Religion. Statements of famous personalities about Chechens at different times
Chechens are a North Caucasian people who are the main population. However, Chechens live not only on the territory of Chechnya, they inhabit Ingushetia, Russia, Kabardino-Balkaria and other regions. Today, there are about 1.55 million Chechens in the world, most of whom live in the Russian Federation.
Although the state is part of Russia, the Chechens speak mainly their own Chechen language, which is also the state language. If we talk about, then almost all Chechens profess Islam, representatives of other religions are rare. On an anthropological basis, the Chechens are representatives of the Caucasian type of the Caucasoid race.
The absolute majority of the population of the Chechen Republic is made up of Chechens (95.5%), Kumyks, Avars, Nogais, Ingush also live (other national minorities - Kirghiz, Tajiks also live in). Prior to the deportation of the Chechens and their subsequent return to northern regions Russian and Russian-speaking republics ( Terek Cossacks) constituted the absolute majority of the population, their number was also significant in the city and the Sunzha basin. The pre-war Russian and Russian-speaking population was forced to leave the territory of Chechnya during the reign of Dzhokhar Dudayev in 1991-1994, and a significant number died during the period of active hostilities in 1994-1996.
Arslan Ahmed Allaudin - general, twice hero of Jordan.
Abdurakhmanov, Kanti - foreman, participant in the Great Patriotic War, hero of Russia.
Uzuev, Magomed Yakhyaevich - sergeant, defender Brest Fortress, Hero of Russia (1996).
Nuradilov, Khanpasha Nuradilovich - Sergeant, Hero of the Soviet Union.
Enginoev, Duda Edievich - scout, senior sergeant, full Cavalier of the Order of Glory.
Sheikh Mansour - a participant in the Caucasian War, national hero Chechen peoples.
Yamadayev, Ruslan Bekmirzaevich - Colonel, Hero of Russia (2004).
Yamadayev, Dzhabrail Bekmirzaevich - lieutenant, Hero of Russia (2003).
Yamadayev, Sulim Bekmirzaevich - lieutenant colonel, Hero of Russia (2005).
Altemirov Ruslan Saidovich, military fighter pilot, colonel, deputy. commander for combat training of the Trans-Baikal Air Force District, died in 1994.
Politics:
Arsanukaev-Dyshninsky, Inaluk - General tsarist army, Grand Vizier of the North Caucasian Emirate (1919-1920)
Akhmat Abdulkhamidovich - Mufti of Chechnya, President of Chechnya (2003-2004), Hero of Russia (2004).
Kadyrov, Ramzan Akhmatovich - Chairman (2005-2007), then President of Chechnya (since 2007).
Khasbulatov, Ruslan Imranovich - scientist and publicist, chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1991-1993).
Khadzhiev, Salambek Naibovich - Minister petrochemical industry USSR (1991).
Albiev, Islambek Tsilimovich - Greco-Roman wrestler, Olympic champion(2008), champion of Russia (2005) and (2008).
Buvaisa?r (Buvaisa?) Hamidovich Sayti?ev (born 1975 in Khasavyurt, USSR) is a famous Russian freestyle wrestler, six-time world champion, six-time European champion, three-time champion Olympic Games, five-time champion of Russia, seven-time champion of the Ivan Yarygin Krasnoyarsk tournament, winner of the Goodwill Games. Honored Master of Sports of Russia (1995). Chechen by nationality.
Adam Hamidovich Saytiev (December 12, 1977, Khasavyurt, Dagestan ASSR) - Russian freestyle wrestler, Chechen by nationality, master of sports international class(1998), Honored Master of Sports of Russia (2000).
Artur Asilbekovich Beterbiev (born 1985, Khasavyurt Dagestan, USSR) is a Russian amateur boxer, Honored Master of Sports, European champion (2006).
Salman Khasimikov 4-time World Champion in freestyle wrestling, Champion of Europe, Champion of the USSR
Aslanbek Bisultanov - 1973 won the Cup and the individual championship of the USSR among young men in wrestling 1976 became the youngest champion of the USSR. 1977 European Champion 1977 World Champion and winner of the titles "Best Wrestler of the 1977 World Championship" and the Cup "For the shortest fight in the championship"
Zaurbek Baysangurov (born 1985 in the village of Achkhoy-Martan, USSR) is a Russian professional boxer, performing in the Light Middleweight (Light Middleweight) weight category, ¦ WBC International Light Middleweight Champion, IBF World Champion among juniors, Master of Sports of Russia of international class, two-time winner of world championships, two-time champion Europe, three-time champion of Russia among youths and youth, champion of Russia among amateurs.
Lecha Kurbanov-1997. . Oyama Karate Championship - 1st place. 1997 Khasavyurt. Open city championship dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Imam Shamil - I place. 1998 Kutaisi. International Kyokushin Karate Tournament - III place. 1998 . International Kyokushin Karate Tournament - III place. In 2000, at the International Tournament in and in 2001 at the European Championship in Hungary, he won first place in the 90 kg weight category.
Public figures
Kunta Haji - saint, pacifist, Sufi sheikh, founder of zikrism.
Akhtakhanov, Mohammed - the first Chechen doctor.
Origin question Chechen people is still controversial. According to one version, the Chechens are the autochthonous people of the Caucasus, a more exotic version connects the appearance of the Chechen ethnic group with the Khazars.
Difficulties in etymology
The emergence of the ethnonym "Chechens" has many explanations. Some scholars suggest that this word is a transliteration of the name of the Chechen people among the Kabardians - "shashan", which may have come from the name of the village of Big Chechen. Presumably, it was there in the 17th century that the Russians first met with the Chechens. According to another hypothesis, the word "Chechen" has Nogai roots and is translated as "robber, dashing, thieving person."
The Chechens themselves call themselves "Nokhchi". This word has no less complex etymological nature. The Caucasian scholar of the late XIX - early XX century Bashir Dalgat wrote that the name "Nokhchi" can be used as a common tribal name for both the Ingush and the Chechens. However, in modern Caucasian studies, it is customary to use the term “Vainakhs” (“our people”) in the designation of the Ingush and Chechens.
AT recent times scientists pay attention to another variant of the ethnonym "Nokhchi" - "Nakhchmatians". The term is first encountered in the “Armenian Geography” of the 7th century. According to the Armenian orientalist Kerope Patkanov, the ethnonym "Nakhchmatians" is compared with the medieval ancestors of the Chechens.
ethnic diversity
Vainakh oral tradition tells that their ancestors came from beyond the mountains. Many scientists agree that the ancestors of the Caucasian peoples formed in Western Asia about 5 thousand years BC and over the next several thousand years actively migrated towards the Caucasian Isthmus, settling on the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas. Some of the settlers moved outside Caucasian ridge along the Argun Gorge and settled in the mountainous part of modern Chechnya.
According to most modern Caucasian scholars, all subsequent time there was a complex process of ethnic consolidation of the Vainakh ethnos, in which neighboring peoples periodically intervened. Doctor of Philology Katy Chokaev notes that the arguments about the ethnic "purity" of the Chechens and Ingush are erroneous. According to the scientist, in their development, both peoples have done long haul, as a result of which they both absorbed the features of other ethnic groups and lost some of their features.
In the composition of modern Chechens and Ingush, ethnographers find a significant proportion of representatives of the Turkic, Dagestan, Ossetian, Georgian, Mongolian, and Russian peoples. This, in particular, is evidenced by the Chechen and Ingush languages, in which there is a noticeable percentage of borrowed words and grammatical forms. But we can also safely talk about the influence of the Vainakh ethnic group on neighboring peoples. For example, the orientalist Nikolai Marr wrote: “I will not hide the fact that in the highlanders of Georgia, together with them in Khevsurs, Pshavs, I see Chechen tribes that have become Georgianized.”
Ancient Caucasians
Doctor historical sciences Professor Georgy Anchabadze is sure that the Chechens are the oldest of the indigenous peoples of the Caucasus. He adheres to the Georgian historiographic tradition, according to which the brothers Kavkaz and Lek laid the foundation for two peoples: the first is Chechen-Ingush, the second is Dagestan. The descendants of the brothers subsequently settled the deserted territories of the North Caucasus from the mountains to the mouth of the Volga. This opinion is largely consistent with the statement of the German scientist Friedrich Blubenbach, who wrote that the Chechens have a Caucasian anthropological type, reflecting the appearance of the very first Cro-Magnon Caucasians. Archaeological data also indicate that ancient tribes lived in the mountains of the North Caucasus as early as the Bronze Age.
The British historian Charles Rekherton, in one of his works, departs from the autochthonous nature of the Chechens and makes a bold statement that the origins of Chechen culture are the Hurrian and Urartian civilizations. The related, albeit distant, connections between the Hurrian and modern Vainakh languages are indicated, in particular, by the Russian linguist Sergei Starostin.
Ethnographer Konstantin Tumanov in his book "On the prehistoric language of Transcaucasia" suggested that the famous "Van inscriptions" - Urartian cuneiform texts - were made by the ancestors of the Vainakhs. As proof of the antiquity of the Chechen people, Tumanov cited great amount toponyms. In particular, the ethnographer noted that in the Urartu language, a protected fortified area or fortress was called "khoi". In the same sense, this word is found in the Chechen-Ingush toponymy: khoy is a village in Cheberloi, which really had a strategic significance, blocking the way to the Cheberloev basin from Dagestan.
Noah's people
Let's return to the self-name of the Chechens "Nokhchi". Some researchers see in it a direct indication of the name of the Old Testament patriarch Noah (in the Koran - Nuh, in the Bible - Noah). They divide the word "nokhchi" into two parts: if the first - "nokh" - means Noah, then the second - "chi" - should be translated as "people" or "people". This, in particular, was pointed out by the German linguist Adolf Dyrr, who said that the element "chi" in any word means "man". You don't have to look far for examples. In order to designate the inhabitants of a city in Russian, in many cases it is enough for us to add the ending “chi” - Muscovites, Omsk.
Are Chechens descendants of the Khazars?
The version that the Chechens are the descendants of the biblical Noah has a continuation. A number of researchers claim that the Jews of the Khazar Khaganate, whom many call the 13th tribe of Israel, did not disappear without a trace. Defeated prince of Kyiv Svyatoslav Igorevich in 964 they went to the mountains of the Caucasus and there laid the foundations of the Chechen ethnos. In particular, some of the refugees after the victorious campaign of Svyatoslav were met in Georgia by the Arab traveler Ibn Khaukal.
A copy of a curious instruction from the NKVD from 1936 has been preserved in the Soviet archives. The document explained that up to 30% of Chechens secretly profess the religion of their ancestors Judaism and consider the rest of the Chechens to be low-born strangers.
It is noteworthy that Khazaria has a translation in the Chechen language - “Beautiful Country”. Boss Archival management under the President and Government Chechen Republic Magomed Muzaev notes on this occasion: “It is quite possible that the capital of Khazaria was on our territory. We must know that Khazaria, which existed on the map for 600 years, was the most powerful state in the east of Europe.”
“Many ancient sources indicate that the Terek valley was inhabited by the Khazars. In the V-VI centuries. this country was called Barsilia, and, according to the Byzantine chroniclers Theophanes and Nicephorus, the homeland of the Khazars was located here, ”wrote the famous orientalist Lev Gumilyov.
Some Chechens are still convinced that they are descendants of the Khazar Jews. So, eyewitnesses say that during the Chechen war, one of the leaders of the militants, Shamil Basayev, said: "This war is revenge for the defeat of the Khazars."
Modern Russian writer- Chechen by nationality - German Sadulaev also believes that some Chechen teips are descendants of the Khazars.
Another curious fact: on the most ancient image of a Chechen warrior, which has survived to this day, two six-pointed stars of the Israeli King David are clearly visible.
Chechens are considered the most ancient people of the world, the inhabitants of the Caucasus. According to archaeologists, at the dawn of human civilization, the Caucasus was the center in which human culture was born.
Those whom we used to call Chechens appeared in the 18th century in the North Caucasus due to the separation of several ancient families. They passed through the Argun Gorge along the Main Range of the Caucasus and settled in the mountainous part of the modern republic.
The Chechen people have centuries-old traditions, a national language, an ancient and original culture. The history of this people can serve as an example of building relationships and cooperation with different nationalities and their neighbors.
Culture and life of the Chechen people
Since the III century, the Caucasus has been a place where the paths of civilizations of farmers and nomads crossed, the cultures of different ancient civilizations of Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean came into contact. This was reflected in mythology, oral folk art and culture.
Unfortunately, the recording of the Chechen folk epic began rather late. This is due to the armed conflicts that shook this country. As a result, huge layers folk art- pagan mythology, the Nart epic - were irretrievably lost. The creative energy of the people was swallowed up by the war.
A sad contribution was made by the policy pursued by the leader of the Caucasian highlanders - Imam Shamil. He saw democratic, popular culture as a threat to his rule. For more than 25 years of his tenure in power in Chechnya, the following were banned: folk music and dances, art, mythology, observance of national rituals and traditions. Only religious chants were allowed. All this had a negative impact on the creativity and culture of the people. But Chechen identity cannot be killed.
Traditions and customs of the Chechen people
Part Everyday life Chechens is the observance of traditions that are transmitted previous generations. They have been building up over the centuries. Some are written in the code, but there are also unwritten rules, which, nevertheless, remain important for everyone in whom Chechen blood flows.
hospitality rules
The roots of this good tradition originate in the mists of time. Most families lived in difficult, difficult places. They always provided the traveler with shelter and food. A person, familiar or not, needs it - he received it without unnecessary questions. This is done in all families. The theme of hospitality runs like a red line throughout the folk epic.
Custom associated with the guest. If he liked the thing in the host home, then this thing should be presented to him.
And more about hospitality. With guests, the host takes a position closer to the door, saying that the guest is important here.
The owner sits at the table until the last guest. It is indecent to interrupt the meal first.
If a neighbor or relative, albeit a distant one, comes in, then young men and younger family members will serve them. Women should not show themselves to guests.
Man and woman
Many may have the opinion that women's rights are violated in Chechnya. But this is not so - a mother who has raised a worthy son has an equal voice in decision-making.
When a woman enters the room, the men who are there stand up.
Special ceremonies and decorum must be performed for the guest who has arrived.
When a man and a woman walk side by side, the woman should be one step behind. A man must be the first to accept danger.
Wife young husband first feeds his parents, and only then her husband.
If there is a relationship between a guy and a girl, even if it is very distant, the relationship between them is not approved, but this is not a gross violation of tradition.
A family
If the son reached for a cigarette and the father finds out about it, he should make a suggestion through the mother about the harm and inadmissibility of this, and he himself should immediately give up this habit.
In a quarrel or fight between children, parents must first scold their child, and only then figure out who is right and who is wrong.
A grave insult for a man if someone touches his hat. This is tantamount to a publicly received slap in the face.
The younger must always let the elder pass, let him go first. At the same time, he must say hello politely and respectfully.
It is extremely tactless to interrupt the elder or start a conversation without his request or permission.
Of all the peoples living in the CIS, it was the Chechens who “distinguished themselves” more than others in helping the United States and NATO, who were chosen by the diabolical world government to become an insidious sharp double-edged sword for the mass destruction of the Slavs according to the plan of the international mafia in the current pre-war period and in the future, throughout throughout World War 3.
I often ask questions:
- Why did Perez, the former head of the secret government, and Rasmussen, the chief military strategist and mafia leader in charge of implementing the military and terrorist part of the 3rd World War, focus on the Chechen people?
What are the roots of the Chechen people and who is the ancestor of this people?
And why did the Chechens turn out to be so cruel, two-faced and corrupt #NotPeople, who betrayed and sold all of Russia and the Commonwealth countries to devilish servants from the secret government, exposing them to a crushing blow, thus. 300 million people?!
Many Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian and other military personnel and ordinary locals they simply hate the Chechens for their cruelty, violence and arrogance. Yes, and how can one respect those who so insidiously substitute their own, for the sake of obtaining quick profits and personal privileges? Or do Chechens not consider Russians to be people at all?
I don’t know about you, but when I think about the Chechen people and how they behave towards the inhabitants of our region, delve into their history, I clearly realize that there is something very dark, diabolical in the roots of the Chechen people , as if some very terrible personality seriously influenced the creation and formation of this people, which today is expressed in such a terrible attitude of the Chechens to life, in their worldview, some traditions and culture, as well as in their relationship with other peoples!
Well, let’s say the Chechens have a long conflict with the Russians and they didn’t share something among themselves, harbored a grudge against each other and are trying to take revenge one on one (although I have my own opinion on this), but the Belarusians don’t do anything to the Chechens they have done, and they are preparing against my people a terrible bloody war, a whole series of terrorist acts throughout the country, the massive destruction of our military and civilian population during times of unrest and war, as well as large robberies, looting, seizure of personal property of our citizens, real estate and even entire districts in the capital of Belarus!
Many Chechens, apparently, are proud of the fact that it is the so-called. ancient civilization Ariev, is the progenitor of the Chechen people, as many sources on the Internet say, some of which I will give below. However, from the point of view of Christianity, these Aryans, described in the Bible as "sons of Anakov" or "sons of God", are representatives of demonic spirits, fallen angels and messengers of the devil on Earth, although some "philosophers" try to present them as positive demigods. These are demons in the flesh, who interbred with beautiful female dugouts, who gave birth from them to a stronger generation of demi-devils / demi-humans, stronger, more enduring and taller than ordinary people, more insidious and strong in military affairs!
This explains a lot to me, for example, why among the Chechens there are especially many demons in the flesh, born in our generation, who are afraid of even fairly strong military personnel around the world, although there are demons in human form in every nation, but not so much. And also why the wolf is the image of the Chechens, although the highly spiritual God's people always associate the wolf with werewolf demons, and the Chechens are proud of their image and even set an example for other peoples. Why exactly this people became a hotbed of terrorism and was specially chosen by the world satanic government for this role in our region and why it is the Chechens who are trying to seize power over the entire terrorist world the globe, where Chechens are especially distinguished and valued among militants from other countries, and subjugate him, being controlled by Kadyrov-Avvadnon himself, etc.
I know that Stalin (although I don’t have a positive attitude towards him), being a native of the same region as the Chechens, somehow hated this people especially strongly and therefore enough most he was once deported to other regions of our planet. And sometimes I catch myself thinking that he understood something very well and knew about the Chechens, but what exactly?
Unfortunately, I didn't find the answer to this question...
Why did Stalin deport Chechens and Ingush?
http://holeclub.ru/news/stalin_i_chechency/2012-03-06-1408
Article: "Chechens"
Theories of the origin of the Chechens
The problem of the origin and the earliest stage in the history of the Chechens remains not completely clarified and debatable, although their deep autochthonous nature in the North-Eastern Caucasus and a larger area of settlement in antiquity seem quite obvious. It is possible that the mass movement of the Proto-Vainakh tribes from Transcaucasia to the north of the Caucasus, but the time, causes and circumstances of this migration, recognized by a number of scientists, remain at the level of assumptions and hypotheses.
Version of the doctor of historical sciences, professor George Anchabadze about the origin of the Chechens and Ingush:
- The Chechens are the most ancient indigenous people of the Caucasus, their ruler bore the name "Caucasus", from which the name of the area originated. In the Georgian historiographic tradition, it is also believed that the Caucasus and his brother Lek, the ancestor of the Dagestanis, settled the then deserted territories of the North Caucasus from the mountains to the mouth of the Volga River.
Several other versions exist:
- Descendants of the Hurrian tribes (cf. division into teips), who went north (Georgia, North Caucasus). This is confirmed both by the similarity of the Chechen and Hurrian languages, as well as similar legends, and an almost completely identical pantheon of gods.
- Descendants of the Tigrid population, an autochthonous people who lived in the region of Sumer (R. Tigris). Chechen Teptars call Shemaar (Shemara), then Nakhchuvan, Kagyzman, the North and North-East of Georgia, and finally the North Caucasus, the point of departure of the Chechen tribes. However, most likely, this applies only to a part of the Chechen tukhums, since the route of settlement of other tribes is somewhat different, for example, the Sharoi cultural figures point to the Leninakan (Sharoi) region, the same can be said about some clans of Cheberloi, such as Khoi (“khoi” - guards, patrol) (Khoi in Iran)
Part 7. Who are the ancestors of the Chechens and where do they come from.
Much water has flowed under the bridge after the Great Flood, and Roman (inverted) law and rulers have established themselves in this world, who all with a chok destroyed any mention ofAryan civilization and their special people's government, instead of which the domination of newcomers with an aggressive mentality, with a lower culture and an ugly form of minority power with a whole arsenal of suppression and subjugation, was established.
Only the Vainakhs, apparently due to the military way of life and strict adherence to the laws of their ancestors, were able to preserve until the 19th centurymoral norms and beliefs of the Aryans and the form of social structure inherited from their ancestors with popular rule .
In his previous works, the author was the first to point out that the essence of the Chechen conflict lies in the clash of two different ideologies of public administration and in the special flintiness of the Chechens, who do not completely submit to any losses.
In this unequal and cruel battle that the Chechen people got, the Chechens themselves have changed and have lost a lot over the past three centuries from what their ancestors had been protecting for thousands of years.
The sasens have left their marknot only in the North Caucasus . The Sasinid dynasty in Iran, removing the "new aliens" from power, restored the Aryan norms of morality and the religion of Zoroastrianism (Zero - zero, the starting point, aster - a star, i.e. stellar start). In Greater Armenia, the descendants of David of Sasun bravely fought against the troops of the Caliphate in the 8th-9th centuries, and the regular Turkish army and bands of Kurds in the 19th-20th centuries. As part of the Russian corps, the Chechen detachments of Taimiev (1829) and Chermoevs (1877 and 1914) stormed the Armenian city of Erzrum three times, freeing it from the Turks.
One of the modified names of the Chechens is Shashen,in the Karabakh dialect of the Armenian language sounds like "special to the point of madness and brave to the point of madness". And the name Tsatsane already clearly indicates the peculiarity of the Chechens.
Nokhchi Chechens consider (apparently, at the call of blood)Nakhchevannamed by their ancestors as the settlement of Nokhchi, although the Armenians understand this name as a beautiful village. Slender, white, blue-eyed warriors on horseback among swarthy and undersized peasants were really beautiful.
There are traces of Nokhchi in southeastern Armenia in the region of Khoy (in Iran) and Akka in western Armenia in the interfluve of the Greater and Lesser Zab south of Erzrum. It should be noted that the Chechen people and the Vainakh communities that make it up are heterogeneous and include a dozen separate branches, with different dialects.
When studying Chechen society it seems that you are dealing with the descendants of the last defenders of the fortress, gathered in the citadel from different places. Moving in force different reasons, the great-ancestors of the Chechens did not go further than a thousand kilometers from Mount Ararat, i.e. they practically remained within the region.
And the great-ancestors of the Vainakhs came from different places - some quickly and with heavy losses, while others gradually and more safely, for example, like Nokhchi fromMitanni. Let those times (more than three thousand years ago) be long and stretch for tens and hundreds of years. Along the way, they left the settlements they founded, and some of them went further, moving north for a reason that is now inexplicable to us, and the rest merged with the local population.
Finding traces of the ancestors of the Chechens is difficult because they really did not come from one place. There were no searches in the past,the Chechens themselves were content with an oral retelling of the path of their ancestors , but with Islamization, there were no Vainakh storytellers left either.
Today, the search for traces of the great-ancestors of the Vainakhs and archaeological excavations must be carried out on the territory of as many as 8 states during the period of the end of the second millennium BC.
The arrival of the former Aryan guards separate detachments with families and households in the Galanchozh district laid the foundationChechen tukhums and taips (tai - share). The main taipas still distinguish their plots (share) on the land of Galanchozh, since it was then first divided by the great-ancestors thousands of years ago.
Gala among many peoples means to come, i.e. Galanchozh can mean the place of arrival or settlement from it, which is true either way.
Both the name of the great-ancestors of the Chechens (Sasen) and the current name of their descendants (Chechens), and their whole history are special.The development of Chechen society differed in many features and in many respects has no analogues.
The Chechens turned out to be very refractory and difficult to change from their ancestors, and for many centuries retained their language and way of life, and social order theirfree communities governed by councils, without the admission of hereditary power . Legendary Turpal Nokhcho, who coped with the bull, harnessed it and taught the Nokhchi how to plow, overcame evil and bequeathed to keep the lake, from which the Nokhchi settled, clean, i.e. keep clean the foundations, language, laws and beliefs received from the ancestors (without polluting them with alien customs). As long as Turpal's commandments were respected, the Chechens were lucky in history.
The Chechens themselves call themselves Nokhchi. Some translate it as Noah's people. Representatives of this people live not only in Chechnya, but also in some regions of Dagestan, Ingushetia and Georgia. In total, there are more than one and a half million Chechens in the world.
The name "Chechen" appeared long before the revolution. But in the pre-revolutionary era and in the first decades Soviet power some other small Caucasian peoples were also often called Chechens - for example, the Ingush, Batsbi, Georgian Kists. There is an opinion that this is essentially one and the same people, separate groups of which, due to historical circumstances, were isolated from each other.
How was the word "Chechen" born?
There are several versions of the origin of the word "Chechen". According to one of them, it is a Russian transliteration of the word "shashan", which was used to denote this people by the Kabardian neighbors. For the first time, it is mentioned as the “Sassan people” in the Persian chronicle of the 13th-14th centuries, authored by Rashid ad-Din, which refers to the war with the Tatar-Mongols.
According to another version, this designation comes from the name of the village of Big Chechen, where at the end of the 17th century Russians first encountered Chechens. As for the name of the village, it goes back to XIII century when the headquarters of the Mongol Khan Sechen was here.
Starting from the 18th century, the ethnonym "Chechens" appeared in official sources in Russian and Georgian, and later it was borrowed by other peoples. Chechnya became part of Russia on January 21, 1781.
Meanwhile, a number of researchers, in particular, A. Vagapov, believe that this ethnonym was used by the neighbors of the Chechens long before the appearance of Russians in the Caucasus.
Where did the Chechen people come from?
The early stage in the history of the formation of the Chechen people remains hidden from us by the darkness of history. It is possible that the ancestors of the Vainakhs (this is how native speakers of Nakh languages, for example, Chechens and Ingush are called) migrated from Transcaucasia to the north of the Caucasus, but this is only a hypothesis.
Here is the version put forward by Georgy Anchabadze, Doctor of Historical Sciences:
“Chechens are the most ancient indigenous people of the Caucasus, their ruler bore the name “Kavkaz”, from which the name of the area originated. In the Georgian historiographical tradition, it is also believed that the Caucasus and his brother Lek, the ancestor of the Dagestanis, settled the then deserted territories of the North Caucasus from the mountains to the mouth of the Volga River.
There are also alternative versions. One of them says that the Vainakhs are the descendants of the Hurrian tribes who went north and settled in Georgia and the North Caucasus. This is confirmed by the similarity of languages and culture.
It is also possible that the ancestors of the Vainakhs were tigrids - a people who lived in Mesopotamia (in the region of the Tigris River). If you believe the old Chechen chronicles - Teptars, the point of departure of the Vainakh tribes was in Shemaar (Shemar), from where they settled in the North and North-East of Georgia and the North Caucasus. But, most likely, this applies only to a part of the tukhkums (Chechen communities), since there is evidence of settlement along other routes.
Most modern Caucasian scholars are inclined to believe that the Chechen nation was formed in the 16th-18th centuries as a result of the unification of the Vainakh peoples, mastering the foothills of the Caucasus. The most important unifying factor for them was Islamization, which took place in parallel with the settlement of the Caucasian lands. One way or another, it cannot be denied that the core of the Chechen ethnic group is the eastern Vainakh ethnic groups.
From the Caspian to Western Europe
Chechens did not always live in one place. Thus, their earliest tribes lived in the area that stretched from the mountains near Enderi to the Caspian Sea itself. But, since they often stole cattle and horses from the Grebensky and Don Cossacks, in 1718 they attacked them, chopped many, and drove the rest away.
After the end of the Caucasian war in 1865, about 5,000 Chechen families moved to the area Ottoman Empire. They began to be called Muhajirs. Today their descendants represent the bulk of the Chechen diasporas in Turkey, Syria and Jordan.
In February 1944, more than half a million Chechens were deported by order of Stalin to the regions Central Asia. On January 9, 1957, they received permission to return to former place residence, but a certain number of immigrants remained in their new homeland - in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.
First and second Chechen wars led to the fact that a significant number of Chechens moved to the countries Western Europe, Turkey and Arab countries. The Chechen diaspora has grown in Russia as well.
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