What education did Hitler have? Jewish version of the origin of Adolf Hitler

Many years have passed since Adolf Hitler committed suicide. His biography is still of interest to historians. Many monographs and memoirs have been written about him, reading which one wonders how this man, so far from the image of a typical German of the first half of the last century, managed to capture the love of the German people and turn the Weimar state into a totalitarian state.

Genius or crazy?

Adolf Hitler, whose biography is an important component of world history, causes hatred in most of humanity. However, even today there are those who idolize him. Some try to justify it by putting forward the opinion that the Fuhrer is ignorant of mass repressions. There are even fans of Hitler's idea. Surprisingly, there were quite a few of these in Russia in the nineties, a country that suffered more than others from the aggression of the German Fuhrer.

But most historians portray him as a mediocre commander, a bad administrator, and generally a mentally unbalanced person. One can only wonder how such a person managed to manage a party that received the majority of votes in completely democratic elections and came to power in an absolutely legal way.

And yet, who is Adolf Hitler? The biography of this man gives some idea of ​​his character, creates an objective portrait, which, of course, does not justify his atrocities, but relieves him of the vices and crimes attributed to the caricature image characteristic of Soviet censorship.

Origin

On April 10, 1889, shortly before the great Christian holiday, one of the most terrible villains in the history of mankind, Adolf Hitler, was born. His biography began in the small Austrian town of Braunau am Inn. His parents were close relatives to each other, which, as a rule, increases the risk of developing many diseases, and subsequently gave rise to many rumors about the anomaly of the Fuhrer.

Father - Alois Hitler - for some reason, shortly before the birth of his son, he changed his last name. If he had not done this, Adolf Schicklgruber would have become the Fuhrer. However, some historians believe that if Hitler's father had not changed his surname, Adolf's career would not have taken place. It's hard to imagine a crowd yelling furiously in German: "Heil, Schicklgruber!" Many factors influenced the formation and growth of a political career, but the sonorous name Adolf Hitler also played an important role. His biography, of course, is also predetermined by origin and upbringing.

Childhood

The future Fuhrer initially studied well, but he always gave a clear preference to the humanities. Most of all he was interested in world history and military affairs. Adolf Hitler loved to draw since childhood and dreamed of becoming an artist. However, the father wanted his son, like him, to make an official career.

Alois Hitler was a purposeful and extremely powerful man, but any pressure that he exerted on Adolf only led to stubborn resistance. The son did not want to become an official. He felt bored at the thought that one day he would have to sit in an office and not be able to manage his time. And in protest, Adolf studied worse and worse, and after the death of his father, when, it would seem, there were no more grounds for protesting, he began to openly skip classes. As a result, the certificate that the future Fuhrer received in 1905 contained "failures" in such subjects as German and French and, mathematics, shorthand.

If Hitler became an artist...

While studying at a real school, Adolf Hitler received fives only in drawing. short biography this historical figure talks about his passion for painting. But Hitler was not accepted into the Academy of Arts, although he had certain abilities. But could Adolf Hitler devote his life to art? A brief biography of this person includes such facts that indicate that his fate could have turned out differently ...

Some historians believe that Hitler could have become an outstanding architect or painter. There would be no National Socialism in Germany in this case. And most importantly, there would be no one to unleash the Second World War.

His most intolerant opponents reject the presence of all kinds of abilities in the fine arts of the main criminal of the 20th century. Objective researchers, however, adhere to the fact that Hitler still had artistic inclinations. But in order to satisfy his ambition and desire to shake the world, he needed an extraordinary gift, which, for example, Salvador Dali possessed. Not less. The son of an Austrian official did not have such abilities. Therefore, the only field in which he was able to realize his plans, namely to achieve greatness, was politics.

In Vienna

Hitler did not receive a certificate of secondary education. And it was not only a reluctance to learn, but also a difficult lung disease, from which the already not particularly diligent schoolboy suffered. Family problems also prevented her from getting an education: her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. According to eyewitnesses, Adolf Hitler expressed extremely touching feelings of sons. The biography of the Fuhrer says that he knew how to love his neighbor. World history tells us that in love for the distant, things were very bad for him.

After the funeral of his mother, Hitler left for Vienna, where, in his own words, "years of study and suffering" passed. As you know, the guy was not accepted to the Academy of Arts. Full biography Adolf Hitler, whose personal life was subsequently overgrown with numerous speculations and rumors, is, first of all, long haul to power. He spent more than one year wandering and searching for his place in this world. But it was in the capital of Austria that the future Fuhrer began to create the image of a fighter against the bourgeois bourgeoisie, which became fundamental in his political career. And it was the ideas that he had at that time that the German people needed.

In the Vienna period, according to researchers, Adolf Hitler had the means that he inherited, so he had the opportunity to lead an absolutely serene lifestyle. At this time, as, indeed, in his childhood and youth, Hitler read a lot. There is nothing more dangerous than a person who passionately dreams of power and protects himself from others with the help of books. He strives to build the world according to a literary, often utopian, model and is ready for the most terrible crimes in order to achieve his goals. The proof of this statement is Adolf Hitler himself. The biography, personal life and career of this man were formed under the influence of books that he read in large volumes. Anti-Semitic pamphlets dominated among them.

Failed artist

And again in 1908, Hitler made an attempt to become a student at the Vienna Art Academy. And just like the first time, he failed the entrance examinations. He had no choice but to start earning by painting landscapes and portraits to order. Many years later, paintings created at the beginning of the century by a young artist named Hitler Adolf attracted much attention of researchers. Biography, life history, creativity of this failed master of painting will never cease to interest writers and historians.

He created portraits and landscapes, the buyers of which, paradoxically, for the most part were Jews. Moreover, they acquired these canvases not so much out of love for art, as out of a desire to support a novice painter. Twenty-five years later, the Fuhrer more than thanked his benefactors ...

Unrecognized genius

What does a person who strives for recognition, but is unable to realize his plans, experience? Hitler dreamed of becoming an artist, but professionals doubted his talent. He was extremely dreamy, but did not differ in perseverance, which did not allow him to work long and hard on his paintings and sketches. And, in the end, after a series of failures, a strong conviction settled in him in his own genius, which he could not recognize a common person, representative of the gray mass. Only a select few could, he believed, appreciate his talent. But by the will of fate or under the influence of some subconscious aspirations, he found himself in the whirlpool of Viennese public life. In the homeland of the great composers, poets and architects, the political biography Adolf Hitler.

Edward Gordon Craig - an outstanding British director and a clear opponent of Hitler's policy - once called the Fuhrer's watercolor paintings a notable achievement in painting. One of the adherents of the National Socialist doctrine before his execution, in Nuremberg, made an entry in his diary, which also dealt with the artistic talent of a man who was responsible for the most terrible crimes against humanity. The ideologist of Hitler's policy before his death had no reason to dissemble. But, despite his abilities, Hitler did not write a single canvas that could be called a striking work of painting. However, he was able to create a horrifying picture in world history. It's called World War II.

World War I

Adolf Hitler (Adolf Hitler), whose brief biography in Soviet years was subjected to strict censorship (like everything else, by the way), had the image in our country of an irrational, mentally extremely unbalanced person. A lot of books have been written about him by foreign authors. In domestic literature, however, only in recent years has the German leader begun to be subjected to a more objective assessment.

When the war began, Hitler did not want to join the Austrian army, because he believed that a clear process of decomposition was taking place in it. The future leader of the German people was able to get rid of military service and went to Munich. His aspirations were directed to the Bavarian army, in whose ranks he joined in 1914.

The first signs of xenophobia

In the writings of the historian Werner Maser, Interesting Facts about Adolf Hitler. The biography of the Fuhrer, according to the German researcher, includes decisive events (one of which is moving to Germany), which are the result of a stubborn unwillingness to fight in the same army with Jews and Czechs for the Habsburg state and at the same time an ardent desire to die for the German Reich. We can say that in 1914 the military biography of Adolf Hitler began.

Biography, interesting facts from the life of the Fuhrer are well described in the book "My Struggle" banned in Russia. On the fragile and sickly outlook, which is characteristic of the younger generation, this work can have a very detrimental effect. In particular, the book contains fragments describing the military operations in which Hitler took part in the First World War. And they express not only hatred for the enemy, which is a completely natural reaction of a soldier after a battle, but also clear signs of xenophobia. Hatred of "foreigners" subsequently resulted in a desire to purge Germany of their presence.

It was the years of the first military experience that had a radical influence on the formation of a personality known in history under the name Adolf Hitler. A complete biography of the Fuhrer was compiled for the first time by foreign authors on the basis of his personal correspondence, information from an autobiographical book and the testimonies of his relatives and acquaintances. In 1914-1915, the artist in Hitler's soul was increasingly supplanted by an extremist politician with a clear program of action.

The future Fuhrer took part in thirty battles. In each of them, according to letters and memoirs, Adolf Hitler considered it obligatory to kill at least one opponent. The biography, a summary of which is presented in this article, indicates that in the future this person sought to destroy people by the millions, preferring to do it by proxy.

He stayed at the front for four years and miraculously survived. Later, Hitler attributed this fact to his God-chosenness. The biography, the death of Adolf Hitler and the millions of victims of the war that he unleashed, are not written with the religiosity of this man. He kept his faith in God until the end of his days. But his faith was by no means Christian, distinguished by sacrifice and forgiveness, but rather pagan.

Lost generation

The war led to the fact that the fate of millions of people in Germany was crippled. Many Germans could not cope with the shock of the massacre, from the fact that for four years they had to kill their own kind, which made no sense. Adolf Hitler did not belong to the Lost Generation. He knew exactly what he was fighting for. The outcome of the war for him was not a defeat, but an event that predetermined fate. He no longer dreamed of becoming an artist or an architect, but believed that he should devote his life to the struggle for the greatness of the German people.

Hitler the speaker

At a time when former soldiers were suffering from unemployment, mental disorders and alcoholism, Corporal Hitler attended lectures on history, read a lot and participated in rallies. Then the real talent of this man was discovered. He, like no one else, knew how to capture the attention of the public. Hitler was also able to imitate any German dialect, as a result of which, in every city in Germany, he later seemed to the locals as his fellow countryman, which also attracted many people to him. Oratory and the ability to influence the crowd (a stupid, irrational organism, but extremely important in a political career) are the main qualities that made a tyrant and dictator out of a young ambitious artist who exterminated millions of innocent people in his life.

Jewish question

On September 16, 1919, Hitler drew up a document detailing his views. This date is significant not only in the biography of the Fuhrer, but also in world history. It was from that day that the movement of mankind to the most terrible war of the 20th century began.

The Germans were humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles. There were many anti-Semites among them. But no one had such a powerful oratorical and organizational talent that Adolf Hitler possessed. On the day mentioned above, he drew up a document reflecting his views on the fate of the German people and expressing the idea of ​​​​solving the unfortunate Jewish question.

DAP

If not for Hitler, the German Workers' Party would have collapsed at the stage of its inception. The future Fuhrer turned it into a powerful force in just a few years. Then he reorganized into the NSDAP. And this organization already had a rigid and strict discipline. The activities of the Fuhrer within the framework of the NSDP is a fact that, of course, includes his short biography. A great many books and historical works have been written about Hitler. Many works of art have been created about his actions during the war and more than one film has been shot. But no less interesting for researchers is his life before climbing the political Olympus.

Death

Adolf Hitler committed suicide with a firearm when the news of the defeat of the German army became apparent. In his suicide letter, however, he wrote that he was dying with a "joyful heart." He was pleased with the “immeasurable deeds” that his soldiers managed to accomplish over the course of six years in the cities of Eastern Europe.

The Fuhrer shot himself in Berlin on April 20, when Soviet troops were on the outskirts of the German capital. The remains of Hitler and his wife were taken out of the building and burned. Later, authoritative Soviet experts conducted an examination designed to confirm the death of the Fuhrer. This event, according to the findings of some later studies, contained a number of errors. This fact subsequently gave rise to the legend that Hitler allegedly was able to leave Berlin and died a natural death somewhere far away on one of the little-known islands. According to some sources, the manipulation of the results of the examination was caused by Stalin's desire to portray his opponent, whom he, however, sympathized with, a cowardly criminal. Hitler allegedly took an unsightly death by poisoning. After all, according to the generally accepted opinion, only a valiant soldier is capable of shooting himself.

He passed into oblivion, but his memory remained forever. It is surprising that after only a few decades, National Socialism was able to infect millions of people around the world again, and even today many see nothing criminal in anti-Semitism in Russia.

Adolf Gitler(German Adolf Hitler [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ]; April 20, 1889, the village of Ranshofen (now part of the city of Braunau am Inn), Austria-Hungary - April 30, 1945, Berlin, Germany) - the founder and central figure of National Socialism, founder totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich, leader ( Fuhrer) National Socialist German Workers' Party (1921-1945), Reich Chancellor (1933-1945) and Fuhrer (1934-1945) of Germany, Supreme Commander of the German Armed Forces (since December 19, 1941) in World War II.

Hitler's expansionist policy was one of the main reasons for the outbreak of World War II. Numerous crimes against humanity committed by the Nazi regime both in Germany itself and in the territories occupied by it, including the Holocaust, are associated with his name. The International Military Tribunal recognized as criminal the organizations created by Hitler (the SS, the Security Service (SD) and the Gestapo) and the very leadership of the Nazi Party.

Surname etymology

According to the famous German philologist, specialist in onomastics Max Gottschald (1882-1952), the surname "Hitler" ( hittlaer, Hiedler) was identical to the surname Hutler("caretaker", probably "forester", Waldhütler).

Pedigree

Father - Alois Hitler (1837-1903). Mother - Clara Hitler (1860-1907), nee Pölzl.

Alois, being illegitimate, until 1876 bore the name of his mother Maria Anna Schicklgruber (German: Schicklgruber). Five years after the birth of Alois, Maria Schicklgruber married the miller Johann Georg Hiedler (Hiedler), who spent his whole life in poverty and did not have his own home. In 1876, three witnesses testified that Giedler, who died in 1857, was the father of Alois, which allowed the latter to change his surname. The change in the spelling of the surname to "Hitler" was allegedly caused by a misprint by the priest when writing in the Birth Registration Book. Modern researchers consider the probable father of Alois not Hidler, but his brother Johann Nepomuk Güttler, who took Alois to his house and raised him.

Adolf Hitler himself, contrary to the assertion that has been widespread since the 1920s and introduced by the candidate of historical sciences, associate professor and senior researcher at the Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences V. D. Kulbakin, even in the 3rd edition of the TSB, never bore the surname Schicklgruber.

On January 7, 1885, Alois married his relative (great-niece of Johann Nepomuk Güttler) Clara Pölzl. This was his third marriage. By this time, he had a son, Alois, and a daughter, Angela, who later became the mother of Geli Raubal, Hitler's alleged mistress. Due to family ties, Alois had to obtain permission from the Vatican in order to marry Clara.

Hitler knew about inbreeding in his family and therefore always spoke very briefly and vaguely about his parents, although he required others to document their ancestors. From the end of 1921, he began to constantly overestimate and obscure his origins. He wrote only a few sentences about his father and maternal grandfather. On the contrary, he often mentioned his mother in conversations. Because of this, he did not tell anyone that he was related (in a direct line from Johann Nepomuk) to the Austrian historian Rudolf Koppensteiner and the Austrian poet Robert Gamerling.

Adolf's direct ancestors, both in the Schicklgruber line and in the Hitler line, were peasants. Only the father made a career and became a government official.

Attachment to the places of childhood, Hitler had only to Leonding, where his parents are buried, Spital, where relatives lived on the maternal side, and Linz. He visited them even after coming to power.

Childhood

Adolf Hitler was born in Austria, in the town of Braunau an der Inn, near the border with Germany, on April 20, 1889 at 18:30 at the Pomeranian Hotel. Two days later he was baptized with the name Adolf. Hitler was very much like his mother. The eyes, shape of the eyebrows, mouth and ears were exactly like hers. His mother, who gave birth to him at the age of 29, loved him very much. Before that, she lost three children.

Until 1892, the family lived in Braunau at the Pomeranian Hotel, the most representative house in the suburbs. In addition to Adolf, his half-blooded (half-blooded) brother Alois and sister Angela lived in the family. In August 1892, my father was promoted and the family moved to Passau.

On March 24, brother Edmund (1894-1900) was born, and Adolf for some time ceased to be the center of attention of the family. On April 1, my father received a new appointment in Linz. But the family remained in Passau for another year so as not to move with a newborn baby.

In April 1895, the family gathers in Linz. On May 1, at the age of six, Adolf entered the one-year public school in Fischlgam near Lambach. And on June 25, my father unexpectedly retires early for health reasons. In July 1895, the family moved to Gafeld near Lambach an der Traun, where his father bought a house with a plot of land of 38 thousand square meters. m.

AT primary school in Fischlham, Adolf studied well and received only excellent marks. In 1939, he visited this school and bought it, and then gave the order to build a new school building nearby.

On January 21, 1896, Adolf's sister Paula was born. He was especially attached to her all his life and always took care of her.

In 1896, Hitler entered the second grade of the Lambach School of the old Benedictine Catholic monastery, which he attended until the spring of 1898. Here, too, he received only good marks. He sang in a boys' choir and was an assistant priest during Mass. Here he first saw the swastika on the coat of arms of Abbot Hagen. He later ordered the same one to be carved from wood in his office.

In the same year, due to the constant nit-picking of his father, his half-brother Alois left the house. After that, Adolf became the central figure of his father's concerns and constant pressure, as his father was afraid that Adolf would grow up to be the same idler as his brother.

In November 1897, my father bought a house in the village of Leonding near Linz, where the whole family moved in February 1898. The house was near the cemetery.

Adolf changed schools for the third time and went to the fourth grade here. People's School in Leonding he visited until September 1900.

After the death of his brother Edmund on February 2, 1900, Adolf remained the only son of Clara Hitler.

Hitler (in the center) with classmates. 1900

It was in Leonding that he developed a critical attitude towards the church under the influence of his father's statements.

In September 1900, Adolf entered the first class of the state real school in Linz. Adolf did not like the change of a rural school to a large and alien real school in the city. He only liked to walk the 6 km distance from home to school.

From that time on, Adolf began to learn only what he liked - history, geography, and especially drawing; didn't notice everything else. As a result of this attitude to study, he stayed for the second year in the first grade of a real school.

Youth

When 13-year-old Adolf was in the second grade of a real school in Linz, on January 3, 1903, his father died unexpectedly. Despite the incessant disputes and strained relations, Adolf still loved his father and sobbed uncontrollably at the coffin.

At the request of his mother, he continued to go to school, but finally decided for himself that he would be an artist, and not an official, as his father wanted. In the spring of 1903 he moved into a school dormitory in Linz. Lessons at school began to attend irregularly.

On September 14, 1903, Angela got married, and now only Adolf, his sister Paula and mother's sister Johanna Pölzl remained in the house with her mother.

When Adolf was 15 years old, and he was finishing the third grade of a real school, on May 22, 1904, he was confirmed in Linz. During this period, he composed a play, wrote poetry and short stories, and also composed the libretto for Wagner's opera based on the Wieland legend and the overture.

He still went to school with disgust, and he disliked French most of all. In the autumn of 1904, he passed the exam in this subject the second time, but they took a promise from him that in the fourth grade he would go to another school. Gemer, who at that time taught Adolf French and other subjects, said at the trial of Hitler in 1924: “Hitler was undoubtedly gifted, although one-sided. He almost did not know how to control himself, he was stubborn, self-willed, wayward and quick-tempered. Wasn't diligent." According to numerous testimonies, it can be concluded that already in his youth, Hitler showed pronounced psychopathic traits.

In September 1904, Hitler, fulfilling this promise, entered the state real school in Steyr in the fourth grade and studied there until September 1905. In Steyr, he lived in the house of the merchant Ignaz Kammerhofer at Grünmarket 19. Subsequently, this place was renamed Adolf Hitlerplatz.

On February 11, 1905, Adolf received a certificate of completion of the fourth grade of a real school. The mark "excellent" there was only in drawing and physical education; in German, French, mathematics, shorthand - unsatisfactory; in other subjects - satisfactory.

On June 21, 1905, the mother sold the house in Leonding and moved with her children to Linz at 31 Humboldt Street.

In the autumn of 1905, at the request of his mother, Hitler reluctantly began to attend school again in Steyr and retake exams in order to receive a certificate for the fourth grade.

At this time, he was diagnosed with a serious lung disease - the doctor advised his mother to postpone his schooling for at least a year and recommended that he never work in an office in the future. Mother took Adolf from school and took him to Spital to relatives.

On January 18, 1907, the mother underwent a complex operation (breast cancer). In September, as his mother's health improved, the 18-year-old Hitler went to Vienna to take the entrance exam to the general art school, but failed the second round of the exams. After the exams, Hitler managed to get a meeting with the rector, from whom he received advice to take up architecture: Hitler's drawings testified to his abilities in this art.

In November 1907, Hitler returned to Linz and took over the care of his terminally ill mother. On December 21, 1907, Klara Hitler died; on December 23, Adolf buried her next to her father.

In February 1908, after settling matters related to the inheritance and drawing up pensions for himself and his sister Paula as orphans, Hitler left for Vienna.

A friend of his youth Kubicek and other associates of Hitler testify that he was constantly at knives with everyone and felt hatred for everything that surrounded him. Therefore, his biographer Joachim Fest admits that Hitler's anti-Semitism was a focused form of hatred, which until then raged in the dark and finally found its object in the Jew.

In September 1908, Hitler made another attempt to enter the Vienna Art Academy, but failed in the first round. After the failure, Hitler changed his place of residence several times without giving anyone new addresses. Avoided service in the Austrian army. He did not want to serve in the same army with the Czechs and Jews, to fight "for the Habsburg state", but at the same time he was ready to die for the German Reich. He got a job as an "academic artist", and from 1909 as a writer.

In 1909, Hitler met Reinhold Hanisch, who began to successfully sell his paintings. Until the middle of 1910, Hitler painted a lot of small-format paintings in Vienna. They were mostly copies from postcards and old engravings depicting all sorts of historical buildings in Vienna. In addition, he drew all kinds of advertisements. In August 1910, Hitler told the Vienna police that Ganish had withheld part of the proceeds from him and had stolen a painting. Ganish was sent to prison for seven days. From that time on, Hitler himself sold his paintings. The work brought him such a large income that in May 1911 he waived his monthly pension as an orphan in favor of his sister Paula. In addition, in the same year he received most of the inheritance of his aunt Johanna Pölzl.

During this period, Hitler began to intensively engage in self-education. Subsequently, he was able to communicate freely and read literature and newspapers in the original French and English. During the war he liked to watch French and English films without translation. He was very well versed in arming the armies of the world, history, etc. At the same time, he showed an interest in politics.

In May 1913, at the age of 24, Hitler moved from Vienna to Munich and settled in the apartment of tailor and shop owner Josef Popp on Schleißheimer Straße. Here he lived until the outbreak of the First World War, working as an artist.

On December 29, 1913, the Austrian police asked the Munich police to establish the address of the hiding Hitler. On January 19, 1914, the Munich criminal police brought Hitler to the Austrian consulate. On February 5, 1914, Hitler went to Salzburg for an examination, where he was declared unfit for military service.

Participation in World War I

On August 1, 1914, the First World War began. Hitler was delighted by the news of the war. He immediately applied to King Ludwig III of Bavaria for permission to serve in the Bavarian Army. The very next day he was offered to report to any Bavarian regiment. He chose the 16th Reserve Bavarian Regiment ("Liszt's Regiment", after the name of the commander).

On August 16, he was assigned to the 6th reserve battalion of the 2nd Bavarian Infantry Regiment No. 16 (Königlich Bayerisches 16. Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment), consisting of volunteers. On September 1, he was transferred to the 1st company of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 16. On October 8, he swore allegiance to King Ludwig III of Bavaria and Emperor Franz Joseph.

In October 1914 he was sent to the Western Front and on October 29 he participated in the battle on the Yser, and from October 30 to November 24 - near Ypres.

November 1, 1914 was awarded the rank of corporal. On November 9, he was transferred to the regimental headquarters as a liaison officer. From November 25 to December 13, he participated in a positional war in Flanders. December 2, 1914 was awarded the Iron Cross of the second degree. From December 14 to 24, he participated in the battle in French Flanders, and from December 25, 1914 to March 9, 1915, in positional battles in French Flanders.

In 1915 he participated in the battles of Nave Chapelle, near La Basset and Arras. In 1916, he participated in reconnaissance and demonstration battles of the 6th Army in connection with the Battle of the Somme, as well as in the Battle of Fromel and directly in the Battle of the Somme. In April 1916, he met Charlotte Lobjoie. Wounded in the left thigh by a fragment of a grenade near Le Bargur in the first battle of the Somme. He ended up in the Red Cross infirmary in Belitz near Potsdam. Upon leaving the hospital (March 1917), he returned to the regiment in the 2nd company of the 1st reserve battalion.

In 1917 - the spring battle of Arras. Participated in battles in Artois, Flanders, in Upper Alsace. On September 17, 1917, he was awarded the Cross with Swords for military merit, III degree.

In 1918 he participated in the spring offensive in France, in the battles of Evreux and Montdidier. On May 9, 1918, he was awarded a regimental diploma for outstanding bravery near Fontane. May 18 receives the insignia of the wounded (black). From May 27 to June 13 - battles near Soissons and Reims. From June 14 to July 14 - positional battles between the Oise, Marne and Aisne. In the period from July 15 to 17 - participation in offensive battles on the Marne and in Champagne, and from July 18 to 29 - participation in defensive battles on Soissonnes, Reims and Marne. He was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, for delivering reports to artillery positions under particularly difficult conditions, which saved the German infantry from shelling by their own artillery.

On August 25, 1918, Hitler received the 3rd Class Service Commendation. According to numerous testimonies, he was prudent, very brave and an excellent soldier. Hitler's colleague in the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, Adolf Meyer, cites in his memoirs the testimony of another of their colleagues, Michael Schleehuber, who characterized Hitler as "a good soldier and an impeccable comrade." According to Schleehuber, he "never saw" Hitler "in any way feel discomfort from service or evade danger", nor did he hear "anything negative" about him during his time in the division.

October 15, 1918 - gassing near La Montaigne as a result of the explosion of a chemical projectile next to it. Eye damage - with this temporary loss of vision. Treatment in the Bavarian field infirmary in Udenard, then in the psychiatric department of the Prussian rear infirmary in Pasewalk. While recovering in the hospital, he learned about the surrender of Germany and the overthrow of the Kaiser, which was a great shock to him.

Creation of the NSDAP

Defeat in the war German Empire and the November Revolution of 1918, Hitler considered the product of traitors who inflicted a "stab in the back" of the victorious German army.

In early February 1919, Hitler signed up as a volunteer in the security service of a prisoner of war camp located near Traunstein near the Austrian border. About a month later, the prisoners of war - several hundred French and Russian soldiers - were released, and the camp, along with its guards, was disbanded.

On March 7, 1919, Hitler returned to Munich, to the 7th company of the 1st reserve battalion of the 2nd Bavarian infantry regiment.

At this time, he had not yet decided whether he would be an architect or a politician. In Munich, during the stormy days, he did not bind himself with any obligations, he simply watched and took care of his own safety. He was in Max's barracks in Munich-Oberwiesenfeld until the day when the troops of von Epp and Noske drove the Communist Soviets out of Munich. At the same time, he gave his work to the prominent artist Max Zeper for evaluation. He handed over the paintings for conclusion to Ferdinand Steger. Steger wrote: "... a completely outstanding talent."

On April 27, 1919, as indicated in Hitler's official biography, he ran into a detachment of Red Guards on a Munich street, who intended to arrest him for "anti-Soviet" activities, but, "using his carbine", Hitler avoided arrest.

From June 5 to June 12, 1919, the authorities sent him to agitator courses (Vertrauensmann). The courses were designed to train agitators who were to conduct explanatory talks against the Bolsheviks among soldiers returning from the front. The lecturers were dominated by ultra-right views, among others lectures were given by Gottfried Feder, the future economic theorist of the NSDAP.

During one of the discussions, Hitler made a very strong impression with his anti-Semitic monologue on the head of the agitation department of the 4th Bavarian command of the Reichswehr, and he invited him to take on political functions on an army scale. A few days later he was appointed an officer of education (confidant). Hitler turned out to be a bright and temperamental speaker and attracted the attention of listeners.

The decisive moment in Hitler's life was the moment of his unshakable recognition by the supporters of anti-Semitism. In the period from 1919 to 1921, Hitler intensively read books from the library of Friedrich Kohn. This library was clearly anti-Semitic in content, which left a deep mark on Hitler's beliefs.

On September 12, 1919, Adolf Hitler, on instructions from the military, came to the Sterneckerbräu pub for a meeting of the German Workers' Party (DAP) - founded in early 1919 by locksmith Anton Drexler and numbering about 40 people. During the debate, Hitler, speaking from a pan-German position, won a landslide victory over the supporter of the independence of Bavaria. The speech made a great impression on Drexler and he invited Hitler to join the party. After some deliberation, Hitler decided to accept the offer and at the end of September 1919, having retired from the army, he became a member of the DAP. Hitler immediately made himself responsible for party propaganda and soon began to determine the activities of the entire party.

On February 24, 1920, Hitler organized the first of many large public events for the party in the beer hall of the Hofbräuhaus. During his speech, he proclaimed twenty-five points compiled by him, Drexler and Feder, which became the program of the party. The Twenty-Five Points combined Pan-Germanism, demands for the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, anti-Semitism, demands for socialist change and a strong central government. On the same day, at the suggestion of Hitler, the party was renamed the NSDAP (German: Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei - German National Socialist Workers' Party).

In July, a conflict broke out in the leadership of the NSDAP: Hitler, who wanted dictatorial powers in the party, was outraged by the negotiations with other groups that took place while Hitler was in Berlin, without his participation. On July 11, he announced his withdrawal from the NSDAP. Since Hitler at that time was the most active public politician and the party's most successful orator, other leaders were forced to ask him to return. Hitler returned to the party and on July 29 was elected its chairman with unlimited power. Drexler was left with the post of honorary chairman with no real powers, but his role in the NSDAP has since declined sharply.

For disrupting the speech of the Bavarian separatist politician Otto Ballerstedt) Hitler was sentenced to three months in prison, but he served only a month in the Stadelheim prison in Munich - from June 26 to July 27, 1922. On January 27, 1923, Hitler held the first congress of the NSDAP; 5,000 stormtroopers marched through Munich.

"Beer coup"

By the early 1920s, the NSDAP had become one of the most visible organizations in Bavaria. Ernst Rohm stood at the head of the assault squads (German abbreviation SA). Hitler quickly became a political figure to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria.

In January 1923, a crisis broke out in Germany, the cause of which was the French occupation of the Ruhr. The government, headed by the non-party Chancellor Wilhelm Kuno, called on the Germans to passive resistance, which led to great economic damage. The new government, led by Reich Chancellor Gustav Stresemann, was forced on September 26, 1923 to accept all the demands of France, and as a result was attacked by both the right and the communists. Anticipating this, Stresemann achieved the introduction of a state of emergency in the country by President Ebert from September 26, 1923.

On September 26, the conservative Bavarian cabinet of ministers declared a state of emergency on the territory of the state and appointed the right-wing monarchist Gustav von Kahr as commissioner of the state of Bavaria, endowing him with dictatorial powers. Power was concentrated in the hands of a triumvirate: Kara, commander of the Reichswehr forces in Bavaria, General Otto von Lossow, and the chief of the Bavarian police, Hans von Seisser (Hans von Seißer). Kahr refused to admit that the state of emergency introduced in Germany by the president was valid for Bavaria and did not follow a number of orders from Berlin, in particular, to arrest three popular leaders of armed groups and close the NSDAP organ Volkischer Beobachter.

Hitler was inspired by the example of Mussolini's march on Rome, he hoped to repeat something similar by organizing a campaign against Berlin and turned to Kahr and Lossov with a proposal to undertake a march on Berlin. Kahr, Lossow and Seiser were not interested in carrying out a senseless action and on November 6 informed the German Struggle Union, in which Hitler was the leading political figure, that they did not intend to be drawn into hasty actions and would decide on their own actions. Hitler took this as a signal that he should take the initiative in his own hands. He decided to take von Kara hostage and force him to support the campaign.

On November 8, 1923, at about 9 pm, Hitler and Erich Ludendorff, at the head of armed attack aircraft, appeared at the Burgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich, where a rally was held with the participation of Kahr, Lossow and Seiser. Going inside, Hitler announced the "overthrow of the government of the traitors in Berlin." However, the Bavarian leaders soon managed to leave the pub, after which Kahr issued a proclamation dissolving the NSDAP and the assault squads. For their part, attack aircraft under the command of Ryoma occupied the headquarters building ground forces in the War Department; there they, in turn, were surrounded by soldiers of the Reichswehr.

On the morning of November 9, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of a 3,000-strong column of storm troopers, moved to the Ministry of Defense, but on Residenzstraße they were blocked by a police detachment that opened fire. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters left the streets. This episode entered the history of Germany under the name "beer putsch".

In February - March 1924, a trial took place over the leaders of the putsch. Only Hitler and a few of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler for high treason to 5 years in prison and a fine of 200 gold marks. Hitler was serving his sentence in Landsberg Prison. However, after 9 months, on December 20, 1924, he was released.

On the way to power

Hitler - orator, early 1930s

During the absence of the leader, the party disintegrated. Hitler had to practically start everything from scratch. Ryom, who began the restoration of the assault detachments, rendered him great help. However decisive role in the revival of the NSDAP, Gregor Strasser, the leader of right-wing extremist movements in North and Northwest Germany, played. Bringing them into the ranks of the NSDAP, he helped transform the party from a regional (Bavarian) into a nationwide political force.

In April 1925, Hitler renounced his Austrian citizenship and was stateless until February 1932.

In 1926, the Hitler Youth was founded, the top leadership of the SA was established, and the conquest of "red Berlin" by Goebbels began. In the meantime, Hitler was looking for support at the all-German level. He managed to win the trust of a part of the generals, as well as establish contacts with industrial magnates. At the same time, Hitler wrote his work Mein Kampf.

In 1930-1945 he was the Supreme Fuhrer of the SA.

When the parliamentary elections in 1930 and 1932 brought the Nazis a serious increase in deputy mandates, the ruling circles of the country began to seriously consider the NSDAP as a possible participant in government combinations. An attempt was made to remove Hitler from the leadership of the party and to stake on Strasser. However, Hitler managed to quickly isolate his associate and deprive him of any influence in the party. In the end, it was decided in the German leadership to give Hitler the main administrative and political post, surrounding him (just in case) with guardians from the traditional conservative parties.

In February 1932, Hitler decided to put forward his candidacy for the election of the Reich President of Germany. On February 25, the Minister of the Interior of Braunschweig appointed him to the post of attaché at the Braunschweig representation in Berlin. This did not impose on Hitler any official duties, but automatically gave German citizenship and allowed to participate in elections. Hitler took lessons in oratory and acting from opera singer Paul Devrient, the Nazis organized a grandiose propaganda campaign, in particular, Hitler became the first German politician who made election trips by plane. In the first round on March 13, Paul von Hindenburg won 49.6% of the vote, while Hitler came in second with 30.1%. On April 10, in the second vote, Hindenburg won 53%, and Hitler - 36.8%. The third place was taken both times by the communist Telman.

On June 4, 1932, the Reichstag was dissolved. In the elections held on July 7, the NSDAP won a landslide victory, gaining 37.8% of the vote and receiving 230 seats in the Reichstag instead of the previous 143. The second place was given to the Social Democrats - 21.9% and 133 seats in the Reichstag.

On November 6, 1932, early elections to the Reichstag were again held. This time, the NSDAP lost two million votes, gaining 33.1%, and received only 196 seats instead of the previous 230.

However, 2 months later, on January 30, 1933, President Hindenburg dismissed von Schleicher from this post and appointed Hitler Reich Chancellor.

Reich Chancellor and Head of State

Seizure of power

"Potsdam Day" - a solemn ceremony on March 21, 1933 on the occasion of the convening of the new Reichstag

With the appointment to the post of Reich Chancellor, Hitler had not yet received power over the country. Firstly, only the Reichstag could make any laws in Germany, and Hitler's party did not have the required number of votes in it. Secondly, in the party itself there was opposition to Hitler in the person of the stormtroopers and their leader Ernst Röhm. And finally, thirdly, the head of state was the president, and the Reich Chancellor was just the head of the cabinet, which Hitler had yet to form. However, in just a year and a half, Hitler removed all these obstacles and became an unrestricted dictator.

On February 27 (less than a month after Hitler was appointed Chancellor), a fire broke out in the parliament building - the Reichstag. The official version of what happened was that the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe, who was captured while extinguishing the fire, was to blame. It is now considered proven that the arson was planned by the Nazis and directly carried out by stormtroopers under the command of Karl Ernst.

Hitler announced a conspiracy of the Communist Party to seize power, and the very next day after the fire, Hindenburg presented two decrees: “On the protection of the people and the state” and “Against the betrayal of the German people and the intrigues of traitors to the motherland,” which he signed. The Decree "On the Protection of the People and the State" repealed seven articles of the constitution, restricted freedom of speech, the press, meetings and rallies; allowed viewing correspondence and listening to phones. But the main result of this decree was a system of uncontrolled confinement in concentration camps called "protective arrest."

Using these decrees, the Nazis immediately arrested 4,000 prominent members of the Communist Party - their main opponent. After that, new elections to the Reichstag were announced. They took place on March 5 and the Nazi Party received 43.9% of the vote and 288 seats in the Reichstag. The decapitated Communist Party lost 19 seats. However, even such a composition of the Reichstag could not satisfy the Nazis. At that time, the Communist Party of Germany was banned by a special resolution, and the mandates that were supposed to go to the communist deputies (81 mandates) were canceled. In addition, some SPD deputies opposed to the Nazis were arrested or expelled.

And already on March 24, 1933, the new Reichstag adopted the Law on Emergency Powers. Under this law, the government, headed by the Reich Chancellor, was given the power to issue state laws (previously only the Reichstag could do this), and Article 2 indicated that laws thus issued could contain deviations from the constitution.

On June 30, 1934, the Gestapo staged a mass pogrom against SA stormtroopers. More than a thousand people were killed, among them the leader of the attack aircraft, Ernst Röhm. Many people who had nothing to do with the SA were also killed, in particular Hitler's predecessor as Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher and his wife. This pogrom went down in history as Night long knives.

On August 2, 1934, at nine o'clock in the morning, German President Hindenburg died at the age of 86. Three hours later, it was announced that, in accordance with a law passed by the Cabinet of Ministers the day before the death of the president, the functions of chancellor and president were combined in one person and that Adolf Hitler assumed the powers of head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The title of president was abolished; from now on, Hitler should be called the Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor. Hitler demanded that the entire personnel of the armed forces swear allegiance not to Germany, not to the constitution, which he violated by refusing to appoint the election of Hindenburg's successor, but to him personally.

On August 19, a referendum was held, in which these actions were approved by 84.6% of the electorate.

Domestic politics

Under Hitler's leadership, unemployment was drastically reduced and then eliminated. Large-scale actions were launched to provide humanitarian assistance to the needy population. Mass cultural and sports festivals were encouraged. The basis of the policy of the Hitler regime was preparation for revenge for the lost World War I. To this end, industry was reconstructed, large-scale construction was launched, and strategic reserves were created. Propaganda indoctrination of the population was carried out in the spirit of revanchism.

First the communist and then the social democratic parties were banned. A number of parties were forced to declare self-dissolution. Trade unions were liquidated, whose property was transferred to the Nazi workers' front. Opponents of the new government were sent to concentration camps without trial or investigation.

An important part of Hitler's domestic policy was anti-Semitism. Mass persecution of Jews and Gypsies began. On September 15, 1935, the Nuremberg Racial Laws were passed, depriving Jews of civil rights; in the fall of 1938, an all-German Jewish pogrom (Kristallnacht) was organized. The development of this policy a few years later was the operation "endlösung" (the final solution to the Jewish question), aimed at the physical destruction of the entire Jewish population. This policy, which Hitler first declared back in 1919, culminated in the genocide of the Jewish population, the decision on which was already made during the war.

Beginning of territorial expansion

Shortly after coming to power, Hitler announced Germany's withdrawal from the war clauses of the Treaty of Versailles, which limited Germany's war effort. The 100,000th Reichswehr was turned into a millionth Wehrmacht, tank troops were created, and military aviation was restored. The status of the demilitarized Rhineland was abolished.

In 1936-1939, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, provided significant assistance to the Francoists during the Spanish Civil War.

At this time, Hitler believed that he was seriously ill and would die soon, and began to rush to implement his plans. On November 5, 1937, he wrote a political testament, and on May 2, 1938, a personal one.

In March 1938, Austria was annexed.

In the autumn of 1938, in accordance with the Munich Agreement, part of the territory of Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland, was annexed.

Time magazine, in its issue of January 2, 1939, called Hitler "the man of 1938". The article dedicated to "Man of the Year" began with Hitler's title, which, according to the magazine, reads as follows: "Führer of the German people, Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, Navy & Air Force, Chancellor of the Third Reich , Herr Hitler". The final sentence of a very lengthy article proclaimed:

For those who followed the final events of the year, it seemed more than likely that the Man of 1938 could make the year 1939 unforgettable.

original text(English)
To those who watched the closing events of the year it seemed more than probable that the Man of 1938 may make 1939 a year to be remembered.

Third Reich in 1939. The so-called. "Old Reich"; blue - lands annexed in 1938; light blue - Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

In March 1939, the rest of the Czech Republic was occupied, turned into a satellite state of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Slovakia remained formally independent), and part of the territory of Lithuania, including Klaipeda (Memel region), was annexed. After that, Hitler made territorial claims against Poland (first - on the provision of an extraterritorial road to East Prussia, and then - on a referendum on the ownership of the "Polish Corridor", in which people who lived in this territory as of 1918 should have taken part ). The latter requirement was clearly unacceptable to Poland's allies - Great Britain and France - which could serve as a basis for the brewing of a conflict.

The Second World War

These claims met with a sharp rebuff. On April 3, 1939, Hitler approved a plan for an armed attack on Poland (Operation Weiss).

On August 23, 1939, Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, the secret appendix to which contained a plan for the division of spheres of influence in Europe. On August 31, the incident at Gleiwitz was arranged, which served as a pretext for the attack on Poland on September 1. It marked the beginning of World War II. Having defeated Poland during September, Germany occupied Norway, Denmark, Holland, Luxembourg and Belgium in April-May 1940 and invaded France. In June, Wehrmacht forces occupied Paris and France capitulated. In the spring of 1941, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 attacked the USSR. The defeats of the Soviet troops at the first stage of the Great Patriotic War led to the occupation of the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the western part of the RSFSR by the German and allied troops. A brutal occupation regime was established in the occupied territories, which destroyed many millions of people.

However, since the end of 1942, the German armies began to suffer major defeats both in the USSR (Stalingrad) and in Egypt (El Alamein). The following year, the Red Army went on a broad offensive, while Anglo-American troops landed in Italy and pulled it out of the war. In 1944, Soviet territory was liberated from occupation, the Red Army advanced into Poland and the Balkans; at the same time, Anglo-American troops, having landed in Normandy, liberated most of France. With the beginning of 1945 fighting were transferred to the territory of the Reich.

Assassination attempts on Hitler

The first unsuccessful attempt on the life of Adolf Hitler took place in 1930 at the Kaiserhof Hotel. When Hitler descended from the podium after speaking to his supporters, an unknown person ran up to him and tried to spray poison in his face from a homemade shooting pen, but Hitler's guards noticed the attacker in time and neutralized him.

• On March 1, 1932, a group of four unknown people in the vicinity of Munich fired on a train in which Hitler was traveling to speak to his supporters. Hitler was not hurt.
• On June 2, 1932, a group of unknown people ambushed a car with Hitler on the road in the vicinity of the city of Stralsund. Hitler was not hurt again.
• On July 4, 1932, unknown people fired at a car with Hitler in Nuremberg. Hitler received a tangential wound to his hand.

During the years 1933 - 1938, 16 more attempts were made on Hitler's life, which ended in failure, including on December 20, 1936, a German Jew and a former member of the Black Front, Helmut Hirsch, was going to plant two homemade bombs at the NSDAP headquarters in Nuremberg, where Hitler was to visit. However, the plan fell through as Hirsch was unable to bypass security. On December 21, 1936, he was arrested by the Gestapo, and on April 22, 1937, he was sentenced to death. Hirsch was executed on June 4, 1937.

• On November 9, 1938, 22-year-old Maurice Bavot, from a distance of 10 meters, was going to shoot Hitler with a 6.5 mm Schmeisser semi-automatic pistol during a festive parade dedicated to the 15th anniversary of the Beer Putsch. However, Hitler changed his plan at the last moment and went on the opposite side of the street, as a result, Bavo could not carry out his plan. Later, he also tried to get a personal meeting with Hitler through a fake letter of recommendation. However, he spent all the money and at the beginning of January 1939, he decided to leave for Paris without a ticket. On the train, he was detained by the Gestapo. On December 18, 1939, the court sentenced Bovo to death by guillotine, and on May 14, 1941, the sentence was carried out.
• On October 5, 1939, members of the SPP planted 500 kilograms of explosives on the route of Hitler's motorcade in Warsaw, but for some unknown reason the bomb did not work.
• On November 8, 1939, in the Burgerbräu beer hall in Munich, where Hitler spoke every year to NSDAP veterans, Johann Georg Elser, a former member of the Red Front Soldiers' Union, the militant organization of the KPD, installed a clockwork improvised explosive device into a column, in front of which a podium was usually set up for leader. As a result of the explosion, 8 people were killed and 63 injured, but Hitler was not among the victims. Confining himself to a brief greeting to the audience, he left the hall seven minutes before the explosion, as he had to return to Berlin. On the same evening, Elser was captured at the Swiss border and, after several interrogations, confessed to everything. As a "special prisoner" he was placed in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, then transferred to Dachau. On April 9, 1945, when the Allies were already near the concentration camp, Elser was shot by order of Himmler.
• On May 15, 1942, a group of people attacked Hitler's train in Poland. Several of the Fuhrer's guards were killed, as were all the attackers. Hitler was not hurt.
• On March 13, 1943, while Hitler was visiting Smolensk, Colonel Henning von Tresckow and his adjutant, Lieutenant von Schlabrendorf, planted a bomb in a brandy gift box on Hitler's plane, in which the explosive device did not work.
• On March 21, 1943, during a visit by Hitler to an exhibition of captured Soviet military equipment in Berlin, Colonel Rudolf von Gersdorff was supposed to blow himself up along with Hitler. However, the Fuhrer left the exhibition ahead of schedule, and Gersdorff barely had time to deactivate the fuse.
• On July 14, 1944, the British intelligence services were going to conduct Operation Foxley. According to the plan, the best British snipers were to shoot Hitler during his visit to the Berghof mountain residence in the Bavarian Alps. The plan was not finally approved, and its implementation did not take place.
• On July 20, 1944, a conspiracy was organized against Hitler, the purpose of which was to physically eliminate him and conclude peace with the advancing allied forces. The bombing killed 4 people, Hitler survived. After the assassination attempt, he was not able to be on his feet all day, since more than 100 fragments were removed from them. In addition, he had a dislocation of his right arm, the hair on the back of his head was scorched, and his eardrums were damaged. He was temporarily deaf in his right ear.

Death of Hitler

There is no doubt that Hitler shot himself.

Dr. Matthias Uhl

With the arrival of the Russians in Berlin, Hitler was afraid that the Reich Chancellery would be bombarded with sleep gas shells, and then paraded in Moscow, in a cage.

Traudl Junge

According to the testimonies of witnesses interrogated by both the Soviet counterintelligence agencies and the relevant allied services, on April 30, 1945, in Berlin surrounded by Soviet troops, Hitler, together with his wife Eva Braun, committed suicide, having previously killed his beloved dog Blondie. In Soviet historiography, the point of view was established that Hitler took poison (potassium cyanide, like most of the Nazis who committed suicide). However, according to eyewitnesses, he shot himself. There is also a version according to which Hitler, having taken an ampoule of poison into his mouth and bit through it, simultaneously shot himself with a pistol (thus using both instruments of death).

According to witnesses from among the attendants, even the day before, Hitler gave the order to deliver canisters of gasoline from the garage (to destroy the bodies). On April 30, after dinner, Hitler said goodbye to people from his inner circle and, shaking hands with them, retired to his apartment with Eva Braun, from where a shot soon rang out. Shortly after 15:15 (according to other sources 15:30), Hitler's servant Heinz Linge, accompanied by the Fuhrer's adjutant Otto Günsche, Goebbels, Bormann and Axmann, entered the Fuhrer's apartments. Dead Hitler sat on the couch; there was a blood stain on his temple. Eva Braun lay next to her, with no visible external injuries. Günsche and Linge wrapped Hitler's body in a soldier's blanket and carried it into the garden of the Reich Chancellery; Eve's body was carried out after him. The corpses were placed near the entrance to the bunker, doused with gasoline and set on fire.

On May 5, 1945, the corpses were found on a piece of blanket sticking out of the ground by a group of guards, senior lieutenant A. A. Panasov, and fell into the hands of SMERSH. General K. F. Telegin headed the government commission for the identification of the remains. Colonel of the medical service F. I. Shkaravsky led the expert commission for the study of the remains. Hitler's body was identified with the help of Käthe Heusermann (Ketty Geisermann), Hitler's dental assistant, who confirmed the similarity of the dentures shown to her at the identification with Hitler's dentures. However, after returning from the Soviet camps, she retracted her testimony. In February 1946, the remains, identified by the investigation as the bodies of Hitler, Eva Braun, the Goebbels couple - Josef, Magda and their six children, as well as two dogs, were buried at one of the NKVD bases in Magdeburg. In 1970, when the territory of this base was to be transferred to the GDR, at the suggestion of Yu.V. Schönebeck 11 km from Magdeburg and thrown into the river Biederitz). Only dentures and a part of Hitler's skull with an entrance bullet hole (discovered separately from the corpse) have survived. They are stored in the Russian archives, as well as the side handles of the sofa on which Hitler shot himself, with traces of blood. In an interview, the head of the FSB archive said that the authenticity of the jaw had been proven by a number of international expert examinations. Hitler's biographer Werner Maser expresses doubts that the discovered corpse and part of the skull really belonged to Hitler. In September 2009, researchers from the University of Connecticut, based on the results of their DNA analysis, stated that the skull belonged to a woman less than 40 years old. Representatives of the FSB issued a refutation of this statement.

However, there is also a popular urban legend that the corpses of Hitler's doubles and his wife were found in the bunker, and the Fuhrer himself and his wife allegedly hid in Argentina, where they lived quietly until the end of their days. Similar versions are put forward and proved even by some historians, including the British Gerard Williams and Simon Dunstan. However science community rejects such theories.

beliefs and habits

According to most biographers, Hitler was a vegetarian from 1931 (since the suicide of Geli Raubal) until his death in 1945. Some authors argue that Hitler only limited himself to eating meat.

He also had a negative attitude towards smoking, in Nazi Germany a fight was launched against this habit. Once, when Hitler went to rest, the rest began to play cards and smoke. Suddenly, Hitler returned. Eva Braun's sister threw a burning cigarette into an ashtray and sat on it, as Hitler forbade smoking in his presence. Hitler noticed this and decided to joke. He approached her and asked her to explain the rules of the game in detail. In the morning, Eva, having learned everything from Hitler, asked her sister, "how are things with the blisters from burns on the pope."

Hitler took care of cleanliness with painful thoroughness. I was terribly afraid of people with a runny nose. He did not tolerate familiarity.

He was an unsociable person. He considered others only when he needed them and did what he considered right. In letters, he was never interested in the opinions of others. He liked to use foreign words. I read a lot, even during the war. According to von Hasselbach's personal physician, he made sure to work through at least one book every day. In Linz, for example, he enrolled in three libraries at once. At first, I leafed through the book from the end. If he decided that a book was worth reading, he read in parts, only what he needed.

• Hitler dictated his speeches "in one breath", directly to the typist. According to eyewitnesses, he delayed the dictation until the last minute; Before dictation, he paced back and forth for a long time. Hitler would then begin dictating—actually giving a speech—with outbursts of anger, gesticulations, etc. The two secretaries barely had time to take notes. Later, he worked for several hours, correcting the typed text.
• Hitler's last lifetime filming was made on March 20, 1945 and published in the film magazine "Die deutsche Wochenschau" dated March 22, 1945. On it, in the garden of the Reich Chancellery, Hitler walks around the line of distinguished members of the Hitler Youth. The last known intravital photograph was taken, apparently, shortly before his birthday on April 20, 1945. On it, Hitler, accompanied by Chief Adjutant Julius Schaub, inspects the ruins of the Reich Chancellery.
• Anophthalmus hitleri- a beetle named after Hitler and made rare by its popularity with neo-Nazis.
• Hitler's personal weapon was the Walther PPK pistol.
• As Supreme Commander armed forces Germany, Hitler remained in military rank corporal.
• A shop named after Hitler has opened in the Gaza Strip. Visitors say they like the store also because it's named after a man who "had hated Jews more than anyone else."

The image of Adolf Hitler in the cinema

artistic

The image of Hitler is reflected in numerous feature films. In some of them, he plays a key role, in particular: "Hitler: The Last Ten Days", "Bunker", "Hitler: The Rise of the Devil", "My Struggle" and others.

Documentary

• "Hitler and Stalin: Twin Tyrants" (Eng. Time watch. Hitler and Stalin: Twin Tyrants) is a documentary filmed in 1999.
• "Timeline. The Making of Adolf Hitler (Eng. Time watch. The Making of Adolf Hitler) is a documentary film shot by the BBC in 2002.
• "Adolf Gitler. The Way to Power” is a 3-episode documentary by Edvard Radzinsky, filmed in 2011.

Adolf Hitler is the leader of Germany, whose name will forever be associated with fascism, cruelty, war, concentration camps and other crimes against humanity. But what do we know about his personal life, mistresses and hobbies? And is everything known about the last days of his life and death? Or some pages from the life of Hitler and to this day the mystery of history?

We bring to your attention incredibly interesting facts from the biography of this fascist.

Hitler. A family

On April 20, 1889, a boy was born in an Austrian family, who was named Adolf. The boy's fifty-two-year-old father, Alois Hitler, worked as a customs officer, and his twenty-year-old mother, Clara, was a peasant woman.

Interesting fact. Adolf's father at first bore the surname Schicklgruber (his mother's surname), but then changed it to Hitler. Why? His paternal relatives had the surname Gidler, but the man changed it somewhat and began to be called Alois Hitler.

For Alois, this was the third marriage, and for Clara, of course, the first. She was a meek girl who tried to do everything to make the house comfortable, the children happy, and her husband happy. There were five children, but only Adolf and his sister Paula survived to adulthood.

Clara was afraid of her husband, however, like the children. He was a man who recognized only his opinion and his decisions, plus everything was cruel to his household, quick-tempered and liked to drink. He periodically beat and humiliated both his wife and children.

Adolf was an insecure boy who acutely felt that he was not like everyone else. And family relations only aggravated the situation, growing hatred in his soul, and soon this feeling became dominant. He transferred his hatred of his father, who was half Jewish, to this entire nation.

Adolf Hitler always tried to hide the fact that he also had Jewish blood.

Hitler. Education
As a six-year-old boy, Adolf began to study at a simple school, where they received elementary education all local children. But his mother, being a believing woman, really wanted her son to become a priest, so two years later she transferred Adolf to a parish school. But her dream was not destined to come true, because after some time he was expelled for inappropriate behavior, more precisely, for smoking in the garden of the monastery.

In subsequent years, Adolf Hitler changed several more schools in different cities, but nevertheless, in the end, he received a certificate of education, in which there was a five in drawing. And this is no coincidence, Adolf had a talent for drawing and he really wanted to enter the art academy.

When Hitler was 18, he went to Vienna to pursue his dream, but failed the entrance exam. Indeed, in addition to drawing, it was necessary to know other school disciplines, and Adolf was not very good with this.

Having failed the exams, the notorious Adolf blamed everyone except himself for this. He said that he was the most worthy applicant, but he was not appreciated, and all the teachers at the academy are stupid.

Soon, in the winter of 1908, his mother died of oncology, which he experienced very hard. He did not have to hope for the help of his father, his mother was gone, so Adolf was forced to survive on his own. He earned by selling his drawings, but it was very little money, which was not enough for a decent life. He began to look careless - uncut and unshaven, in dangling dirty clothes.

It is clear that the failures further embittered Adolf, who began to hate everyone even more, especially the Jews. And this despite the fact that among his friends there were Jews, and his Godfather was also a representative of this nation.

But there is another version. In those years, there were many very rich Jews in Germany who headed some business or were at the head of banks. Hitler wanted to eliminate them.

It was at this time that Hitler had a dream - to make Germany a great power, of course, he should be at the head of the country.

At the end of the winter of 1914, Adolf Hitler was summoned to Austria, of which he was a citizen, where he passed a medical examination and was declared unfit to military service. But when the First World War began, he volunteered to go to the front.

Interesting fact. According to fellow soldiers, at that time Hitler had a magnificent mustache, which he shaved off on the orders of his superiors, as they prevented him from putting on a gas mask. As a result, the “Hitler mustaches” familiar to all of us remained.

Briefly about Hitler's political career
After the end of the war, Adolf Hitler focused entirely on his political career. In 1923, he staged the so-called "Beer putsch" and tried to overthrow the German government. The coup ended in failure, and Hitler was sentenced to five codes of imprisonment, but for some reason he was released nine months later.

In 1925 he changed his citizenship and became a full German citizen.

Adolf Hitler revived the Nazi Party and became its leader; Over the next year, he managed to take away all the powers of both the president and the Reichstag, and become the sole ruler of Germany.

And here Hitler was able, without hiding, to throw out all his anger. In the summer of 1934, he staged the "Night of the Long Knives" and destroyed all high-ranking Nazis, whom he considered a threat to his power. He created the Gestapo and concentration camps, into which he drove Jews, gypsies, and later prisoners of war.

All these years, Hitler collected photographs, national things and other artifacts that belonged to Jews, so that later they would become exhibits of the “Museum of the Annihilated Race”, which he wanted to organize.

He called himself a leader and wanted to become the only ruler in the world, of course, having previously captured the whole world. In this case, the Aryans would be the only worthy race that the Slavs would serve, and the rest of the peoples, especially Jews and gypsies, would be destroyed.

Let us omit the details of the monstrous massacre unleashed by Hitler (I mean the Second World War) - this separate story. Let me just say that seeing how the German army retreats under the onslaught of the Soviet troops and their allies, Hitler became completely uncontrollable. He frantically tried to rectify the situation and ordered to send to the front everyone who could not fight normally - the elderly, the disabled, children.

Hitler. Death

When Hitler's Berlin residence was surrounded by Soviet troops, he committed suicide. Historians have different opinions on this matter. Some believe that he drank potassium cyanide, others claim that Hitler shot himself. Together with him, his mistress, Eva Braun, did the same. But about her a little later.

Hitler allegedly bequeathed that after the murder of them and Eva, the bodies would be burned, which was allegedly done. Really, soviet soldiers burnt human remains were found in one of the rooms, among which was part of the jaw and a skull with a hole in the temple.

According to experts, no examinations were carried out to identify these remains. The jaw and skull were simply taken and placed in the archives of the USSR.

Against this background, a version appeared that Hitler did not commit suicide at all, but fled, taking Eva with him. They allegedly fled to Argentina, where they were seen repeatedly in the following years. They lived there for many years, and then moved to Paraguay, where Hitler died in 1964.

But what about the jaw and skull of Hitler, kept in the USSR? It turns out that Hitler's jaw was established only from the words of his personal dentist. He said it was Hitler's jaw, and everyone believed it. No other examinations, as we have already mentioned, were carried out. Although it was possible to take DNA from younger sister Fuhrer, Paula.

So, maybe the dentist deliberately lied, covering for his powerful client? Perhaps the Hitler couple really escaped, and the burnt bodies do not belong to them at all?

One more thing. Photos of the dead Adolf Hitler have been posted on the Internet, it turns out that he was not burned, or these pictures are fake.

There is no single answer to these questions.

* * *
Adolf Hitler is a fascist who killed millions of people during World War II. We have already talked about his childhood, studies, political career and death, now let's talk about his mistresses and hobbies, and also learn other interesting facts from his biography.

HITLER. PERSONAL LIFE. LOVERS
Adolf Hitler was married for only one day - Eva Braun became his wife on the eve of suicide.

Adolf Hitler had no legitimate children, because he was afraid of the birth of a handicapped child because of the marriages between close relatives practiced in his family. Therefore, he believed that it was necessary to have mistresses, and they had no right to make any demands on him.

Surprisingly, this outwardly uninteresting man was a woman's favorite. Of course, it is quite possible that the ladies did not love him, but his power and unlimited possibilities. Although people who knew Hitler said that in the presence of women whom he wanted to impress, the Fuhrer was always very gallant.

The Fuhrer had many mistresses, almost all of them were much younger than him (by twenty years) and had a magnificent bust.

In 2012, information appeared that during the First World War, Hitler had an affair with the Frenchwoman Charlotte Lobjoie, as a result of which a boy was born - the son of the Fuhrer.

Charlotte Lobjoie
Charlotte Lobjoie is the daughter of a French butcher who, at the age of eighteen, entered into a relationship with Hitler. Their relationship lasted from 1916 to 1917. The girl followed her lover to where he was going. But, having gone to his relatives, Hitler did not take Charlotte with him. He promised to return soon, but did not keep his promise.

Soon Charlotte realized that she was pregnant, and in the spring of 1918 she gave birth to a boy. She named him Jean-Marie. It was Hitler's son.

Hitler knew that Charlotte had given birth to a son. In 1940, he ordered the security service to find them and find out everything about their life. The order was carried out, but after reviewing the details, Hitler categorically refused to meet with Charlotte, and tried to take his son for himself. What disappointed him with a former passion? She turned into a slumped drinking woman.

Charlotte died in 1951. Jean-Marie knew about who his father was - Charlotte told him about it. Hitler, obviously recognizing his paternity, constantly followed the life of a young man, took care of him, but did not dare to bring him closer, fearing condemnation.

Some historians doubt that Jean-Marie is Hitler's son, citing the fact that the man was repeatedly offered to conduct an examination to prove his relationship with the Fuhrer, but he refused.

Charlotte inspired Hitler to paint a picture where she is depicted with a half-naked chest and a bright scarf on her head.

Gels Rau6al

Geli Raubal - Hitler's niece, 19 years younger. Their connection began in 1925, when Geli settled in Hitler's apartment in Munich (by the way, it had 15 rooms). The girl wanted to become a doctor, but she was not very smart, and she liked men much more than studying.

The connection continued until the very death of Geli, when in 1931 she committed suicide. The reason for the suicide was the beginning relationship between Hitler and Eva Braun. Geli knew about the new passion of the Fuhrer, and that spending all the nights with her. Geli, Hitler spent days with Eva. Once, unable to stand it, Geli threw a scandal to Hitler, but did not achieve anything. Realizing that she had lost, the girl shot herself. According to some reports, Geli Raubal was pregnant.

Geli was not monogamous, and in addition to Hitler, she had affairs with other men.

Adolf Hitler took the death of his niece very hard.

Maria Reiter
Maria Reiter met Hitler when she was 17 years old. The girl, being a minor, fell in love with Adolf and began to pursue him. She tracked him everywhere and tried to impose herself, but it ended up that Hitler, seeing her, began to hide and pretended not to know the girl. Realizing this, Maria tried to hang herself, but she was saved.

Later, Maria nevertheless achieved Hitler, and his sister Paula said that this was the only woman whom Adolf sincerely loved.

Eva Brown

Hitler met her in 1929, when Eve was only seventeen, and he was forty. She was an assistant to Hitler's personal photographer. The Fuhrer immediately liked the cheerful young beauty very much.

But at that time, Hitler had a connection with Geli. At first he tried to cope with his feelings, but this did not work out and he began to court Eva, while continuing to live with Geli. Eva knew about the existence of another woman in Hitler's life, she was worried, but still agreed to meet with him during the day and visit restaurants and cinemas, knowing that he spends all his nights with another.

When Geli passed away, Eva Braun became his mistress.

During the 15 years spent next to Hitler, Eva Braun tried to commit suicide twice. According to one version, she could not forgive him for intrigues with other ladies, according to another, she no longer had the strength to endure Hitler's mental deviations.

A reasonable question arises - why did Hitler, clearly loving Eve, marry her at the very last moment? Because Eve had Jewish blood on her mother's side. The girl's parents hid it in every possible way, even sent the girl to study at a Catholic school, where children of real Aryans were accepted. Perhaps, after years of living with Hitler, Eva herself confessed her roots to him. Then it is clear why for many years he did not marry her, and on the eve of suicide, realizing that nothing mattered anymore, they got married.

Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun got married on April 29, 1945, and the next day, according to the main version, they committed suicide.

Unity Valkyrie Mitford

Unity Valkyrie Mitford is the daughter of an English lord, an ardent supporter of Nazism. Her relationship with Hitler began in 1934, when the girl was twenty. Unity herself for a long time tried, seemingly by chance, to meet with Adolf, which she eventually managed to do - they met in a restaurant. Their relationship lasted for about a year. In 1939, she attempted suicide by shooting herself in the temple with a pistol given by Hitler. Unity survived, but died of meningitis a year later.

At one time or another, Hitler also had brief liaisons with the singer Gretl Slezak, the actress Leni Riefenthal, and Sigrid von Laffert (who tried to commit suicide).

HITLER. PAINTINGS

According to experts, Hitler wrote more than three thousand works. Most of them have been destroyed, some are stored in the US archives, some have been sold at auctions. So, in 2009, 15 paintings by Hitler were sold at auction for $120,000, and in 2012 his work went for $43,500.

In total, 720 paintings by Adolf Hitler have survived to this day.

For the most part, he painted buildings and landscapes, but he did not like to portray people. Once one art historian was shown his works, but they did not reveal who their author was. The specialist said that they were written by a good artist who is absolutely indifferent to people.

HITLER. OTHER INTERESTING FACTS
Adolf Hitler never smoked himself and did not like it when others did.

He was very clean and was afraid of catching some kind of infection, especially a runny nose.

Hitler did not allow familiarity towards himself, he respected only his own opinion.

In 1933, a ground beetle was named after Hitler. The Fuhrer appreciated this and expressed gratitude.

In the Palestinian Gaza Strip, a shop is named after Hitler, which is very popular with the residents. Why? Because Adolf, like them, fiercely hated the Jews.

According to surviving medical records, Hitler took cocaine and suffered from uncontrolled bloating.

In 2008, a document was found in one of the Berlin archives, which was called "Hitler's Treaty with the Devil." It is dated April 30, 1932 and signed in blood. According to him. The devil gives Hitler unlimited power, but the latter should only do evil. In return, after thirteen years, Hitler will have to give the Devil his soul. It looks like a fairy tale, but the examination showed that the signature under the contract really belongs to Hitler. Again, it is no secret that the Fuhrer believed in the existence of Shambhala, in the end of the world, in mysterious forces Tibet, so why shouldn't he believe in the Devil too? Then the question arises - who acted as this Devil? According to historians, it was an agent with hypnotic abilities, sent by those who benefited from the war, that is, weapons manufacturers, etc.

Adolf Hitler was a fan of Henry Ford. He gave him birthday presents every year and collected his photos.

As for Moscow, Hitler had special plans: he intended to wipe it off the face of the Earth, and to arrange a reservoir in its place.

Hitler's biggest enemy in the USSR was not Stalin, but Levitan, for whose head the Fuhrer promised a quarter of a million marks.

In 1938, Time magazine named Hitler Man of the Year, and in 1939 he was nominated for Nobel Prize peace.

Adolf Hitler was very fond of watching Walt Disney cartoons, especially Snow White.

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Adolf Gitler

Name People: Adolf Hitler
Date of Birth: April 20, 1889
Zodiac sign: Aries
Age: 56 years old
Date of death: April 30, 1945
Place of Birth: Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary
Growth: 175
Activity: founder of the dictatorship of the Third Reich, Fuhrer of the NSDAP, Reich Chancellor and head of Germany
Family status: was married

Adolf Hitler is the famous political leader of Germany, whose activities are associated with terrible crimes against humanity, including the Holocaust. The creator of the Nazi Party and the dictatorship of the Third Reich, the immorality of the philosophy and political views of which are widely discussed in society today.

After Hitler was able to become the head of the German fascist state in 1934, he launched a large-scale operation to seize Europe, was the initiator of World War II, which made him a “monster and a sadist” for the citizens of the USSR, and for many German citizens a brilliant leader, who changed people's lives for the better.

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in the Austrian city of Braunau am Inn, which is located near the border with Germany. His parents, Alois and Clara Hitler, were peasants, but his father was able to break into the people and become a state customs official, which made it possible for the family to live in normal conditions. "Nazi No. 1" was the third child in the family and very much loved by his mother, whom he was very similar in appearance. Later, he had a younger brother Edmund and sister Paula, to whom the future German Fuhrer became very attached and took care of her all his life.

Hitler's parents

Adolf's childhood passed in endless moving, caused by the peculiarities of his father's work, and changing schools, where he did not show any special talents, but he still managed to finish 4 classes of a real school in Steyr and received a certificate of education, in which good grades were only in such subjects as drawing and physical education. During this period, his mother Clara Hitler died of cancer, which dealt a big blow to the psyche of the young man, but he did not break, but, having issued Required documents to receive a pension for himself and his sister Paula, moved to Vienna and embarked on the path of adulthood.

First, he tried to enter the Art Academy, because he had an outstanding talent and craving for fine arts but failed the entrance exams. The next couple of years, the biography of Adolf Hitler was filled with poverty, vagrancy, temporary work, endless moving from place to place, rooming houses under city bridges. Throughout this period, he did not tell his relatives or friends about his whereabouts, because he was afraid of being drafted into the army, where he would be forced to serve along with the Jews, for whom he felt a deep hatred.

At the age of 24, Hitler moved to Munich, where he met with the First World War, which made him very happy. He immediately signed up as a volunteer in the Bavarian army, in whose ranks he took part in many battles. He took the defeat of Germany in the First World War rather painfully and categorically blamed politicians for this. Against this background, he engaged in large-scale campaigning activities, which gave him the opportunity to get into the political movement of the People's Labor Party, which he skillfully turned into a Nazi one.

Becoming the head of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler eventually began to make his way deeper and deeper to political heights and in 1923 organized the "Beer putsch". Enlisting the support of 5,000 stormtroopers, he broke into a beer bar, where the action of the leaders of the General Staff took place, and announced the overthrow of the traitors in the Berlin government. On November 9, 1923, the Nazi putsch went towards the ministry to seize power, but was intercepted by police detachments, who used firearms to disperse the Nazis.

In March 1924, Adolf Hitler, as the organizer of the putsch, was convicted of treason and sentenced to 5 years in prison. However, the Nazi dictator spent only 9 months in prison - on December 20, 1924, for unknown reasons, he was released. Immediately after his release, Hitler revived the Nazi party NSDAP and transformed it with the help of Gregor Strasser into a nationwide political force. During that period, he was able to establish close ties with the generals of Germany, as well as to establish relations with large industrial magnates.

At the same time, Adolf Hitler wrote his work “My Struggle” (“Mein Kampf”), in which he described in detail his autobiography and the idea of ​​national sociolism. In 1930, the political leader of the Nazis became the supreme commander of the assault troops (SA), and in 1932 he tried to get the position of Reich Chancellor. To do this, he was forced to renounce his Austrian citizenship and become a German citizen, as well as enlist the support of the allies.

From the first time, Hitler could not win the elections, in which Kurt von Schleicher was ahead of him. A year later, the German leader Paul von Hindenburg, under Nazi pressure, dismissed the victorious von Schleicher and appointed Hitler in his place.

This appointment did not cover all the hopes of the Nazi leader, since the power over Germany continued to remain in the hands of the Reichstag, and its powers included only the leadership of the Cabinet of Ministers, which still had to be created.

In just 1.5 years, Adolf Hitler was able to remove all obstacles from his path in the form of the President of Germany and the Reichstag and become an unlimited dictator. Since that time, the oppression of Jews and Gypsies began in the state, trade unions were closed and the "Hitler era" began, which for 10 years of his reign was completely saturated with human blood.

In 1934, Hitler gained power over Germany, where a total Nazi regime immediately began, the ideology of which was the only correct one. Having become the ruler of Germany, the Nazi leader instantly showed his true colors and began major foreign policy rallies. He quickly creates the Wehrmacht and restores aviation and tank troops, as well as long-range artillery. Contrary to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany seizes the Rhineland, and then Czechoslovakia and Austria.

At the same time, he carried out a purge in his ranks - the dictator organized the so-called "Night of Long Knives", when all prominent Nazis who posed a threat to Hitler's absolute power were eliminated. Assigning himself the title of supreme leader of the "Third Reich", he created the "Gestapo" police, as well as a system of concentration camps, where he sent all "undesirable elements", in particular Jews, gypsies, political opponents, and later prisoners of war.

The basis of Adolf Hitler's domestic policy was the ideology of racial discrimination and the superiority of indigenous Aryans over other peoples. He wanted to be the only leader of the whole world, in which the Slavs were to become "elite" slaves, and the lower races, to which he ranked Jews and Gypsies, were completely eliminated. Along with mass crimes against people, the ruler of Germany developed a similar foreign policy determined to take over the world.

In April 1939, Hitler approves a plan to attack Poland, which was already destroyed in September of the same year. Then the Germans occupied Norway, Holland, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg and broke through the French front. In the spring of 1941, Hitler captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 he attacked the Soviet Union, then led by Joseph Stalin.

In 1943, the Red Army launched a large-scale offensive against the Germans, due to which World War II entered the territory of the Reich in 1945, which completely drove Hitler crazy. He sent pensioners, teenagers and disabled people to battle with the Red Army, ordering the soldiers to stand to death, while he himself hid in the "bunker" and watched what was happening from the side.

With the coming to power of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Poland and Austria, a whole complex of death camps and concentration camps was created, the first of which was founded in 1933 near Munich. It is known that there were over 42 thousand such camps, in which millions of people died under torture. These specially equipped centers were intended for genocide and terror both over prisoners of war and over the local population, among which were the disabled, women and children.

The largest Nazi "death factories" were Auschwitz, Majdanek, Buchenwald, Treblinka, in which people who dissented from Hitler were subjected to terrible torture and "experiments" with poisons, incendiary mixtures, gas, which in 80 percent of cases led to painful deaths. All death camps were founded with the aim of "cleansing" the entire world population from anti-fascists, inferior races, which for Hitler were Jews and gypsies, simple criminals and "elements" simply undesirable for the German leader.

The symbol of the ruthlessness of Hitler and fascism was the Polish city of Auschwitz, in which the most terrible conveyors of death were erected, where more than 20 thousand people were killed every day. This is one of the most terrible places on the planet, which became the center of the extermination of Jews - they died there in the "gas" chambers immediately after their arrival, even without registration and identification. The Auschwitz camp has become a tragic symbol of the Holocaust - the mass extermination of the Jewish nation, which is recognized as the largest genocide of the 20th century.

There are several versions of why Adolf Hitler hated the Jews so much, whom he tried to "wipe off the face of the earth." Historians who have studied the personality of the "bloody" dictator put forward several theories, each of which could be true.

The first and most plausible version is the "racial policy" of the German dictator, who considered only native Germans to be people. Because of this, he divided all nations into 3 parts - the Aryans, who were supposed to rule the world, the Slavs, who were assigned the role of slaves in his ideology, and the Jews, whom Hitler planned to completely exterminate.

The economic motives of the Holocaust are also not ruled out, since at that time Germany was in a difficult economic situation, and the Jews had profitable enterprises and banking institutions, which Hitler took away from them after being sent to concentration camps.

There is also a version that Hitler exterminated the Jewish nation in order to maintain the morale of his army. He gave the Jews and Gypsies the role of victims, whom he gave to be torn to pieces, so that the Nazis could enjoy human blood, which, as the leader of the Third Reich believed, should set them up for victory.

April 30, 1945, when Hitler's house in Berlin was surrounded the Soviet army, "Nazi No. 1" admitted defeat and decided to commit suicide. There are several versions of how Adolf Hitler died: some historians say that the German dictator drank potassium cyanide, and the rest do not rule out that he shot himself. Together with the head of Germany, his common-law wife Eva Braun also died, in union with whom he lived for more than 15 years.

It is noted that the bodies of the spouses were burned at the entrance to the bunker, which was the requirement of the dictator before his death. Later, the remains of Hitler's body were discovered by a group of guards of the Red Army - before today only dentures and part of the skull of the Nazi leader with an entrance bullet hole have survived, which are still kept in the Russian archives.

The personal life of Adolf Hitler in modern history has no confirmed facts and is filled with a lot of speculation. There is information that the German Fuhrer was never officially married and had no recognized children. At the same time, despite his very unattractive appearance, he was the favorite of the entire female population of the state, which played an important role in his life. Historians note that "Nazi No. 1" had the ability to influence people hypnotically.

With his speeches and civilized manners, he charmed the weaker sex, whose representatives began to thoughtlessly love the leader, which made them do the impossible for him. Hitler's mistresses were mostly married ladies who idolized him and considered him a big man.

In 1929, the dictator met Eva Braun, who conquered Hitler with her appearance and cheerful disposition. Over the years of her life with the Fuhrer, the girl tried to commit suicide 2 times because of the loving nature of her common-law husband, who openly flirted with the women he liked.

In 2012, the American Werner Schmedt announced that he was the legitimate son of Hitler and his young niece Geli Ruabal, whom, according to historians, the dictator killed in a fit of jealousy. He provided family pictures, in which the Fuhrer of the Third Reich and Geli Ruabal are depicted in an embrace. Also, the possible son of Hitler showed his birth certificate, in which only the initials “G” and “R” are written in the column of data about the parents, which was supposedly done for the purpose of secrecy.

According to the son of the Fuhrer, after the death of Geli Ruabal, nannies from Austria and Germany were engaged in his upbringing, but his father visited him all the time. In 1940, Schmedt met Hitler for the last time, who gave him a promise to give the whole world in case of victory in World War II. But since events did not unfold according to Hitler's plan, Werner was forced to hide his origin and place of residence from everyone for a long time.

The person who changed the course of history, for good or bad, it doesn't matter, the main thing is what he changed. For millions of people, especially for immigrants from the USSR, Adolf Hitler is a monster, a sadist and almost Satan himself, but for many Germans he is the best thing that happened in their lives. At first glance, this seems paradoxical, but by comparing the position of Germany in which it was after the First World War and before the Second World War, one can understand those people who followed Hitler to seize all of Europe. Where did this "monster" come from for some, and "savior" for others? The biography of Adolf Hitler is not particularly different from others.

Adolf was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria. His father, Alois Hitler, was a simple shoemaker, and his mother, Clara Schicklgruber, was a peasant woman. Later, my father began to work in the customs service. Naturally, the parents of Adolf Hitler did not have any nationalist ideas, they were only interested in the day to day, and they did not need any politics.

In 1905 Adolf Hitler graduated from a school in Linz with an incomplete secondary education. After school, Hitler tried to enter the Vienna Art School, but he did not succeed.

In 1908 . Adolf Hitler's mother died. After the death of his mother, Adolf moved to Vienna, where he existed without money - he lived in shelters for the homeless and worked part-time wherever possible.

Neither before school nor after graduation, Adolf Hitler's parents did not pay attention to his political views, so there is nothing surprising in the fact that Adolf's worldview was formed under the influence of the professor of the Lin school. It was thanks to the efforts of the professor that Adolf Hitler began to hate Slavic people and Jews.

In 1913 Adolf moves to Munich. In the new place, he continues to lead his meager lifestyle. In the first month of the war, Hitler signed up as a volunteer in the army. His desire was noted by the leadership and he was promoted to corporal, and a little later he became the messenger of the headquarters of the Sixteenth Bavarian Reserve Regiment. During the entire war, Adolf Hitler was wounded twice, for his service he was awarded the Iron Crosses of the 1st and 2nd degrees. After the war, Adolf Hitler set out his ideas and thoughts in the book "My Struggle".

In 1923 a crisis began in Germany, an active political struggle in which Hitler got involved. November 8, 1923 Adolf spoke at a rally in the Munich pub, where he called for the overthrow of the government. He was supported by most of the officials of Bavaria. November 9, 1923 Hitler led his comrades-in-arms to the Feldgerenhale, naturally, the military opened fire on them, which led to the Nazis fleeing. This event went down in history as the "Beer putsch".

In 1932 Hitler had a mistress, Eva Braun, who later became his wife (April 29, 1945). Hitler was not monogamous, therefore, it is not surprising that before Eve he had a lot of other women. True, for women, this relationship with Hitler was usually the last in their lives, the Gestapo officers physically destroyed former mistresses Fuhrer, so as not to tarnish his reputation.

1933 On January 31, Adolf Hitler was appointed Prime Minister of Germany (Reich Chancellor). As soon as the Fuhrer came to power, he showed everyone that he did not intend to reckon with anyone. In order to begin the "unification" of Germany, Hitler set fire to the Reichstag. Subsequently, using this arson as an excuse to eliminate political parties. As a result of such manipulation, Adolf Hitler achieved complete sole power - there was simply no one left in the political arena to compete with him. Immediately after the destruction of his opponents, Hitler began to exterminate people who were not true Germans, especially the Jews.

Naturally, the common people did not like this, and Hitler clearly understood this, so he took a number of actions aimed at improving the condition of ordinary citizens of the country. The first and most important thing that Hitler did was to eliminate unemployment. Adolf Hitler's next goal was revenge for losing the First World War. To achieve his goal, Hitler violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which limited the size of the German army and its military industry. The revival of the power of Germany began.

The first victims of Hitler's plan were Czechoslovakia and Austria. After their fall, Adolf Hitler obtained Joseph Stalin's consent to take over Poland.

1939 Hitler began to take over Poland. The Second World War began. Before 1941 Germany's affairs were going well - Hitler managed to capture almost the entire western territory of the continent. June 22, 1941 Adolf Hitler violated the treaty with Stalin and attacked the USSR. First year of loss Soviet Union were terrible - the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova were occupied. At the end of 1944. Soviet troops managed to turn the tide of the war, and the German troops began to suffer one defeat after another. In 1944 the entire territory of the USSR was liberated from the invaders. The war was drawing to a close, operations had moved into German territory, and a second front had been opened thanks to Anglo-American troops landing on the coast of France. Hitler began to realize that the war was lost. April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler committed suicide along with his wife Eva Braun.

Many now believe that Hitler faked his own assassination and fled Germany himself. True or not, no one will ever know.