Falsification of national history at the present stage. The main falsifications in Russian history

Falsification. This disease appeared along with history itself, it manifested itself both in Russia and in the world at all periods, under all rulers and regimes. But at the end of the progressive twentieth century and now in the enlightened twenty-first century, it has become aggressive, vulgarly impudent, far from the truth. Of course, the basic thing here is the struggle of ideologies and political preferences. But to a large extent, this is due to a good trend towards the openness of archives, the massive publication of documents, and the expanding array of memoirs of the participants in the events.

First Deputy Chairman of the Committee State Duma for the Commonwealth of Independent States, Director of the Institute of CIS Countries Konstantin Fyodorovich Zatulin rightly noted that “today the falsification of history is on a grand scale, it has a rabid, cheeky character, it is inspired by the fact that new, independent states have appeared on the scene that are trying to find their own understanding of history and very often go in the wrong direction in these attempts, ready to retroactively credit individuals who are difficult to be proud of as the heroes of their liberation.

Under the President of the Russian Federation, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 25, 2009, a Commission was established to counter attempts to falsify history to the detriment of Russia's interests. The main tasks of the Commission are: generalization and analysis of information about the falsification of historical facts and events aimed at belittling the international prestige of Russia, and preparation of relevant reports to the President of the Russian Federation; development of a strategy to counter attempts to falsify historical facts and events, undertaken in order to damage the interests of our country; preparation of proposals for the implementation of measures aimed at countering attempts to falsify historical facts and events that are detrimental to Russia's interests; consideration of proposals and coordination of the activities of federal state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation and organizations on countering attempts to falsify historical facts and events to the detriment of Russia's interests; development of recommendations for an adequate response to attempts to falsify historical facts and events to the detriment of Russia's interests and to neutralize their possible negative consequences.

No one doubts the need to counter falsification; on the contrary, it is welcomed in every possible way. But the content side of its activities is understood in different ways, in the media, especially on the Internet, quite a lot of conflicting information has been expressed. In this regard, I will give a long quote in which S. E. Narochnitskaya, as a member of this Commission, interpreted its goal in this way: “In general, the Commission’s task is not to develop directives - it does not have a mandate for this, and engage in an "inventory" of problems and mobilize resources - research, information, which could contribute to the conveyance of historical truth and true knowledge on a particular topic, on which a lot of distortions and conjectures have arisen and are being replicated.

Let's say now it's the 65th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. There is television, there is radio, there is public performance, lectures, books, thick magazines are published in which this topic is actively discussed. How reasonable scientific research and documentary sources do these information resources disseminate judgments? Are good books and analytics accessible to the general reader and viewer in the true sense of the word? Where can they get acquainted with serious literature or programs in which the facts themselves or archival data would debunk all sorts of myths? does not have such. But to stimulate in society, in the academic and creative environment, a serious detailed response to all kinds of falsifications, to mobilize information resources for this - this is where the Commission can help. The task is more than relevant, because not only in historiography, but already in the official policy of a number of states, history is used as a powerful ideological tool for forming the most disgusting image of Russia - as an enemy of the whole world and a demon of world history.

The falsifying attitude to the history of our Russia is not a modern manifestation. Back in the 17th century Catherine I the Great far-sightedly remarked: “There is no people about which so many lies and slander would be invented as about the Russian people.” Falsifications, lies and distortions of history sometimes border on racism, chauvinism, Nazism. It is worth recalling that the Soviet Information Bureau published scientifically based materials "Falsifiers of History".

For example, you can refer to the publication that exposed the published State Department United States of America, in cooperation with the British and French Foreign Offices, a collection of reports and various entries from the diaries of Hitler's diplomatic officials, providing this collection with the mysterious title "Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941." .

It is possible to fight falsifications of historical facts, first of all, by professional source study analysis, attraction and discovery of new documents. Emotions, namely, they overwhelmed those who agreed and those who disagreed, the prosecution and the defense, together with the chairman of the court session that went on for half a year on the fifth channel of television, the historical talk show "Court of Time" - a bad and unacceptable method in the search for historical truth. History requires a conceptual approach. At the same time, historian Igor Shumeiko, the author of the bestseller World War II. Reloading”, applying precisely the conceptual approach to the knowledge of the falsification of history, argues that today the struggle against falsifications, for the truth of history has actually moved into the sphere of interpretations, interpretations of facts.

Quite rightly noted. The Commission for Combating Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia’s Interests, which was first established under the President of the Russian Federation, includes 28 people: the head of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation - the chairman of the Commission, the deputy chairmen of the Commission - the Deputy Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and the assistant to the Head of the Presidential Administration, the executive secretary of the Commission - the head Department of the Office of the President for Domestic Policy, members of the Commission - Head of the Office of the President for Interregional and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, Deputy Head of the Office of the President for Foreign Policy, Head of the Presidential Referent Office, Deputy Ministers of Justice, Culture, Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Director of the Department of the Ministry of Regional Development ( Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation), Deputy Head federal agency in Education (Rosobrazovanie, under the Ministry of Education and Science), Deputy Head of the Federal Agency for Science and Innovation (Rosnauka), Deputy Director of the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control (FSTEC of Russia), he is also Executive Secretary of the Interdepartmental Commission for the Protection of State Secrets, Head of the Federal Archival Agency (Rosarchiv), Deputy Head of the Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications (Rospechat), Deputy Head of the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs (Rosmolodezh), Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Head of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service , Head of the Department of the Federal Security Service of Russia, Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, and also, in agreement with the relevant structures, First Deputy Chairman of the Committee of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation for the Commonwealth of Independent States and Relations with the patriots, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Public Associations and Religious Organizations, First Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Director of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Institute world history RAS, Chairman of the Commission for interethnic relations and freedom of conscience Public Chamber Russian Federation, President of the Foundation for the Study of Historical Perspective.

As you can see, the composition of the commission is more like an administrative structure. I agree that the presidential Commission against the falsification of history lacks a representative of the Russian Orthodox Church. First of all, due to the enormous role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the entire life of Russia and its people, as well as compatriots abroad, and taking into account the ongoing falsification of church history. To a large extent, and due to the fact that the former Patriarch Alexy II and the current Patriarch Kirill are the smartest people, in their sermons, in numerous appeals to the people, they always rely on deep, reliable historical knowledge.

Although the creation of the Commission to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia’s Interests caused a controversial attitude among the public, including the scientific community, and me too, I still don’t think about some kind of dictate, imposing unambiguous coverage of events and phenomena in the country’s history ( as it was during the preparation of the "Short course of the history of the CPSU (b)"). But hotheads, and Russia has never lacked them, can spoil any good deed. In the post-Ukrainian time, one fact is still known - a letter from the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences:

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DIVISION OF HISTORICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 119991 GSP-1, Moscow V-334 Leninsky prospect, 82-a, 938-17-63, fax 938-18-44 No. 14100-1255/119 23.06.09

Heads of the institutions of the Institute of Physical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences In accordance with the protocol decision of the Bureau of the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences “On the tasks of the Institute of Physics of Philology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in connection with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 15, 2009, No. 549 “On the Commission under the President of the Russian Federation to counter attempts to falsify history to the detriment Interests of Russia”, please provide the Office with the following information:

1 An annotated list of historical and cultural falsifications in areas corresponding to the main activities of the institute (indicating the main sources, persons or organizations that form and disseminate falsification, the potential danger of this falsification to the interests of Russia, preliminary proposals for measures to scientifically refute the falsification).

2 Information about the activities of your institute's scientists in exposing falsifications and historical and cultural concepts that are detrimental to Russia's interests.

3 Contact person or list of researchers for participation in the work of the Commission of the Institute of Physical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the Analysis of Historical and Cultural Falsifications Harmful to the Interests of Russia (with phone numbers and email address). Please send the information to the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences by June 26, 2009. Sincerely, Deputy Academician-Secretary of the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Academician VA Tishkov 50 51 . One cannot help but be wary that, following the federal commission, their own independent commissions began to be created in the regions. According to the press service of the governor of the Kurgan region, on July 30, 2009, the governor signed a decree on the formation of a working group to counter attempts to falsify history to the detriment of Russia's interests in the Trans-Urals.

According to the governor's order, the main tasks are to review materials on the history of Russia and refute false information. The working group is headed by the deputy governor - head of the apparatus of the Government of the Kurgan region. The provincial commission for combating falsifications includes heads of structural subdivisions of the regional government, scientists, professors, and representatives of public organizations. It was stipulated that the working group would meet quarterly.

How not to overdo it, especially since borscht is a favorite dish. The majority of Russians support the fight against the falsification of history. Indicative are the data of the initiative all-Russian survey conducted by VTsIOM shortly after the creation of the Russian Commission on June 6-7, 2009. 1600 people were surveyed in 140 settlements of 42 constituent entities of the Russian Federation - regions, territories and republics of Russia. The statistical error did not exceed 3.4%. According to the survey, 41% of respondents knew about the creation of the Commission to Counter Attempts to Falsify History, with 10% "well aware" of this, and 31% had heard of it. Muscovites (49%), highly educated respondents (54%) and supporters of Democrats (72%) showed the highest awareness. At the same time, more than half of the respondents heard about this measure for the first time from the interviewer (57%). The majority of those who were aware of the creation of the Commission (78%) positively assessed this step of the President of the Russian Federation, considering it a timely measure. This opinion was shared by residents of all settlements (80–82%), but least often in Moscow and St. Petersburg (58%). This measure was approved by the supporters of United Russia"and the Communist Party (85% and 81% respectively). Only 10% of respondents believed that the Commission is an instrument of political struggle that will lead to a restriction of freedom of speech and will interfere with the work of historians. The proportion of such respondents is twice as high among Muscovites and Petersburgers (20%) and LDPR supporters (20%). 13% found it difficult to answer.

The survey participants believe that, first of all, the Great Patriotic War (34%) needs protection from falsification and distortion of history. Other historical events were mentioned less frequently: the October Revolution (6%), the Civil War, modern wars(Chechen, conflict in South Ossetia), the history of the USSR and the years of Soviet power (3% each), the repressions of the 30s, the famine in Ukraine, perestroika and the personalities of the leaders (2% each), Afghan war, the execution of the royal family and the reign of Nicholas II (1% each).

However, 12% believed that no historical events need protection from distortion. 37% found it difficult to answer 53 . “The commission would have aroused much more confidence if it consisted exclusively of authoritative professional historians, whose arguments would be objectively established facts. Instead, we see many administrators and security officials there, whose “arguments” are an order and a club. However, such methods can only harm the historical truth.

This opinion should be kept in mind, but you can approach a friend. Of course, one cannot do without “authoritative professional historians” in separating falsification from truth, authenticity, but, it seems to me, the Commission should involve specialists for in-depth argumentation of emerging issues of history, to contribute to this very research work and publicizing its results. Do not make noise, do not demonstrate yourself as the omniscient true in the last resort, as happened at the "Court of Time", but delve into the archives, double-check your memory, resort to the most important method in this case - content analysis. And this will in no way “turn into direct violations of the Constitution, which guarantees our citizens freedom of opinion.”

On the contrary, scientifically-research documented material will help citizens to form their opinion and stick to it. But if the Commission is limited to scientists-historians, then it will “drown” in conflicting assessments and is unlikely to come to a consensus. And why only historians? One website is titled "Commission Against Falsification of History Promises Not to Rewrite Books or Train Scholars." Demonstrative wish or hint. In the design of the Commission under the President of the Russian Federation, one can assume, on the one hand, liberalization in the field of historical research, on the other hand, the possibility of authoritarianism and a kind of "freezing" in this area. The second position is viewed more.

The title itself suggests this:“Commission to counter attempts to falsify history to the detriment of Russia's interests”, hence the admissibility of attempts to falsify history “in the interests of Russia” is logically seen, although this is only editorial tightrope walking, a matter of casuistry or sophistry. Commission meetings were held on August 28, 2009, January 19, and September 7, 2010. 57 At the last meeting, reports were heard from the head of the Federal Archival Agency; Deputy Director of the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control, Executive Secretary of the Interdepartmental Commission for the Protection of State Secrets; rector of the Russian State humanitarian university, chairman of the board Russian Society archivist historians.

The discussion was attended by the director of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the director of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the rector of the state educational institution "Moscow state institute International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation”, President of the Foundation for the Study of Historical Perspective, Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on the Commonwealth of Independent States and Relations with Compatriots, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Public Associations and Religious organizations, chairman of the Commission on Interethnic Relations and Freedom of Conscience of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation, senior assistant to the President of the Russian Federation.

As you can see, administrative issues were considered, and, judging by the published information, there was no direct talk about the scientific aspects of the fight against falsification of history with specifics, at least the public was not informed about this. It should be said that state or public structures on the issues of history have been created in many countries. They fight falsifications in their understanding and create the conditions for falsifications in the direction they want. These are the “Commission of Historians under the President of Latvia” (there is an Advisor to the President of Latvia on the Commission of Historians 59), “The State Commission for Investigating the Repressive Policy of the Occupation Forces in Estonia”, the “Genocide and Resistance Center” in Lithuania 60 and others.

The Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance was established on May 31, 2006 as a central executive body with a special status. Its main tasks are: to increase public attention to the history of Ukraine, to ensure a comprehensive study of the stages of the struggle for the restoration of the statehood of Ukraine in the 20th century, and to carry out activities to perpetuate the memory of participants in the national liberation struggle, victims of famines and political repression. The Regulations on the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance were approved by government decree No. 927 dated July 5, 2006. According to the Regulations, the Institute organizes the implementation of legislative acts on issues within its competence, monitors their implementation, summarizes the practice of applying legislation, develops proposals for its improvement and in accordance with the established procedure submits them for consideration by the President and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

In addition, the Institute issues orders, organizes and controls their implementation, and, if necessary, together with other executive authorities, develops and adopts joint legal acts. The Institute is headed by the Chairman, who is appointed by the Cabinet of Ministers on the proposal of the Prime Minister. To discuss the most important areas of the Institute's activities and to coordinate the resolution of issues within its competence, a collegium is created at the Institute, consisting of the chairman, heads of structural divisions, representatives of factions and committees of the Verkhovna Rada, scientific and educational institutions and other persons interested in its activities. The activities of the Institute, in accordance with the instructions, are primarily aimed at popularizing objective and fair history in Ukraine and the world.

To fulfill this goal, the Institute prepares educational museum expositions, promotes the formation of museum and library funds, holds scientific conferences, seminars, meetings and carries out publishing activities on the restoration and preservation of national memory, promotes the creation and development of public, in particular youth, patriotic organizations. The main purpose of the Institute of National Remembrance is the formation of national consciousness among the citizens of Ukraine.

The Lviv Center for Research of the Insurgent Movement is also known. In Poland, in accordance with the decision of the Parliament, the Institute of National Remembrance has been operating for two decades. It acquired properties that are not characteristic of a scientific institution, turned into a kind of "political police". The institute initiates court cases, accusing people of collaborating with "communist secret services", its employees act as prosecutors in trials.

The Institute of National Remembrance - the Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish People (INP) - is a state historical and archival institution that studies the activities of the state security agencies of Poland in the period 1944–1990, as well as the security agencies of the Third Reich and the USSR in order to investigate crimes against Polish citizens during this period, as well as the implementation of lustration procedures. The INP was established in accordance with the Law on the Institute of National Remembrance - Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation of December 18, 1998.

In accordance with the Law, the functions of the INP include: accounting, accumulation, storage, processing, publication, ensuring the safety and access to documents of state security agencies of Poland for the period from July 22, 1944 to July 31, 1990, as well as security agencies of the Third Reich and the USSR concerning Nazi, communist and other crimes committed against persons of Polish nationality or Polish citizens of other nationalities in the period from September 1, 1939 to July 31, 1990, which constitute crimes against peace, humanity or war crimes; other politically motivated repressions carried out by officials of the Polish investigating authorities, justice or by persons acting on their instructions investigation of these crimes, protection of personal data of persons who are related to documents collected in the INP archive, educational activities. The Law of the Republic of Poland of March 15, 2007 entrusted the Institute of National Remembrance with the implementation of lustration procedures in respect of Polish citizens who fall under the lustration law. The INP includes: a collegium, a president, the Main Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation (part of the INP as the main investigative body), the Bureau for the Issuance and Archiving of Documents, the Public Education Bureau, the Lustration Bureau, 11 departments of the INP located in cities, which are the residences of the courts of appeal, 7 representations of departments. The chairman of the INP is elected by the Seimas for a five-year term.

At the end of September 2007, the website of the INP began publishing lists of citizens who collaborated with the state security agencies of the PPR. The publication is carried out in accordance with the “Law on Lustration” adopted on March 14, 2007 and will take at least six years. In addition to the name of each person, the files contain an undercover nickname, as well as details of his relationship with the special services. The first published list included the president and prime minister of Poland at that time, Lech and Jaroslaw Kaczynski (as dissidents who were being monitored), speakers of both houses of parliament, as well as members of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts. Despite the fact that clerics in Poland are not subject to lustration, Archbishop Stanisław Velgus, Metropolitan of Warsaw, was accused of collaborating with the Security Service based on materials from the INP.

A similar institution operates in Romania; its tasks include the collection and study of documents, their publication on the evolution of the communist regime. With the same name and similar goals, the Institute of National Remembrance was established in Slovakia. Neo-Nazi I. Petransky was appointed “Chief Historian” there, who believes that “the crimes of the Nazis have already been condemned enough, and the crimes of the Communists should be dealt with much more closely.” In Latvia, there is a commission of historians under the president of the country, which includes an assistant to the president (please note) for history. The Institute of Foreign Membership has been established in this country, the task of which is to provide officials with theses for "occupation" rhetoric and to present the topic of "crimes against humanity in Latvia during the Soviet and Nazi occupation" in the international arena. A Center for Documentation of the Consequences of Totalitarianism under the Bureau for the Protection of the Constitution was also created (propaganda of the theme of “atrocities of the NKVD-KGB”, concealment of the ties of the leadership of the Latvian special services with the fascist Abwehr and the SD).

In Latvia, where literally every lat counts, the reconstruction and development of the "Museum of the Occupation", which equates the Nazis with the soldiers-liberators, is financed from the funds of the "State Real Estate" enterprise. The museum covers the period of the country's history from 1940 to 1991, the main focus is on Stalinist repressions. The exposition is divided into three stages: "The first year of the Soviet occupation (1940-1941)", "Occupation by Nazi Germany (1941-1944)", "Post-war Soviet occupation (1944-1991)". Portraits of Stalin and Hitler hang side by side. There are about 30,000 documents in the museum's funds, traveling exhibitions are organized: for educational schools - "Latvia in 1939–1991: from occupation to freedom", for the European Parliament - "Latvia returns to Europe", for the USA - "Latvia returns to a free world". The museum is an anti-Russian ideological center. In defiance of the St. George's Ribbon campaign, an action “For Latvian Latvia” was held at the “Museum of Occupation”, instead of “ St. George ribbon” - a symbol of victory over fascism, red-white-red ribbons were distributed according to the colors of the Latvian flag.

In Lithuania, a similar activity is carried out by the Center for Genocide and Resistance, which is a department under the Cabinet of Ministers, its director is approved by the Seimas on the proposal of the Prime Minister. Just like in the Polish Institute of National Remembrance, the Lithuanian Center has a Department of Special Investigations. In Estonia, the period of the “Soviet occupation” is being investigated by the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against Humanity under the President of the Republic, the Center for Research on the Soviet Period, the Estonian Bureau of the Register of the Repressed, the KistlerRitso Foundation, as well as the State Commission for Investigating the Repressive Policy of the Occupation Forces. This commission prepared a "White Paper on the Losses Caused to the People of Estonia by the Occupations", which served as the basis for a large-scale anti-Russian campaign, as well as for putting forward demands on Russia to "repair the damage caused by the occupation."

In May 2008, the Foundation for the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism began its work in Estonia. In the Republic of Moldova, the leadership initiated the creation of a commission for the study and evaluation of the totalitarian communist regime, the purpose of which is to represent the communist crime on an equal footing with Nazism. Georgian President MN Saakashvili announced the establishment in the near future of a Commission to establish the historical truth and facts of Russia's 200-year policy towards Georgia.

The commission will be headed by PhD student of the University of Cambridge Vasil Rukhadze and expert Tornike Sharashenidze. Politicians go beyond all limits and disregard the beliefs of their fellow citizens and world public opinion. This is clearly seen in the example of S. Bandera. Many Ukrainian political parties and public organizations spoke out against the glorification of Nazism in his person, representatives of the Slovak public called it a provocation, condemnation was expressed in the Office of the President of Poland, the largest Jewish human rights organization Simon Wiesenthal Center expressed indignation at the decree on Bandera, signed on the day when the world commemorated the victims of the Holocaust. Even the European Parliament recommended that the leadership of Ukraine reconsider the decision to award the title of Hero of Ukraine to Bandera.

Naturally, the new, fourth President of Ukraine, Viktor Fedorovich Yanukovych, canceled this shameful act. In terms of our research, it is of interest not just V. Yushchenko's misunderstanding of the absurdity of defending his decree, defending his actions, but also the methods that he used. The statement of Our Ukraine leader V. Yushchenko said that the decision of the Donetsk District Administrative Court on the unlawfulness of awarding the title of Hero to Stepan Bandera testifies to the government’s course towards confrontation in society, he called on the new president V. Yanukovych to understand his responsibility and take measures to prevent the revision decisions about honoring Ukrainian heroes. Yushchenko believes that such "provocative technologies" are especially cynical on the eve of the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War (in fact, Yushchenko himself is defiantly cynical). “It is the replication of imperial clichés that serves exclusively to split, and not to unite society, the real heroism, complexity and tragedy of the Ukrainian fate in the 20th century are hidden behind false splendor.”

According to Yushchenko, Bandera was and remains a hero for millions of Ukrainians. “Decades of repression and the efforts of Soviet propaganda could not prevent this popular recognition. The disclosure of archives, the work of historians are helping ever wider circles of society to understand the role of this person - Stepan Bandera entered the top three of the national rating “Great Ukrainians”. “The authorities are trying to hide behind a court decision… The formally adopted decision on an inherently political issue once again demonstrates the problem of Ukrainian justice. We have another example of the involvement of the judiciary in the political struggle. But no legal casuistry can mislead society and will not relieve the current government of responsibility for taking such a step. This decision was pre-programmed by the commitments made in Moscow.” Yushchenko switched to direct blackmail, psychological pressure on the new president of Ukraine.

V. Yushchenko relies on the president's duty to rally society around national interests, despite current political calculations or ambitions of neighbors. "I call on President Viktor Yanukovych to realize his responsibility and take all the opportunities provided by law to prevent the revision of decisions on honoring Ukrainian heroes." V. Yushchenko called on the national-democratic political forces and all patriots to take an active public position in defense of “real history and all the heroes who fought for a free, conciliar and independent Ukrainian state.” What perseverance in defense of an anti-hero, a traitor to the interests of the Ukrainian and Soviet peoples! France has a law on historians, the so-called historical law.

There is a company of French historians. French President Nicolas Sarkozy 80 believes that it is necessary to pursue a certain policy in the field of history development: “We need a history that we should be proud of. Stop repenting for the fact that France behaved differently in this or that issue: in Algeria, extradited Jews during the Holocaust, and so on. Stop repenting” 81 . How necessary these words are in relation to the development of Russian history! In the program “Vis-a-vis with the world”, the director of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Alexander Oganovich Chubaryan cited interesting facts: in order to stop the attempts of the French Ministry of Education to remove everything that denigrates French colonialism from textbooks, a special decision of the Senate was needed, and at the meeting The Council of Europe in Istanbul handed out a document of as many as 20 pages, recommending exactly how certain events of European history should be interpreted.

In addition to research structures, a whole network of “occupation museums” plays an important role in rewriting history. In Lithuania, this is the "Museum of the Genocide", in Georgia - the "Museum of the Occupation", in Ukraine - the "Museum of the Soviet Occupation of Ukraine". In the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States of the CIS and the Baltic States, they began to adhere to a nation-centric approach to historical education, which is based on anti-Soviet and anti-communist ideas, which eventually grew into anti-Russian ones. The falsified revision of pre-revolutionary and Soviet history has led to the fact that the history of Estonia, Latvia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine is presented as a centuries-old struggle of these countries for independence, national histories are painted with nationalist perversions, Russia is portrayed as the main culprit of troubles and upheavals.

In the modern perspective of the history of independent states - the former union republics of the Soviet Union, issues of sovereignty have acquired an exceptional sound, far exceeding real independence - economic and political. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) at its 18th annual session on July 3, 2009 adopted a resolution that completely equalized the responsibility of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in unleashing World War II. Among other things, it says: “In the twentieth century, European countries experienced two powerful totalitarian regimes, Nazi and Stalin, which carried with them genocide, violations of human rights and freedoms, war crimes and crimes against humanity.” The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly expressed "deep concern about the glorification of totalitarian regimes, including the holding of public demonstrations to commemorate the Nazi or Stalinist past, as well as the possible spread and strengthening of various extremist movements and groups" 85 .

Thus, anti-fascists are equated with the fascists who stopped the conveyor of death in Auschwitz - with the architects of Auschwitz. In April 2010, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution "On the need for international condemnation of crimes committed by totalitarian communist regimes", which actually equalizes fascism and communism. The European Parliament called on Russia to enter into a dialogue with the "democratic countries" of Eastern Europe on the problems of the history of the twentieth century. The attempts being made to put on the same level, to equate Soviet power with Nazi Germany, are being made not for the sake of establishing historical truth, but quite the contrary. In the current situation, the efforts of the Russian diasporas could become an obstacle to the falsification of history.

In June 2010, the International Youth Forum "Young people against falsification of the history of the Second World War and the glorification of Nazi criminals and their accomplices" was held in Riga, which was initiated by International Association youth organizations of Russian compatriots (MAMORS), the Moscow Compatriot House and with the support of the Government Commission for Compatriots Abroad (PCDSR), the Moscow Government, the Russian Embassy in Latvia, the Moscow Cultural and Business Center - "Moscow House" in Riga, public organization"May 9.lv" and the Multinational Cultural Center for Children and Youth in Riga. The forum received a greeting from the Chairman of the Presidium International Council Russian compatriots of Count P. P. Sheremetev: “Your bright aspirations to search for the truth inspire a sense of respect and gratitude. I am sure that the honor and dignity of your great-grandfathers and grandfathers - the heroes who saved the world from the “brown plague”, as well as the baton of historical memory passed on by the older generation, will be preserved.”

The Forum participants listened to the report “Youth against the falsification of the history of the Second World War”, as well as speeches by experts from the field on the topics: “On the falsification of the history of Latvia: causes, content, methods of counteraction” (V. I. Gushchin, Director of the Baltic Center for Historical and Social political research, Latvia), “Estonia in World War II: historical retrospection and futurological reconstruction” (I. Nikiforov, journalist, historian, political scientist, Estonia), “ Information war against youth, falsification of the history of the Great Patriotic War” (N. Sokolov, Lithuania), etc. There was a round table “What can youth do to counter the falsification of history?”

The discussion was devoted to a comprehensive discussion of the problems of falsifying the history of the Second World War, identifying the main directions of misinformation of the younger generation of modern society, clarifying the reasons for the distortion of the meaning of the events of the war period, and developing arguments to expose the falsifiers of history. An important result of the Forum was the intensification of the efforts of young compatriots abroad in the fight against manifestations in political circles and in modern society, including among the youth, the glorification of Nazi criminals and their accomplices, cases of xenophobia and intolerance. The Forum included a trip to Salaspils, a death camp on the territory of Nazi-occupied Latvia during World War II, intended for the mass extermination of people. For the participants of the forum, who are 15-18 years old, the trip to Salaspils caused an emotional shock /

It must be admitted that there have always been enough people who wanted to correct it, in this sense the call: “Leave it to the historians” is very relevant today. Politics should not play opportunistic games with historical science. As the ancient philosopher said: “A word can refute any word, but how can you refute life?” Note that according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia falsification (late Latin falsificatio, from falsifico - I fake) is called: 1) malicious, deliberate distortion of data, deliberately misinterpreting something. 2) change with a mercenary purpose of the type or properties of objects; fake. Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia contains the following definition: falsification or rewriting of history - a deliberate distortion of historical events.

Free Russian encyclopedia "Tradition": falsification of history - intentional or accidental changes in the description of historical events, historical falsifications 90 . Site "Science": Falsification of history - false description historical events for the sake of a preconceived idea; the goals and motives of historical falsifications can be very diverse: to secure the historical right to a certain territory for this or that people, to justify the legitimacy of the ruling dynasty, to justify the succession of the state in relation to one or another historical predecessor, to “ennoble” the process of ethnogenesis, etc.

Professor of History Alexander Anatolyevich Danilov gives the following definition of falsification of history: Falsification is a deliberate and sometimes malicious distortion of historical facts and events, their interpretation in favor of some position. It must be understood that any scientific point of view is an interpretation of events based on a set of facts. But if a person takes a certain conclusion as a basis, and then selects from the whole variety of historical facts and events only those that confirm it, there is an obvious falsification 92 . It should also be noted that in most cases, not falsification is used, but insinuations (from Latin insinuatio, literally - insinuation) with malicious fiction and slanderous fabrication in order to discredit someone (this is also TSB).

Falsification is a deliberate distortion of historical events or historical myth-making, when facts that did not take place appear in a historical work. The goals of falsifications are varied: ideological, political, opportunistic. At the same time, distortions and falsification may be unconscious due to the lack of sources, low professional level researcher, the inertia of a certain historical school with accumulated stereotypes, biases, and much more. But even these factors cannot justify distortions in the coverage of history or some phenomenon.

Appeal to scientific tools will minimize the flaws that are inevitable in historical science, the study of any historical plot requires a multifactorial approach, should be recruited various facts and phenomena - only in this case can distortions be avoided. The most famous are all kinds of distortions of quoted or paraphrased texts. An illustrative example is the distortion of V. I. Lenin's thought about the possibility of the participation of a cook in government. In "Will the Bolsheviks Retain State Power?" he wrote: “We are not utopians. We know that any unskilled worker and any cook are not capable of immediately entering into government.

On this we agree with the Cadets, and with Breshkovskaya, and with Tsereteli. But we differ from these citizens in that we demand an immediate break with the prejudice that only rich officials or officials taken from rich families can manage the state, carry out the everyday, daily work of government. We demand that training government controlled was carried out by conscious workers and soldiers and that it should be started immediately, that is, they immediately began to involve all working people, all the poor in this training. This thesis has acquired a textbook sound, but quite often it is said that Lenin allegedly claimed that "the cook is ready to rule the state ...". “For Lenin, as for a classical revolutionary, the main thing was the idea, and the country, the people - only the material, the means.

Let millions die, but we will remake the world! I use the NTV screensaver - "You won't believe it!". This idea of ​​​​V. I. Lenin is conveyed by a well-known person in society (by the way, a member of the Commission under the President of the Russian Federation to counter attempts to falsify history to the detriment of Russia's interests), Natalya Alekseevna Narochnitskaya, who respects herself very much, in an interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta - Weeks on on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the October Revolution. “My father, who survived all periods of repression, recalled that the Lenin era was worse than Stalin’s. Under Lenin, they not only shot, but also called Alexander Nevsky a class enemy, Napoleon - a liberator, Tchaikovsky - a squishy man, Chekhov - a whiner, and Tolstoy - a landowner, foolish in Christ ... ". From the same source. No comment.

Today in the world, and Russia is no exception, everything is talentedly and grossly falsified - culture and science, art and literature, morality and morality, medicines and products.

Statement of the National Association of Associations of Reserve Officers of the Armed Forces "MEGAPIR"

One of the characteristic negative features of the spiritual sphere of the modern world is attempts to falsify the history and results of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War, which are an important component of the ideological confrontation between the neoliberal forces of society and the patriotic ones and are a tool for realizing the geopolitical ambitions of a number of states. Attempts to rehabilitate fascism and replace post-war realities lead to the destruction of the entire system of modern international relations and, as a result, to the intensification of the struggle for the redivision of the world, including by military means.

The hegemonic policy of the United States and the European Union, based on the so-called Euro-Atlantic solidarity, requires a revision of value, and then international legal norms, which Western ideologists insist on. They seek to distort the results of the Second World War, to remove from history the Great Patriotic War, the feat of the Soviet people who saved the world from fascism, and to put the Soviet Union, together with Nazi Germany, on the dock of history, blaming it for all the troubles of the 20th century.

Falsifications are aimed at distorting historical memory, undermining national identity, instilling such ideas about the past that will destroy the prevailing realities.

Modern reactionary forces seek to falsify the heroic and dramatic history of the Fatherland and thereby fight against the constitutional provision (Article 7), which declares: "The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of man." In their activities, they are actively supported and stimulated by revanchists from the outside, acting in alliance with Russia's internal ill-wishers, the so-called fifth column, seeking at best to turn Russia into a raw material appendage, and at worst - to dismember it into separate territories controlled by the powers that be.

The general goal of falsifying the history of our Fatherland, and above all the Great Patriotic War, is to present Russia as a new "evil empire" that carries the age-old traditions of despotism, slavery, bribery, to deprive us of our heroic past, and to deprive the people of historical memory, do Russian Federation an outcast of world politics, isolate from the world community, do not allow dynamic development and have a future.

An analysis of attempts to "rethink" the history of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War shows that most often it is carried out by ignoring or even defiantly refusing to comply with the general principles and methods of research that have been developed by the world scientific community. For this purpose, the creation of various myths that have nothing to do with historical truth, the tendentious extraction of certain “fried” facts from the historical process, around which false conclusions are built, the introduction of new concepts without proper scientific justification, manipulations with historical events or personalities are actively used.

The main areas of falsification of our history include:

1. assigning to the USSR (its historical successor - Russia) equal responsibility with Germany for unleashing the Second World War of 1939-1945, while simultaneously removing the blame from Western countries and the United States for condoning and helping the aggressors;


2. denial of the nature of the Great Patriotic War as just, nationwide, liberation;


3. depriving the Soviet Union of the status of the winner and the decisive role in the victory over fascism;


4. the desire to replace the concept of "liberation mission" of the USSR with the "occupation" by the Soviet Union of a number of European countries either for the "export of socialism" from the USSR to the countries of Eastern and Central Europe;


5. showing the entire Great Patriotic War as shameful, criminal, consisting of continuous failures and defeats. Denial of the historical, military, moral, humanistic feat of the Soviet people, deprivation of their highest moral, combat and humanistic qualities;


6. the desire of forces hostile to Russia through the falsification of the history of the Great Patriotic War to manipulate the public consciousness and political orientation of the population of Russia, destabilize the situation, sow discord between the peoples and social forces, states that were part of the Soviet Union, weaken their historical ties, undermine their security, including military, to achieve the isolation of Russia from the world community.

Under these conditions, the patriots of Russia, its citizens must be vigilant, be able to defend historical truth, act as worthy heirs and keepers of the memory of the creators of the Great Victory on the battlefield and on the labor front, in the field of science and art.

To do this, we all must remember the historical facts that science operates on, based on the principle of scientific conscientiousness.

Firstly, the Second World War was unleashed not by the Soviet Union, but by Nazi Germany and its allies.

Secondly, for the Soviet Union, which was subjected to aggression, the war was forced, just, people's, liberation.

Thirdly, the decisive role in the defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies belongs to the USSR.

Fourthly, fascism, Nazism, militarism, nationalism have been and remain an aggressive evil that poses a real threat to humanity, civilization, and can never be justified by anyone.

Fifthly, in a fierce bloody battle with the most reactionary, insidious and dangerous enemy in the entire history of civilization, thanks to the victory of the Allies and, above all, the Soviet Union, many peoples of the world, their democratic and socialist achievements, material and spiritual culture were saved from destruction, their progressive vector was preserved. development of world history.

Sixthly, the mortal threat was eliminated from the path of development of world civilization, hanging over it in the form of a “new Nazi order”, which brought mass extermination to the peoples of the whole world as “inferior” in gas chambers and crematorium ovens, by hunger and slave labor, and the remaining in the living - a miserable existence under the domination of the "superior race". It is natural that the world community morally and legally condemned the theory and practice of National Socialism in relation to other peoples and countries, the barbaric attitude towards material and spiritual culture.

Seventh, a new alignment of forces has taken shape in the international arena, which has opened the way to freedom, independence and social progress for the peoples and countries of all continents. The colonial system collapsed. Many peoples of Asia and Africa for the first time gained national independence, became members of a new world organization - the UN.

Eighth, systemic prerequisites have arisen for solving the problem of war and peace, international law filled with new content. In order to prevent wars, especially world wars, fundamentally different than before, international organizations were created with the participation of all states.

Today we are on the threshold of a new stage of reflection national history. All more people understand that its distortions and falsifications are dangerous for our society because they destroy the historical consciousness and memory of the people, deform public and individual morality.

The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 is a phenomenon not only of national but also of world history.

Our sacred duty is to defend the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War and the historical truth about the decisive contribution of the USSR to achieving victory in World War II.

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FALSIFICATION OF WORLD HISTORY AS AN ATTEMPT TO CHANGE THE MODERN WORLD ORDER

“It is important to note that the term “falsification” carries an additional semantic load: speaking of falsification, we most often mean a conscious rejection of the desire for a true description of the past. For the falsifier, extra-scientific goals turn out to be the main ones: suggesting some ideological or political ideas to the reader, promoting a certain attitude towards past events, or generally destroying historical memory, and not at all the search for truth and objectivity.

Among the methods of falsification is the introduction of new concepts without proper scientific justification. For example, in modern Russian historical literature, the term “Battle of Rzhev” is gradually being adopted to refer to the battles of 1942-1943, which were waged by the troops of the Western and Kalinin fronts against the German army group “Center”. Actually, from an artistic point of view, one can figuratively call a battle and a clash of two platoons. However, recently, through the efforts of a number of authors, independent significance has been attributed to the battles in the area of ​​​​the Rzhev salient, attempts have been made to separate the “Rzhev battle” from Moscow and Stalingrad and put it on a par with them. The introduction of the term "Battle of Rzhev" occurs without controversy at the military-theoretical level, where the concepts of "battle", "battle", "battle" have a very definite meaning, and it seems to solve exclusively ideological tasks: to impose on the public consciousness the image of the "Rzhev meat grinder". "as a symbol of the mediocrity of the Soviet command and its disregard for saving the lives of soldiers, the only battle The Great Patriotic War, in which the Red Army allegedly failed to win a decisive victory.

In addition, one of the methods of falsification is manipulation around historical significance individual events or individuals. An example is the modern historiographic fate of General Vlasov, who, despite his real role as a puppet of the secret services of the Third Reich, by the efforts of a number of publicists and historians from a third-rate figure today is almost turned into one of the leading figures in Russian history of the twentieth century. At the same time, it is characteristic that the history of Vlasov and his “army” is presented by falsifiers in line with modern revisionist ideas: considering “Stalinism as the worst thing that has happened in all of Russian history,” Vlasov “decided to use the Germans” in the fight against this yoke.

Finally, in the same series, one should consider the ongoing since the late 1980s. a campaign to "demythologize" history, which aims to undermine the symbols of social memory. An example is an attempt to cast doubt on the reliability of a number of textbook facts, primarily related to the exploits of N. Gastello, Z. Kosmodemyanskaya, 28 Panfilov heroes, A. Matrosov and others. So, in the course of searching for the place of the alleged death of the crew of N. F. Gastello, it was suggested that the well-known feat was accomplished by the crew of another bomber under the command of Captain Maslov, whose grave was discovered on the site of the famous "fire ram". From the point of view of the historian, this cannot serve as a basis for questioning the canonical version. But this is not the main thing. History exists, as it were, in two dimensions: on the one hand, as some kind of objective knowledge about the past, which is obtained by professional historians, and on the other hand, as the memory of the people, a collective myth that embodies people's ideals and ideas about high and low, beautiful and ugly, heroic and tragic. The existence of such a myth does not in the least contradict what can be called the "truth of history." From the point of view of people's memory, it does not matter seriously whose plane crashed on the highway near Minsk on June 26, 1941. Keeping in our memory the feat of Gastello and his crew, we honor in his face dozens, hundreds of true war heroes, whose names we, perhaps unknown. From this point of view, the myth of Gastello's feat is the truth of a higher level than the truth of a single fact.

Thus, speculating on the difficulties of historical knowledge, modern falsifiers seek to distort or even completely destroy the historical memory of the people. All of them are driven either by selfish or political motives. Of course, all these fakes have a short life, and they will soon be forgotten. However, they are capable of causing irreparable harm to the minds of young people, destroying the connection between generations, sowing in the souls of people enmity and distrust towards their fathers and grandfathers.

The events of the Second World War are increasingly receding in time. However, millions of people do not stop thinking about the causes that gave rise to this war, its results and lessons; Many of these lessons are still relevant today.

The Great Patriotic War is one of the most tragic pages in the history of our country. The Soviet people and their Armed Forces had to experience many hardships and hardships. But the four-year fierce struggle against the fascist invaders was crowned with our complete victory over the forces of the Wehrmacht. The experience and lessons of this war have great importance for the current generation.

1. One of the main lessons is that the war danger must be fought before the war has yet begun. Moreover, it should be carried out by the collective efforts of peace-loving states, peoples, all those who value peace and freedom.

World War II was not fatally inevitable. It could have been prevented if the Western countries had not made fatal political mistakes and strategic miscalculations.

Of course, the direct culprit of the war is German fascism. It is on him that the entire responsibility for its unleashing is on him. However, Western countries with their short-sighted policy of appeasement, the desire to isolate the Soviet Union and direct expansion to the East, they created the conditions under which war became a reality.

The Soviet Union, for its part, in the troubled pre-war years, made a lot of efforts to consolidate the forces opposing aggression. However, the proposals put forward by the USSR constantly ran into obstacles from the Western powers, their stubborn unwillingness to cooperate. In addition, Western countries sought to stay away from the military confrontation between Nazi Germany and the USSR.

Only after the aggressor had seized almost all Western Europe, Soviet diplomacy managed to prevent the formation of a single block of states hostile to the USSR and to avoid a war on two fronts. This was one of the prerequisites for the emergence of the anti-Hitler coalition and, ultimately, the defeat of the aggressor.

2. Another important lesson of the Great Patriotic War is that military cooperation should be carried out not only taking into account the country's economic capabilities, but also a real assessment of the existing military threats. The solution of the question of what kind of war the Armed Forces should be prepared for and what defense tasks they will have to solve depends on this.

When planning military construction, it is important to take into account all the factors that ensure the country's security: political and diplomatic, economic, ideological, informational and defense.

In the prewar years, many military theoretical developments remained unrealized. But our country is the birthplace of operational military art, and it was in those years that the development of the theory of deep operation was completed. The same can be said about armaments; there were many new developments, but the troops did not have the required number.

This shortcoming is partly manifested at the present time in the Russian army. So, if in the Second World War seven were used previously not known species weapons, in the Korean War (1950 - 1953) - twenty-five, in four Arab-Israeli military conflicts - thirty, then in the Persian Gulf War - about a hundred. Therefore, the need to improve the products of the military-industrial complex of the state is obvious.

3. The next lesson has not lost its relevance - the Armed Forces can count on success if they skillfully master all forms of military operations. It must be admitted that in the prewar period mistakes were made in the theoretical development of a number of important problems, which had a negative impact on the practice of combat training of troops. Thus, in the military theory of that period, the main mode of action of the Armed Forces in a future war was considered a strategic offensive, while the role of defense remained downplayed. As a result, the unreasonable desire of the Soviet military command to conduct military operations "mainly by an offensive and on foreign territory" was manifested, and our troops were trained accordingly.

After the war, in the conditions of global confrontation, there was no other alternative than to prepare for a world war using all available forces and means. Now, with the end of the Cold War, the primary task is to prepare for local wars and armed conflicts, to master the methods of warfare, taking into account their specifics, based on the experience of Afghanistan, Chechnya, the war in the Persian Gulf, etc., as well as the fight against terrorism.

At the same time, according to some military leaders, it would be a big mistake to exclude the possibility of a large-scale war in Russia, which could erupt as a result of the escalation of small conflicts and regional war. With this in mind, it is necessary not to relax attention to the mobilization, operational and combat training of troops, to comprehensively train the personnel of the army and navy. Events in various regions of the world confirm that the main emphasis in combat training should be placed on training in combat operations under the conditions of the use of conventional, long-range, high-precision weapons, but with the continuing threat of the use of nuclear weapons. The latter is becoming the property of an increasing number of states, including countries with extremist political regimes.

4. The most important lesson of the beginning of the war is a thorough analysis of various options for the actions of a potential enemy and flexible planning for the use of forces and means, and most importantly, the acceptance of all necessary measures to maintain the Armed Forces in a sufficient degree of combat readiness.

As is known, during the last war, measures to transfer troops to martial law were carried out with a great delay. As a result, our troops found themselves in a state of “relative combat readiness” with a shortage of up to 40-60 percent in personnel, which did not allow us to complete not only the strategic, but also the operational deployment of groups in the composition provided for by the mobplan.

Despite the availability of information about the threat of war from fascist Germany, the Soviet leadership did not take appropriate measures to bring the troops of the western districts to combat readiness.

The strategic deployment of Germany's shock groupings was significantly ahead of the deployment of the Red Army troops in the border districts. The balance of forces and means, as well as the number of formations of the first echelons of the opposing sides, gave more than a twofold advantage in favor of Germany, which allowed her to deliver the first powerful blow.

5. Lesson last war It also lies in the fact that it is not the side that strikes first and achieves decisive successes at the very beginning of hostilities that wins, but the one that has more moral and material forces, which skillfully uses them and is able to turn the potential for victory into reality. Our victory was not historically preordained, as has been emphasized in the past. It was conquered in a stubborn struggle, at the cost of enormous exertion of all the forces of the state, its people and army.

Not a single state of the anti-Hitler coalition carried out such a mobilization of human and material resources as the Soviet Union during the war years, no one endured such trials as befell the Soviet people and their Armed Forces.

Only in the first 8 months of the war, about 11 million people were mobilized, of which more than 9 million were sent to staff both newly created and existing combat units. The war absorbed so many reserves that in a year and a half the rifle troops in the army in the field renewed their composition three times.

During the four years of the war, 29575 thousand people were mobilized (minus the re-conscripted 2237.3 thousand people), and in total, together with the personnel who were in the Red Army and the Navy on June 22, 1941, they joined the army system ( during the war years) 34476 thousand people, which amounted to 17.5% of the total population of the country.

6. The most difficult trials that befell the peoples of the Soviet Union during the war years make it possible to draw one more extremely important lesson: when the people and the army are united, the army is invincible. During these harsh years, the country's Armed Forces were connected by thousands of invisible threads with the people, who helped them both with the necessary material resources and spiritual strength, maintaining high morale in the soldiers and confidence in victory. This is confirmed by mass heroism, courage, unbending will to defeat the enemy.

The heroic traditions of the great historical past of our people have become an example of high patriotism and national self-consciousness of our citizens. In the first three days of the war in Moscow alone, they received more than 70,000 applications with a request to be sent to the front. In the summer and autumn of 1941, about 60 divisions and 200 separate regiments of the people's militia were created. Their number was about 2 million people. The whole country, in a single patriotic impulse, stood up to defend its independence.

The defense of the Brest Fortress in the first days of the war is a symbol of steadfastness, inflexibility, courage and heroism of soldiers. Entire formations and units, companies and battalions covered themselves with unfading glory.

The courage and heroism of the Soviet soldiers were recognized even by our opponents. So, the former Hitlerite General Blumentritt, who fought against Russia in the rank of lieutenant in the First World War, said in an interview with the English military historian Hart: “Already the battles of June 1941 showed us what the new Soviet army is like. We lost up to 50% of our personnel in battles. Fuhrer and most of our command had no idea about it. It caused a lot of trouble." Another German general- Chief of the General Staff of the Wehrmacht Ground Forces Halder wrote in his diary on the eighth day of the war: “Information from the front confirms that the Russians are fighting everywhere to the last man ...”

Love for the Motherland and hatred for its enemies cemented the front and rear, made the country a powerful fortress, and became the most important factor in achieving victory.

During the Second World War, a fierce struggle was waged not only on the battlefields, but also in the spiritual sphere, for the minds and hearts of millions of people all over the planet. The ideological struggle was waged on the most diverse issues of politics, international relations, the course and outcome of the war, while pursuing fundamentally different goals.

If the fascist leadership openly called on its people to enslave other peoples, to world domination, then the Soviet leadership always advocated a just liberation struggle and the defense of the Fatherland.

Already in the course of the war, politicians and historians appeared who propagated myths about the “preventive nature” of the war of fascist Germany against the USSR, about the “accidental defeat” of the fascist German troops in major battles on the Soviet-German front, etc.

The victory in the war promoted the Soviet Union to the ranks of the world's leading powers and contributed to the growth of its authority and prestige in the international arena. This was in no way part of the plans of the reactionary international forces, it aroused in them frank anger and hatred, which led to the Cold War, to fierce ideological attacks against the USSR.

Throughout the entire post-war period, the events of the Great Patriotic War were one of the main areas of acute ideological confrontation between Western ideological centers and the Soviet Union.

The most important problems of the war became the main object of attack - the history of the pre-war period, the military art of the Red Army command, the role and significance of various fronts, Soviet losses in the war, the cost of victory, etc.

Falsified concepts, views on these and other issues were distributed in millions of copies of books, articles, were reflected in television and radio programs, in works of cinema. The purpose of all this is to hide the real reasons why the Second World War was generated by the capitalist system itself; make the Soviet Union, along with Germany, responsible for starting the war; belittle the contribution of the USSR and its Armed Forces to the defeat of the fascist bloc and at the same time exalt the role of the Western allies in the anti-Hitler coalition in achieving victory.

Here are some of the methods used by falsifiers of the history of the Great Patriotic War.

1. Throughout the entire post-war period, including last decade, some Western historians (F. Fabry, D. Irving) spread versions that the USSR in 1941 wanted to be the first to start a war against Germany. The myth of Moscow's readiness to unleash a preventive war against Germany is also present in the books of Russian-speaking historians V. Suvorov (Rezun), B. Sokolov and others. They even refer to the resolution that the then First Deputy Chief of the General Staff N.F. strategic deployment in the West, adopted in March 1941: "Offensive start 12.6". However, it is known that a decision of this kind is made by the political leadership of the state, and not by the General Staff.

Convincing documents and facts about the preparation by the Soviet Union of an attack on Germany are not given by these authors, because they do not exist in reality. As a result, speculative schemes are being concocted and there are talks about the readiness of the USSR to deliver a "preemptive strike" and other fabrications in the same spirit.

2. Another method by which Western falsifiers also try to justify the preparation of the USSR for an "offensive preventive war" against Germany is the arbitrary interpretation of Stalin's speech to the graduates of the military academies of the Red Army on May 5, 1941, which is called "aggressive", "calling for war". with Germany." This version is actively promoted by a number of Russian historians. falsification manipulation historical war

The categorical and far-fetched nature of these conclusions is obvious. The facts show that in 1941 neither Hitler nor the command of the Wehrmacht had reason to think that the USSR could attack Germany. Berlin received no information about the aggressive plans of the Soviet Union. On the contrary, German diplomats and German intelligence constantly reported on the desire of the USSR to maintain peace with Germany, to prevent serious problems in relations with this country. conflict situations, about the readiness of our state for the sake of this to make certain economic concessions. The USSR sent industrial and agricultural goods to Germany until the very last moment.

3. The falsifiers are making great efforts to underestimate the losses of the German side and exaggerate the losses of the Red Army in some major battles, thereby trying to belittle the significance of the latter. Thus, the German historian K. G. Frieser, referring to the data of the German archives, claims that during the tank battle near Prokhorovka on July 12, 1943, the losses of the German side were reduced to only 5 tanks. Another 38 tanks and 12 assault guns were damaged.

However, according to the Russian military archives, it follows that the German side lost from 300 to 400 tanks and assault guns irretrievably. At the same time, the Soviet 5th Guards TA, which took the main part in the battle of Prokhorov, suffered heavy losses - about 350 tanks and self-propelled guns. It turned out that the German historian cited data on the losses of only the 2nd SS Panzer Corps, keeping silent about the losses of the 48th and 3rd German Panzer Corps, which also took part in the battle.

Not only individual researchers, but also serious state organizations act in a similar way. For example, in 1991, the United States created the National Committee to Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Victory in World War II. Soon this organization published a colorful anniversary booklet prepared with the participation of historians in a huge edition. It opens with a "Chronicle of the most important events of the Second World War". And in this very detailed list, not one of the major battles, not one of the operations won or carried out by the Soviet troops against the Nazi invaders, is named. As if there were no Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk and other battles, after which the Nazi army suffered irreparable losses and finally lost its strategic initiative.

4. In the post-war years, in the conditions of the Cold War, the West published great amount historical literature, which distorted the true events of the Second World War and in every possible way belittled the role of the USSR in defeating the fascist aggressors. This method of falsification is used to this day, although during the war our Western allies more objectively assessed the leading role of the USSR in the fight against a common enemy.

The Patriotic War was Great both in its scope and in terms of the forces and means involved in the Soviet-German front. Total personnel on both sides in the active army alone reached 12 million people.

At the same time, in different periods, from 800 to 900 settlement divisions operated on a front from 3 to 6.2 thousand km, which chained the overwhelming majority of the armed forces of Germany, its allies and the Soviet Union, thereby exerting a decisive influence on the situation on other fronts of World War II .

US President F. Roosevelt noted that "... the Russians kill more enemy soldiers and destroy more of his weapons than all the other 25 states of the United Nations combined."

From the rostrum of the House of Commons, W. Churchill declared on August 2, 1944, that "it was the Russian army that let the guts out of the German military machine."

In those years there were many such assessments. And there is nothing surprising in this. It was very difficult not to see the obvious truth: the decisive contribution of the Soviet Union to the Victory, its outstanding role in saving world civilization from the Nazi plague seemed indisputable. But soon after the defeat of fascism, the recent allies of the USSR began to speak differently, high assessments of the role of our country in the war were forgotten, and judgments of a completely different kind appeared.

With particular persistence in post-war historiography, the idea was pursued that the most important battles of World War II took place not on the Soviet-German front and the outcome of the armed confrontation between the two coalitions was decided not on land, but mainly at sea and in the airspace, where the armed forces of the United States and Britain carried out intense fighting. The authors of these publications argue that the United States was the leading force in the anti-Hitler coalition, since it had the most powerful armed forces among the capitalist countries.

Similar views on the role of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition in achieving victory over fascism can be traced, for example, in the 85-volume "History of the Second World War", prepared by the historical section of the British Cabinet, the 25-volume American "Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Second World War" and many other publications. .

Our people appreciate the great contribution to the victory over fascism of the peoples of the USA, Great Britain, France, China and other countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. But it was on the Soviet-German front that the main battles of World War II took place, and the main forces of the Nazi Wehrmacht were concentrated here. So, from June 1941 until the opening of the second front on June 6, 1944, 92-95% of the ground forces of Nazi Germany and its satellites fought on the Soviet-German front, and then - from 74 to 65%.

The Soviet Armed Forces defeated 507 Nazi divisions and 100 divisions of its allies, almost 3.5 times more than on all other fronts of World War II.

On the Soviet-German front, the enemy suffered three-quarters of its casualties. The damage to the personnel of the fascist armies inflicted by the Red Army was 4 times greater than in the Western European and Mediterranean theaters of operations taken together, and in terms of the number of killed and wounded - 6 times. This is where the main body was destroyed. military equipment Wehrmacht: over 70 thousand (more than 75%) aircraft, about 50 thousand (up to 75%) tanks and assault guns, 167 thousand (74%) artillery pieces, more than 2.5 thousand warships, transports and auxiliary vessels .

The opening of the second front also did not change the significance of the Soviet-German front as the main one in the war. So, in June 1944, 181.5 German and 58 divisions of Germany's allies acted against the Red Army. The American and British troops were opposed by 81.5 German divisions. So all objective facts testify that the Soviet Union made a decisive contribution to the defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies.

5. When evaluating the results of the Great Patriotic War, Western historians pay especially close attention to the question of the cost of victory, of our sacrifices during the war. Because of our heavy losses, the significance of the victory achieved is called into question.

It is known that the total losses of the USSR in the war amount to 26.5 million people, of which 18 million are civilians who died as a result of fascist atrocities in the occupied territory. The total irretrievable losses (killed, missing, taken prisoner and never returned from it, died from wounds, diseases and as a result of accidents) of the Soviet Armed Forces, together with the border and internal troops, amounted to 8 million 668 thousand 400 people.

The losses of the fascist bloc amounted to 9.3 million people. (7.4 million people were lost by Nazi Germany, 1.2 million by its satellites in Europe, 0.7 million by Japan in the Manchurian operation), not counting the losses of auxiliary units from among the foreign formations that fought on the side of the Nazis (according to some data - up to 500 - 600 thousand people).

In total, the irretrievable losses of the Soviet Armed Forces by 1 - 1.5 million people. exceed the corresponding German losses. But this is due to the fact that 4.5 million Soviet prisoners of war were in Nazi captivity, and only 2 million people returned to the USSR after the war. The rest died as a result of fascist atrocities. In Soviet captivity, out of 3.8 million German prisoners of war, 450 thousand people died.

Attempts to present the losses of the aggressor as less than they actually were, distort the historical truth, testify to the bias of those who seek to deliberately belittle the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.

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It's no secret that the destruction of the Soviet Union and the subsequent disintegration of the post-Soviet space was based on a large-scale falsification of Russian history. Under the pretext of familiarizing ourselves with the benefits and values ​​of Western civilization, all kinds of anti-historical concepts were imposed on our peoples with the sole purpose of discrediting our national history and changing the mentality of our people, depriving them of national identity, respect for their history, for their great compatriots and ancestors. For a people deprived of its historical memory, its historical self-consciousness, ceases its historical existence, disappears as a people. Of course, the falsifiers directed their main blow against Soviet history as the closest and most tangible for our people and, consequently, the most dangerous for the disintegrative, anti-historical designs of the falsifiers.

Let's single out the most typical forms and give the most used examples of falsification of Russian history of the 20th century.

1. It is important to understand that the very process of choosing and substantiating a historical theme can already be a certain form of falsification of history. This is when an insignificant, unimportant topic is portrayed as a large and complex problem, studied long ago - allegedly not studied by historians, but unpromising, local in terms of reaching theoretical knowledge, seems relevant and fundamental for historical science. Far-fetched themes are often formulated. For example, what kind of war was the USSR preparing for - defensive or offensive? Who led the country during the Great Patriotic War - Stalin or Zhukov? It is obvious that the very posing of such questions already orients towards the falsification of historical events.

2. The inclusion in the object of study of elements that exist outside the subject of historical science, its cognitive tasks. For example, "devilry" according to Dostoevsky is presented as a real history of 1861-1917 and subsequent years. The political and religious-philosophical views of the white emigration about the fate of Russia are interpreted as elements of historical science. The opinions of writers and journalists are announced as scientific facts in the process of learning the history of our country.

So on June 4, 1991 in " Komsomolskaya Pravda”an interview with A.I. Solzhenitsyn was published, which he gave to Spanish television back in 1976. In this interview, referring to the "data" of Professor I. Kurganov, A.I. Solzhenitsin claims that, they say, from the internal war of the Soviet regime against its people from 1917 to 1959, the country lost 110 million people: 66 million as a result Civil War and the subsequent policy of the Soviet government, and 44 million - during the Second World War from its neglectful, sloppy conduct. The interview was published under the title Reflections on Two Civil Wars. The meaning of these reflections was to whitewash the crime of the fascists and Francoists in the war they unleashed against the republican government of Spain in 1936-1939, under the guise of bringing grotesque falsified statistics of the allegedly criminal policy of Soviet socialism against its people. And thus to introduce into the minds of the Spaniards in 1976 and into the minds of our citizens in 1991 that socialism, so to speak, is more terrible than fascism. The logic here was the same as that of Goebbels: the more monstrous the lie, the more willingly they would believe in it. And when the modern falsifier Yu.L. Dyakov in the book “The Ideology of Bolshevism and Real Socialism” (M., Tula, 2009) reproduces the so-called “calculations” of Professor I. Kurganov, which A.I. Solzhenitsyn repeated in 1976, then, as the Russian historian V.N. Zemskov correctly noted, all these conclusions and generalizations “cannot be called anything other than a pathological deviation from the mainstream in this area of ​​historical science” .

3. The fabrication of falsified documents, attributing ideas and meanings to documents that they did not have, and abstracting from the functions that these documents were intended for.

At present, it is well known that specifically in order to discredit Stalin, back in the Khrushchev era, a false “report” by the Soviet intelligence officer Richard Sorge was fabricated, allegedly dated June 15, 1941 and reporting the date of the German invasion - June 22, 1941. “In fact, Sorge did not send such a report, because he did not know the exact date of the German attack on the USSR.”

Or take the so-called Stalin's speech on May 5, 1941, which is used by falsifiers as evidence of the USSR's preparations for an attack on Germany. But what happened in reality? The exact title of this document is as follows: "Brief recording of the speech at the graduation of students of the Academy of the Red Army on May 5, 1941." This document was reconstructed according to the memoirs of the meeting participants in two versions - Russian and German. The Russian version contains several fragments: the main text - speech - speeches in the form of toasts. In particular, Stalin said: “While carrying out the defense of our country, we are obliged to act in an offensive manner. From defense to move to a military policy of offensive actions. “You don’t have to be a military specialist,” G.D. Alekseeva quite correctly points out, “to understand that we are talking about strategy in time of war - from defense to “offensive actions”, and not about two types of wars, as some modern historians, including Nevezhin and Sakharov, who, it should be noted, never studied the documents of 1940-1941. By the way, modern falsifiers are deeply ignorant in their understanding of the moral Soviet society before and during the Great Patriotic War. They are trying to transfer their corrupt soul and servile admiration for the West to the soldiers of the Red Army, portraying the latter as some kind of underdeveloped subjects, criminals and fines who are afraid and hate Stalin and the Soviet government, and fight the Germans only because of their stupidity and because under sticks. Thus, the writer Vladimir Voinovich in his libelous novel The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of a Soldier Ivan Chonkin portrayed a Soviet soldier small, bow-legged, with red ears, stupid and downtrodden. And the resonant theatergoer Eldar Ryazanov called him "a normal folk type, a truly Russian character." The difference between these "workers of art" and the truly outstanding Russian writer Alexei Tolstoy with his "Russian character" is precisely the difference between a real patriotic writer and literary and theatrical dirty tricks and falsifiers. The latter, due to their pro-Western servility, will never understand that there can be warriors who are capable of the highest heroism and self-sacrifice in the name of the freedom of their Motherland. The famous Belarusian sculptor Valentin Zankovich, the author of the main monument of the memorial complex "Khatyn" in the casemates of the Brest Fortress found a stunning inscription made by the defenders of the fortress, which is not yet known to the general public. These are laconic, but soul-searing words: “There were five of us. We will die for Stalin." That's the whole truth about the moral and psychological atmosphere of Soviet society during the war. These words contain the whole meaning, the spirit of the Great Patriotic War, our national history: morality, patriotism and heroism of our people.

4. Substitution of scientific knowledge about historical facts with the information contained in the sources. Such an approach leads to gross errors. And the most significant of them is the illegitimate identification of information, data recorded in documents, with scientific knowledge about historical facts. The second mistake is the inclusion of information in a scientific text without its analysis and critical evaluation, i.e. without scientific understanding, in the form of a retelling of the source. It is with this approach that the falsification of history is carried out, even apart from the consciousness of the researcher himself. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the source. Only after a comprehensive analysis, the information contained in the source turns into scientific knowledge, which is already used by the historian in the process of knowing certain historical events. Scientific knowledge acquired as a result of a comprehensive analysis of the information contained in the source often plays a verification role in determining the reliability of previously obtained scientific knowledge.

5. In particular, this also applies to the so-called concept of totalitarianism, which today's falsifiers and simply narrow-minded historians have put as the basis for studying the national history of the twentieth century. The American historian Stephen Cohen, in his book Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History since 1917, published in Russian in 1986, stated: “All Sovietological concepts created outside true history, sociology, culture, and even genuine politics, were most fully embodied in the "totalitarian model" of 1953-1956." . Stephen Cohen points out that these studies were funded not only by private foundations (Rockefeller, Carnegie), but also by the Department of Defense, the US CIA. By the way, the Soviet Ministry of Defense and the KGB never engaged in such activities, and in this regard, American studies, English studies in the USSR acquired a different type of development in the system of scientific knowledge, where the history of foreign countries was covered more correctly than was the case in Western Sovietology, in which, according to S. Cohen, anti-communism and anti-Sovietism became the source and basis for the emergence of the "totalitarian school", a model of totalitarianism. Analyzing the positions of the authors of the "totalitarian school", Cohen came to the conclusion that "they began to identify Stalin's Russia with Hitler's Germany, Soviet communism with Nazism, etc." . This is where, it turns out, today's home-grown falsifiers borrowed their miserable ideas about identifying Stalin with Hitler and the USSR with Nazi Germany. From Fascist and Western Reactionary Historiography of the 1940s-1950s.

It is important to note that many Western Sovietologists have completely rejected the concept of totalitarianism, concluding that its inconsistencies and ideological overtones are too obvious and that its only function is to label the Soviet system of government with derogatory labels. As the American historian M. Karpovich noted, scientific works in the United States "were too often created in an atmosphere of fierce hatred for the current Russian (Soviet - L.K.) regime."

Thus, concludes the Russian historian G.D. Alekseeva, “borrowed from the American Sovietology of 1940-1960. totalitarianism and its verbose replication in the academic literature of 1990-2010. became evidence not only of the theoretical helplessness of the opponents of Soviet power and science that appeared. Due to scientific impotence, moral degradation, betrayal, historians have turned into preachers of Western canons, who, having lost their scientific content in the United States already in the 1960s, in Russia in the 1990s. began to play an ideological and political role without any significant scientific perspective.

In 2015 a great event in our historical calendar- 70th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War over the Nazi invaders. In this regard, there is reason to dwell on some more falsifications related to the events of the Great Patriotic War.

It is known that falsifiers, trying to discredit the great feat of our peoples during the Great Patriotic War, introduced into the mass consciousness the installation that the leadership of the USSR allegedly recorded all the captured soldiers of the Red Army as traitors. It was a deliberate blasphemous falsification, when the expression “we have no prisoners, we have traitors” was attributed to Stalin. In fact, this falsification was composed in 1956 in the literary and journalistic environment in the wake of criticism of Stalin's personality cult. This falsification is still widely used in journalism, films, fiction.

It should be noted that such a "crime" as "surrender" did not appear in the criminal legislation of the USSR. In article 193 of the then Criminal Code of the RSFSR, in the list of military crimes, it was recorded: "Surrender, not caused by a combat situation." It goes without saying that the concepts of "surrender" and "surrender not caused by a combat situation" are not identical concepts. Therefore, there was no identification of the concepts of "prisoners" and "traitors". Traitors included those who actually were such (policemen, punishers, graduates of reconnaissance and sabotage schools, officials of the occupation administration, etc.), and such a definition was not applied to prisoners of war in principle.

The falsifiers of the Great Patriotic War also invented a myth about certain “hit lists”, “executions” of part of the repatriates, i.e. people returning to the USSR (prisoners of war, Ostarbeiters, displaced persons, collaborators) supposedly immediately upon arrival at Soviet assembly points. It was also a monstrous lie. The truth is that the vast majority of repatriates were not subjected not only to no executions, but even to any repressions. The paradox here was that many of the direct accomplices of the Nazis were surprised that in the USSR they were not treated as harshly as they expected.

Let's take an illustrative example. In the summer of 1944, during the offensive of the Anglo-American troops in France, a large number of German soldiers and officers were captured by them, who were usually sent to camps in England. It soon became clear that some of these prisoners did not understand German and that it turned out that they were former Red Army soldiers who were captured by the Germans and then entered the service of the German army. Under Article 193 of the then Criminal Code of the RSFSR, only one punishment was provided for the transfer of military personnel to the side of the enemy in wartime - the death penalty with confiscation of property. The British knew about this, but, nevertheless, informed Moscow about these persons and asked to take them to the USSR. On October 31, 1944, 9,907 repatriates on two British ships were sent to Murmansk, where they arrived on November 6, 1944. Among these repatriates, who went over to serve in the German army, there were suggestions that they would be shot immediately on the Murmansk pier. However, official Soviet representatives explained that the Soviet government had forgiven them and that not only would they not be shot, but that they would generally be exempted from criminal liability for treason. For more than a year, these people were tested in the NKVD special camp, and then they were sent to a 6-year-old special settlement. In 1952, most of them were released, and their profiles did not show any criminal record, and the time spent working in the special settlement was included in the length of service.

Anti-Soviet falsifiers who criticize Anglo-Americans for extradition Soviet Union these people do not catch one subtlety in the psychology of the then British and American politicians and officials. And this subtlety lies in the fact that the British and Americans could well assume that the former Red Army soldiers who were captured by them in German military uniforms are in fact Stalin's people and play some role in his political game. Hence, naturally, a desire was born to quickly clear Western Europe of them, and, consequently, to return them all to the USSR. “Later,” as the Russian historian V.N. Soviet power» .

Here we must bear in mind the circumstance that the approaching victory of the USSR over fascist Germany in many respects contributed to the humanization of the policy towards prisoners of war and interned civilians, up to the promise that those who entered the military service to the enemy and committed actions to the detriment of the interests of the USSR as a result of fascist violence and terror over Soviet prisoners of war. This also applied to the aforementioned repatriates who arrived in Murmansk on November 6, 1944, since it was known that for the most part they entered the military service of the enemy, unable to withstand the torture of hunger and ill-treatment in German camps. Therefore, one cannot agree with the widespread falsification in literature and journalism of the repatriation of Soviet citizens solely as an alleged violation of human rights or even a humanitarian crime. V.N. Zemskov is absolutely right that “in spite of all the costs and negative phenomena that took place, this process was based on a natural and exciting epic finding the motherland large masses of people forcibly deprived of it by foreign conquerors.

And the last thing to note, speaking of the falsification of the national history of the twentieth century. This is about the so-called Stalinist repressions. The public conscience of the post-Soviet countries is being strongly foisted on the perverted idea that in the USSR the majority of the population suffered from repressions and was allegedly intimidated by them. It is important to note that the exposure of this fake was done not only by objective domestic historians, but also by Western ones. In this regard, the conclusions of the American historian Robert Thurston, who published the monograph Life and Terror in Stalinist Russia in 1996, are of interest. 1934-1941".

These are the conclusions that an American historian came to on the basis of documentary facts and statistics. “The system of Stalinist terror in the form in which it was described by previous generations of Western researchers never existed. The influence of terror on Soviet society in the Stalin years was not significant, and there was no mass fear of reprisals in the 1930s in the Soviet Union. The repressions were limited and did not affect the majority of the Soviet people. Soviet society supported the Stalinist regime rather than feared it. For most people, the Stalinist system provided the opportunity to move up and participate in public life» .

One does not have to be an expert not to recognize the absolute correctness of the conclusions of Robert Thurston. Even more. The socio-political system that took shape in the pre-war years in the minds of the many millions of people was strongly associated with the ideals of justice, friendship and progress. And the Soviet civilization was unequivocally regarded by the overwhelming majority of our citizens as the most humane and fair on our entire planet. And it was so in reality.

1. Zemskov, V.N. On the scale of political repressions in the USSR // Political education. - M., 2012. - No. 1.
2. Alekseeva, G.D., Manykin, A.V. Historical science in Russia of the XXI century / G.D. Alekseeva, A.V. Manykin. - M., 2011.
3. Zemskov, V.N. People and war: pages of the history of the Soviet people on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War. 1938-1945 / V.N. Zemskov. - M., 2014.
4. Thurston, R. Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia 1934-1941 / R. Thurston. - New Haven, 1996.

There are many blank spots in the history of our country. The lack of a sufficient number of reliable sources gives rise not only to speculation, but also outright falsifications. Some of them are very durable.

Older than usual

According to the official version, statehood came to Russia in 862, when the Finno-Ugric and Slavic tribes called on the Varangian Rurik to rule over them. But the problem is that the theory, known to us from school, is taken from The Tale of Bygone Years, and the reliability of the information contained in it modern science is being questioned.
Meanwhile, there are many facts confirming that the state in Russia existed before the calling of the Varangians. So, in the Byzantine sources, when describing the life of the Rus, obvious signs of their state structure: developed writing, hierarchy of the nobility, administrative division of lands. Petty princes are also mentioned, over whom "kings" stood.
The data of numerous excavations, presented by the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, indicate that where the Central Russian Plain is now located, even before the onset of new era life churned. The well-known domestic archaeologist and anthropologist Tatyana Alekseeva found a sufficient amount of evidence that on the territory of modern central Russia in the period from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC. e. there was a flourishing of large proto-cities.

Ukraine-Rus

Ukrainian historian Mikhail Grushevsky created one of the most famous falsifications on which modern Ukrainian historiography relies. In his writings, he denies the existence of a single ancient Russian ethnic group, but speaks of a parallel history of two nationalities: "Ukrainian-Russian" and "Great Russian". According to Grushevsky's theory, the Kyiv state is the state of the "Russian-Ukrainian" nationality, and the Vladimir-Suzdal state is the "Great Russian".
Already during the Civil War, Grushevsky's scientific views were subjected to serious criticism from colleagues. One of the most notable critics of his "Ukraine-Rus" concept was the historian and publicist Andriy Storozhenko, who viewed this approach as an attempt to clothe the political goals of Ukrainian separatism in historical form.
An influential Kyiv public figure and publicist Boris Yuzefovich, having familiarized himself with the works of Grushevsky, called him a "scientist-liar", hinting that all his writing activity was connected with the desire to take the place of a professor at the Department of Russian History at Kyiv University.

"Veles book"

In 1950, emigrants Yuri Mirolyubov and Alexander Kur in San Francisco published the Book of Veles for the first time. According to Mirolyubov's stories, the text of the Book of Veles was written off by him from wooden planks lost during the war, created around the 9th century.
However, the falsity of the printed document was soon established. So, the photographs of the plates presented by Mirolyubov and Kur were actually made from specially prepared paper.
Philologist Natalya Shalygina says: rich factual material convincingly proves that the Book of Veles is a complete historical fake, both from the point of view of linguistic and philological analysis, and from the point of view of the historical inconsistency of the version of its acquisition.
In particular, it became known that in response to the arguments of scientific criticism, the authors of the forgery made changes and additions to the already published material in order to make it more believable.

Testament of Peter the Great

This tendentious falsification first appeared in French in 1812. According to the compilers of the document, it was based on a strategic plan of action for the successors of Peter the Great for many centuries with the aim of establishing world domination by Russia; the goal was "to get as close as possible to Constantinople and to the Indies."
Historians have come to the conclusion that the main provisions of the Testament were formulated in October 1797 by a Polish emigrant close to Napoleon, General Sokolnitsky. The abundance of errors and absurdities in the text make us assume that the author of the document was not familiar with the foreign policy of Peter I. It is also established that the Testament was originally intended not for propaganda purposes, but for internal use.

Unnecessary Alaska

Russia's sale of its overseas territory to the United States is explained in history textbooks simply: maintaining Alaska became more and more expensive, since the costs of maintaining it far exceeded the income from its economic use. There was another reason for the sale of Alaska - to improve relations with the United States.
Historian Ivan Mironov says that there are many documents that refute the official version. The history connected with the sale of Alaska is very reminiscent of the current events in terms of corruption scandals, “kickbacks” and the “cutting” of budget and public funds by a handful of oligarchs and politicians.
Work on the sale of the American colony began as early as the reign of Nicholas I. In addition to the sale of Alaska, the government planned to get rid of the Aleutian and Kuril Islands, of course, for money. The main lobbyist for the 1867 deal was Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich, brother of Emperor Alexander II, among his accomplices was a number of influential people, including the head of the Foreign Ministry, Alexander Gorchakov.

Rasputin's personality

In the memoirs of his contemporaries, Grigory Rasputin often appeared as an odious person. He was accused of a mass of sins - drunkenness, debauchery, sectarianism, spying for Germany, interfering in domestic politics. However, even the special commissions investigating the case of Rasputin did not find anything compromising.
What is curious is that Rasputin's accusers, in particular, Archpriest Georgy Shavelsky, admitted in their memoirs that they themselves did not personally know the elder or saw him several times, and all the scandalous stories they describe were based solely on a retelling once and somewhere heard.
Doctor of Philology Tatyana Mironova says that the analysis of the testimonies and memories of those days tells about the methods of banal and brazen manipulation of public opinion with the help of falsifications and provocations in the media.
And not without substitution, the scientist continues. The atrocities attributed to Grigory Rasputin were often a clownery of doubles, organized by swindlers for selfish purposes. So, according to Mironova, it was with the scandalous story that took place in the Moscow restaurant "Yar". The investigation then showed that Rasputin was not in Moscow at that moment.

Tragedy in Katyn

The mass murder of captured officers of the Polish army, carried out in the spring of 1940, for a long time attributed to Germany. After the liberation of Smolensk by the Soviet troops, a special commission was created, which, after conducting its own investigation, concluded that Polish citizens were shot at Katyn by the German occupying forces.

However, as evidenced by documents published in 1992, the executions of Poles were carried out by decision of the NKVD of the USSR in accordance with the resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of March 5, 1940. According to published data, a total of 21,857 people were shot, in addition to the military, there were mobilized Polish doctors, engineers, lawyers, and journalists.

Vladimir Putin, in the status of prime minister and president of the Russian Federation, has repeatedly voiced the opinion that the Katyn massacre is a crime of the Stalinist regime and was caused, first of all, by Stalin's revenge for the defeat in the Soviet-Polish war of 1920. In 2011, Russian officials announced their readiness to consider rehabilitating the victims of the execution.

"New Chronology"

There are many falsifications in historiography - events, documents, personalities - but one of them clearly stands apart. This is the famous theory of the mathematician Anatoly Fomenko, according to which all previous history is declared false. The researcher believes that traditional history is biased, tendentious and designed to serve a particular political system.
Official science, of course, calls Fomenko's views pseudo-scientific and, in turn, calls his historical concept a falsification. In particular, Fomenko's statement that the entire history of antiquity was falsified during the Renaissance, in their opinion, is devoid of not only scientific, but also common sense.
According to scientists, even with a strong desire it is impossible to rewrite such a voluminous layer of history. Moreover, the methodology used by Fomenko in his "New Chronology" is taken from another science - mathematics - and its application to the analysis of history is incorrect. And Fomenko's obsessive desire to unite all ancient Russian rulers with the names of the Mongol khans among historians does cause a smile.
What historians agree on is Fomenko's statement that his "New Chronology" is a powerful ideological weapon. In addition, many believe that the main goal of a pseudoscientist is commercial success. Historian Sergei Bushuev sees a serious danger in such scientific fiction, since its popularity may soon oust the real history of the country from the consciousness of society and our descendants.