Where you can collect a lot of white mushrooms. In what forests does white fungus grow? When to collect porcini mushroom? mushroom places

Porcini very common in different countries. It is popular for its excellent taste, aroma and nutritional value. Ceps can be canned, pickled, dried and harvested in any other way without loss of taste and aroma. The fungus contains a number of useful substances, proteins, vitamins and minerals that benefit the body.

But, the mushroom can be dangerous - it has a poisonous counterpart that inexperienced mushroom pickers can confuse with an edible one. To prevent this from happening, you need to study in detail the exact description of the white fungus, find out where and when it grows, and also get acquainted with the differences. poisonous mushrooms-doubles.

White mushroom description.

White fungus is part of the Borovik genus, the Boletov family. To date, it has spread to all continents. Despite the fact that there are several varieties of white fungus, they still have similar characteristics. Consider a general description.

White fungus belongs to the category of tubular mushrooms. It is able to easily adapt to any type of soil, except for those that are saturated with peat.

In addition, the fungus is able to grow on the surface tree species. Best taste qualities those fungi that grow in birch and spruce forests. Mushrooms growing in pine groves lack their characteristic aroma and may be less tasty. There are many common names. White fungus is known by the following names:

• capercaillie;
• boletus;
• bugbear;
• yolk;
• grandmother;
• cow.

How to distinguish a white mushroom?

In order not to confuse the mushroom with any dangerous and poisonous kind you need to know the basic external signs by which it can be distinguished. Let's consider them.

1. Hat.

First of all, pay attention to the hat. It can be from 7 to 25 cm in diameter. In old mushrooms, the fleshy hat has a cushion shape, while in young mushrooms it is hemispherical. The color of the surface of the cap may vary, depending on the area in which the mushroom grows and its varieties. As a rule, the cap is white to dark brown.

On the underside of the cap is a tubular layer, which must be white. The main difference is that the flesh of the porcini fungus in the context is white, and does not change color over time, unlike the poisonous double, the cut of which darkens, becomes pinkish-brown.

1. Leg.

The base of the stem is slightly expanded, up to 7-8 cm in diameter, and closer to the cap it narrows to 5 cm. The color of the stem is white or light brown with a noticeable mesh pattern on the surface. Most of the mushroom stem is hidden underground. It can reach a maximum height of 25 cm, but, as a rule, its growth ranges from 7-12 cm.

1. Disputes.

It is important to pay attention to the shade of the spore powder - it should be olive or brown. The spore-bearing layer is white, but then turns yellow. The spores of the white fungus are spherical, small and light.

Where does white mushroom grow?

As a rule, porcini mushrooms are harvested after rains, starting from June and ending in mid-autumn. Most porcini mushrooms can be found in August-September, after little precipitation, alternating sunny weather. For the rapid growth of mushrooms, moisture and heat are needed, so you need to look for white fungus in slightly illuminated glades in forests and groves. You can meet white mushroom in the following places:

• in a birch grove;
• in the middle of a spruce forest, pine forest, under a juniper bush;
• in thickets of oaks;
• under a beech or hornbeam.

White fungus grows in partial shade, as it needs heat for its development. You can often find this mushroom in the middle of grassy glades and on forest paths overgrown with greenery. As a rule, it does not grow alone - near the discovered white fungus, there are 5-10 more of the same nearby, growing within a radius of 2-3 meters.

Dangerous double.

Beginning mushroom pickers should be careful, because in the forests you can often find dangerous mushroom, which in the initial stage of growth can be very similar to white in external characteristics. We are talking about the so-called gall fungus, or mustard. It looks exactly the same as the white mushroom, but has several significant differences.

Firstly, in the cut, you can notice a change in color - from white to pink or even brown-brown.

Secondly, unlike the porcini mushroom, which has a delicate, nutty flavor, gall fungus bitter. Another difference is the shade of the tubular layer. In a false, poisonous white fungus, the tubular layer has a pinkish-brown hue.

The benefits and harms of white fungus.

Ceps are very loved by culinary specialists, as you can cook a lot of various useful and delicious meals. In addition, the white fungus has some healing properties, therefore, an extract from it is sometimes used to create natural preparations.

Due to its low calorie content and high concentration of nutrients, white mushroom is considered an indispensable product for people who control body weight. But, not everyone can use this product. Consider a list of useful properties and contraindications. So, what is the use of porcini mushroom?

1. Relatively low calorie content - about 25 kcal per 100 grams of product.
2. Vitamins A, B1, C, D - are found in high concentrations. In addition to them, the pulp of the mushroom contains other vitamins, but in less significant quantities.
3. Eating porcini mushrooms is the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Due to the presence of rutin, ascorbic acid and lecithin, the walls of blood vessels are strengthened, and the accumulation of harmful cholesterol on them is prevented.
4. White fungus is recognized as effective in preventing the development of oncological problems.
5. In addition, in pharmaceuticals, it uses the ability of the porcini fungus to gently cleanse the liver and gallbladder. The product has a mild hepatoprotective effect and is indicated for minor disorders in the liver and gallbladder.

But, we must not lose sight of the fact that the use of white fungus can be dangerous for the body. The harm of this product lies in the fact that it contains chitin in high concentration. This substance is detrimental to digestive system and in some cases can exacerbate chronic diseases. The product is categorically contraindicated for pregnant women, children under 12 years of age and people with chronic diseases of the stomach and pancreas.

White mushroom photo.

A long-term study of the timing of the appearance of edible mushrooms in middle lane Russia allows you to identify a certain pattern. The first to appear in the spring forest are morels and lines - from mid-April to mid-May. This is followed by three harvests or, as experienced mushroom pickers say, “layers”, different in mushroom composition, and most importantly, in productivity.

The first harvest falls on the period when winter rye is earing. That is why the mushrooms that appear at this time (white, boletus, boletus and boletus) are often called "spikelets". The first harvest of noble mushrooms in the new season is always desirable, but small and pleases the collectors only for a very short time. They look for spikelets in well-lit places: glades, forest edges, clearings, along paths, among rare deciduous young growth.

The second layer of mushrooms appears 2-3 weeks after the first. In composition, it is much more diverse, but in terms of yield is weak. Lasts no more than 2-3 weeks. Mushrooms appear mainly on open places, less often in adult deciduous forests.

The main crop of mushrooms is considered to be the third layer. In terms of the variety of mushrooms, in terms of fruiting and in strength, it is unrivaled. Mushrooms are harvested both in open places and under the forest canopy.

The table summarizes information about the timing of the harvests of a number of edible mushrooms. It should be borne in mind that here the dates are indicated for the Moscow region. Therefore, if you live in more northern regions, then the beginning of the mushroom harvest will be 1-2 weeks late, and the end will come earlier by the same period. If you are located south of the Moscow region, then the mushroom harvest should be expected 1-2 weeks earlier than the dates indicated in the book. At the same time, the mushroom picking season is also extended by 1-2 weeks. These dates are indicative and may vary slightly from year to year depending on specific weather conditions.

Porcini- the most delicious, nutritious and valuable representative throughout the fungal kingdom. Even inexperienced mushroom pickers easily recognize the white mushroom and fill their baskets with it.

Let's take a closer look: description of porcini mushrooms, when to pick porcini mushrooms, where porcini grows, types of porcini mushrooms and beneficial features how to grow porcini mushrooms in the country.

Why is this mushroom called white? White fungus got its name in ancient times. Due to its marbled white flesh, even after drying and heat treatment, the flesh remains white, as opposed to darkening mushrooms. Some also call it boletus, capercaillie, mullein.

white mushroom description

Porcini has a delicate aroma and spicy taste. The cap of a mature mushroom grows on average 7-30 cm in diameter. But in some latitudes, with heavy rainfall, you can find a white mushroom with a cap diameter of 50 cm.

The color of the cap is from light brown to dark brown - it all depends on the trees under which mushrooms grow.

In a young mushroom, the cap has a convex shape; with aging, the cap becomes flat.

In dry and windy weather, the cap of the mushroom is covered with small but deep cracks, damaging the mushroom. In rainy weather, a film of mucus is visible on the top of the cap.

In a ripe mushroom, the flesh is juicy, dense, fleshy, attractive white.

White mushroom stem reaches a height of 12 cm, stem diameter 7 cm. The shape of the stem is barrel-shaped or club-shaped, which distinguishes the white mushroom from other mushrooms. The color of the stem varies from white to deep brown.

Where do white mushrooms grow?

White fungus grows on all continents except cold Antarctica and dry Australia.

Most white fungus is found in coniferous-deciduous forests with pine, oak, birch, spruce. They prefer to grow under trees older than 50 years, they love lichens and moss-covered places.

Weather for mushroom growth should be warm and rainy - June - August temperature is 15-18 degrees, September - 8-10 degrees. Prefers warm foggy nights - this is the time to harvest.

White fungus does not like waterlogged places - peat bogs and swamps.

Growth of porcini mushrooms begin with June and continues until September, mass collection falls on August. AT southern regions can grow until October.

Mushrooms grow in rings-colons and families, so if you meet only one mushroom in the forest, you will certainly find more.

Types of porcini mushrooms - photos and names

Depending on the habitat, white mushrooms are various kinds.

white oak mushroom- the hat is brown, not brown with a grayish tinge. The pulp is loose, not as dense as that of birch forms. Found in oak forests from June to October.

white fungus pine- a large hat with a dark color. The pulp under the skin is brown. Can be found in pine forests. The stem of the mushroom is thick and short.

white mushroom birch- the hat is light, almost white with a diameter of 5-15 cm. It grows exclusively under birch trees in birch forests and groves. It can be found from June to October singly and in groups.

Spruce porcini mushroom- probably the most common type of white fungus. The leg is elongated and has a thickening at the bottom. The hat is reddish chestnut. Spruce fungus can be found in spruce and fir forests.

False white fungus (gall fungus)- the main difference from the porcini mushroom - when cut, the pulp false fungus darkens and becomes pinkish-brown. The porcini mushroom in the cut remains with white pulp.

The gall fungus has a pronounced mesh on the stem, which the edible white mushroom does not have.

The tubular layer of the gall fungus is pink; in a true white fungus, this layer is white or yellowish.

Bile mushroom with bitter pulp, which does not change even after boiling and frying, unlike edible.

Useful properties of white mushrooms

White mushrooms contain a large number of minerals- therefore it is the most useful and popular mushroom.

The pulp of the porcini mushroom contains the optimal amount Selena, which is able to cure cancer at an early stage.

The pulp also contains calcium, iron and phytohormones.

White fungus contains riboflavin, which contributes to the normalization of the thyroid gland, improves the growth of hair and nails.

Lecithin helps to clean blood vessels from cholesterol. E Prothionein helps in the renewal of body cells, useful for the kidneys, liver, eyes, bone marrow.

white mushroom low calorie, well suited for drying, frying, stewing and pickling.

Any mushrooms are difficult to digest, but dried porcini mushrooms are the most accessible for digestion, while up to 80% of the protein is absorbed.

Harm of white fungus

it edible mushroom , but they can be poisoned only in a few cases:

White fungus contains chitin, is poorly absorbed by children, pregnant women, people with diseases of the digestive system.

Like all mushrooms, white fungus also accumulates toxins contained in the earth. Do not pick mushrooms near enterprises, within the city, near landfills, highways.

Some people have an allergic reaction to fungal spores.

Use dangerous double(poisonous gall fungus) can lead to poisoning.

Growing white mushrooms at home

Many people dream of growing porcini mushrooms in their backyards, and this is a completely solvable task. All you need is time, perseverance and accuracy. The mushroom grows in the forest, so it cannot grow without symbiosis with a tree - keep this in mind.

Ideal when your plot of land is adjacent to a forest, although it is possible to grow with several trees growing on the plot. It can be oak, pine, birch, a couple of aspens, spruce. Trees must be at least 10 years old.

There are 2 main ways to grow porcini mushrooms:

From mycelium

From the spores in the mushroom cap.

Growing porcini mushrooms from mycelium

First you need to purchase quality material in a specialized store. Let's start preparing the site and planting. This can be done from May to September.

Around the tree, you need to expose the soil, removing 15-20 cm of the top layer. You should get a circle with a diameter of 1-1.5 m. Save the top layer for the subsequent shelter of the site.

We lay rotted compost or peat on the prepared place, the thickness of the fertile layer is not more than 2-3 cm.

We spread the pieces of prepared mycelium with a distance of 30-35 cm from each other and in a checkerboard pattern.

At the end, carefully cover with a layer of soil (which was removed) the mycelium of the white fungus and pour plenty of water - 2-3 buckets under each tree.

Mulch the watered area with a layer of straw 25-30 cm thick to maintain moisture.

Continue watering with fertilizer 1-2 times a week.

Before frost, cover the mycelium with a layer of foliage or forest moss. In the spring, the shelter is carefully removed with a rake. The first crop of porcini mushrooms will appear in a year, and with proper care such a mycelium is able to bear fruit for 3-5 years.

Growing porcini mushrooms from caps

For this breeding method, you need to go into the forest and get some white mushrooms. Mature, and even overripe mushrooms are better suited. Hats should be at least 10-15 cm in diameter.

Also, when picking mushrooms, pay attention to what tree they grew under, and under these you will plant in the future.

Separate the hats from the legs, you will need 7-12 hats per bucket of rainwater, soak for a day. Also add sugar 15 grams per 10 liters or alcohol 305 tbsp to the water. l. for 10 liters.

After 24 hours, carefully knead the caps with your hands until smooth, filter through a layer of gauze.

Prepare a landing site as described in the previous breeding method. One difference - you must first disinfect the peat or compost layer with a solution of tannins.

The recipe for the solution is to brew 100 grams of black tea in a liter of boiling water, or you can use oak bark by boiling 30 grams of bark for an hour.

When the solution has cooled, water the area at the rate of 3 liters per tree.

Care for the mycelium as follows - abundant but not frequent watering. Insulate the area for the winter, remove the layer of insulation in the spring.

There is nothing difficult about growing porcini mushrooms at home on a personal plot.

Video - Correct white mushroom

White mushroom, popularly referred to as the noble handsome man and the king of mushrooms, is ranked among forest products with the best taste. Many dishes can be prepared from a fragrant forest product: soups, hodgepodges, roasts, pies, pickles and marinades. In nature, there are about two dozen species of porcini mushrooms, differing in color and place of growth.

White mushroom, popularly referred to as the noble handsome man and the king of mushrooms, is ranked among forest products with the best taste

Boletus is distributed on all continents except Australia. Prefers to settle in deciduous (birch forests, oak forests) and coniferous (pine forests, spruce forests) forests.

Depending on the age of the place of growth, the fruiting bodies of porcini mushrooms differ. If it grows in an oak forest, then the hat has a light color, and the leg is extended. In the birch forest, the caps are also light, but the legs are tuberous. When settling near fir trees, dark hats are placed on long legs. If the mushroom has grown in a pine forest, it has a brownish-red cap and a short thick leg.
White mushrooms begin to bear fruit singly, closer to the autumn period heap. Growing seasons:

• in territories with temperate climate- from the middle of the first summer month until the end of September;
• in warmer regions - from the end of May to October.

Although the white fungus belongs to light-loving plants, it can grow in places shaded by dense crowns. If during the summer period low daily temperatures and high humidity are observed, the crop can only be harvested in open, well-lit and heated glades. If it turned out to be a favorable summer, the growth of mushrooms does not depend on the illumination. Optimum temperature for fruiting: 15-18°C in summer and 8-10°C in autumn.

How to quickly find a white mushroom in the forest (video)

Rules for collecting white mushrooms

Since the boletus is very sensitive to temperature regime, it grows very quickly under favorable climatic conditions. The duration of the period from the beginning of growth to full maturation is several days. In just 7-10 days, the fungus ages, losing its taste and accumulating toxic waste products of the pests that have settled in it. In view of this feature, the mushroom picker must prepare in advance for harvesting in order not to miss the very peak of its growth.

Mushrooms grow especially fast after rain. After 2 - 3 days after precipitation, you can go in search of mushrooms. Closer to autumn it becomes cooler, and growth forest dwellers slows down.

It is important to know the places where white mushrooms grow. Having found at least one individual, you should carefully examine the nearby territory, examining possible sites their appearance. Mushrooms are recommended to be cut with a knife, but in its absence, you need to gently swing the mushroom and unscrew it from the ground.

In order not to cause harm to health, it is important to follow some rules:

• any mushrooms are natural sorbents that absorb toxic substances, therefore, they are forbidden to be collected in ecologically disadvantaged areas;
• since the product is useful only until the end of the growth period, it is not recommended to use it after the start of the decay period;
• edible mushrooms have inedible counterparts or similar poisonous mushrooms, so you can not collect unfamiliar specimens.

Porcini mushrooms have a white and dense pulp, almost tasteless, but with a pleasant aroma. They contain substances useful for the body. The plant product is widely used for culinary purposes, but before use, they must be properly processed.

Time and place for picking porcini mushrooms in Russia

In the northern regions of Russia, porcini mushrooms begin to bear fruit from the beginning of summer, in the southern regions - from mid-May. The timing of fruiting may vary depending on the temperature regime.

Mass harvest starts from the middle last month summer. It was at this time that mushroom pickers go to quiet hunting and return with full baskets. In the Siberian forests, mushrooms grow in the taiga, in the rest of the districts in the forests with a predominance of conifers or mixed. Experienced mushroom pickers advise looking for mushrooms around deciduous trees aged 50 years and pine 20 - 30 years. The soil should be sandy, sandy and loamy. Mushroom pickers have nothing to do in swampy places, since mushrooms practically do not grow there.

Where and when to look for porcini mushrooms in Belarus

Mushrooms are a traditional and favorite delicacy of Belarusian cuisine. There are ideal mushroom conditions in the republic: the presence mixed forests and swamps. Unique climatic conditions have a beneficial effect on the growth of various types of fungi. The first edible mushrooms begin to appear already in the first spring month, but specific dates depend on weather conditions. Minsk and Vitebsk regions are considered the best mushroom lands. A large harvest can be harvested in forest areas located in the Vitebsk direction.

It is recommended to search for porcini mushroom among coniferous trees. He prefers to settle in clearings and forest edges. In hot summer days most often hides in shelters under trees, and in cool autumn basks in open sunny areas, especially on moist soil.

In order not to miss the hidden fungus, it is important to carefully consider places along the paths. Experienced mushroom pickers advise not to pass by small semi-dried forest streams and hillocks. It is especially difficult to look for it in fallen leaves.

After haymaking (usually from the second half of July) a second layer of mushrooms appears. After 2 - 3 weeks there is a lull. Then comes the most abundant mushroom layer, which continues until frost. During the summer, the mycelium grew, and the soil warmed up, which contributes to abundant fruiting.

Season and places for picking porcini mushrooms in Ukraine

Interest in early fungi is not shown by many residents of Ukraine. Mass collection of a valuable crop begins at the end of the spring period. Except warm weather, one more necessary condition for the appearance of mushrooms, the presence of a moist upper layer of the earth serves, otherwise there will be no crop if there is a lack of moisture.

You can go in search of porcini mushrooms at any time throughout summer period. Especially a lot of them grows in the forests of western Ukraine. These territories are characterized by the presence tall trees, which helps to maintain the required level of moisture, stimulating the growth of fungi.

Autumn is also a good time to collect forest gifts, because this time is characterized by heavy rainfall. Experienced mushroom pickers note the high yield of the Tsyuryupinsky district, where, in addition to white mushrooms, others grow at least delicious mushrooms such as boletus and truffles.

White mushrooms are found before the temperature drops in October, although in the Carpathians they can be collected all year round. The product is known for its nutritional and healing properties. Even though inside fruiting body pests are often observed, they do not lose their value.

Collection of white mushrooms in Germany

Germany has at least 5,000 known species mushrooms. The third part is edible. Porcini mushrooms, actively used in German cuisine, can be harvested as early as May. They appear in rare young oak plantings, clearings and aisles. A little later, mushrooms-umbrellas and chanterelles begin. The peak is in autumn. In the regions located south of Lake Constance, even black truffles are found, which are classified as gourmet products.

Before going in search of a harvest, in Germany they offer to finish training courses including theory and practice. In order not to confuse useful forest beauties with poisonous individuals, it is advised to download a special application to an electronic device, in which each type of mushroom is described in detail and in pictures.

But even experienced mushroom pickers cannot collect as many mushrooms as they want, since limited collection is allowed by law. If you abuse natural gifts, you can get a big fine.

How to collect porcini mushrooms (video)

Bouillon can be made from porcini mushrooms, the beneficial properties of which are considered higher than that of traditional meat broth. It contains a large amount of vitamins that contribute to correct work thyroid gland and improve the condition of hair, nails and skin.

Experts do not recommend eating freshly cooked porcini mushrooms, as they contain quinine, which prevents the absorption of healthy proteins. In order for the quinine to evaporate, the product must first be dried. In dry form, they will go for making vegetable soups.

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