Are false mushrooms wormy. How to distinguish a false honey agaric from a real one? Places of growth of false mushrooms

Mushrooms are popularly called completely different kinds of mushrooms, because the very name "honey mushroom" means "mushroom on a stump." But mushrooms settle not only on stumps, but also on living trees, thereby destroying them. But there is an exception - this is meadow honey agaric (meadow rot, meadow grass), he prefers to grow in meadows, clearings and pastures.

Mushroom pickers are best known for autumn, summer, winter and meadow mushrooms. Some of them do not belong to the genus Agaric, but we will also get to know them all.

Genus Honey agaric (Armillaria)

Autumn honey agaric, real (Armillaria mellea)

"Honey mushrooms went" - mushroom pickers pass each other. If a wave of honey agaric has already begun, there will be enough mushrooms for everyone. At this time, stumps, trees are dotted with hundreds of mushrooms, growing close to each other. Autumn honey agaric is the only mushroom that is not looked for, but is harvested like blueberries or raspberries.

Young mushrooms with unfolded hats, covered with a white film from below, go into the basket as a whole; Their legs become hard, tasteless. Old mushrooms, from which white spores spill out onto the hats of neighbors, should not be taken. Their loose pulp acquires not nice smell.

Such a yield is not surprising, if we recall the features of the development of the fungus. Or rather, its mycelium - after all, a mushroom is just a fruiting body, and a mycelium is an organism itself, like, for example, an apple and an apple tree - and so, the largest organism on Earth is precisely the mycelium mushroom! It occupies an area of ​​9 square kilometers (!), having an age of about 2500 years and a weight (according to indirect estimates) of more than 6000 tons!!! So that sea ​​giant - blue whale- less than 30 times!

The color of the cap of the autumn honey agaric varies greatly from light ocher to reddish brown and olive brown. The middle of the cap is usually darker. The entire surface of the cap is densely dotted with dark scales. It is believed that the color of the cap depends on the substrate on which the mushroom lives. Honey mushrooms growing on poplar, white acacia, mulberry have a honey-yellow hue, on oaks - brownish, on elderberry - dark gray and on coniferous trees - reddish-brown.

The plates of young mushrooms are light, yellowish. With age, they darken and become covered with brown spots. The leg in the upper part is light, yellowish, like the plates, in the lower part it is thickened, brownish, in old mushrooms it is very dark, hard. There is a white membranous ring on the stem. The ring is strong, woolly, often double.

The autumn honey agaric is widespread on all continents. It can grow on the wood of many trees, both coniferous and deciduous, not only on trunks, but also on roots.

The autumn mushroom is one of the most versatile mushrooms in terms of how it is used in food. He goes in soups, and in roasts, in marinade, in salt, in drying.

The following types of honey agaric differ in some external (as well as morphological) features from the autumn honey agaric, but in palatability, they are very similar.

Thick-legged honey agaric (Armillaria gallica, Armillaria lutea)

The shape of the cap is bell-shaped, then convex with a characteristic tubercle in the center. The color of the cap varies from brownish, ocher-brown to brown. The entire cap is covered with small hairy scales. The color of the scales is yellowish-green olive-brown or grey.

Leg at the base with club-shaped thickening. Covered with gray-yellow scales. Below the leg is brown, above the ring it is yellow, sometimes whitish. Often the leg is girded with the remnants of a yellowish veil. The ring of the thick-legged honey agaric is thin and cobwebbed, white or yellow.

This species of honey agaric does not settle on living trees, but prefers burnt wood, stumps and deadwood. deciduous trees. Grows in small clumps, often singly.

Tuberous honey agaric (Armillaria cepistipes)

Hat up to 10 cm in diameter, with a smooth surface. The cap is dark, brownish-gray at the beginning of development, then becomes paler, more pinkish-dark yellow, cream or bakery. It is characteristic of this species that dark scales are crowded in the center of the cap, while the edge of the cap is without scales, always smooth. The leg is rather thin, slender, tuberous at the base. At a young age, it turns yellow at the base, and then turns brown. The ring is thin and fragile quickly disappears.

The tuberous honey agaric lives in deciduous forests, found on soil in grass.

Dark honey agaric (Armillaria ostoyae)

The cap is dark brown, with dark blackish scales. The leg is cylindrical, usually thicker, sometimes curved, pale brown, brown in color. There are white scales all over the surface of the leg, which eventually become a dirty brown color. The ring of the dark honey agaric is strong and thick.

This mushroom grows in mixed, as well as in coniferous forests, preferring conifers, found on stumps. tree trunks and on the remains of wood that has rotted. It grows in late summer and autumn.

Northern honey agaric (Armillaria borealis)

This mushroom is distinguished by an olive-honey hue of the cap, its color varies from yellow-brown to orange-brown, often with an olive tint. In the center, the cap is often golden yellow. The cap diameter is from 2 to 8 cm. The scales on the cap are either the same color or slightly darker, yellowish-cream, brown, olive. The color of the stem is ocher to brownish, with yellowish-white pubescence.

These mushrooms grow large groups are found on both deciduous and coniferous trees.

Also honey mushrooms

These mushrooms are morphological trait to the genus Honey agaric (Armillaria) do not belong, but according to outward signs they are similar to honey mushrooms, they also grow in groups on stumps and trees, so we will call them honey mushrooms in tradition.

Summer honey agaric (Kuehneromyces mutabilis)

This is an edible mushroom. Appears at the very beginning of summer, in June, when there is still little in the forest edible mushrooms. It grows on stumps, decks, all kinds of rotten deciduous trees. It can settle near human habitation - on logs that have been sawn down for a long time, but unused, on log cabins of old wells, even on walkways across grooves, streams - in a word, it does not disdain anything wooden.

Summer mushrooms can be found in the forest almost constantly throughout the summer and autumn, until the first frost.

It is not so difficult to distinguish these mushrooms from others growing on stumps. In summer, the cap is almost always two-tone: in the middle it is light leathery-yellow, along the edges it is darker translucent, as if saturated with water.

The leg of the honey agaric is also two-colored: above the ring it is light, yellowish, smooth, under the ring it is very dark, reddish-brown or brown, with short clean protruding scales. The legs are curved, which is typical for many mushrooms growing on stumps. big bunches. The ring on the leg is not wide, brown. With age, it darkens, presses against the stem, sometimes disappears, leaving a clear brownish mark on the stem.

The pulp of the summer honey agaric is thin-fleshy, and it cannot be called as versatile in cooking as the autumn honey agaric. Basically this the mushroom is coming in soups, they turn out tasty, fragrant and transparent.

Honey agaric (Marasmius oreades)

Meadow mushrooms - early mushrooms, pop up already in early June, or even at the end of May, and hold on until late autumn. Having missed mushrooms during the winter, mushroom pickers walk through glades with scissors and collect these small mushrooms.

I don’t know why these mushrooms were called mushrooms, because they do not grow at all on stumps, but in meadows and glades, grassy slopes of ravines. Perhaps because of their friendliness, for the fact that these mushrooms pour out in plentiful groups.

The meadow agaric belongs to the genus of the non-rotten plant. This is a small mushroom, its leg is thin, very tough and fibrous. Due to their mushroom smell, meadows are mainly used for broths and soups. They are also dried.

Spring honey agaric (Collybia dryophila)

Or collibia forest-loving. It looks a little like a meadow agaric in the size and color of the cap, a thin stem. But in the meadow honey agaric, the plates are rare, relatively wide, cream-colored, while in the wood-loving collibium they are very frequent, narrow, light yellow.

Like meadow honey agaric, collibia appears early, in late May - early June, but grows in forests, on fallen leaves, collapsing stumps, because of this, spring honey agaric got its name.

These crumbs have a pleasant mushroom smell. but you will have to collect enough of them to at least have enough for soup. Still, collibia is on the mushroomless.

Winter honey agaric (Flammulina velutipes)

Winter mushroom grows in October-November. It grows in large "bouquets". Winter mushroom can be found both in the forest and in the city on old deciduous trees with damaged bark and wood, on stumps, on fallen trunks.

The hats of mushrooms are even, shiny, pure yellow or golden in color, with a darker brownish middle. The legs of the mushrooms under the hat are yellow-ocher, below everything is darker and darker. The surface of the leg is velvety. The legs of mushrooms are tough, fibrous, inedible. Hats are fried, marinated, soups are made from them, dried. Yes, if no other mushrooms were collected for the winter, then the winter mushroom will at least make up for the loss with its last mushroom smell.

Yellow-red honey agaric (Tricholomopsis rutilans)

Or yellow and red. It's a big one beautiful mushroom grows on the stumps of coniferous trees, or near stumps, on the roots. The main color of the mushroom is yellow, but the cap and stem are densely covered with numerous velvety-fibrous dark red scales.

The fungus, though harmless, but tasteless. It has the smell of rotting wood and a bitter taste.

false mushrooms

In addition to edible mushrooms, you need to remember that there are twin mushrooms or mushrooms similar to mushrooms, which are not only inedible, but even poisonous.

Poisonous counterparts of edible mushrooms are false honeycomb brick-red and sulphur-yellow honeysuckle. They differ from edible ones primarily in the smell, color of the cap and plates, as well as the structure of the stem.

There is even a poem about this:
Has edible mushroom
On the leg there is a ring of films,
And the false honey agarics
Legs bare to toe.

Brick-red false foam (Hypholoma sublateritium)

These mushrooms grow throughout the summer until late autumn. This large, dense and bright mushroom can only be confused from afar with autumn or dark mushrooms. Upon close examination, it immediately becomes clear that this is not a honey agaric at all. The cap of the mushroom is orange, yellow at the edges with hanging flakes from a private bedspread. It grows in large groups on stumps, rotting wood of deciduous trees.

An attentive mushroom picker will not confuse edible mushrooms from false ones, they have many differences.

First, what you need to pay attention to is the color of the plates. In young false honey agarics, they are yellowish, not white or cream. With age, the plates acquire an olive tint. By old age, the plates turn brown, even blacken, nevertheless they are cast in green.

Secondly, they are distinguished from edible honey agaric by legs that are not extended downwards, like in autumn honey agaric, not dark-scaly, like in summer, but even. sometimes narrowed at the base, turning brown in the lower part. There is no ring on the legs of false honey agarics, only a faint trace of a partial coverlet in the form of small brown or black stripes around the circumference.

Thirdly, there are no pronounced scales on the hats of false mushrooms, like edible mushrooms. The surface of the cap is smooth.

False foam brick-red mushroom is bitter, but we do not recommend tasting it, it is poisonous.

Sulphur-yellow false foam (Hypholoma fasciculare)

This mushroom is smaller than the previous one. It can be confused with summer honeydew. The same yellowish, convex, half-spread cap with age, in the center with a reddish tinge. The bright sulfur-yellow color of the plates and caps gave the name to this mushroom. The difference is that with age, the plates turn green with age. The summer honey agaric has a leg with pronounced white specks on a brown background, while the false honey agaric has a thin, smooth, curved, yellow leg, turning brown only at the base. There is no ring in the false feather.

It grows from August to October on dead trees, participating in their decomposition, mainly prefers conifers, but can also be found on deciduous trees. Fruits in small groups. The mushroom is deadly poisonous! Contains toxins, like the pale grebe.

Galerina fringed is sometimes mistaken for summer honey agaric, which also grows on deadwood in dense colonies.

Dedicated to our readers - when collecting mushrooms, be careful, look at the structure and composition of the mushroom, because mushrooms are something that even the devil himself does not joke with ...

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Honey agaric(plural - mushrooms, honey agarics) is the popular name for a group of fungi belonging to different genera and families.

Mushrooms "Agaric mushrooms" got their name because of their peculiarity of growth - stumps (hemp), both living and dead. But there are also several types of mushrooms that grow in meadows.

Description of honey agaric

Mushrooms have a hat, which in youth is hemispherical in shape, which later becomes umbrella-shaped - a tubercle on top, then flat, often rounded on the sides, 2-10 cm in diameter. In edible mushrooms, the hat is covered with small scales, which practically disappear by the aging of the fungus. Sometimes the cap is covered with a layer of mucus. The color of the cap is from cream and light yellow to reddish shades, with a darker center. The leg of honey mushroom grows in length from 2 to 18 cm, up to 2.5 cm wide. Read other features of honey mushrooms below, in the descriptions for each of the species.

Where to collect mushrooms? The habitat of most mushrooms is weakened or damaged trees, as well as rotten or dead wood, mainly deciduous trees (beech, oak, birch, alder, aspen, elm, willow, acacia, poplar, ash, mulberry, etc.), less often conifers (spruce, pine, fir).

Some species, for example, meadow mushroom, grow on the soil, meeting mainly in open grassy spaces - fields, gardens, roadsides, forest glades, etc.

Honey mushrooms are widespread in the forests of the Northern Hemisphere (from the subtropics to the North) and are absent only in permafrost regions. Of course, high humidity in forests also has a beneficial effect on the number of mushrooms, although they can be found in damp ravines.

Honey mushrooms grow in large families (tubers), although single mushrooms are occasionally found. The foci of growth themselves can be connected by long (up to several meters) cord-like mycelia, which can be seen under the bark of the affected plant.

When do mushrooms grow?

The collection time of mushrooms depends on the type of honey agaric and climatic conditions. So, for example, autumn honey agaric grows from August to winter itself, summer honey agaric - from April to November, but to summarize, the most fruitful time for harvesting mushrooms is autumn, especially September, October.

What to do with mushrooms?

Honey mushrooms can be prepared in the following ways:

- to extinguish;
- weld;
- fry;
- marinate;
- salt;
- make caviar;
- dry.

Fried and pickled mushrooms are considered the most delicious.

Types of mushrooms

Real mushrooms. Edible mushrooms

Autumn honey agaric (Armillaria mellea). Synonyms: Real honey agaric.

Collection season: end of August - beginning of winter. Peak - September average daily temperature+10°C.

Description: The hat is 3-17 cm in diameter, convex at first, then opens to a flat one, often with wavy edges. The peel, depending on the growing conditions, is colored in various shades- from honey-brown to greenish-olive, darker in the center. The surface is covered with rare light scales, which may disappear with age. The flesh of young caps is dense, whitish, becoming thin with age. The pulp of the legs is fibrous, in mature mushrooms of a rough consistency. The smell and taste are pleasant. The plates are relatively sparse, adherent to the stem or weakly descending. Juveniles are whitish or flesh-colored, darkening slightly at maturity to pink-brown, and may be covered with brown spots. Legs 8-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter, solid, with a light yellow-brown surface, darker in the lower part, to brown-brown. At the base may be slightly expanded, but not swollen. The surface of the stem, like the cap, is covered with flaky scales. The fruiting bodies are often fused at the bases of the legs. Remains of spathe: a ring in the upper part of the stem, usually directly under the cap, clearly visible, membranous, narrow, whitish with a yellow edge. Volvo is missing. Spore powder is white.

Thick-legged honey agaric (Armillaria lutea) . Synonyms: Armillaria bulbosa, Armillaria gallica, Armillaria inflata, Armillaria mellea, Armillariella bulbosa.

Collection season: August - November.

Description: The hat is 2.5-10 cm in diameter, broadly conical at the beginning, with a turned-up edge, then becomes flattened with a lowered edge. At a young age, the cap is colored in dark brown, pale brown or pinkish shades, whitish along the edge, then yellowish-brown or brown. Scales in the center of the cap are numerous, almost conical, fibrous, grayish-brown, closer to the edge - solitary, raised or recumbent, whitish or the same color as the cap. In the center of the scales are usually preserved in adult mushrooms. The plates are quite frequent, descending on the stem, whitish in young mushrooms, then acquiring a brownish tint. The stalk is usually cylindrical, with a club-shaped or bulbous thickening at the base, whitish above the ring, brownish or brown below, often grayish at the base, below the ring with scattered yellowish remains of the bedspread. The ring is fibrous or membranous, white, often with brownish scales along the edge, bursting in a star-like manner. The flesh is whitish, with a faint or unpleasant cheesy odor and astringent taste. Spore powder white.

Summer honey agaric (Kuehneromyces mutabilis) . Synonyms: Talker, Kyuneromyces changeable, Lime honey agaric, Agaricus mutabilis, Pholiota mutabilis, Dryophila mutabilis, Galerina mutabilis.

Spreading: The honey agaric grows in dense colonies on rotten wood or on damaged living trees, preferably hardwoods, occasionally pine, in hardwoods and mixed forests northern temperate climate.

Collection season: April-November, and in a mild climate - almost all year round.

Description: The hat is 3-6 cm in diameter, convex at first, becomes flat as the fungus ages, with a well-defined wide tubercle. AT rainy weather translucent, brownish, dry - matte, honey-yellow; often lighter in the middle and darker at the edges. The edges of the cap are markedly furrowed; in wet weather there are concentric zones around the tubercle and darker margins. The skin is smooth, mucous. The flesh is thin, watery, pale yellow-brown in color, darker in the stem, with a mild taste and a pleasant smell of fresh wood. The plates are 0.4-0.6 cm wide, adherent or slightly descending, relatively frequent, first light brown, then brown-brown. Leg up to 7 cm high, 0.4-1 cm in diameter, dense, lighter in the upper part than the cap, smooth, small dark scales appear below the ring. Remains of bedspreads: ring membranous, narrow, clearly visible at the beginning, may disappear with age, often stained with ocher-brown color by fallen spores; Volvo and the remains of the bedspread on the hat are missing. Spore powder is ocher-brown.

Winter honey agaric (Flammulina velutipes) . Synonyms: Flammulina velvety-legged, Collibia velvety-legged, winter mushroom, Agaricus velutipes, Gymnopus velutipes, Collybia velutipes, Pleurotus velutipes, Collybidium velutipes, Myxocollybia velutipes.

Collection season: autumn - spring. Fruits best during winter thaws, but can often be found under snow. Winter honey agaric is popular as an object of cultivation. In stores it can be found under the names: "Enokitake" (Enokitake), "Inoki".

Description: The fruiting body is cap-shaped, central or slightly eccentric. The cap is flat (convex in young mushrooms), 2-10 cm in diameter, painted yellow, honey-brown or orange-brown. The edges of the cap are usually lighter than the middle. The flesh is thin, from white to light yellow in color, with a pleasant taste. Leg 2-7 cm long, 0.3-1 cm wide, tubular, dense, characteristic velvety-brown color, yellowish-brown above. The plates are adherent, rare, there are shortened plates. The color of the plates is from white to ocher. The rest of the cover is missing. Spore powder is white.

Spring honey agaric (collybia forest-loving, Collybia dryophila) . Synonyms: Agaricus dryophilus, Collybia aquosa var. dryophila, Collybia dryophila, Marasmius dryophilus, Omphalia dryophila.

Spreading: Spring honey agaric grows mainly by tubers.
Occurs in groups, from June to November, in small groups, on rotting wood or leaf litter in mixed forests with oak and pine.

Collection season: May - October. Peak - June, July.

Description: The cap is 1-7 cm in diameter, hygrophanous, convex at a young age, then broadly convex and flat in shape, colored red-brown, then fading to orange-brown or yellow-brown. In old mushrooms with a tucked edge. The flesh is white or yellowish in color, without much taste and smell. The hymenophore is lamellar, the plates adherent to the stem or almost free, often located, white in color, sometimes with a pinkish or yellowish tinge. Sometimes the form ‘luteifolius’ with yellow plates is distinguished. The leg is flexible, 3-9 cm long, 0.2-0.8 cm thick, relatively even, sometimes expanding to a bulbous thickened base. Cream or white spore powder.

Yellow-red honey agaric, or yellow-red rowing (Tricholomopsis rutilans) . Synonyms: Reddening row, Yellow-red false row, Yellow-red honey agaric, red honey agaric, Pine honey agaric, Agaricus rutilans, Gymnopus rutilans, Tricholoma rutilans, Cortinellus rutilans.

Family: Ordinary, or Tricholomovye (Tricholomataceae). Genus: Tricholomopsis (Tricholomopsis).

Spreading: It grows in groups, mainly on dead wood of pine species, in coniferous forests.

Collection season: July - end of October. Peak: August-September.

Description: The hat is convex, grows to flat, 5-15 cm in diameter, is colored in orange-yellow tones, velvety, dry, covered with small fibrous purple or reddish-brown scales. The flesh is bright yellow, dense, thick in the cap, fibrous in the stem, with a mild or bitter taste, with the smell of rotten wood, or sour. The plates are narrowly grown, sinuous, painted in yellowish or bright yellow colors. The leg is solid, then hollow, with a thickening at the base, often curved, 4-10 cm long, 1-2.5 cm thick. The surface of the leg is the same color as the cap, with purple or lighter scales than on the cap. Spore powder is white.

Mucous honey agaric, or mucous oudemansiella (Oudemansiella mucida) . Synonyms: Agaricus mucidus, Armillaria mucida, Collybia mucida, Lepiota mucida, Mucidula mucida.

Family: Physalacrye (Physalacriaceae). Genus: Udemansiella (Oudemansiella).

Spreading: It grows mainly in groups, on thick branches of living deciduous trees, more often - beech, maple, hornbeam, almost all over the world.

Collection season: May - September.

Description: The hat is convex in shape, in young mushrooms hemispherical, slimy, painted white, light gray or creamy brown, slightly brownish in the middle, 2-10 cm in diameter. The plates are also white, widely adherent, dense, with well-defined intervals . The leg is thin, fragile, smooth, dry above the ring, mucous below the ring, 4-8 cm high, 0.4-0.7 cm wide. The surface of the leg in the lower part is covered with small black-brown flakes. The base of the leg is thickened. The pulp is dense, yellowish-whitish. Spore powder is white or light cream.

Honey agaric (Marasmius oreades) . Synonyms: Meadow rot, meadow marasmius, meadow, clove mushroom, Agaricus oreades, Agaricus caryophyllaeus, Collybia oreades, Scorteus oreades.

Family: Non-rotten (Marasmiaceae). Genus: Negniuchnik (Marasmius).

Beneficial features: The honey agaric contains marasmic acid, which is used against Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogenic bacteria.

Spreading: Unlike most other mushrooms, these mushrooms grow mainly in open areas, on the soil - meadows, gardens, forest clearings, roadsides, ravines, etc. Fruits in groups, forming arcs, rows or "witch circles". Distributed throughout the world. Able to endure strong drying, but as soon as it receives moisture from the rain, it immediately comes to life.

Collection season: May - October.

Description: The cap is smooth, 2-8 cm in diameter, at a young age hemispherical, later convex, in old mushrooms it is almost flat with a blunt tubercle in the middle. The edges of the cap are translucent, slightly ribbed, often uneven. The hat in wet weather is sticky, yellowish-brown or reddish-ochre, sometimes with slightly noticeable zonation. In dry weather, it becomes a lighter, pale cream color. The center of the cap is always darker than its edges. Laminae 3-6 mm wide, sparse, adherent in young mushrooms, later free, with clearly visible intermediate lamellae. In wet weather, the plates are ocher, in dry weather they are creamy-whitish. The leg is thin, but dense, sometimes sinuous, 2-10 cm long and 0.2-0.5 cm in diameter, thickened at the base, painted in pale ocher color. The flesh is thin, whitish or pale yellow, does not change color when cut, with a slight sweetish aftertaste and a strong peculiar smell, reminiscent of the smell of cloves or bitter almonds. Spore powder is white or cream.

Garlic mushrooms, or garlic

Common garlic clover (Marasmius scorodonius) . Synonyms: Agaricus scorodonius, Chamaeceras scorodonius, Gymnopus scorodonius, Marasmius rubi, Marasmius scorodonius.

Family:

Spreading: It grows in large groups, mainly on twigs and rotting bark of coniferous trees, in coniferous and mixed forests of the Northern Hemisphere. It also often grows on grassy surfaces, in dry places on the forest floor, preferring sandy and clay soils.

Collection season: July-October.

Description: The cap of young mushrooms is convex-conical or hemispherical in shape, with a tucked edge, then opens, and becomes almost flat, with wavy edges, 0.5-2.5 cm in diameter. The surface of the cap is naked and smooth, less often indistinctly furrowed, depending on the weather is variously colored: in wet weather, pinkish-brown - ocher-red, when dried - cream or ocher. The flesh is very thin, the same color as the surface, with a strong smell and taste of garlic. The hymenophore plates are rare, 13-20 in number, with plates, rarely intertwined or branching, almost free from the stem, painted in white - yellowish hues. The leg is shiny, glabrous, rigid, 0.5-5 cm long, 1-2 mm thick, orange in the upper part, below - red-brown to black. The spore print is white.

Large garlic clover (Marasmius alliaceus) . Synonyms: Agaricus alliaceus, Agaricus dolinensis, Chamaeceras alliaceus, Marasmius alliaceus, Marasmius alliaceus, Marasmius schoenopus, Mycena alliacea.

Family: Non-rotten (Marasmiaceae). Genus: Garlic (Mycetinis).

Spreading: It grows in large groups, mainly on fallen leaves, near stumps and rotting beech branches, in broad-leaved forests of Europe.

Collection season: June-October.

Description: Cap 1-6.5 cm in diameter, bell-shaped or semi-prostrate, with a wide protruding tubercle, striped along the edges, whitish, turning brown with age. The flesh is white, with a garlic-onion smell and mushroom flavor. The plates are whitish, sparse, first adhering to the stem, then free. The leg is dense, cartilaginous to the base, thickened, sometimes rhizomatous-elongated, brown-brown, up to 10 cm in length and 0.2-0.3 cm in diameter. Spore powder is white.

Sometimes under the name "honey mushrooms" it can be sold.

False mushrooms, false honey agarics. Inedible mushrooms, poisonous mushrooms

False honey agaric, false honey agaric- the name of several types of poisonous or inedible mushrooms, outwardly similar to edible mushrooms.

As a rule, mushrooms are poisonous mushrooms:
- the genus Hypholoma of the Strophariaceae family;
- some representatives of the genus Psathyrella (Psathyrella) of the dung beetle (Coprinaceae) family (according to another taxonomy - Psathyrellaceae (Psathyrellaceae)).

Sometimes certain types of false mushrooms are classified as conditionally edible mushrooms of low quality, for the preparation of which you need to have special skills, but even in this case, the safety of their consumption has not always been proven.

poisonous mushrooms

Sulphur-yellow honeycomb (Hypholoma fasciculare) . Synonyms: Agaricus fascicularis, Dryophila fascicularis, Geophila fascicularis, Naematoloma fasciculare, Pratella fascicularis, Psilocybe fascicularis.

Family:

Spreading: Sulphur-yellow false honey agaric grows in large groups or bunches, mainly on old stumps or semi-rotten trunks of deciduous or conifers trees covered with moss, as well as at the base of living and withered trees. Often inhabits trunks lying on the ground and broken trees...

Collection season:

Description: Cap 2-7 cm in diameter, first bell-shaped, then prostrate, yellowish, yellow-brown, sulfur-yellow, lighter along the edge, darker or reddish-brown in the center. The flesh is light yellow or whitish, very bitter, with bad smell. The plates are frequent, thin, adherent to the stem, first sulfur-yellow, then greenish, black-olive. The leg is even, fibrous, hollow, up to 10 cm long, 0.3-0.5 cm thick, light yellow. The spore powder is chocolate brown.

Brick-red false honeycomb (Hypholoma sublateritium) . Synonyms: Agaricus carneolus, Agaricus pomposus, Agaricus sublateritius, Dryophila sublateritia, Geophila sublateritia, Hypholoma lateritium, Naematoloma sublateritium, Pratella lateritia, Psilocybe lateritia.

Family: Strophariaceae. Genus: Hypholoma (Hypholoma).

Spreading: Grows in groups, bunches or colonies on rotting wood, stumps or near them of deciduous species (oak, birch, etc.) in deciduous and mixed forests.

Collection season: July - November. Peak: August-September.

Description: The cap is rounded-convex, then semi-open, 4-10 cm in diameter, orange, brick-red, yellow at the edges with hanging flakes from a cobwebby-fibrous bedspread, brick-red in the middle, with a darker center, sometimes with red-brown spots. The pulp is dense, relatively thick, yellowish, bitter. The plates are adherent, yellowish. Leg 4-10 cm long, 0.6-1.5 cm thick, narrowed towards the base, yellowish, brown below, without a ring, sometimes with remnants of a private bedspread. Spores are purple-brown.

Psatyrella candolleana (Psathyrella candolleana) . Synonyms: Candoll's husk, Agaricus candolleanus, Agaricus violaceolamellatus, Drosophila candolleana, Hypholoma candolleanum, Psathyra candolleanus.

Family:

Spreading: It grows in large groups and colonies, occasionally singly, on hardwood, on soil near stumps, in Eurasia and North America.

Collection season: May - October.

Description: The cap is hemispherical, then bell-shaped or wide-conical, opening up to flat, with a rounded tubercle, 3-8 cm in diameter. The edge of the cap is wavy and sinuous, often cracked. The skin is almost smooth, covered with small, quickly disappearing scales, brownish or yellow-brown. The cap dries quickly and becomes yellowish or creamy white, matte, especially at the edges. Dried caps are very brittle. The pulp is thin, white, fragile, without much taste and smell or with a mushroom smell. The plates are adherent, frequent, narrow, when ripe they change color from whitish to gray-violet and then dark brown, porphyritic, with a lighter edge. Leg 3-9 cm high and 0.2-0.6 cm thick, with a thickened base. The surface of the leg is white or cream, smooth, silky, fluffy at the top. The remains of the spathe are noticeable in young fruiting bodies along the edges of the cap, filamentous or in the form of fibrous hanging flakes, films, white. Spore powder brown-violet.

Psatyrella water-loving (Psathyrella piluliformis) . Synonyms: Psatirella hydrophilic, hydrophilic chryplyanka, Psatyrella spherical, Agaricus hydrophilus, Agaricus piluliformis, Drosophila piluliformis, Hypholoma piluliforme, Psathyrella hydrophila.

Family: Psatirellaceae (Psathyrellaceae). Genus: Psatyrella (Psathyrella).

Spreading: It grows in clusters or large colonies on stumps or wood residues of deciduous trees, less often conifers. Sometimes grows around stumps. Distributed in Eurasia and North America.

Collection season: September-November.

Description: The cap is bell-shaped, convex or almost flat with furrowed, often cracking edges and a rounded wide tubercle, 2-5 cm in diameter. The skin is smooth, dry, dark brown, brightens when dried, becomes yellow-brown, starting from the center of the cap. The flesh is thin, brown, watery, mild or bitter in taste, odorless. The plates are adherent, frequent, light brown, then darken, to brown-black with a light edge. In humid weather, the plates release droplets of liquid. The leg is hollow, sometimes curved, relatively dense, 4-8 cm high, 0.5-0.8 cm thick. The surface of the leg is smooth, silky, light brown below, the upper part is covered with a white powdery coating. The remains of the bedspread are white, flaky, visible at the edges of the cap. The spore powder is purple-brown.
The main symptoms of poisoning with poisonous mushrooms: after eating mushrooms, after 1-6 hours nausea, vomiting, sweating, loss of consciousness appear. At the first sign of poisoning, immediately contact the nearest medical facility.

Edible false mushrooms

False honeycomb (Hypholoma capnoides) . Synonyms: Pine honey agaric, Agaricus capnoides, Dryophila capnoides, Geophila capnoides, Naematoloma capnoides, Psilocybe capnoides.

Family: Strophariaceae. Genus: Hypholoma (Hypholoma).

Spreading: Grows in large groups and colonies, occasionally singly, on stumps, decaying pines and spruces, roots in coniferous forests.

Collection season: August-October. Peak: September-October

Description: The hat is 2-8 cm in diameter, convex, then prostrate, sticky in wet weather. The color of the cap is pale yellow or dirty yellow with a lighter edge and a yellow or ocher center. As it matures, the color changes to ocher-brownish, rusty-brown, sometimes with brown-rusty spots. The flesh is white or pale yellow, with a pleasant smell. The plates of young mushrooms are whitish or yellowish, then bluish-gray, darkening with age. The leg is hollow, without a ring, sometimes with the remains of a partial spathe, yellowish, rusty-brown below, 3-10 cm long, 0.4-0.8 cm in diameter. Spores are bluish-gray.

How to distinguish a false honey agaric from a real one?

How to distinguish real mushrooms from false ones? Main difference- a ring on the leg, which is present in edible mushrooms. Poisonous mushrooms do not have rings.

I must say right away that very, very far from each other mushrooms from 5 genera of three different families are artificially collected into the “honey mushrooms” group. They are united only by some similarity. appearance, yes, the addiction of most of them to grow near the stumps, which is reflected in the name - - growing "about the stump", or in modern terms, at the stump.

Most of them have a medium-sized elastic lamellar cap and a long thin stem. They look a little like "toadstools", as some mushroom "experts" imagine. Nevertheless, since they were united by our people together, then we will consider them all together here. Although the description of each of them will be completely independent.

This is a saprophytic fungus, that is, it lives only on dead wood; on living trees, unlike autumn and winter, does not settle. Cap up to 5 cm in diameter, thin, convex, later almost flat with tubercle, light brown; along the edge with a darker rim, as if saturated with water. The plates are rare, in the color of the cap, but slightly lighter (yellow). The young hat is covered with a veil from below. The leg is thin, 0.5 cm in diameter and up to 8 cm long, hollow, with a ring, fibrous; light-brown above, and dark-brown below, tapering towards the bottom.

In June - September, the fungus is often and quite abundantly found on stumps of hardwoods: aspen, birch, linden, etc., almost does not grow on conifers. Since it forms large colonies, then, despite the frail structure, you can collect quite a lot of them. The flesh is grayish-whitish, the taste is pleasant, the smell is moist, woody. The legs, due to their stiffness, are often not taken.

Suitable for all kinds cooking, however, when dried, it becomes very tiny and thin, like paper, besides, it crumbles easily. Therefore, dried mushrooms are usually ground into powder, which is added to sauces to give them a mushroom flavor. The Germans believe that this mushroom is especially good in soup. Therapeutic, normalizes metabolism. Has several varieties. Very rarely wormy. However, many of our mushroom pickers do not take it - some out of ignorance, others simply neglect it, but in vain.

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Mushrooms are a unique product. Them the nutritional value comparable to meat, fish, fruits and vegetables. They contain a huge amount of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. By consuming mushrooms regularly, you can forget about high cholesterol forever, and a minimum of calories makes them not only tasty, but also a dietary product.

One of the most loved autumn mushrooms is honey agaric. It is used in all sorts of ways: salted, pickled, frozen and even dried. The benefits of honey agaric are invaluable. Regular use This fungus can destroy staphylococcal infection and E. coli in the human body, normalize the functioning of the thyroid gland. autumn mushrooms are an excellent laxative, and late, winter mushrooms, rich in proteins, have antiviral as well as anti-cancer effects.

But whether the use of mushrooms will bring you benefit or harm depends, first of all, on what will be in your basket at the exit from the forest. Even if you are not a fan silent hunting”, but prefer to buy mushrooms, know distinctive features edible mushrooms from poisonous, in any case, is vital.

False mushrooms outwardly are very similar to the "real", however, they contain toxins that poison the body. How to distinguish false mushrooms and edible ones? Let's figure it out.

Appearance

Hat

Mushrooms growing on different surfaces, with different levels of humidity and the amount of penetrating sunlight, outwardly differ somewhat from each other. However, there are characteristics, by which it is always easy to identify the mushroom. The color of the cap of real mushrooms has a muted light brown tone with medium-sized dark scales. False mushrooms are most often found in brick red or gray-yellow light.

Records

The plates of edible mushrooms are necessarily light, cream or yellowish white. The plates of false mushrooms are yellow at a young age, and over time they become greenish, and then olive-black.

Leg

Perhaps all mushroom pickers know the identification sign of the autumn mushroom in the form of a “skirt” or “ring” on the snow-white leg of the mushroom, regardless of age and “quiet” experience. But not everyone knows the fact that false mushrooms also have slightly noticeable remnants of the ring. Therefore, if the ring of the fungus is weakly expressed, it is still worth leaving it in the forest. In addition, if the leg of the honey agaric is 5-10 centimeters in height, then most likely this honey agaric is false. A real honey agaric, as a rule, does not grow more than 4-6 centimeters, and a meadow one, too edible kind, sometimes quite tall, up to 0.3 meters.

Smell

The real honey agaric is characterized by a pleasant, albeit harsh, mushroom aroma, while the smell of a false one is earthy. However, this sign cannot become fundamental when trying to distinguish a poisonous mushroom from an edible one, since smell is a subjective concept.

Taste

The popular opinion is that poisonous mushrooms have a bitter taste. In fact, this is not always the case. For example, the taste of brick-red mushroom is quite edible, and even some peoples eat it after careful processing, and the light bitterness quickly disappears when soaked. But given the danger posed by poisonous and conditionally edible mushrooms, you should not use them in any form.

Growth time

Honey mushrooms grow throughout the calendar year, with the exception of periods characterized by severe frosts. The most active growth of real mushrooms occurs in September-October. False mushrooms appear in the spring for two months, and then in the fall, and a certain type is inherent in each season.

Rice. 1 - False honey agaric (poisonous)

Rice. 2 - Autumn honey agaric (non-poisonous)

Differences between false and ordinary mushrooms:

1. The false honey agaric has a red-brick or gray-yellow hat, rich yellow flesh and a stalk 5-10 centimeters high. The common honey agaric is light brown in color with dark specks in the center with creamy flesh.
2. On the leg of this honey agaric there is a well-defined ring.
3. False mushroom has a bitter taste and an unpleasant odor.

In addition to those types of edible mushrooms that are used in cooking, there are several specific options that are dangerous to humans. Outwardly, they are very similar to each other, they also grow on stumps and fallen trees. Their most important difference is that false mushrooms are poisonous, inedible (or, in extreme cases, conditionally edible). Only experts can accurately determine where the false mushrooms and edible mushrooms are. But if you know their characteristics, and an ordinary amateur mushroom picker will be able to distinguish a toadstool from a good mushroom.

It is important to remember the rule here: "Unsure - better not take it!". You can collect only those mushrooms - edible mushrooms - in which you are one hundred percent sure. Instances that do not inspire confidence are best left where they are found. Even poisonous mushrooms must grow and multiply so as not to upset the balance, but you should not pick them and then throw them away.

What do they look like and where do they grow?

How to distinguish false mushrooms from real ones, a specialist knows, although this is completely simple. An edible mushroom has a characteristic length and a fairly flexible stem. It can reach 15 - 17 cm and has a honey or dark brown color. It depends on the age of the fungus and where it grows. Edible mushrooms - though not all - have something like a skirt on the leg, this ring is usually located just above the middle. As for the cap itself, it may differ depending on the age of the plant.

In young mushrooms, the cap is hemispherical and covered with small scales; as it grows, it becomes smoother, acquiring the appearance of an umbrella. The color may vary slightly and may be light cream or even reddish.

Where you can find and what a real honey agaric looks like, probably even a child knows, because the name speaks for itself. Mushrooms grow mainly on damaged or weakened trees, stumps and protruding roots. Already rotten and dead trees are also a favorable environment. There is separate view spruce, which grow exclusively on pine stumps.

There is one species - this is meadow honey mushroom - which, unlike the others, grows in open areas in the soil. It can be found in meadows, fields, along roadsides.

They grow in any forests, with the exception of permafrost areas. High humidity favorably affects the population, but meadow mushrooms are often found in damp ravines. Mushrooms rarely grow alone, in most cases it is big families, clusters in one place. They can stretch in a chain up to several meters, especially under the bark of plants affected by time. But autumn mushrooms are generally classified as pests: they spoil the tree, creating favorable living conditions for themselves.

Beneficial features

Due to the inherent germination in large areas at a time, you can collect a whole basket of delicious and healthy mushrooms. Yes, it is useful, and, in addition, also low-calorie.

The composition of honey mushrooms, like most other edible mushrooms, includes a large number of various substances necessary for the body:

• phosphorus;
• potassium;
• magnesium;
• calcium;
• iron;
• zinc;
• cellulose;
• amino acids;
• polysaccharides.

In addition, this variety is rich in vitamins B, C, PP and E, and also has such an amount of protein that it easily replaces meat. Therefore, this product can be eaten by those who protect the figure, as well as those who do not eat meat.

In terms of phosphorus content, hemp mushrooms are not inferior to river and other types of fish. They are eaten to strengthen bones and as a prevention of violations in the bone frame. Due to the content of important trace elements (magnesium and copper, as well as iron), mushrooms have a positive effect on hematopoietic processes. For those suffering from anemia, these forest gifts are not just tasty food, and one of the best means to raise hemoglobin.

Few people know that there are actually a lot of species of mushrooms, and each differs in its composition. Some varieties contain more than one vitamin, while others contain calcium or potassium. Some varieties are so rich in retinol that they noticeably improve the quality and strength of hair, while others strengthen the immune system and correct hormonal levels.

The constant use of mushrooms has an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect on the body. They can prevent cancer and diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Differences between false and real mushrooms

First most important feature, by which poisonous specimens are distinguished, is the skirt so well known to everyone. It remains after the germination of the fungus from under the protective cover. False mushrooms do not have such a film, but it happens that over time the skirt disappears on edible mushrooms: it disappears and it becomes very easy to confuse the mushrooms.

dangerous to humans and useful mushrooms they also differ in smell, such mushrooms look different, they can also be distinguished by color and taste.

Aroma

Edible honey agarics exude oils that give off a pleasant mushroom smell. In poisonous and false mushrooms, the aroma is very unpleasant and more earthy. This smell is especially felt after heat treatment mushrooms. But the autumn honey agaric abundantly emits a smell during the breeding season and in the rain.

Color

Smell poisonous species repels, but the color, on the contrary, attracts. Mushroom caps have a richer, brighter color. Good autumn mushrooms have a pale or creamy hue, sometimes darker, closer to brown. But false mushrooms, unlike edible ones, can be gray-yellow, and attractive brick, red. But it is also important to pay attention to the shade of the plates under the mushroom cap. In false ones, they are yellow, in middle-aged, but edible ones, they can be green or even black. Only useful honey mushrooms have cream or beige plates.

Appearance

Those mushrooms, the description of which was earlier, can be eaten without fear. Their caps are covered with small, barely noticeable scales. In false species, it is smooth. But over time, even in edible mushrooms, the scales are smoothed out, so that only young plants can be recognized by this feature.

Taste

Of course, trying all the plants in a row to determine if they can be eaten is not worth it. However, false mushrooms have a bitter, unpleasant aftertaste, which cannot be said about useful, edible varieties, for example, autumn honey agaric.

For a person who regularly picks mushrooms, likes to cook them, or simply understands forest gifts, it will not be difficult to distinguish poisonous or false mushrooms from edible mushrooms. Among the safe mushrooms, autumn mushrooms can be distinguished, growing on trees and destroying them. In dry weather, it can be confused with any mushroom at all, but in the rainy season, bunches appear characteristic features. So, even knowing what edible mushrooms look like, you can be mistaken.

Rather than tasting dubious sprouts, it is better to pay attention to the skirt and, even if it is already gone, looking closely, you can determine by neighboring specimens, because they grow in groups and differ different times shoot.
Experience comes with time, practice and years, but for now there is no confidence in safety harvested mushrooms It is better not to risk either your own or the health of loved ones.