What battle was called the mother of the Poltava battle. Mother of the Poltava battle - the battle of Lesnaya

September 28, 2008 marks the 300th anniversary of the Battle of Lesnaya (Republic of Belarus), during which a detachment of Russian soldiers under the command of Peter I and Alexander Menshikov defeated the Swedish army of Levengaupt, which was marching with a convoy of food and ammunition to help Charles XII, who was in Ukraine and was pursuing goal of the attack on Moscow. The defeat of Lewenhaupt's army became the basis for the Poltava victory. This battle is erroneously not included in the list of significant dates of the Russian army, despite the fact that Peter I called it "the mother of the Poltava battle."
A member of the central headquarters of the international action-project “We are the heirs of the Victory!”, Chairman of the military graduates fund tells about the significance of the battle of Lesnaya and preparations for the celebration of the anniversary educational institutions Merit. Code. Memory. Honor" Colonel of Justice of the Reserve Sergey BYCHKOV.

These two events that changed the course Northern war and demonstrated to Europe the courage of Russian soldiers and the growing power of Russia, are inextricably linked with the name of Peter I.
Considering uneasy attitude of the Government of Ukraine to the Battle of Poltava, especially after the signing by President Viktor Yushchenko of the decree on the anniversary of the Battle of Poltava (in October 2007), which provides for the installation of monuments to Mazepa and Charles XII on the battlefield, a wide celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Battle of Lesnaya will serve as an example of respect for history our motherland.
On October 4 and 5, 2008, events dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Battle of Lesnaya will be held in the Mogilev region, in which, along with the Russian delegation and representatives of other states, representatives of military-patriotic clubs and cadet corps are expected to participate.
The International Union "Courage and Humanism" initiated the international celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of Lesnaya. The initiative was supported by the central headquarters of the international action-project “We are the heirs of the Victory!”, which is headed by General of the Army Viktor Fedorovich Ermakov and Gennady Nikolaevich Seleznev, the Union of Writers of Russia, the Union of State Security Veterans, the Slavomir Foundation, the Merit. Code. Memory. Honor” and a number of other non-profit organizations.
President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko also supported the initiative to celebrate the anniversary of the victory of Russian troops in the battle with the Swedes and instructed the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus and the Mogilev regional executive committee to prepare festive events and carry out restoration work. For these purposes, they allocated significant funds.
Preparations for the celebration found active support among non-governmental public organizations in Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
In 1808 and 1908, the celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of Lesnaya was held at the state level, with the participation of senior officials. Russian state, with the direct participation of the emperor. In 1958, the anniversary of the Battle of Lesnaya was celebrated by the Government of the USSR. At the same time, festive events were also held in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk and other cities.
Currently, more than 200 people in various regions of our states are engaged in the preparation of the celebration on a voluntary basis.
April 8 this year at the State historical museum an extended meeting of the central headquarters was held to prepare the celebration of the anniversaries of the battle of the Forest and Poltava battles. In May 2008, members of the central headquarters of the action went to the Mogilev region of the Republic of Belarus to agree on a plan solemn events.
The program of the Belarusian side stipulates that delegations from Sweden, France, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan and other CIS states will be invited to the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the victory of the Russian troops.
During the festive events, creative teams of the Republic of Belarus will present a cultural program, the Belarusian Orthodox Church will hold procession, a garden of peace and harmony will be laid near the battlefield and a memorial sign will be erected. And the whole celebration will end with a big gala concert.
The central headquarters of the action-project "We are the heirs of the Victory!" and the International Union "Courage and Humanism" are sending to the city of Mogilev and the village of Lesnaya a delegation of cadet classes "Rescuer" of the secondary school No. 7 in Novosibirsk, children from the secondary school of the village of Klenovka, Zhirnovsky district Volgograd region, a group of cadets of the Yekaterinburg Higher Artillery Command School.
The most active participants in the preparation and celebration of the anniversaries will be awarded a commemorative medal "In memory of the 300th anniversary of the Battle of Lesnaya", approved by the central headquarters of the international campaign-project "We are the heirs of the Victory!".
A special issue of the Military Historical Journal dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Battle of Lesnaya has been prepared and published. It includes articles and drawings unknown to a wide range of readers. Materials published in the journal can be used in seminars, " round tables”, dedicated to the battles of Lesnaya and Poltava. They also have importance for patriotic education youth and highlighting the truth about the heroic pages of the history of Russia and the Russian army.
...The anniversary of the Battle of Poltava is approaching, which the political leadership of Ukraine is preparing to celebrate together with Poland and Sweden. Russia's participation in this "holiday" is not provided, since they are not interested in its role as the winner in that battle.
In this situation, it would be advisable to hold the main festive events in cities whose history is connected with the battles of Lesnaya and near Poltava, namely in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Smolensk. Similar events could be organized in other cities of our country.

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battles - for the course of the Northern War, for international position Russia.

3. What are the causes and results of the Prut campaign.

4. What battle did Peter 1 call naval Poltava? How did the naval art of Peter 1 manifest itself in the battle of Gangut?

5. Compare the results of the Livonian and Northern wars. What was the significance of the results of the Northern War for the further development of Russia?

6. What are the causes and results of the Persian campaign?

7. For what merits did Peter 1 receive the title of emperor?

9. What name was waiting for the soldier for robbery and robbery, for holding captives?

2. The story of the Poltava battle. What was the art of military leadership of Peter I manifested in?

3. What are the consequences of the Battle of Poltava for the course of the Northern War, for the international position of Russia?

1. Peter 1 was the son of ...

A. Alexei
Mikhailovich and Sofia Paleolog

B. Alexei
Mikhailovich and Natalia Naryshkina

V. Michael
Fedorovich and Natalia Naryshkina

G. Alexei
Mikhailovich and Maria Miloslavskaya

2. The reason for the Northern War was the desire of Russia ...

A. get out
to the Baltic Sea

B. expand
territory in the north

B. attach
territory of the Commonwealth

G.
Christianize Finland

3. What battle led to a turning point in the Northern War?

A. Poltavskaya
battle

B. battle under
Narva

B. battle at
Village Forest

G. battle at
Grengam Islands

4.Earth quadrangular fortifications, first used
Russian army in the battle of Poltava?

B. caponiers

B. redoubts

5. The policy of protectionism is called ...

A. capture new
territories

B. development
new crop areas

B. excess
import of goods over export

G. support
domestic entrepreneurs and merchants

6.Cause government reforms was the desire of Peter 1 ...

A. revive
Zemsky Sobors

B. cut
number of officials

B. strengthen
absolute power

G. provide
to all residents Russian Empire the right to participate in government

7. Bashkir performances were in ...

A.1705-1711

B. 1708-1709

V. 1720-1722

G. 1705-1706

8. The battle of Poltava took place ...

9. Tell us what the main focus was
economic policy of Peter 1
(5-6 sentences).

10. Explain the meaning of the terms: working people,
mercantilism, poll tax, table of ranks, collegium.

Option number 2

A. oprichnina

B. dual kingdom

AT.
interregnum

D. reformation

A. get
access to the Sea of ​​Azov

B. sign
« Eternal Peace» with Turkey

AT.
get acquainted with the achievements of the East

D. find
allies to fight Sweden

A. battle under
Narva

B. battle u
Village Forest

V. battle at
Grengam Islands

G. taking
Fortress Notenburg

A. enlarge
archery army

B. melt down
bells to cannons

B. exile
officers to Siberia

G. send
captured Swedes to the Russian army

A. provide
labor force industry

B. provide
army with the right number of soldiers

B. relieve
the position of the landed peasants

G. force
all nobles to serve in the army

A. downsizing
number of officials

B. clearance
absolutism

V. revival
localism

G. formation
in Russia rule of law

A. 1700-1721
gg.

B. 1707-1708

B.1705-1706

G. 1709-1711

9. Give a detailed answer (5-6 sentences) about folk
speeches during the years of Petrovsky rule.

10. Explain the meaning of the terms: protectionism,
Synod, ascribed peasants, regency, "amusing regiment".

Option number 3

1. The reason for the Great Embassy was the desire

A. find
allies for the war with Turkey

B. find
allies for the war with the Commonwealth

B. conclude
royal marriage

G. introduce
world with the achievements of Russian science and technology

2. What battle do the words refer to: “A serious defeat
rising nation that knew how to turn even defeat into victory”?

A. to Poltava
battle

B. to battle y
Cape Gangut

V. to battle at
Village Forest

G. to battle
near Narva

3. What was the name of the duty to provide from each class
citizens for military service?

A. recruit

B. yamskaya

B. poll

G.
protective

4. The desire to improve the armed forces of Russia made Peter 1 ...

A. proceed to
creation of a regular army

B. enter
universal military service

B. cancel at
army ranks and ranks

G. limit
service life 25 years

5. What was the purpose of the HOUSEHOLD tax was replaced by the CALL?

A. dial
recruits for the army

B. relieve
the position of the peasants

V. increase
tax revenues to the treasury

G. force
nobility pay taxes

6. What was formed during the Petrine reforms?

A. Order
secret affairs

B. Cabinet
ministers

G.
The State Duma

7. When did the Astrakhan uprising take place?

A. 1700-1721

B. 1705-1706

V. 1707-1708

G. 1705-1711

8. The defeat near Narva happened ...

(name of the battle). 2. The territory between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland. 3. The island where the Russian fleet inflicted a heavy defeat on the Swedish fleet. 4. Fortress Oreshek, later Shlisselburg. 5. Swedish ship. 6. The flagship of the Swedish admiral. 7. Place of the first defeat of the Russian army in initial period war. 8. Swedish general, marching with troops from the Baltic to connect with his king. 9. City in the Baltics. 10. Ship. 11. Russian general who commanded the fleet in naval battle 1720 Vertical: 12. Cape, where the Russian fleet won the first victory at sea. 13. Peter I called the victory near this place "the mother of the Poltava battle." 14. Hetman-traitor. 15. Russian admiral, commander of the landing near the city of Abo. 16. Russian Tsar. 17. Swedish king. 18. The new name of the Russian state after the end of the war.

Option number 1
1. The reign of Princess Sophia is called ...
A. oprichnina
B. dual kingdom
B. interregnum
D. reformation

2. The reason for the Azov campaigns was the desire of Peter 1 ...
A. get access to the Sea of ​​Azov
B. sign "Eternal Peace" with Turkey
B. get acquainted with the achievements of the East
D. find allies to fight Sweden

3. What battle did Peter 1 call "the mother of the Poltava battle"?
A. battle near Narva
B. battle near the village of Lesnoy
V. Battle of Grengam Island
G. the capture of the Notenburg fortress

4. In order to increase the combat effectiveness of the army, Peter 1 ordered ...
A. increase the archery army
B. smelt bells into cannons
B. to exile officers to Siberia
G. send captured Swedes to the Russian army

5. For what purpose, under Peter 1, peasants began to be attributed to manufactories?
A. provide industry with a labor force
B. provide the army with the right number of soldiers
B. alleviate the situation of the landlord peasants
D. force all nobles to serve in the army

6. State reforms of Peter 1 contributed to ...
A. reducing the number of officials
B. the design of absolutism
B. the revival of localism
G. the formation of a rule of law state in Russia

7. The uprising under the leadership of K.A. Bulavin was in ...
A. 1700-1721
B. 1707-1708
B.1705-1706
G. 1709-1711

8. The defeat of the Swedish squadron at Cape Gangut took place ...
A. July 27, 1720
B. July 27, 1714
B. June 27, 1709
G. May 30, 1705

9. Give a detailed answer (5-6 sentences) about popular performances during the years of Peter's reign.

10. Explain the meaning of the terms: protectionism, Synod, ascribed peasants, regency, "amusing regiment".

In the section on the question "Mother of the Battle of Poltava" who or what is given by the author demand the best answer is In September 1708, A. Levengaupt reached Propoisk (now the city of Slavgorod, Mogilev region). Peter I decided not to let him reunite with main army and recapture provisions and weapons. The battle took place on September 28 near the village of Lesnaya and continued throughout the day - from 8 am to 19-20 pm. The Russians struck so powerfully that the enemy did not have time to line up for a retaliatory attack and was forced to retreat, abandoning the convoy, losing people and weapons. During the battle, the 12,000th flying detachment of Peter I defeated the 16,000th Swedish corps of A. Levengaupt. A huge convoy was captured with a three-month supply of food, artillery and ammunition for the army of Charles XII.
“No more than 6 thousand united with the main forces of Charles XII. The Swedes lost only 9 thousand soldiers, all artillery, convoy. Russian losses amounted to 1 thousand people. The deprivation of the Swedish army of provisions and reinforcements deprived it of the opportunity to implement plans for a campaign against Moscow. This operation was called by Peter I "the mother of the Poltava battle". (A. A. Danilov. History of Russia in the 9th - 19th centuries. Reference materials.) Interestingly, the Battle of Lesnaya and the Battle of Poltava are separated by exactly 9 months (up to one day).

The victory of Peter I at Lesnaya was always in the shadow of the Poltava victory. The battle of October 9, 1708 can be attributed to the number of "rough" battles that prepare the triumph. Although it was it that had a cardinal influence on the entire course of the Northern War (1700-1721), putting the troops of Charles XII in Ukraine in a critical situation. After Lesnaya, the Swedish army was actually sentenced to the Poltava rout.

EXHAUSTATION STRATEGY

The campaign of Charles XII in Russia was the culmination of the Great Northern War. After waiting for the rivers and swamps to freeze, the 45,000-strong Swedish army led by the invincible king at the beginning of 1708 moved across the territory of Belarus to Moscow. A third of the armed forces of Sweden participated in this operation (and in fact, with the Livonian and Finnish corps of Levengaupt and Lübecker - half).

In this situation, Peter I could only defend himself. According to the plan drawn up by the tsar, the Russian army in Belarus was to evade decisive battles. She was ordered to retreat and wear down the Swedes in defensive battles, thereby creating the conditions for the subsequent transition to the counteroffensive. Russian regiments retreated, destroying roads and bridges, destroying all stocks. Remaining an elusive shadow, the Russian troops intercepted enemy soldiers and officers lagging behind, destroyed foraging detachments, and attacked detached enemy units.

The Swedes were not ready for such a turn of affairs. Their king, seeking to increase the mobility of his troops, usually did not care about the organization of the rear and preferred to supply the army from local resources. With the Russian "strategy of attrition", this flaw in the tactics of Charles XII made itself felt in full. The well-known historian Sergei Solovyov wrote about all this as follows: “The campaign was difficult for a hungry army through a devastated country; the soldiers themselves had to remove ears of corn from the field and grind them between stones, and here it still rains continuously and there is nowhere to dry. The necessary consequence of dampness appeared and bad food - diseases; the soldiers said that they had three doctors: Dr. Vodka, Dr. Garlic and Dr. Death.

Once in the two-hundred-kilometer zone of the "man-made desert", Charles XII suspended the offensive and ordered the Livlyad Corps of General Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt (16 thousand people) to urgently go to Belarus to join the main army to replenish food and ammunition. Leventhaupt collected a huge convoy of more than 7 thousand wagons and moved to the aid of his king.

BATTLE OF EQUALS

Slowly but steadily Lewenhaupt's corps overcame hundreds of miles, separating it from the main Swedish forces. The convoy that was with him provided the royal army for three months. In the event of a connection, the Swedes eliminated the shortage inventories and become invulnerable. Therefore, Peter decided in no case to prevent Levengaupt's meeting with the king, which was fatal for him. Having instructed Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev to go with the troops after the regiments of Charles XII, the tsar with a "flying detachment" mounted on horses - a corvolant (12 thousand people) hastily moved to intercept Lewenhaupt (about 16 thousand people). One part of the corvolant was commanded by the king himself. The other is Alexander Menshikov. At the same time, Peter sent an order to rush to help " flying squad"The cavalry of General Rodion Bour (4 thousand horsemen).

The tsar overtook Lewenhaupt's corps on October 9, 1708 near the village of Lesnoy (southeast of Mogilev). The Swedes have already begun to cross the Lesnyanka River. More than half of the convoy with the 3,000th vanguard managed to cross the bridge and moved south to Propoisk. Lewenhaupt, having discovered the Russians, left most of his corps on the left bank for battle. He ordered to occupy the heights near Lesnaya, hoping to fight off the suddenly appeared enemy here. An experienced general was able to quickly choose strong position. The area in front of the Swedish fortifications from the wagons linked together was a well-shootable large clearing with an area of ​​\u200b\u200babout a square kilometer. Behind the Swedes was a river, and on the flanks - a coastal swampy forest. Thus, the Russians were forced to attack the enemy head-on.

In addition, due to intelligence errors, Peter at first did not know the true size of the Swedish corps. At first, the tsar was sure that Lewenhaupt had about 8,000 soldiers to guard the transport. Only two days before the decisive clash, it became clear from the testimony of the prisoners that there were twice as many Swedes and they were capable of conducting independent military operations. However, the enemy also "missed" in the assessments, mistaking Peter's corvolant for the vanguard of the entire Russian army, following on the heels. In a sense, this predetermined further development events.

Despite the numerical superiority of the Swedes, Peter did not wait for the approach of Bour's detachment and at 8 o'clock in the morning threw what was at hand on Lewenhaupt. Furious Russian attacks were interspersed with desperate counterattacks by the Swedes. By 11 o'clock Lewenhaupt managed to push Peter's right flank to the forest. “If it weren’t for the forests,” the tsar later wrote, “then they would have won, since there were 6 thousand of them more than us.” Hiding in the thickets, the Russian infantry broke away from the Swedes and freely retreated to a safe place, where they formed up again and put themselves in order. By this time, a part of Menshikov's corvolant, which had not arrived in time for its beginning, had pulled up to the place of the battle.

In the afternoon the battle resumed. It was accompanied by hitherto unprecedented intensity of fire - according to the recollection of General Mikhail Golitsyn, the ground was not visible from the fallen bullets. The soldiers filled their bags and pockets with cartridges four times, and the barrels of the fuzes became hot to the point that they burned their hands. Peter and Menshikov rushed from regiment to regiment, inspiring the soldiers with personal courage.

Finally, the Russians began to push the Swedes and by 3 o'clock in the afternoon pressed them to the wagons. Behind Lewenhaupt were a village and a river. It seemed that more pressure - and the Swedish defense would collapse. But at this climactic moment, the unthinkable happened. The intensity of the battle turned out to be so high that the opponents, without saying a word, suddenly fell to the ground from fatigue and rested right on the battlefield for a couple of hours ...

The unexpected respite proved to be beneficial for both sides. By 5 o'clock in the afternoon, Bour's detachment arrived in time for the Russians. The Swedish vanguard was also on the march to Lesnaya, at first sent to Propoisk, and now hurrying back to help their comrades. With the approach of Bour's cavalry, Peter immediately resumed the battle. The tsar placed the reinforcements that arrived on his right flank in order to break through to the river with a powerful blow from here, capture the bridge over the Lesnyanka and cut off the Swedes' retreat.

In the "great fierce battle", which after the first volleys turned into a ruthless hand-to-hand fight, the Russians managed to capture the bridge over the Lesnyanka. The path to Propoisk for Lewenhaupt was closed. But then a 3,000-strong Swedish detachment intervened in the matter. He immediately joined the fray and managed to recapture the crossing.

After this success, the Swedes took refuge behind the wagons. Twilight has come. It started raining with wind and snow. The attacking Russians ran out of ammunition. By 7 pm the darkness thickened, the snow intensified and the battle subsided. But the gun duel continued until 10 pm. The Russians spent the night in position, preparing for a new attack. Peter I was right there with his troops, despite the bad weather.

The Swedes defended the village and the crossing, but the position of their corps was extremely difficult. Not hoping for a successful outcome of the battle, Lewenhaupt decided to retreat. Considering that before the Forest General had not lost a single battle, one can imagine what such a step cost him.

By morning, Lewenhaupt reached Propoisk, where she was most of his baggage. But the bridge over the Sozh was destroyed the day before as a result of a Russian raid. Then, leaving the rearguard and convoy in the city, the Swedish commander with the remnants of the corps moved along the river in search of an acceptable ford. Meanwhile, Peter, having discovered an empty Swedish camp in the morning, sent a detachment of General Pflug in pursuit of the retreating troops. He reached Propoisk, defeated the Swedish rearguard stationed there and captured the convoy.

The total losses of the Swedes amounted to 8 thousand killed and about 1 thousand prisoners. Instead of food and ammunition, Lewenhaupt brought only 6 thousand hungry mouths to the king. The damage of the Russians in the battle of Lesnaya amounted to 4 thousand people.

Now the army of Charles XII lost significant material resources and was cut off from their bases in the Baltic. Success at Lesnoy raised morale Russian troops. Peter I called her "the mother of the Poltava battle", and ordered the participants in the battle to be awarded a specially embossed medal with the inscription "Worthy - worthy."