of materials available in the school museum. Meeting with relatives of the famous gunsmith living in the city of Kovrov, correspondence with the family of V.V. Simonov, nephew of Sergei Gavrilovich. Analysis, comparison of materials from various sources, systematization and generalization.

Project participants: students of grades 8-9: Sidorkina Alena, Semichev Mikhail, Galaktionova Maria, Korobko Anna, Askalin Mikhail, Pikaev Kirill, history teacher Kuleva N.V., head of the school museum Sazhenyuk E.A. Terms of work on the project: November 2010 - February 2011. Stages of work on the project: November - December 2010 - collection of materials about S.G. Simonov: Interesting Facts biographies, the history of the creation of various types of small arms, the Simonov dynasty of gunsmiths; January - February 2011 - systematization of the information received, analysis of conflicting facts, clarification and elimination of inaccuracies; creation of a computer presentation, a brochure and a set of photographs dedicated to S.G. Simonov and the successors of his work.

Father Gavrila Ignatievich Among the workers of the experimental workshop at the Degtyarev plant in Kovrov Mother Evlampiya Terenyevna

“From the very first days of work, he showed a keen interest in our business. Both I and Fedorov noticed this. Whatever work was entrusted to him, he performed it conscientiously and diligently. We began to help Simonov, and he very soon became a first-class gunsmith. Having studied the principles of automation, he more than once amazed us with his rationalization proposals and inventive abilities, which he showed in daily work. Simonov was assigned independent work, and he successfully dealt with them ”From the memoirs of Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov, the founder of the Russian school of automatic weapons Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev, head of the experimental workshop of the plant Stakhanov shock brigade of the plant. Kirkizha (in the bottom row, second from the left, S.G. Simonov)

1922-1923 - a light machine gun and an automatic rifle, characterized by simplicity and low cost of production. 1936 - AVS-36 (Simonov automatic rifle), which surpassed the designs of Degtyarev and Tokarev 1938 - SVS-14 (Simonov sniper rifle), which has high combat qualities 1941 - PTRS (Simonov anti-tank self-loading rifle), for the development of which Simonov was awarded the Stalin (State) Prize. 1945 - SKS-45 (Simonov's self-loading carbine) and its sniper version, which became truly a masterpiece of design thought by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov

Weapons of Victory

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"Love for one's Motherland is not something abstract; it is love for one's city, for one's locality, for the monuments of its culture, pride in one's history," wrote academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev.

Wherever we live - in a city or a village - we love our "small Motherland". The history of our Fatherland, like a huge mosaic panel, is made up of the history of small towns, villages, of the history of the people living in them. And it is clear that it is impossible to know the history of the entire state without knowing the past and present of your small homeland, the land where you were born and raised.

An integral part of national history is the history of the Kovrov land, which has made a significant contribution to the economic and cultural development of the country, to the spiritual life of society, to increasing the defense capability of our great Motherland.

Within the framework of the regional competition of projects "Pages of the history of my small homeland"We have developed the project "Nugget of the Fedotov Land", dedicated to the life and work of our fellow countryman, a wonderful domestic gunsmith, a man of world renown - Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov.

The choice of the theme of the project is not accidental. For almost 30 years, our school has been associated with the name of the gunsmith Simonov: in 1982, Sergei Gavrilovich was our guest, at the same time, the former director of the school, Samorodova Z.I. began to collect materials about his biography, which formed the basis of the exposition of the school museum opened in 2005. At the opening of the museum and the bas-relief dedicated to Simonov, his relatives came, including his nephew, Vladimir Vasilyevich, also a famous gunsmith. Books about our famous countryman, photographs and other interesting materials were donated to the museum.

Therefore, when the topics of future projects were discussed, everyone unanimously decided: of course, about Simonov - our most famous fellow countryman!

The goals and objectives of the project werecollection and systematization of materials about S.G. Simonov: scattered, sometimes contradictory information about the facts of his biography, the history of the creation of various types of small arms by him, the Simonov dynasty of gunsmiths.

Our students and teachers strive to ensure that the school was named after S.G. Simonov. As a result, our projectpractical significance:enrichment of the materials of the school museum, expansion of the exposition dedicated to our wonderful countryman, creation of a computer presentation that can be used in the classroom and extracurricular activities in the future, the creation of printing materials for the museum and its guests - brochures and a set of photographs. In addition, we are sure that our work will be of interest to the regional information and local history center.

The research methods were:

• Work with Internet sources, literature, periodicals,

The study of materials available in the school museum.

• Meeting with relatives of the famous gunsmith living in Kovrov, correspondence with the family of V.V. Simonov, nephew of Sergei Gavrilovich.
• Analysis, comparison of materials from various sources, systematization and generalization.

Project participants:students of grades 8-9: Alena Sidorkina, Mikhail Semichev, Maria Galaktionova, Anna Korobko, Mikhail Askalin, Kirill Pikaev, history teacher Kuleva N.V., head of the school museum Sazhenyuk E.A.

Stages of work on the project:

November–December 2010- collection of materials about S.G. Simonov: interesting biography facts, the history of the creation of various types of small arms, the Simonov dynasty of gunsmiths;

January - February 2011- systematization of the information received, analysis of contradictory facts, clarification and elimination of inaccuracies; creation of a computer presentation, a brochure and a set of photographs dedicated to S.G. Simonov and the successors of his work.

S.G.Simonov was born in the village of Fedotovo in 1894. Labor biography simple rural boy started early, after graduating from three classes of a rural school, and almost from the first days was associated with technology. Already at the age of sixteen, he works as a blacksmith in a locksmith's workshop, and then as a locksmith at a mechanical plant. After graduating from vocational courses in 1917, he goes to work as a mechanic-debugger of automatic weapons at the Kovrov machine-gun plant (currently OAO Plant named after V.A. Degtyarev).

The first teachers of Sergei Gavrilovich wereVladimir Grigorievich Fedorov, founder of the Russian school of automatic weapons, andVasily Alekseevich Degtyarev, head of the experimental workshop of the plant. They prompted an inquisitive young man

craving for the design of small arms, which later became the main business of his life. Sergei Gavrilovich showed thoroughness in everything. Taking on any new work for himself, Simonov tried to perform it not just well, but with that uniqueness that only a true master of his craft is capable of.

All further biography of Sergei Gavrilovich is closely connected with the weapons that he created.

1922-1923 - the beginning of his independent inventive activity - a light machine gun and an automatic rifle were created, which are distinguished by their simplicity and low cost of production.

1936 - AVS-36 (Simonov automatic rifle), which surpassed in its characteristics the designs of Degtyarev and Tokarev.

1938 - SVS-14 (Simonov sniper rifle), which has high combat qualities.

1941 - PTRS (Simonov anti-tank self-loading rifle), for the development of which Simonov was awarded the Stalin Prize.

1945 - SKS-45 (Simonov's self-loading carbine) and its sniper version, which have become truly a masterpiece of Sergei Gavrilovich's design ideas.

SKS-45 was successfully used at the front and after the war. The carbine was delivered to various countries peace. The appearance of the SCS allowed him to take the place of the Russian ceremonial and ceremonial weapons; he fit perfectly into army rituals. The uniqueness of the Simonov carbine is that it is easily modified at arms factories and sold as a hunting rifle with the abbreviation OP-SKS.

50-70s - more than 150 types of small arms, including dozens of various variants of self-loading and automatic carbines created on the basis of the SCS, as well as self-loading rifles, self-loading sniper rifles, submachine guns, light machine guns. These colossal figures testify to the perseverance and diligence of a talented designer.

Sergei Gavrilovich paid great attention to the introduction of new models in

production, education of competent and responsible specialists. He charged everyone with his energy and dedication. Could work around the clock. Often met with young people. Was happy father. Raised and raised eight children.

Sergei Gavrilovich played a huge role in the fate of one of his nephews, Vladimir Vasilyevich Simonov. Vladimir Vasilyevich was born in 1935 in the city of Kovrov. Having received his education, since 1967 he worked at TsNIITM under the guidance of his uncle, the famous designer S.G. Simonov. Sergei Gavrilovich played a huge role in his life. He taught Vladimir dedication:“The case needs to get sick, it should completely absorb you, only then you will get the result”. He was convinced that there is never one solution. It is necessary to constantly think and look for new ways. He himself was an incorrigible workaholic and energized and energized his younger employees.

In 1969, Sergei Gavrilovich persuaded Vladimir Vasilievich's wife, Elena Mikhailovna, also a design engineer, to go to the Central Research Institute of Technology. Elena Mikhailovna doubted for a long time and denied:“I work with sewing machines and not

I know about firearms."S.G. Simonov insisted:"In the sewing

the typewriter has a hundred parts, and the machine has ten. I know you can handle it."

The Simonovs became the creators of a very serious weapon - a special underwater pistol and machine gun, which still have no analogues in the world. The couple worked together for many years. Vladimir Vasilyevich is the author of 107 inventions, and Elena - 75.

The Simonovs are not only well-known designers, but also happy parents. They have four daughters, all, like their parents, became design engineers.

The eldest Natasha (by her husband Masilevich) participated in the development of a special reconnaissance knife - NRS, from the handle of which, like a pistol, you can shoot at a distance of 25 meters.

In 2005 V.V. Simonov, together with one of his daughters, visited our school for the opening of the bas-relief.

For the great national economic importance Simonov V.V. awarded the title of Honored Inventor of Russia and Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR.

III.

The Simonov dynasty is a whole galaxy of outstanding designers.

Having developed many types of weapons, they entered not only

domestic, but also world history. It is with their unique

small arms, anti-tank, underwater weapons, our soldiers

ensure the safety of our people.

While working on the project, we studied many articles and books about life path Simonov, and made sure that the exact number of small arms designs he created has not yet been named. Moreover, in some publications dedicated to Soviet gunsmiths, Simonov's name is not mentioned at all. We were especially shocked by excerpts from Andrey Kuptsov's book “The Strange History of Weapons. S.G. Simonov - the unknown genius of Russia, or Who disarmed the Russian soldier. The author, in particular, writes: “Simonov opened a new direction in small arms automation. Simonov - these are heavy and heavy machine guns. These are light machine guns and submachine guns. These are tank machine guns of America, England, France and Japan. Simonov is the whole range of small arms and machine guns in Japan. Simonov is a promising weapon for the US infantryman of the 21st century.” Kuptsov tells in detail with what great difficulty, overcoming numerous political and bureaucratic obstacles, Simonov's weapons, so necessary to the army, made their way. And how much of it did not reach! And the price of that is millions of human lives!

And yet, we have something to be proud of!