What changes have occurred in the social structure of the Mordovians. History of the Mordovian region

Material from Letopisi.Ru - “Time to return home”

"Mordovia in dates"

6th century n. e. The first written mention of the Mordovians (Jordan: "Mordens"). 4th-9th centuries The transition of the Mordovians to arable farming. Second half of 1000 AD e. The beginning of the decomposition of the primitive communal system among the Mordovians. The emergence of Slavic settlements in the territory of its settlement. IX-XII centuries The origin of feudal relations among the Mordovians. XI-XII centuries The initial Russian chronicle about the Mordovians. 1223. Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia (battle on the Kalka River). 1236. Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in the Volga region. 1237-1239. The conquest of the peoples of the Volga region by the Mongol-Tatars. 1239. Revolt against the Mongol-Tatars. 1389. Accession to the Principality of Moscow of the Mordovian population living in the basin of the Oka, Moksha, Pyana rivers. 1444. Participation of the Mordovians as part of the Russian troops in the defeat of the hordes of the Golden Horde prince Mustafa. 1480. The fall of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia. 1485. Completion of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian state. 1536. Foundation of the city of Temnikov. 1606-1607. Participation of the Mordovian population in the Peasant War led by I. Bolotnikov. 1611, February. Participation of the Mordovians in the first militia against the Polish invaders. 1611-1612. The participation of the Mordovians in the second militia led by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky against the Polish-Swedish invaders. 1627. Foundation of the city of Krasnoslobodsk. 1638. Start of construction of the Atemar (Saran) guard line. 1641. Foundation of the city of Saransk. 1647. Foundation of the city of Insara. 1647-1653. Construction of the Insar guard line. 1670. Beginning of the Peasants' War led by S. Razin on the territory of Mordovia. The peasant movement was suppressed everywhere by the end of December 1670. 1722. Introduction conscription for the Mordovian population. 1740. The beginning of the mass forced baptism of the Mordovians and other non-Russian peoples of the Volga region. 1753. The opening of two theological schools in Kazan, where children of Mordovian peasants began to be accepted. 1773, July 27-30. Stay leader of the peasant uprising E. Pugachev in Saransk. 1775. A law on the provincial reform was adopted, according to which the territory of Mordovia was divided between the newly formed Penza, Simbirsk and Tambov provinces. 1779. The city of Ardatov was founded. 1785. Kondrovskaya was opened paper factory. 1812, summer. Organization F. F. Ushakov in Temnikovo infirmary for the treatment of soldiers wounded in battles with the Napoleonic troops. 1855-1886. Educational and pedagogical activity of IN Ulyanov in the Penza, Nizhny Novgorod and Simbirsk provinces. 1893. Railway traffic from Moscow to Ruzaevka was opened. In the summer of 1903, construction was completed railway from Ruzaevka to Nizhny Novgorod (the road passed through Saransk). 1893. Commissioning of the Saransk railway station. 1897. The first zemstvo library was opened in Temnikov. 1899. Foundation of the Pushkin Republican Library. 1905, December 10-21. "Ruzaevskaya republic" during the years of the 1st Russian revolution. 1917, October 30 (November 12). The establishment of Soviet power in Ruzaevka. 1917, 2 (15) November. Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia by the Council of People's Commissars. 1917, November 19 (December 2). The establishment of Soviet power in Ardatov. 1917, December 8 (21). The establishment of Soviet power in Saransk. 1917, December. Organization in the Saransk district of the first agricultural labor partnership of 20 farm laborers and poor peasants. 1918, 8 (21) January. The Peasant Congress of the Insar district, which welcomed the transfer of power into the hands of the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. 1918, January-November. Creation of the RCP(b) organization on the territory of Mordovia. 1918, February. Opening of the first Mordovian secondary pedagogical educational institution - Mordovian seminary in the village. Machkasy Petrovsky district Saratov province . 1918, March 21-27. 1 Penza All-Provincial Congress of Soviets, which institutionalized the transfer of power in the province to the Soviets and approved the resolution of the IV Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the ratification of a peace treaty with Germany. 1918, March 25. Opening of the first pedagogical courses in Krasnoslobodsk, which trained teachers of national schools. 1918, August. Placement of the headquarters of the First Army of the Eastern Front in the village. Paygarm (Ruzaevsky district. 1918. Formation of the Temnikovsky orchestra of Russian folk instruments (creator and leader L. I. Voinov). 1918, December 15. Creation of a local history museum in Saransk. 1919. Kemlyansky state farm technical school was organized. 1920, December. Formed Mordovian section under the Central Committee of the RCP (6) and Mordovian sub-department under the People's Commissariat of Nationalities 1920, December Mordovian departments were created under the Penza, Saratov, Samara, Simbirsk, Tambov and Nizhny Novgorod provincial committees of the RCP (b) in districts with a compact Mordovian population 1920, October Exit the publication in Simbirsk of the first issue of the newspaper "Chin Stamo" ("Sunrise"). Published until April 1921. 1920. Publication in the Mordovian language of the "Brief History of the Communist Party". 1921, June 10-14. 1st All-Russian Congress of Mordovian Communists in Samara September 24, 1921. Beginning of the publication in Moscow of the newspaper "Yakstere Teshte" ("Red Star") - the organ of the Central Bureau of the Mordovian Section under the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) June 28, 1923. Creation of a commune school in Saransk from pupils the first pioneer group. 1924, May 1. Publication in Penza of the first issue of the Moksha newspaper Od Vele (New Village). 1924, September. In Moscow, the 1st All-Russian Congress for the Education of the Mordovians was held. It was created on the initiative of the Mordovian section under the Central Committee of the RCP(b). 1924, November 7th. Opening of the "Smychka" power plant in Ruzaevka - one of the first in Mordovia. 1925. Books 3 were published in the Mordovian-Moksha language. F. Dorofeeva “Pizhe Paksia” (“Earthly Field”) - a primer for adults and “Valda yan” (“Bright Path”) - a primer for children. 1926, September. Organization of the Mordovian branch at the Pedagogical Faculty of the Saratov State University. 1928, July 16 Education as part of the Middle Volga region of the Mordovian district with the center in the city of Saransk. 1928, August 1-3. First Mordovian Party Conference. 1928, August 4-6. I Congress of Soviets of the Mordovian District. 1928, August. All-Russian Mordovian methodological and language conference in Moscow. 1929. The first collection of Mordovian writers "Vasen syatkt" ("First sparks") was published. 1930. Beginning of a broadcast radio station in Saransk, broadcasting in Russian and Mordovian languages. 1930, January 10. Transformation of the Mordovian District of the Middle Volga Territory into the Mordovian Autonomous Region. 1930, January. Organization of the first in Mordovia Kovylkinsky MTS. 1931, February 4-9. 1 Mordovian Regional Congress of Soviets. 1931. Start Ruzaevsky brick factory. 1931. Opening in Saransk of the first university in Mordovia - Agro-Pedagogical Institute. 1932. Establishment of the Mordovian Research Institute of Socialist Agriculture in Saransk. 1932. Organization of the Research Institute of Mordovian Culture, reorganized in 1933 into the Mordovian Research Institute of Language, Literature, History and Economics. 1932. Creation of the Mordovian National Drama Theater on the basis of the Mordovian Music and Drama Studio. 1932, April 19. Creation of the Mordovian book publishing house. 1932. August 20. Opening of a music school in Saransk (now the L.P. Kiryukov School). 1933 The first primer in the Erzya-Mordovian language, Tundon chi (Spring Day), was published in Moscow (Gosizdat). 1934, 27 July. 1st All Mordovian Congress of Soviet Writers, which institutionalized the creation of the Writers' Union of Mordovia. 1934, December 20. Transformation of the Mordovian Autonomous Region into the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 1934, December 22-27. 1st Congress of Soviets of the Mordovian ASSR. 1934. Opening of the Saransk Teachers' Institute. 1935, May. Creation of the Union of Artists of the Mordovian ASSR. 1935. Creation of the State Theater of Musical Comedy in Mordovia. 1936, August. Commissioning of the Saransk hemp plant, now Sura JSC. 1937, February 28. Opening of the Mordovian Opera and Ballet Theatre. 1937, August 30. Approval by the Extraordinary II Congress of Soviets of the Mordovian ASSR of the Constitution of the MASSR. 1939, October. Creation of the song and dance ensemble "Umarina". 1939. The implementation in the MASSR of basically universal seven-year education. 1941, 17 August. 1 All-Union Youth Sunday. About 120 thousand people took part in it, 100 thousand rubles were contributed to the National Defense Fund. and 104 thousand workdays. 1941, 9 October. Organization of the Republican Committee for Assistance to Wounded Soldiers and Commanders of the Red Army. 1941, December. Beginning of the Saransk Mechanical Plant. 1941. The plant "Electrovypryamitel" began to work in Saransk. 1943, February 13. Handover by the workers of Mordovia of a combat gift to the pilots of the Soviet Mordovia squadron. 1943. Premiere of the Mordovian musical drama L.P. Kiryukov "Litova" in the Mordovian State Theater. 1944, January 10. Adoption by the Bureau of the Mordovian Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of a resolution on patronage of the city of Gomel and a group of districts of the Gomel Region of the Byelorussian SSR. The beginning of the patronage of the working people of Mordovia over the Rechitsa, Loevsky, Streshninsky and Terekhovsky districts of the Gomel region liberated from fascist occupation. 1944, June 16. Adoption of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of the resolution "On measures to assist agriculture in the Mordovian ASSR". 1945, May 9. Day of Victory over Nazi Germany. 20,000th demonstration in Saransk in honor of Victory Day. 1948, December 24. Commissioning of the Saransk automatic telephone exchange. 1949, December 21. Start Ardatovsky lighting plant. 1950. Signature Campaign for the Stockholm Prohibition Proclamation atomic weapons , which was attended by almost the entire adult population of Mordovia, which collected over 560 thousand signatures. 1950. The DOSAAF Central Flight and Technical School was opened in Saransk, the pupils of which were the outstanding pilot M. L. Popovich and the multiple champion of the country in parachuting G. D. Mukhina. The school operated in Saransk until 1964. 1951. Start of construction of the Alekseevsky cement plant. 1952. Start of construction of the high-voltage line Kuibyshev - Moscow on the territory of Mordovia. 1954, March 4 Departure for the development of virgin lands of the first group of Komsomol members of Mordovia. 1954 March Exhibition of works by sculptor SD Erzya in Moscow. 1954, 17 October. Opening of the Republican Agricultural Exhibition. 1954, December 16. The first flight of the passenger train Saransk - Moscow. 1955. Start-up in Saransk brick and asphalt plants, meat processing plant. 1956, February. Launch of the Saransk locomotive repair plant. 1956, March 8. Commissioning of the Saransk electric lamp plant. 1957, February 28. The entry into operation of the Alekseevsky cement plant. 1957, June 27 Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the sculptor SD Erzya (Nefedov) with the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in connection with his 80th birthday. 1957, October 1st. Opening of the Mordovian State University. 1957. The Krasnoslobodskaya spinning and weaving factory was put into operation. 1958, December 10. Establishment of the Research Institute of Lighting Technology in Saransk. 1958, December 13 Launch of the first stage of Saransk CHPP-2. 1959, July 19 Launch of the Saransk plant of normals (now JSC "Prompribor"). 1959, August. Opening of the first folk theater in Mordovia in Ardatov. 1959, October 30. Release of the first products at the Saransk excavator plant. November 5, 1959 Commissioning of the first stage of the Saransk plant of medical preparations (now JSC "Biochemist"). 1960, January 10. Opening in Saransk art gallery named after FV Sychkov. 1960. Commissioning of the Saransk dump truck plant. 1961, February. Putting into operation the Ruzaevsky plant of chemical engineering. 1961, June 27. Connection of the energy system of Mordovia to the Unified Energy System of the European Part of the USSR. 1961, October 10. Putting into operation in Saransk a stationary television center with regular television programs. 1962. The Saransk confectionery factory produced the first products. 1963, January 30. Opening in Saransk of a monument to the conquerors of the stratosphere P. F. Fedoseenko, A. B. Baenka, I. D. Usyskin. 1963, July 28 The opening of the first Mordovian health resort-rest home "Moksha" in the Kovylkinsky district. 1963. Release of the first volume of "Oral and poetic creativity of the Mordovian people". 1964. Opening of branches of the Mordovian State University and the Saransk Polytechnic College in Ruzaevka. 1965, July 1st The Ruzayevsk knitwear factory was put into operation. 1965, December 11. Issue of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the Mordovian ASSR with the Order of Lenin. 1965, December 30. Start of trolleybus traffic in Saransk. 1968, December 28. Start a dairy plant in Ruzaevka. 1966, December 18. Launch of the first stage of the Rezinotekhnika plant in Saransk. 1968, December 28. Release of the first volume of the "History of Mordovian Soviet Literature". 1968, June 2. The Saransk Tsentrolit plant was put into operation. May 9, 1970 Opening in Saransk of a monument to the soldiers who fell in the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), in honor of the 25th anniversary of the victory Soviet people over Nazi Germany. 1970. Opening of a monument to Hristo Botev, the national hero of the Bulgarian people, in Saransk. 1970. Opening in Saransk of a new building of the Pushkin Republican Library (founded in 1899 to commemorate the centenary of the poet's birth). 1972, May 17 The Palace of Pioneers (now the Palace of Children's Creativity) was opened in Saransk. 1972, December 29. The Mordovian ASSR was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples. 1976, September 23. Opening of a branch of the Moscow Cooperative Institute in Saransk. 1976, December. Opening in Saransk of a jubilee exhibition of works by SD Erzya and a new building of the art gallery (now MRMII named after SD Erzya). May 30, 1978 Adoption of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 1979, March-April. Opening of the Mordovian State Philharmonic. 1979, January 1st. The Saransk plant of technological equipment began to work. 1979, September 8. The reconstruction of the Saransk airport has been completed. 1979. A new hardware-studio complex of the Saransk Television Center was put into operation. 1980, December 31. A new automatic telephone exchange was commissioned in Saransk. 1981, July 11 Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the city of Ruzaevka with the Order of the Badge of Honor. 1981, October 10. Opening of the highway Saransk - Ulyanovsk. 1982, February 27. Creation of the Union of Composers of Mordovia, 1st congress. 1982, January 1st. The first flight to the Saransk airport of a high-speed turbojet aircraft TU-134. 1984, December 6th. Opening of the monument to N. P. Ogarev in Mordovskiy state university. 1985, March 30. took place in Saransk scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian state. 1985, June. Socio-political readings dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian state took place in Moscow. 1985, July 10 By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was awarded the Order of Lenin for the successes achieved by the working people of the MASSR in economic and cultural construction, and in connection with the 500th anniversary of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian state. 1985, September 27-28. The celebrations dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the entry of the Mordovian people into the Russian state and the awarding of the Order of Lenin to the Mordovian ASSR were attended by the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU B. N. Yeltsin. On Krasnaya Street, the monument “Forever with Russia” was opened (sculptor I. D. Brodsky, architect I. A. Pokrovsky) and Friendship Alley was laid. November 5, 1985 An indoor market was built in Saransk with trading floor for 600 seats. 1986, June 21. An All-Union Seminar-Conference of the Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Komsomol was held in Saransk, dedicated to the participation of young people in the implementation of the Food Program of the USSR. 1986, August 29 By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to Dolganov Alexander Vasilievich, director of the Rossiya state breeding plant, Lyambirsky district. 1987, May 28. Days of Soviet-Polish friendship in Mordovia. 1987, May 29 At the invitation of the Saransk city committee of the CPSU and the executive committee of the city council, a delegation from Botevgrad visited Saransk. 1987, June 14 In the year of the 340th anniversary of the city of Insara, a monument to the conquerors of the stratosphere was opened at the city stadium. 1987, November 1st. The Constituent Conference on the establishment of the Mordovian Republican Branch of the Soviet Cultural Fund was held. 1988, January. Days of memory of A. I. Polezhaev in Mordovia (150 years from the date of death). 1988, March 23. IV All-Union Congress of Collective Farmers, which was attended by a delegation from Mordovia in the amount of 30 people. 1988 March In the southwestern microdistrict of the city of Saransk, the sanatorium-preventorium "Stroitel" was put into operation. 1988, July An agreement on trade exchange between Mordovia and Seradz was signed. 1989, February 3. An all-Union conference of machine builders was held in Saransk on the theme "Ways for the development of self-financing." 1989, February 11. A new cinema "Rossiya" was put into operation in the southwestern district of Saransk. 1989, March 26. Elections people's deputies USSR. For the first time in Mordovia, alternative elections were held. 1989, May 25 Deputies from Mordovia left for Moscow for the 1st Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, the congress was held under the motto "Democracy is our historical choice." 1989, May. To restore the cities of Armenia affected by the earthquake, a competition was announced for the best design of residential buildings. The projects proposed by the architects of the Mordovgrazhdanproekt Institute were named among the four best works. 1989, June 23. XII Congress of Writers of Mordovia. 1989, July The designers of the Saransk dump truck plant, together with the designers of the Gorky Automobile Plant, have developed a new GAZ-SAZ-4509 dump truck with a diesel engine. 1989, December. At Moscow State University N. L. Ogareva created a republican science Center"Mordovia". February 25, 1990 In Saransk, the first unsanctioned democratic rally took place on Sovetskaya Square. 1990, March 3. In Saransk, in the southwestern microdistrict, the first sanctioned democratic rally took place. 1990, March 12. A new bus station was put into operation in Saransk. 1990, April 22. At the Constituent Conference, the Social Democratic Party of Mordovia was created. April 28, 1990 The Saransk City Executive Committee registered the cultural and educational society "Mastorava". 1990, 9 June. The 29th Mordovian Regional Conference of the CPSU took place. 1990, July. A conference of lawyers of Mordovia was held in Saransk, at which the Union of Lawyers of the MASSR was created. 1990, August 3-5. The 1st All-Union Congress of the cultural and educational society "Mastorava" was held. 1990, August 18 The constituent congress of the republican organization of the movement " Democratic Russia ". 1990, September. School No. 12 was transformed into a gymnasium. School No. 26 was transformed into a city pedagogical lyceum. At Moscow State University Ogarev, the faculty of national culture was opened. 1990, October 26-27. XXIX Mordovian Republican Party Conference. V. A. Skoptsov was elected First Secretary, member of the Bureau, member of the Republican Committee of the Communist Party of the RSFSR. November 29, 1990 In Saransk, in the House of Science and Technology, the All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference on Ecological and Economic Problems was held. 1991, February. At the constituent assembly of representatives of peasant farms and cooperatives, the Association of Peasant (Farmer) and Agricultural Cooperatives of Mordovia was formed. 1991, March 20. The Council of Ministers of the RSFSR adopted the Resolution "On the activity of commodity exchanges in the RSFSR". The Mordovian Commodity Exchange was established in Mordovia. 1991, May 27. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the Kadoshkinsky district was formed with the center of the river. p. Kadoshkino. 1991, June 25 By the Decree of the President of the USSR, Yury Dmitrievich Yutlandov, director of the Electrorectifier Production Association, was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. 1991, June 28. The first Constituent Conference of the republican society "Yaktashlar" ("Countrymen" - Tatar) took place. 1991, July. The city of Saransk and the Tatar villages of the Lyambirsky, Romodanovsky and Torbeevsky regions were visited by the President of the World League of Tatars, the head of the European representation of the Tatar-Bashkir national movement Ali-efendi Akish. 1991, 1 July. Unemployment has been legalized in Mordovia, the Ministry of Labor and Employment of the Population has been created. 1991, September. In the year of the 70th anniversary of the Gosstrakh of Russia in Mordovia, instead of the Gosstrakh department, the joint-stock insurance company "Confidence" ("Askuver") was formed. 1991, 15 October. Constituent Assembly of the Mordovian branch of the Liberal Democratic Party. 1991, October. The exhibition "Folk Crafts of Russia" has been opened at the Republican Museum of Fine Arts. 1991, October 19-20. Days of culture of the peoples of the Finno-Ugric community were held in Mordovia. 1991, 26 October. At an extraordinary session of the Supreme Council of the MSSR, a law was adopted establishing the post of President of Mordovia and presidential elections were scheduled for December 14. 1991, December 14. The 1st round of presidential elections in Mordovia has passed. 1991, December 22. The 2nd round of elections of the President of Mordovia took place. By a majority of votes, V.D. becomes the President. Guslyannikov. Vice President - V.P. Narezhny. 1992, January 20. Decree of the President of the Mordovian SSR "On the reorganization of collective farms and state farms". 1992, January 22. Decree of the President of Mordovia "On the formation of the Ministry of Ecology and Nature Management of the Mordovian SSR". 1992. The last republican pioneer rally took place. The guys have a new association-HOUSE ( children's association Mordovia). 1992, March 10. A sanctioned rally of students from Moscow State University and Moscow State Pedagogical Institute was held on Sovetskaya Square with the slogans “For the peoples of Moksha and Erzi, the language of the mother.” 1992, March 14-15. First All-Union Congress of the Mordovian people. 1992, March 17 The III Congress of Composers of Mordovia took place. 1992, April 2. The Mordovian National Theater became a laureate of the International Festival of Theaters of the Finno-Ugric Peoples. April 25, 1992 1st Congress of the Communist Party of Workers of Mordovia. 1992, May 16 1st Congress of the Socialist Party of Mordovia. 1992. A representative office of the MSSR under the President of Russia was established in Moscow. V. Chindyaskin, a native of Mordovia and a resident of Moscow, was appointed as a representative by the Decree of the President of Mordovia. 1992, September. took place in Moscow constituent Assembly on the creation of the urban society of Mordovian culture "Mastorava". 1992, September 10. The international intercontinental auto-expedition “Peace March” arrived in Saransk. 1992, September. The society of Azerbaijani culture "Yurddash" ("Compatriots") was created in the city of Saransk. 1992, Nov. Joint-stock company"Sarex" (excavator plant) was awarded the International Gold Star for design and product quality. 1992. The Mordovian republican organization of the Peasant Party of Russia is registered with the Ministry of Justice. 1993, February 17. The Ministry of Justice registered the Fund for Saving the Erzya Language. A. P. Ryabova. 1993, February 20-21. In Saransk at the stadium "Svetotekhnika" the world speedway championship took place. 1993, March 26-30. The II All-Russian competition of young performers on Russian folk and national instruments took place in Saransk. 1993 March The Economic Union is registered with the Ministry of Justice. 1993, 7 April. The Supreme Council of the MSSR, in strict accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the MSSR and the Federal Treaty, adopted the law of the MSSR "On the abolition of the posts of president and vice-president of the MSSR and on the introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution of the MSSR". 1993, May 18-20. An inter-republican conference "Problems and Applied Questions of Physics" was held in Saransk. The Ministry of Justice registered the Mordovian regional office Economic Freedom Party. 1993, July. Days of Mordovian culture in the Chelyabinsk region. 1993, July 6-11. Participation of folklore ensembles from Mordovia at the XI Folklore Festival in Hungary. 1993. The Mordovian Republican branch of the People's Party of Russia is registered with the Ministry of Justice. 1993, 11 October. President of the Russian Federation Boris N. Yeltsin signed a Decree appointing VV Konakov as his representative in Mordovia. 1993 Nov. The founding conference of the all-federal movement "Dignity and Mercy" was held in Saransk. The Mordovian organization of the Agrarian Party of Russia is registered with the Ministry of Justice. 1993, December 24. The following are registered with the Ministry of Justice: the Social Democratic Party of Mordovia, the movement for equality and development "Erzyan Mastor". 1994, January 25 At the 17th session of the Supreme Soviet of the Mordovian SSR, the Law of the Mordovian SSR on renaming the Mordovian Soviet Socialist Republic into the Republic of Mordovia was adopted. The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Mordovia registered the Mordovian branch of the Democratic Party of Russia. 1994, January 5th. The founding conference of the movement "For Spiritual Revival, Unity and National Accord". The founding conference of the "Consent" movement. 1994, February 17. At the 17th session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Moldova, the Law of the Republic of Mordovia on state authorities of the Republic of Mordovia was adopted, which states that the Government of the Republic is the highest executive authority of the republic. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova has been abolished. The presentation of the first volume of the republican book "Memory" took place. 1994, April. For 10 days, the exhibition of wooden sculpture "Erzyans in St. Petersburg" from the village of St. Petersburg worked in St. Petersburg. Underwood Tavla. On April 11, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Mordovia adopted a Resolution on the re-establishment of Soviets on the territory of Mordovia. 1994, May 23-24. In Saransk on the basis of the Mordovian University. N. P. Ogaryov held a scientific conference "Mordovian people: history, modernity, prospects." 1994, May. By the decision of the Higher Attestation Committee of the Russian Federation at Moscow State University. IP Ogaryov created an academic council for the defense of Ph.D. dissertations in national history and ethnology. 1994, June. The Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Moldova opened a republican social shelter called "Nadezhda" in the northwestern region of Saransk. 1994, June. On the basis of school number 26, a lyceum for humanitarian and natural-mathematical training was opened. 1994, June 14-16. Saransk hosted the 11th International Medical and Biological Symposium of the AEN RF, dedicated to modern problems of neurobiologists. 1994, June 21-23. The All-Russian conference-seminar “Improving the system of medical support for children in general educational boarding schools” was held in Saransk. 1994, 8 July. By the decree of the Head of the Saransk city administration, the old coat of arms of Saransk, with minor changes, was approved again and acquired official status. 1994, July. By the Decree of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Republic of Moldova, under the Ministry of Labor and Employment of the Population, the State Inspectorate for Labor Protection was established. At Moscow State University N. P. Ogarev at the Faculty of History opened a new department - "Regional Studies". The Saransk monarchist assembly held a founding conference of the new organization, which included the Saransk and Ruzaev Tron organizations. The Saransk Monarchist Assembly is part of the All-Russian Party of the Monarchist Center. By the decision of the Council of Ministers-Government of the Republic of Moldova, a republican Migration Service. Irina Stankina became the world champion among juniors in race walking (Lisbon). Under the plenipotentiary representation of the President of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Moldova, a public chamber was created, which included more than twenty parties and movements, except for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the Liberal Democratic Party. 1994, September 20. 13th Congress of Writers of Mordovia. 1994, 26 September. The IV International Festival of Television Films "Finno-Ugric World" was held at the Saransk Cultural Center. 1994, September. The first issue was published in Buguruslan, Orenburg region regional newspaper Erzyans and Mokshans "Lismapra" ("Spring"). Founder - Buguruslan Erzya-Moksha Center "Lismapra". 1994, October 1st. Congress of People's Patriotic Forces of Mordovia. AI Lukyanov, State Duma deputy, former Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, took part in the work of the congress. November 25, 1994 A prayer house of the Saransk Muslim Religious Society was opened on 33 Goncharova Street. November 27, 1994 Elections to the State Assembly of the Republic of Moldova were held. 1994, December 3. The 2nd conference of the Mordovian organization of the RCWP was held in Kovylkino. 1994, December 15th. At Moscow State University NP Ogareva opened the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the problems of transition to a socially oriented market economy. 1994. The following are registered with the Ministry of Justice: the Union of Women of Mordovia, the Union of Communists of Mordovia, the republican organization People's Labor Union of Russian Solidarists of Mordovia, the Presidential Party, the Mordovian Republican Organization of the Party of Russian Unity and Accord. 1995, January. On the basis of Moscow State University. N. P. Ogareva in accordance with the order of the Committee of the Russian Federation for high school All-Russian conference "Problems of formation of a socially oriented market economy" was held. 1995, January 6th. The last, twentieth session of the Supreme Council of Mordovia completed its work, setting the date of the first session of the State Assembly on January 24. The Supreme Council headed by the speaker ceased to exist. 1995, January 24. At the first session of the State Assembly of the Republic of Moldova, N. I. Merkushkin was elected Chairman of the State Assembly. Deputies - V. L. Volkov and A. N. Burkanov. 1995, February. The 250th anniversary of the birth of Admiral of the Russian Fleet F.F. Ushakov was celebrated in Mordovia. 1995, March 14. commander spaceship Soyuz TM-21 with Russian- American crew Vladimir Nikolaevich Dezhurov, a native of the village of Yavas of the Zubovo-Polyansky district, was on board. 1995, March 22-24. II Congress of the Mordovian people. 1995, March 23. I Congress of Trade Unions of Mordovia. 1995, March 30-31. At the II session of the State Assembly, a new state symbolism of the Republic of Mordovia was adopted - the emblem, flag and anthem. 1995, April 18-20. In Saransk at the National Library. A. S. Pushkin, the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference “National Libraries of the Republics of the Russian Federation in the Implementation of the State National Cultural Policy” was held. 1995, May 6 The Museum of military and labor exploits of 1941-1945 was opened. 1995, May 18-19. All-Russian scientific and practical conference "Integration of regional education systems", Saransk. 1995, June 7-9. All-Russian meeting of heads of mother and child protection services of the subjects of the Russian Federation, Saransk. 1995, 17 June. In Saransk, on Sovetskaya Square, international competitions in race walking for the prize in memory of the Honored Master of Sports of the USSR, silver medalist of the Melbourne Olympiad in 1956, E. I. Maskinskov, were held. 1995, 1 July. A bike ride dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Victory, organized by the RF State Committee for the Defense Industry, the RF State Committee for physical education. Route: Penza - Tambov - Moscow - Kostroma - Bryansk - Perm - Izhevsk - Kazan - Yoshkar-Ola - Cheboksary - Ulyanovsk - Saransk. 1995, 24 July. At the next meeting of the Council of the State Assembly, the final version of the draft Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia was approved and the law of the Republic of Moldova on the procedure for electing the Head of the Republic of Mordovia by the Constitutional Assembly was adopted. 1995, 11 August. Irina Stankina at the World Championships in Athletics in Gothenburg won the only gold medal for the Russian team in the 10 km walk. 1995, 21 September. The Constitutional Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia adopted the Constitution of Mordovia. The Constitution states that the highest official in the Republic of Moldova is the Head of the Republic. N. I. Merkushkin was elected the Head of the Republic of Mordovia at the Constitutional Assembly. 1995, September. In September, the chamber choir of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Moldova recorded the anthem of Mordovia with the Nizhny Novgorod Philharmonic Academic Symphony Orchestra. 1995, October. At the seventh session of the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia, V. A. Kechkin was elected Chairman of the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia, V.D. Volkov. November 30, 1995 An obelisk to Marshal S. F. Akhromeev was opened in the village of Windrey, Torbeevsky district. 1996, January. By the Decree of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia, 1996 was declared in the Republic of Mordovia as the year of culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples "Shumbrat, Finno-Ugria!". 1996, March 27-29. The Russian Interregional Seminar-Conference "National Book in the Diaspora" worked in Saransk. 1996, 4 May. An agreement on economic cooperation was signed between the Government of the Republic of Mordovia and the Government of the Republic of Komi. 1996. According to the results of 1995 JSC "Biochemist" was awarded the International Diamond Star for product quality. 1996, September. In Saransk, a republican multidisciplinary academic gymnasium was opened at Moscow State University. N. P. Ogareva. 1996, November 4-6. 1st International Erzin Readings. 1997, January 10. By decree of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia, the title " Honorable Sir Republic of Mordovia” was awarded to Devyataev Mikhail Petrovich-Hero Soviet Union, Dezhurov Vladimir Nikolaevich-Hero of Russia. 1998, 15 - 16 January. Saransk hosted the republican conference “Attracting Investments in the Economy of the Republic of Mordovia”, which was attended by representatives of Moscow business circles 1998, January 27 - 28 -International speedway competitions for the prize of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia “Stars of Europe” 1998, February 2 - The signing of the Agreement on social and economic issues for 1998-1999 took place in the House of the Republic. between the Government, trade unions and employers of Mordovia 1998, February - III Sretensky readings were held in Saransk, dedicated to discussing the problem of reviving the spiritual traditions of education 1998, February - the first volume of the seven-volume collected works of the national writer of the republic Kuzma Grigoryevich Abramov was published in the Mordovian book publishing house 1998, 13 February - in the capital of Mordovia, a festival of patriotic songs was held, dedicated to the Day of Defenders of the Fatherland 1998, February 15. nationwide Elections of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia. 1998, February 28 - inauguration of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia Nikolai Ivanovich Merkushkin 1998, April 20 - 29 - performances of professional and amateur creative groups of Mordovia took place in Saransk and Ruzaevka within the framework of the republican festival "Musical Spring - 98" 1998, May 4 - 6 - the first interregional festival of pop dance "Fox - 98" was held in Saransk 1998 , July - at a meeting of the Council of the Association "Big Volga" Head of Mordovia N.I. Merkushkin was elected President of the Association 1998, August 28 -80th anniversary of the founding of the oldest newspaper in the republic "Izvestia Mordovia" 1998, October 19 - working visit to Mordovia of the head State Tax Service of the Russian Federation G. V. Boos 1998, October 28 - in Saransk took place meeting of the Council of the Big Volga Association with the participation of the Chairman of the Government of Russia E. M. Primakov 1998, October 29 - working trip to the republic of the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation V. A. Gustov 1998, December 29 - Head of Mordovia N. I. Merkushkin delivered another Address to the State Assembly of the Republic

This article is about historical events that took place on the territory of the modern Republic of Mordovia.

Primitive society on the territory of the Mordovian region

Main article: Primitive society on the territory of Mordovia

The western part of the Middle Volga region was inhabited in the ancient Stone Age - the Paleolithic. On the territory of Mordovia, monuments of this time have not yet been discovered.

The earliest settlements found belong to the Mesolithic - the Middle Stone Age (9-6th millennium BC). After the retreat of the glacier, in the boreal climatic period, the flora and fauna began to approach modern ones.

Mordovian region in the conditions of absolute monarchy

Reforms of Peter I. Changes in the administrative structure. Christianization of Mordovians

In the 18th century there were significant changes in the administrative structure of the region, which was divided between 3 provinces, 5 provinces and 6 counties. Political development Mordovian region in the Petrine era took place in line with the all-Russian trends. Among the political events of the early 18th century that affected the Mordovian region was the Great Kuban pogrom of 1717, which became the last raid of nomads into the region. According to the materials of the 3rd revision (1762-1766), the population of the region was about 334 thousand people. Mordovians accounted for less than 25%, Russians - more than 70%, Tatars and representatives of other nationalities - about 5%. The Mordovian Territory was an agricultural region: 96% of the total population were peasants.

The era of palace coups. Industry development

In the era of Catherine II, the nobles strengthened their position in the state apparatus. Having achieved exemption from compulsory military service and strengthened the police order in the estates, the nobility satisfied all their requirements: it had the right to sell, change, give peasants to soldiers, dispose of their property, and interfere in their personal lives. The government of Catherine II tried to relieve social tensions. For these purposes, the secularization of church and monastery lands was carried out, and the Legislative Commission was convened. Mordovian peasants in their orders put forward demands for the inviolability of their lands, the equality of all before the law. But Catherine II, using the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war as a pretext, dissolved the Legislative Commission. This gave an additional impetus to the outbreak of a large-scale civil war (see Civil War of 1773-1775).

Early 19th century Patriotic War of 1812 Agriculture and industry

Main article: Militia Rebellion of 1812

Territorial development by the Russian population of the Volga region in the late 18th - 1st half of the 19th century. led to the transformation of traditional Mordovian society. This period is characterized by relatively high rates of population growth - 2 times. Erzyans with Mokshans made up a fourth of the total population (204,160 people), there were 626,162 Russians, and 40,688 Tatars. The ethno-demographic situation in the region led to the spread of the Russian peasant way of life. The administrative and judicial power in the region was completely subordinate to the Russian legal system.

Second half of the 19th century - beginning of XX century.

Main article: Reforms of 1860-1870

In the 2nd half of the 19th century. continued to develop capitalist relations. Their development was accelerated bourgeois reforms(see Reforms of 1860-1870), primarily the abolition of serfdom. "Regulations on peasants emerging from serfdom" of February 19, 1861 gave personal freedom to more than 292 thousand (39.4%) serfs, including 9.9 thousand Eryazya and Moksha and 4.4 thousand Tatar peasants. However, in the process of allotment of land, former serfs lost more than 13.6% of pre-reform lands, and 13.0% were released with donation plots, which averaged 0.8 acres per capita. The purchased land cost 3.6 times more than it cost.

Revolutions and social conflicts of 1917

Main article: Revolutions of 1917

Main article: Military revolutionary committees of 1917-1918

In the districts of the Mordovian region, the overthrow of the monarchy became known on March 1-2, 1917. This event was marked by demonstrations, rallies, public unrest that took place in Saransk and other county towns and was accompanied by pogroms and the arrest of government officials.

In March, the formation of local bodies of the Provisional Government began: temporary district executive committees were created (March 4-8) and temporary district commissioners were appointed (March 7-11); The police were abolished and the militia formed. Peasant and zemstvo county congresses were convened, at which permanent executive committees were elected. The organization of all-estate volost zemstvos dragged on until autumn, their role was played by the emerging bodies of peasant self-government in the form of peasant committees (March) and Soviets (May - August), elected at volost and rural gatherings. At the same time, Soviets of workers, Soviets of soldiers (March - April) and Soviets of peasants (late April - early May) deputies were created in the districts of the region; later there was a merger into the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies (April - July). The first trade unions and factory committees arose. The left parties participated in the formation of the new bodies of power of the Provisional Government and the Soviets: the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats.

The strong positions of the Social Revolutionaries and the weakness of the Bolsheviks led to the absence of a pronounced dual power in the region, which had a number of specific features and existed from March 1917 to March 1918 April - July 1917 (see April crisis of 1917, Political crisis summer 1917) were marked by an increase in popular discontent. The main and uniting all the uprisings of 1917 remained the question of the division of landowners' lands. By autumn, due to the deterioration of the supply of cities, the unresolved land issue in the region, social tensions grew, expressed in the mass peasant uprisings of 1917.

"War Communism" and the Civil War (1918-1921)

Main article: Civil War 1918-1920

In the spring - summer of 1918, on the territory of modern Mordovia, as well as in Russia as a whole, a policy of "war communism" took shape, which included a number of economic, political and social measures. An accelerated nationalization of industrial enterprises was carried out (1918), including non-qualified production, Councils of the National Economy were created, a ban was introduced on private trade, direct trade between the city and the countryside, landlord estates and possessions of large owners were confiscated, land was redistributed among the peasants on an equalizing basis, etc. e. As a result of the agrarian policy in the early years Soviet power the peasantry received about 210,000 acres of landlord, specific, state lands. The authorities created various forms of Soviet and collective land use - agricultural artels, agricultural communes, partnerships for the joint cultivation of land, collective farms, state farms. However, the experience of the first Soviet and collective farms was unsuccessful, and the situation in the countryside continued to deteriorate; the middle peasants, wealthy peasants and kulaks treated the new formations negatively, the famine among the poor strata of the population, which began as early as the First World War, intensified.

In total, about 240 thousand people left Mordovia for the front during the war.

From agrarian-industrial to industrial-agrarian economy (1945-1965)

Main article: Restoration of the national economy in 1946-1950

Main article: Reforms 1950-1960

HISTORY OF MORDOVIA

The geography of settlement largely determines the important factors of its history.

Nature forms the economic way of life, and it influences

formation of the anthropological type of the people. Mordovian people historically

formed on the territory of the Oka-Volga interfluve, in the forest-steppe zone,

rich in forests and rivers, with a temperate continental climate. Basic

the habitat for the Mordovian people was the forest, it also supplied the construction

material and food and clothing, served as a safe haven from enemies. Healthy

climate and way of life, fertile land and the benefits of the forest contributed to

formation of a healthy, physically strong population. The forest is not only

formed the anthropological type, but also the way of life of the Mordovians, who did not

only agriculture, but also hunting, beekeeping, furs,

cattle breeding. An important factor formation of an anthropological type

were both the structure of food and the type of dwelling. Vegetable food of the Mordovians is not

different from Russian food, but they ate animal food more often,

traditionally consumed honey. Mordovian dwellings differed from Russian ones -

separate premises of houses and yards, and the presence of a bath (an ancient invention

Mordva belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of the Ural race, their ancestors

were Europeanized under the influence of contacts with Lithuanian,

Germanic, Slavic and other tribes. History of the Mordovian tribes

can be traced back to 1 thousand BC. And in 1 thousand AD. from Finno-Ugric

communities stood out Mordovian tribes. The Moksha group settled in the south

eastern lands of the Sursko-Oksko-Moksha interfluve, Erzya in the north

west. Mordovian land at all times was relatively densely populated.

In addition to the Mordovians, other peoples lived here, influencing

the formation of its culture and economy. They were Tatars, Chuvashs, Russians,

Mordovians and Huns invaded the land, and Bulgarians, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsy,

Mongols. The largest invasion began in 1237 - the Batyev invasion

hordes, after which the Golden Horde yoke was established, interrupting

natural history development.

In 1, the beginning of 2 thousand AD. an economic and cultural complex took shape and

religious worldview of the Mordovians. This is evidenced by excavations in

Dubensky district (iron arrowheads, plows, sickles, grains of cultural

plants, bones of domestic horses, cows, pigs, sheep, wood products,

clay, leather and fabrics, jewelry). With the advent of 1 thousand iron

tools, the appearance of surplus products is the stratification of society

and the collapse of tribal society. The tribal community was replaced by the neighboring one,

early feudal relations were born. In the context of further development

productive forces and feudal relations, as well as under the influence of external

threats at the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD. there is a process of folding a single

Mordovian people. The Mordovian epic is permeated with motifs of common destinies

erzi and moksha, the continuity of their economic and spiritual life,

Tyushtya is glorified - the leader and ruler of the Mordovian people.

At the beginning of 2 thousand AD. the Mordovians began to issue state

formations: near moksha - in the basin of the moksha river and in the Upper Surye at the head

with Prince Puresh, among the Erzi - in the Oka-Sura interfluve, headed by the prince

Purgas (this was even before the invasion of the hordes of Batu). After the invasion of the South

Mordovian lands were practically depopulated, there was

dangerous. Mordovians were most densely populated on the Moksha and Alatyr rivers.

and in the Murom region.

In the 14th century the forest-steppe strip, which included the Mordovian lands, was

the granary of the Horde state. Being carriers of high agricultural

culture, the Mordva associated with agriculture many religious pagan

rites. Before the start of all agricultural work, prayers were held, the Mordovians believed

into good and evil spirits. They worshiped the gods of fertility. Apart from agriculture

engaged in cattle breeding, hunting, fishing, beekeeping.

At the end of the 14th century the process of entering the Mordovian lands into the

Moscow principality. After the entry of the Mordovian lands into the Russian

state Russian princes already stipulated the terms of ownership and inheritance

(in the documents of the times of Ivan 3 from 1505 and Ivan 4 from 1572). Moscow

the principality included in the 15th century. and Mordovian lands. Status formation

Mordovian princes occurred during the period of decomposition of primitive society. At

Mordovian princes had their own possessions, and they were relatively

independent back in the 15-16 centuries. Expansion of Russian and Tatar princes

forced them to form military squads. In 1392 Nizhny Novgorod

the principality, which included the lands of the Mordovians-Erzi, became part of Moscow. In 1393

The city of Meshchera, inhabited by Mordovians - Moksha and Erzei, voluntarily recognized power

Moscow. In the agreement of 1396 between the Russian princes, the Mordovians no longer

appears as a political opponent, because the Mordovian princes carried

service with them, defending Russian territory. By the 15th century supreme right

the manager of the Mordovian lands was appropriated by the Grand Duke of Moscow,

who decided the fate of not only the population, but local princes. So in the 15th century.

Mordovian and Tatar princes became vassals of the Moscow Grand Dukes. AT

late 15th century the Russian state was formed, Ivan3 from 1485 began to wear

the title of Grand Duke, and Ivan4 from 1547 - the title of Tsar. In the 16th century formed

centralized authorities - orders. The Mordovian Territory was ruled

several orders. Gradually, the possessions of the Mordovian princes were transformed

to the counties. In the 16th century Mordovians lived in Murom, Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas,

Shatsk, Temnikovsky, Alatyrsky counties. In the 16th century Russian state

took decisive measures against the Kazan Khanate, an active role in

Mordovians also played this. Many representatives distinguished themselves in the capture of Kazan

Mordovians, and later participated in the protection of the borders of the Russian state. Mordva

Simbirsk, Saratov, Bashkir and other regions.

In the 16-17 centuries. four categories of peasants took shape in Mordovia:

palace, state, monastic and landlord. At that time

there is a change in the development of peasant farms of all categories. Was

a census was conducted and certain lands were assigned to the villages.

Mordovian peasants were attached to the lands assigned to them. Yasak

was levied in food-cash form, the object of taxation was the land.

In addition to agriculture and animal husbandry, the peasants were engaged in the extraction of furs,

beekeeping, there was a trade in products of activity. urban centers

trade and crafts were Saransk, Temnikov, Alatyr, Arzamas,

Krasnoslobodsk, Insar, Troitsk and others. In the 17th century. already established trade relations with

Peasant wars in the early 17th century. were caused by the aggravation of contradictions

peasantry and the landowner, the strengthening of serfdom at the end of the 16th century.

The uprising of Bolotnikov in 1606-07. covered many regions of Russia, including

including Mordovia. The rebels occupied Alatyr, dealt with representatives

authorities, smashed the noble estates. The struggle in the Mordovian districts took

sharp character, both Russians and Mordovians actively participated. From the authorities

punitive measures followed, which did not break the rebels. Approximately through

year in 1609 they again united in detachments and fought with

government teams. The peasant war was suppressed, but showed

the strength of the masses.

The reason for the peasant war Razin 1670-71. served further

enslavement, ever-increasing taxes. Mordovian lands in a short time

ceased to be a free land, like the whole Volga region, they turned into

the territory from which the peasants fled from feudal oppression. Even before the uprising

The Volga region became a place of peasant unrest. In 1670 Razin's army

moved up the Volga, they were joined by many peasants of Mordovia,

many Mordovians laid down their lives in battles. Peasant war under

Razin's leadership was defeated. The punitive measures led to

reduction of the male population and the desolation of many peasant households.

The joint struggle of the Russians, Mordovians and Tatars played a role in strengthening

friendly relations.

Thus, during the time of being a part of Russia, the economic and

the legal status of the Mordovian peasants and Russians in many ways converged. AT

Mordovian lands, many nobles received land, all categories appeared

peasants. Despite the progressive and beneficial influence of Russians on all

aspects of Mordovian life and socio-economic development, government policy

aimed at assimilation. With the strengthening of feudal relations and

strengthening oppression, peasant uprisings arose, where

Mordva, unlike other peoples of the Volga region, does not form significant

ethnic arrays, but is settled mixed with Russians and Tatars. Although

on the territory of Mordovia, the majority were single-national villages. At

Ethnicity was not taken into account when creating counties. Were formed

Samara, Alatyrsky, Saransky, Temnikovsky districts, on the territory of which

lived Mordovians and Russians and Tatars. In the 18th century population is growing,

contributed to the transition to capitation taxes. New settlements in the 18th century

rarely appeared, because The area has already been largely developed. One of

the reasons for the emergence of new villages was the Christianization of the Gentiles, tk. baptized and

the unbaptized lived separately.

In the 18th century such industries were widely represented in the Mordovian region

industries such as distillation, potash production, metallurgy and

light industry. In the 17-18 centuries, despite the severity of the feudal

serfdom and the strengthening of the national-colonial oppression, in

commodity production is rapidly growing in the Mordovian region, the face of

regions in the system of the all-Russian market. At the same time, the property

differentiation. Growing social tension. Mordva had rich experience

conducting a diversified economy, they were distinguished by diligence and perseverance.

Mordva, when entering Russia, got the opportunity to join the culture in

spiritual and material realm. This was facilitated by mass Christianization

Mordovians. But many religious worldviews of the Mordovians and many

cultural values, although the language and culture have been preserved.

The Mordovian language has acquired many borrowings over its history of development, but

retained its foundation. The language belongs to the Volga branch of Finno-Ugric

Ural family groups. After separating from the Finno-Volga proto-language, a single

the Mordovian language functioned for at least one and a half thousand years. From the second

half of the 1st millennium AD it began to form territorial

dialects, two of which Erzya and Moksha became languages. In them

there are dialects and dialects, which is due to the absent-mindedness of the Mordovians over a huge

territory among the Russian-speaking population. Character traits Mordovians

(national qualities) - perseverance, shyness, not prudence,

low communication skills.

By the beginning of the 20th century the area of ​​the Mordovian people covered the whole of Russia.

Mordovian settlements were noted in Iran and Turkey, but most of them lived

in Nizhny Novgorod, Tambov, Penza, Simbirsk, Saratov and

Samara provinces. More than 1 million people considered the Mordovian language as their native language

(according to the 1897 census), the number was 1.2 million. Mostly from

they converted from paganism to Orthodoxy. 98% Mordovians were peasants, about 1%

Philistines, the rest - the clergy, Cossacks, nobles and merchants.

Mordovia at the beginning of the 20th century. was a typical agrarian region of Russia. By

census 1911-1912 97% are peasants. Administratively peasants

united in rural communities and volosts. Community life

governed by democratic traditions developed by centuries of experience.

Important issues were decided by the village meeting, the headman was elected,

honeycombs and tenths (from every hundredth and tenth court). They helped

headman to perform organizational, fiscal and police functions.

Basic administrative unit management in countryside was

parish. They were organized not along national lines, but according to

territorial. At the head were volost foremen with elected

volost meeting of boards. The volost gathering was made up of the volost

board, elders and the most prosperous peasants (one out of ten

yards). The volost foreman was approved by the zemstvo chief and could be him

suspended. The Volost Court resolved simple legal issues and disputes. salary

received only the volost foreman and the clerk.

Peasant farming was quite efficient without the help

state in a feudal state. Work in it was carried out

part of the day in summer, in any weather. Peasant farming could

exist only with intensive management. In winter it was time to practice

crafts. Due to lack of land, every piece of land was used, draft

strength is a horse. Economically, the peasant economy was unstable, because. in

in the event of bad weather conditions, there was a crop failure, due to the loss of livestock

the economy was ruined. To ensure the developing capitalist

state economic system of small individual farms,

united in communities, based on the physical labor of male workers

(i.e., an extensive way of farming), became ineffective.

The economic position of the peasants was determined primarily by land ownership and

land use. The best land was provided by the former

state peasants from Russian-Mordovian and Mordovian communities - 8.5 each

tithes per yard. The smallest allotments were owned by Russian former landowners.

peasants - 4.1 acres each. Availability of working cattle compared to

most regions of Russia was good. The main agricultural

the crops were rye and oats. In the southern regions, the share of wheat increased.

The population of Mordovia produced bread for their own provision and payment

taxes. Commercial grain was grown only on 10% of the area, it went to

taxes. To support the family, I had to earn extra money by crafts and

work on the side. Only agriculture was impossible to provide an average

family level.

First World War exacerbated all socio-economic

contradictions in the peasant environment and this resulted in the first Russian revolution

1905-07 It poured out on the Mordovian land mainly in the form

peasant movement aimed at the elimination of specific, state,

monastic and landownership. In the struggle there was also a national

liberation aspect - the struggle of the Mordovian peasants against the Russians

landowners. Big role in the transformation of the peasant movement into a political

the 1st Congress of the Peasant Union in the summer of 1905 played a role in mass demonstrations

peasants grew, the main force in the suppression of peasant revolts were

regular army and Cossack units. The result of the first revolution was

a radical change in the political situation: the noble landowners lost their

the peasant community practically became uncontrollable.

Stolypin's agrarian reform did not achieve social goals in the Mordovian

earth. Poorly organized resettlement of Mordovian peasants outside

of their lands by 1912 caused the return of many of them, devastated,

deprived of land and all means of subsistence. The crisis of the first revolution and

mass demonstrations turned the national consciousness of the Mordovians - gone

fear of the authorities, the Russian landowners lost their influence over them. it

one of the reasons, along with socio-economic ones, led to the revolution of 1917

g. After February Revolution the reorganization of the management system began,

volost councils were formed and committees became organs of the peasant

power, but the Provisional Government was unable to subdue them.

In the Mordovian region, the same socio-economic processes took place,

as in all of Russia. The destruction of the old administrative apparatus is not

followed by the creation of a new one. In the autumn of 1917, a new upsurge begins

peasant movement. Decision 2 of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets on

the elimination of private ownership of land led to the intensification of the uprising under

leadership of the peasant self-government bodies. It was a repeat

Pugachev. Many estates were destroyed and burned, which led to

economic and cultural damage. But this movement could not solve everything

pressing issues and satisfy land hunger. equalizing division

land often caused disputes and clashes between volosts and rural

communities, often armed. The first collective farms were

arise in 1917, by the end of 1918 their land accounted for 7% of the total

area. They were entered mainly by the poorest peasants and they played more

ideological than economic role. After 1917 the power of the Soviets

installed in Mordovia in January-March 1918. With rare exceptions

The Soviets took power on the Mordovian land painlessly. In the spring of 1918

authorities began to form in the countryside - combeds and food detachments, but their

creation ran into resistance from a significant part of the peasantry,

organizations of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries supported by

peasants. The presence in the countryside of parallel authorities - committees and

Volost Soviets caused a confrontation. Kombeds were engaged in requisitioning

bread, redistribution of land, agricultural equipment, organized artels and

communes. In those volosts where the commanders took power into their own hands, they carried out

and functions of volost councils. In the autumn of 1918, a decision was made to

re-election of the Soviets under the control of the committees and the dissolution of the latter. So

Thus, the communists created a rigid centralized system

management. Peasant Soviets were under the vigilant control of local

party cells and did not have full independence. Mordva allowed

Bolsheviks to establish their own system of power by supporting the Declaration of Rights

peoples of Russia, which promised the abolition of national discrimination.

The civil war became a real tragedy for all the peoples of Russia. AT

in the regions of Penza and Samara, major events took place to suppress the rebellion

Czechs and Slovaks, which ended with the defeat and execution of the rebels.

Chapaev's division played a big role in this - legendary hero son

Mordvinian peasant. His division included many Mordovians. On the other hand

in the white movement there were also many representatives of the Mordovians. As a result

civil war and the policy of "war communism" productive forces

countries were undermined. The surplus appropriation and dictatorship of the Bolsheviks led to

reduction in grain production, the peasants lost their economic incentive when

constant and rigid policy of withdrawal of surpluses. Often they were withdrawn

only among the kulaks, but also among the middle peasants. In some cases, the organization

collective farms ran into resistance. But gradually it happens

the final subordination of the peasant authorities to the communist

dictatorship. This was facilitated not only by military force, but also by national

politics - on the ground, Mordovians began to be introduced into the leadership, which had not been done before

It was. Of course, this could not but find a response in the Mordovian people.

The consequences of the Civil War were a drop in the volume of industrial

production by 7 times, the gross agricultural product in 1920.

amounted to only two-thirds of the pre-war. On the territory of Mordovia, too

crop areas decreased, but the number of livestock remained, almost

landless peasants disappeared. In general, the negative consequences of the war on

Mordovian land turned out to be less destructive than the average for Russia. But

the most negative result was the lack of incentive to produce

products in the countryside under conditions of surplus appropriation and curtailment of free

trade. The political and military confrontation between the authorities escalated

and the peasantry, as a result of expropriation and punitive actions. civil

the war was imposed on the Mordovian people by political parties,

pursuing their goals and brought numerous material and

human losses. Tens of thousands of Mordvins died from hostilities,

epidemics and famine, but the number of Mordovians due to the high birth rate is not

decreased and amounted to 1.15 million people in 1920.

In the 1920s, the task was to overcome the economic and political

crisis. In 1920-21. powerful armed uprisings are taking place

peasantry against the authorities in the territory of the Mordovian region. cruel

punitive actions did not give results. At this time, the policy of "military

communism" with its food requisitions and drought led to famine and lack of

seed farms for sowing. In a number of districts of the Volga region, up to 95% of the peasants were starving.

The propaganda of the company to help the starving was launched in the press, a large

assisted international organizations. But it wasn't enough

mass mortality decreases only with the new harvest of 1922. Mordovskiy

the region was in the center of a region affected by crop failure and famine, in

as a result of which tens of thousands of people died, in addition

had a huge negative impact on morality and physical and

psychological state of Mordovians.

Famine and human and material losses in 1921-22. failed attempt

restoration of the economy by the methods of war communism. The transition to

NEP, which provided for: the establishment of a solid monetary system,

a deficit-free budget, self-financing at enterprises, leasing small and

medium-sized enterprises to individuals. Under these conditions, a new Land

code, which established that the lands were nationalized and

the purchase and sale of land was prohibited, the word "ownership" was excluded and the

- "use". On the other hand, farmers were given the right to

protection of land rights and various forms activities on it. Social

the political and economic situation was favorable for development

Mordovian people, to restore vitality after the upheavals of 1917-

22 years But in the late 1920s, the breaking of the NEP began. First question about

of Mordovian autonomy was put at the congress of Mordovian communists in

Samara in 1921. In 1928, after the new administrative zoning

Middle Volga region, as part of the Middle Volga Territory, Mordovia was formed

December 1934 - to the autonomous republic. The first leadership of Mordovia

correctly assessed its potential and capabilities. And worked out a real plan

development, successfully implemented in 1928-29. However, the party's decision

led by Stalin on forced industrialization and collectivization

plunged the village into economic chaos. Moreover, in the second half of the 1930s

years, nominees with a low level of education came to the leadership, in

not a single Mordvin was left in the leadership, which led to sabotage

national construction and confrontation "Russians - Mordovians", "Erzya -

moksha”, and did not create favorable conditions for the socio-economic

development. As a result of collectivization, repressions and executions of the 30s

the Mordovian people suffered huge losses, far exceeding those from the Civil

and the first world war and the famine of the 20s. It came down not only to a decrease

numbers, but also to the destruction of the centuries-old way of life of the peasantry,

conceptions of ethics and morality. Deportation from indigenous lands over

300 thousand people dealt a blow to the gene pool. Repression destroyed a large

part of the Mordovian intelligentsia. Remaining after the repression national

the cadres were mainly represented by people who were dismissive of

culture and history of the Mordovians, to the language. Mordovian autonomy is not only

fulfilled its function of national development, but even hindered it. Tem

no less, the Mordovians continued to be one of the major peoples of the country

worthily living their history together with the Russians and other peoples,

Great Patriotic War, taking a heroic part, then

economic recovery and revival of national culture.

Now Mordovia is an agro-industrial republic within the Volga-

Vyatka economic region. Machine-building industries are developed: precise

mechanical engineering, instrument making, lighting engineering, production

semiconductors, as well as the food industry. Saransk is the capital and

a major cultural and student city.

The territory of the republic is 26.2 thousand square meters. km. Number - 955 thousand people

(1996). More than 50 nationalities live in the republic. Mordva

is 32.5%, Russians - 60.8%, Tatars - about 5%. Average age

population 37.1 years. There are 7 cities in the republic: Saransk (about 320

thousand), Ruzaevka, Kovylkino, Krasnoslobodsk, Ardatov, Insar, Temnikov.

NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF RUSSIA AND MORDOVIA.

142 peoples live on the territory of the Russian Federation. Among them are dominated by Slavic

peoples (125 million out of 147), including the majority of Russians (82%).

R is the largest Slavic state in the world. There are 400 million Slavs in the world from

2/5 of them live in R. 99% of the inhabitants of R have their own national-state

formations, the boundaries of which coincide with the area of ​​residence of the local

population. Tatars, Chuvashs, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Mordovians,

Mari are Udmurts, etc. they differ in language, way of life, customs,

traditions, culture, labor skills, external signs. But the most

stable sign - language.

Therefore, the population of R is divided into language families:

1. Indo-European (89% of the population of R): Slavic, Baltic, German,

Romance, Iranian, Armenian, Indo-Aryan.

2. North Caucasian (2.4%): Abkhaz-Adyghe, Anakh-Dagestan.

3. Ural (2%): Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, Yukagir.

4. Altai (6.8%): Turkic (Tatar), Mongolian (Buryats, Kalmyks),

Tungus-Manchu, Chukchi-Kamchadal, Eskimo-Aleut.

Currently, the national composition is changing. last census

(1989) noted the growth of the inhabitants of small and indigenous peoples R. Russkie

slowed down the growth rate. If in 1979 there were 84.4% Russians, then in 1989 -

The Mordovian people retained their population, in total 1

million 350 thousand people (in 1926-39). In the Republic of Mordovia, Mordovians

accounts for 32%, in the Republic of Erzya - 160 thousand (live in the east

Republic), Moksha - 180 thousand (live in the west). Russians in the Republic

make up 60%, Tatars 5%, there are Ukrainians, Chuvashs. As a result of assimilation

the native language of the Mordovians began to be lost. lingua franca

became Russian.

ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES OF MORDOVIA

There are no large deposits on the territory of Mordovia, but there are

Construction Materials. These are phosphorites, mineral paints, brown

iron ore, shales, cement raw materials, clays, sand and sandstone, gravel,

limestone. The largest deposits of marl-chalk rocks are used

for the production of cement and are located in the east of M in Chamzinsky and

Bolshebereznikovsky district. Widely distributed in the east of the republic and

deposits of chalk and marl. Limestones are more common in the northwest

republics, are developed in a semi-handicraft way. For construction and

road surfaces are used sandstone, which is found in many districts of M

especially a lot of it near Saransk, Ardatov and Big Berezniki. A lot of

clay is available in M: brick, refractory, pottery, for faience production

wa and others. The most valuable are used in the production of bricks and are in

Ruzaevsky district and near Saransk. Great importance has peat, there are about

30 deposits, 2/3 are concentrated in the district of the river. Moksha and Wad It is used in

agriculture as a fertilizer and for heating in houses and boiler houses. as a fuel

shale is also used, small reserves of which are in the northeast. For

local needs, phosphorites are also used, the main deposits in the Krasnoslobodsky district

not. The reserves of brown iron ore are small and were mined until the 20th century. Bog oak -

a kind of fossil raw material used in the furniture industry. Them

are interested not only in Russia, but also abroad, but a small

extraction of raw materials. Sufficient forest resources - 525 thousand hectares, covered with mixed

coniferous-deciduous forests in the west and north-west of the republic. This

enough for our own forest and forestry and wood chemical

industries. The volume of logging is not large and corresponds to the natural

wood growth. These reserves of mineral resources are not enough for M and

have to import them.

Agroclimatic and land resources. Republic surface relief

is a plain, somewhat elevated and hilly in the south

eastern part, flat, low-lying mainly in the valleys of the Moksha River and

its tributaries, in the west and northwest. 58% of land resources are

land used in agriculture. Agro-climatic conditions M enough

favorable for the development of many branches of agriculture. Warm enough for

cultivation of winter rye, spring and winter wheat, oats, potatoes, hemp,

fodder crops. Precipitation is the least stable element of the climate. Average

they fall 450-500 mm per year. Due to the short length

republics from west to east, differences in their number by territory

insignificant. Most of precipitation falls in the summer. To

unfavorable climatic conditions include dry winds, in addition,

reduce the efficiency of agricultural production recurring almost every year

early autumn and late spring frosts, heavy rainfall, etc. Generally

the relative homogeneity of agro-climatic conditions indicates

great influence on territorial organization agricultural republics of others

components of the natural environment, primarily soils. The soils of M are different in

fertility and, if properly used, can produce high yields.

The soil cover is very diverse. Geographical position

M in a region with a fairly favorable temperate continental climate,

a combination of fertile chernozem and lower quality gray forest soils

contributes to the development of diversified agriculture with the production of grain, potatoes,

sugar beet, cattle meat, pigs, milk. For soils M

the most characteristic combination of leached and podzolized chernozems and

complex of gray forest soils with a small distribution of soddy

podzolic soils. The most valuable are leached and podzolized

chernozems occupying more than 44% of arable land.

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF MORDOVIA

Development of the lands on which the modern territory of Mordovia is located

began in the 16th and 17th centuries. Agriculture and industrial development developed in this territory.

production at landlord and state manufactories - cloth factories,

distilleries, etc. Saransky district - was poorly developed both in industry and agriculture.

The technical equipment of the landowners and peasant households was weak, in

Most of the work was carried out by hand, animal husbandry is underdeveloped. Industry

consisted of 50 semi-handicraft enterprises that processed agricultural and

forest raw materials, of which 29 are distilleries. Everything has changed radically

after 1917, the republic turned from a backward agrarian into an agrarian

industrial with modern industry and intensive agriculture. Leading place

occupies the industry. In the cities of Saransk, Ruzaevka, Kovylkino, modern

production During the Second World War, several factories from the western districts were transferred to M

new country. The production of existing factories was also expanded.

The development of the national economic complex M was influenced by

negative factors:

Enough fixed assets were not accumulated (industrial enterprises in

mostly small, agriculturally backward),

There was no major organizational center,

Natural conditions did not contribute to the development of production (lack of raw materials).

Positive factors: profitable EGP, availability of labor resources.

The development of the economy was slower than in other regions of the Volga-Vyatka region.

Only by the end of 1965 did the value of gross industrial output exceed the value of

agricultural products. In the structure of industry, a large share of light and

food industry.

Now more than 250 large industrial enterprises work in M

engineering, metalworking, industrial building materials,

forestry paper, woodworking, light and food industries.

Most businesses are equipped modern technology, automated and

mechanized. Largest enterprises: Saransk Electric Lamp Plant

(the Lisma association includes a plant and a research institute),

plant Electric rectifier (which has a large research and development

base), Saransk dump truck plant, Centrolite, Rubber engineering, Biochemist,

factories producing building materials (cement, bricks, etc.).

inappropriate placement. At present, TPK RM continues

be formed. In the structure of gross industrial output, more than 50% accounted for

in 1992 to enterprises of mechanical engineering and metalworking, more than 5% for

building materials, more than 6% for light products and more than 12% for products

food industry. Almost 80% are enterprises of Russian importance

enterprises. Enterprises of means of production account for 80%, and enterprises

producing consumer goods - 20%. Raw materials for industry are mainly

imported, because There are no large deposits on the territory of M, but there are

deposits of more than 10 minerals, among which are important

building materials (cement raw materials, clays, sand and sandstone, gravel,

limestone).

For the integrated development of industry and the entire economy of the republic, it is important

it is important to improve intersectoral and intrasectoral relations.

Now they are formed in the conditions of economic reform.

GEOGRAPHY OF MORDOVIA'S INDUSTRY

At the beginning of the 20th century on the territory of modern Mordovia there were about 50 small

enterprises employing about 2 thousand people. modern structure

industry was formed in the middle of the 20th century. The complex of its industries is still

is complemented. In the structure of gross industrial output, more than 50% accounted for

1992 for mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises, more than 5% for construction

materials, more than 6% for light products and more than 12% for food products

prom. Almost 80% of enterprises are of Russian importance.

Enterprises of means of production account for 80%, and enterprises producing

consumer goods - 20%. Raw materials for industry are mainly imported. Right now in

M operates more than 250 large industrial enterprises of machine-building,

metalworking, building materials industry, forest paper,

woodworking, light and food industries. Most Enterprise

equipped with modern technology, automated and mechanized.

Largest enterprises: Saransk Electric Lamp Plant (Lisma association

includes factory and research institute), factory

Electric rectifier (which has a large research and development base),

Saransk dump truck plant, Centrolite, Rubber engineering, Biochemist, factories

producing building materials (cement, brick, etc.).

The territorial organization of industry M has a feature - its main

the share falls on Saransk and Ruzaevka. There is an imbalance and

inappropriate placement.

Energy plays an important role in the development of industry. In M own

there are no fuel and energy and hydro resources. Therefore, energy works on

imported raw materials. Of great importance are the gas pipelines passing through M.

The share of gas in the fuel and energy balance is 50%. Now in M

There are four thermal power plants. The problem of energy supply is very acute,

the issue of building a thermal power plant is being resolved.

The leading branch of industry M is machine-building. Convenient transport

geographic location, availability of qualified labor resources,

research base, lack of own raw materials

led to the development of non-material-intensive, but labor-intensive production here.

Electrical industry (Lisma, Electric rectifier) ​​are located in

Saransk, branches are located in Ruzaevka, Ardatov, Temnikovo, Chamzinka,

Atyuriev But in recent years, production volumes have fallen by more than 60%. Such

the same fall exists in other industries prom-ti. Growth is only seen

in industries that produce consumer goods. The structure is also changing.

mechanical engineering, new industries are emerging that produce complex household

equipment (television plant). The automotive industry is represented by a branch

GAZ - Saransk dump truck plant, Saransk

factories - Centrolite and Rubber Engineering. In Elkhovka, the production of road construction

machines. Many companies are engaged in the repair of automotive equipment,

diesel locomotives, agricultural machinery. Pitch metallurgy is represented in

M plant Centrolite. Chemistry is represented by the Biochemist (medicinal

preparations) and the Rezinotekhnika plant (production of rubber products for

automotive industry). All these factories are in Saransk.

In the west of M there is the only large forest chemistry enterprise

plant Dubitel (tanning extracts, rosin, turpentine, etc.).

In the east, M is developed building sector. It develops on

own raw materials (produce brick, tile, cement, slate, asbestos

pipes, etc.). Leading enterprise - Alekseevsky cement factory. On the

based on its own raw materials, its own industry has developed, producing

prefabricated concrete products. There are such factories in Saransk, Ruzaevka,

settlement Komsosolsky. Brick production is developed everywhere. The largest

in Saransk, Ruzaevka.

The woodworking industry and the forest industry are the oldest. Most

distributed in the west and in the Alatyr region, where the main raw material base. One

from the main industries - furniture, factories in Saransk, Ichalki, at the factory

Dubitel make chipboard for her, in the village. Umet -

In the village Temnikovsky district has a paper industry enterprise -

factory "Red Rose" - wallpaper production.

In the value of gross output, light industry makes up more than 6%.

This industry is represented by local industrial enterprises - factories

sewing, knitwear, hemp fiber). Textile industry represented

the oldest Shiringush cloth factory, the Saransk factory of decorative

fabrics and Krasnoslobodskaya spinning and textile factory, Ruzaevskaya

knitting factory. These industries operate on imported raw materials.

The territory of the modern Mordovian region began to be developed by man, apparently in the Paleolithic - the ancient Stone Age, when the western part of the Middle Volga region was settled. However, the earliest settlements in the region belong to the Mesolithic - the Middle Stone Age (IX - VI millennium BC). This time dates back to the parking of people on the banks of rivers and lakes near the village. Zarechnoye Krasnoslobodsky and Staraya Kacheevka Tengushevsky district. Their economy was of an appropriating nature and was based on hunting, fishing and gathering. Climatic conditions after the retreat of the glacier approached modern ones.

The heyday of primitive society was the Neolithic - the new Stone Age, dating from the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia to the 5th - first half of the 3rd millennium BC. e. At this time, pottery, grinding and drilling of stone appeared, weaving appeared. The production of stone tools, such as axes, spearheads and arrowheads, chisels, etc., is brought to the level of craftsmanship. However, the economy remains appropriating, based on fishing and hunting. On the territory of Mordovia, sites of Neolithic people were found along the banks of the rivers Alatyr, Vada, Moksha (Imerk, Kargashinsky, Mashkinsky, etc.). They belong to the Volga-Kama culture (Volgapa, Imerk settlements), which some researchers (O.N. Bader, A.Kh. Khalikov) attribute to the ancient Finno-Ugric peoples. In addition, sites of the Balakhna culture (Andreevskoe and Imerk settlements) were recorded, which was part of the community of Pit-Comb Ware cultures.

Further development of the territory of modern Mordovia is associated with the era of the Eneolithic - Copper-Stone Age (mid-III - early II millennium BC), which is associated with the appearance of metal (copper) tools. The most typical for the region are settlements of the Volosovo culture in the basins of Vada, Moksha and Sura. The population was engaged in hunting, fishing, gathering, lived in semi-dugouts connected to each other. Finds of human, animal, bird and fish figurines made of silicon are characteristic (Shiromasovskaya site - anthropomorphic figurine, 2nd Kargashinsky site - beaver). Amulets made from animal teeth are found in burials. Most scientists write about the Finno-Ugric affiliation of the Volosovites. In addition, settlements of tribes of the Imerk culture (named after a monument near Lake Imerka, Zubovo-Polyansky District) were found in the Mordovian Territory. They lived in semi-dugouts in floodplains, on sand dunes. The monuments of Imerk culture include settlements near the village. Volgapino, Novy Usad, Shiromasovo, the working settlement of Shiringushi, Lake Mashkino.

The transition to the producing sectors of the economy (agriculture and cattle breeding) is associated with the Bronze Age, which dates in the Mordovian region from the first quarter of the 2nd millennium - 8th - 7th centuries. BC e. During this period, the region gradually turns into a zone of contacts of various civilizational layers, since the tribes of the Balanovskaya, Abashevskaya, Moksha and Srubnaya cultures penetrate the territory of Mordovia and begin to interact with the local population.

The Balanovsky tribes were part of the wider Fatyanovo culture and originally occupied the territories south of the Baltic, the interfluve of the Dnieper and the Volga. At the turn of III - II millennium BC. they moved to the Volga along the Desna, Oka, Moksha, Sura. Most experts attribute these tribes to the proto-Baltic branch of the Indo-Europeans. Their main occupation was cattle breeding, apparently combined with slash-and-burn agriculture. On the territory of Mordovia, such a settlement was first discovered by P. D. Stepanov (Osh Pando near the village of Sainino, Dubensky district). In addition, burial mounds are known near the village. Chukaly, Andreevka, Kirzhemany.

The Abashevites apparently belonged to the ancient Indo-Iranians and settled in the second or third quarter of the 2nd millennium BC. e. Don region, Middle Volga region and south of the Urals. The main occupation was cattle breeding. Abashevsky burial mounds are known near the village. Old Ardatovo, Kirzhemany.

The Primoksha culture was identified by P.D. Stepanov in the 1950s. and contacted them with the Indo-European tribes of the Don region. Tribes of the Primoksha culture settled on high coastal capes (near the village of Zhuravkino, Tengushevo, Paevo, etc.).

The Srubnaya culture was widespread in the middle and second half of the 2nd millennium BC. e. in the steppes and forest-steppes of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the Dnieper. Srubniki were engaged in cattle breeding, agriculture, bronze metallurgy. Their monuments are known along the river. Big Sarka, Insar, Nuya, Pyana. Burial mounds are widespread (near the villages of Kochkurovo, Semiley, Piksiasi, Alovo, Atyashevo, etc.); Aksenovo, Bersenevka, Kirzhemany.

On the basis of the interaction of newcomers with the local population, the Pozdnyakovskaya culture developed (mid-2nd - early 1st millennium BC), whose tribes were engaged in cattle breeding and metalworking, agriculture played a supporting role. Monuments of the Pozdnyakovites are known from the village. Kulikovo, Kuraevo (Tengushevsky district), Shaverki (Krasnoslobodsky district), Zhabino (Ardatovsky district).

The Iron Age (VII century BC - early AD) was a natural stage in the development of the territory of Mordovia, which followed the Bronze Age. At this stage, the region was completely populated by the tribes of the Gorodets culture, whose Finno-Ugric affiliation no one disputes. Their economy was complex, combining forest animal husbandry, slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting and fishing. The raw materials for iron tools were local. Settlements and settlements (Narovatovskoye, Samozleyskoye, Kargashinsky, Tengushevsky, etc.) were typical settlements. The Gorodets tribes were the ancestors of the ancient Mordovians and the Ryazan-Oka tribes.

"Growing" of the Gorodets culture into the ancient Mordovian in the first centuries AD. e. associated with a number of internal and external factors. The earliest monument of the ancient Mordovians is considered to be the Andreevsky mound in the Bolsheignatovsky district (first centuries AD), where prototypes of many Mordovian things were found: pottery, various decorations (sulgams, temporal pendants with weights, breastplates). The vastness of the settlement of the ancient Mordovian tribes contributed to the isolation northern population(modern Nizhny Novgorod region), which became the basis for the formation of the Mordva-Erzya, and the southern (Upper Surye, Upper and Middle Primokshanye), which became the basis of the Mordva-Moksha. Formation of the binarity of the ancient Mordovian ethnic community takes place in the second half of the 1st millennium AD.

In addition, on the territory of modern Mordovia in the 1st millennium AD. the Ryazan-Oka tribes related to the Mordovians (north-west of the modern Republic of Moldova) and alien tribes of the Imenkovskaya culture (Middle Surye), which many researchers associate with the Slavs, lived.

During the I millennium AD. e. the Mordvins had intense ties with the Slavs, Khazars, Volga Bulgars, Alans, and neighboring Finno-Ugric peoples. By the beginning of the II millennium AD. e. ties with the Slavs and the established Old Russian state, into whose orbit the Western Mordovian clans were drawn. This is evidenced by the finds of pendants with signs of the Ruriks (Kelgininsky burial ground), Russian squad weapons, etc. A significant role in this process was played by the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav against Khazaria and the subsequent policy of the Russian princes in the Middle Volga region.

ORIGINS OF ETHNOS:
THE APPEARANCE OF ANCIENT MORDOVIAN TRIBES

are nomads. They wear clothes similar to the Scythian, but they have a special language. This is the only tribe of cannibals in that country.”

« Boudiny - a large and numerous tribe; they all have light blue eyes and red hair... Every three years the Budins celebrate a festival in honor of Dionysus and go into a Bacchic frenzy... The Budins are the indigenous inhabitants of the country - nomads. This is the only nationality in this country that eats pine cones ... ( note: clarification by linguists - not cones, but squirrels that feed on pine cones). Their whole land is covered with dense forests of various kinds. In the middle of the thicket there is a huge lake surrounded by marshes and reed beds. Otters, beavers and other square-faced animals are caught in this lake. With the fur of these animals, the boudins turn off their fur coats ...»

Yirki “They make a living by hunting and catching the beast in the following way. Hunters lie in wait for prey ep evyah (because all over their country dense forests). Every hunter has a horse at the ready, trained to lie on its belly so as not to be conspicuous, and a dog. Noticing the beast, the hunter shoots from the tree with a bow, and then jumps on his horse and rushes in pursuit, the dog runs after him.

fissagetes.“Beyond the Budins to the north, at first the desert stretches for seven days of travel, and then further to the east live the fissagetes, a numerous and peculiar tribe. They live by hunting ... Four large rivers flow from their land through the region of the Meotians and flow into the so-called lake Meotida. The name of these rivers: Leek, Oar, Tanais and Sirgis».

At Herodotus historians find a description of the Scytho-Persian war of 512 BC, a war in call lice serious movement of peoples to the north. Naturally, this movement also affected Gorodets tribes. It is unlikely that they left their inhabited places, but foreigners came to their lands. In history city-rodets tribes thus a foreign policy factor arose. He, apparently, has accelerated the design ancient Mordovian culture.

Archaeologists often find on the ramparts of Mordovian settlements in Lower Surye.

The raids of small Sarmatian detachments were eventually replaced by the invasion of a large lava of riders who subjugated some Mordovian tribes. On the territory of modern Bolsheignatovsky district near the village Andreevka archaeologists unearthed a mound - the burial place of the leader of the conquerors and his warriors. A special platform was installed in the center of the grave, where the body of the leader was laid, two armed warriors rested nearby. At the feet lay a bound prisoner or slave.

However, the domination of the aliens was short-lived, they were quickly assimilated ancient Mordovians and dissolved in its environment. Struggle ancient Mordovians with the southern newcomers was truly heroic. After all, the latter were at a higher stage of development. Mordovian same tribes in the I-IV centuries they lived in the conditions of the beginning decomposition of primitive communal relations. At that time, far from us, the tribes united several genera. Each clan consisted of several large patriarchal families. The head of the family was usually kud-atya. A clan or several clans made up a settlement - vele. They occupied mostly convenient, riverine places. Only by the middle of the 1st millennium AD settlements began to have powerful defensive structures.

Ancient Mordva settled in fertile river valleys Oki, middle course Volga, Tsny, Moksha and Suras. It was a region with fat, fertile land, rich in dense forests, rivers abounded in fish. All this left an imprint on the economy of our ancestors.

The main occupation of the ancient Mordovians was agriculture. They sowed barley, rye, half-bu, peas. They used a sickle and a scythe; arable farming will appear later.

Archaeological excavations testify to the high level of development of handicrafts among Mordovians. The discovered tools of labor tell us about a fairly developed ancient metallurgy.

important role in life ancient Mordovian tribes they played hunting, fishing, beekeeping - collecting honey from wild bees. Natural resources(furs, honey, fish) enabled our ancestors to trade with their neighbors.

standing fighting squad. Agriculture became arable. Property and social inequality arose and began to develop.

At this stage of development, the ancestors of modern Mordovians and foreign authors. In the 6th century, the historian of the Gothic kings Jordan in his book entitled "On the origin and deeds of the Goths", describing the tribes Eastern Europe called the people "mordens". This was the first mention in written sources of Mordovian people. (cm. What other nations knew about the Mordovians in the 6th-17th centuries)

Mordva... How did the name of the people come about? Is it a self-name, or did the neighboring tribes call our ancestors so? In the Iranian-Scythian languages ​​there was a word martiya, translated as the male , human . It was this that formed the basis of the ethnonym Mordovians. In Russian, to the base " muzzle' joined suffix ' wa”, which has a connotation of collectiveness, community. And so the name of the people arose, a name that has existed for one and a half thousand years.

In the middle of the 1st millennium AD, history ancient Mordovian tribes associated with the movements of peoples, which is known as the "great resettlement". At the end of the 4th century Sarmatians were defeated by those who came from the east goon-nami. Contemporary of the Hun invasion Roman historian Ammian Marzel-lin wrote about Huns as a mobile and indomitable people, burning "an uncontrollable passion for stealing other people's property". Sudden arrival Huns increased their fear. The same Marcellinus left us this note: “A hitherto unseen kind of people, rising like snow from a secluded corner, shakes and destroys everything that comes across, like a whirlwind that does not exist from high mountains.”

And later, new, more formidable enemies appeared on the southern borders of the Mordovian lands. And later, new, more formidable enemies appeared on the southern borders of the Mordovian lands. It accelerated the development process ancient Mordovian tribes, gave impetus to the emergence of fighting squads. The alarming situation in the south made it necessary to mobilize all the internal forces of the people. Maybe that's why all attempts to subdue Mordovian tribes in the 4th-7th centuries they failed, were unsuccessful, and until the 8th century the boundaries of their settlement did not change.

At the turn of the 7th-8th centuries, the situation changed dramatically. The pressure of the nomads of the south intensified, and Mordovian tribes were no longer able to successfully resist the onslaught.

In the 7th century in Middle Volga tribes appeared Bulgar. According to a Persian author of the 10th century, Bulgars- people “Courageous, warlike and terrifying. Their character is like that of Turk living near the country Khazar» . Bulgars pressed Mordovians. Settling on Volga, they became its eastern neighbors. Simultaneously Alanian population North Caucasus, squeezed Arabic conquerors, moved to the upper Northern Don, Oskol and Don, on the border with the Tsnin Mordovian land. A new nomadic wave followed - Khazars.

The flax settlements and military squads were split up, albeit by frequent, but poorly organized raids of small nomadic hordes. But the state organization of the mighty Khazar Khaganate(VIII-X centuries) the ancient Mordovian tribes could not resist. Main part southern Mordovians left their ancestral lands in the upper reaches Suras and went west and northwest. The rest were forced to pay tribute.

The size of the Khazar tribute with Mordovians difficult to install. Perhaps it was the same as from the Slavic tribes - a silver coin and a squirrel from the smoke, perhaps much larger. However, it is reliably known that it was not clearly defined, since they themselves Khazars did not know the size of the Mordovian population. It is no coincidence that the Khazar Khagan Joseph in a letter to a dignitary at the court of the Caliph of Cordoba Abd-al-Rahman III to Hasdai Ibn-Shafrut, written no later than the autumn of 961, said the following about the peoples Middle Volga: “They are nine peoples, which are not amenable to exact recognition and which have no number.”

During the period of Khazar domination, Mordovian tribes the military squad begins to disappear. In the South Mordovian cemeteries of the 5th-7th centuries, archaeologists find an equestrian warrior in every second burial of a man, and only in every fifth in the cemeteries of the period of Khazar domination. Khazars did not allow the local population to create fighting squads. They thereby ensured obedience and the possibility of plundering the conquered population.

In the second half of the 1st millennium AD, as a result of internal development and external pressure, a single ancient Mordovian tribe.

In the 10th century, the Khazar Khagan Joseph in one of his messages mentioned the people " arisu". This was the first written mention of erze. Following about Erzyans (« arjanah”) reported the chronicler of the Mongols Rashid al-Din, later the Nogai prince wrote about them Yusuf.

The first mention of moksha found later, it was found in the notes of the Flemish traveler Guillaume Rubruk. O moksha write Rashid al-Din, Venetian Josaphat Barbaro. There is an ethnonym in the form " mukhshy» later on the Bulgaro-Tatar gravestones.

These ethnonyms are of Indo-European origin. Erzya originates from the Iranian word arsan, which translates as the male, hero, a moksha by origin is associated with the name of the river, the origins of which go to Indo-European population Middle Volga, who lived here in separate groups even before settling Finno-Ugric.

By the end of I - the beginning of the II millennium AD, the differences between moksha and erzey have become very significant. The main distinguishing feature was the differences in the funeral rite. The northern group, Erzya, buried their dead with their heads to the north, less often to the northwest. For the southern, Moksha, group of burial grounds, on the contrary, the southern and southwestern orientation of the burials is characteristic.

Arabic geographer Ibn Haukal wrote about the consequences of the campaign Svyatoslav :"Now there is no trace left of Bulgar, neither from Burtasov, neither from Khazar, because Rus destroyed all of them, took away from them and annexed their land, and those who escaped ... fled to the surrounding places in the hope of coming to an agreement with Russia and come under her control.

The collapse of the Khazar state led to the liberation of the peoples who paid tribute to the Khazars. The Mordovian tribes also get the opportunity for free development. They begin to heal the wounds inflicted during the unequal struggle.

According to V. Yurchenkov
Drawings by A. Korovin