Domestic weapons and military equipment. Drones to help cars and armored vehicles Combat f 1

Today I learned for myself two things that I had imagined completely differently before. "Lemon" is not because it looks like a lemon. "Lemonka" is divided into squares not in order to be better divided into fragments. Do you want to know how things really are on these issues?

In 1922, the artillery department of the Red Army undertook to restore order in their warehouses. According to the reports of the artillery committee, the Red Army at that time was armed with grenades of seventeen various types. There was no fragmentation defensive grenade of its own production in the USSR at that time. Therefore, the Mills grenade was temporarily put into service, the stocks of which were in warehouses in in large numbers(200,000 units as of September 1925). As a last resort, French F-1 grenades were allowed to be issued to the troops. The fact was that the French-style fuses were unreliable. Their cardboard cases did not provide tightness and the detonation composition dampened, which led to massive grenade failures, and even worse, to backache, which was fraught with an explosion in the hands.

In 1925, the Artillery Committee stated that the need for hand grenades of the Red Army was satisfied by only 0.5% (!). To remedy the situation, Artkom on June 25, 1925 decided:

The Artillery Directorate of the Red Army to carry out a comprehensive test of existing models of hand grenades currently in service.
It is necessary to make improvements to the 1914 model grenade in order to increase its damaging ability.
Design a fragmentation grenade of the Mills type, but more advanced.
In F-1 hand grenades, replace Swiss fuses with Koveshnikov fuses.

In September 1925, comparative tests of the main types of grenades available in warehouses were carried out. The main test criterion was the fragmentation of grenades. The conclusions reached by the commission were as follows:

... thus, the position of the issue of the types of hand grenades for supplying the RK KA at present seems to be as follows: a hand grenade of the 1914 model equipped with melinite significantly outperforms all other types of grenades in its action and is a typical example of an offensive grenade in the nature of its action; it is only necessary to reduce the number of individual far (over 20 steps) flying fragments as much as the state of the art of this business allows. This improvement is provided for by the attached "Requirements for new models of hand grenades." Mills and F-1 grenades, provided that they are supplied with more advanced fuses, are considered satisfactory as defensive grenades, while Mills grenades are somewhat stronger in action than F-1. In view of the limited stocks of these two types of grenades, it is necessary to develop a new type of defensive grenade that meets the new requirements ...

In 1926, F-1 grenades were tested from those in storage (at that time there were 1 million grenades of this system in warehouses) with a Koveshnikov fuse developed in 1920. According to the test results, the design of the fuse was finalized and after military tests in 1927, the F-1 grenade with the fuse of Koveshnikov under the name F-1 hand grenade with the fuse of the F.V. Koveshnikov system in 1928 was adopted by the Red Army.

All the grenades available in the warehouses were equipped with Koveshnikov fuses by the beginning of the 1930s, and soon the USSR launched its own production of grenade cases.

In 1939, engineer F. I. Khrameev finalized the grenade - the body of the lemon became somewhat simpler, lost the lower window.

There is another version of the appearance of the F-1 grenade. In 1999, retired colonel Fedor Iosifovich Khrameev said in an interview with Kommersant Vlast magazine that in 1939 he designed the F-1 grenade.

In February 1939, I received an assignment to develop a defensive grenade ... in Moscow, I saw an album released by the Russian General Staff in 1916, where images of all those used in the first world war pomegranate. German and French were corrugated, egg-shaped. I especially liked the French F-1. It exactly corresponded to the task received: convenient to throw, safe fuse, a sufficient number of fragments. The album contained only a drawing. I developed all working drawings. I had to indulge. I replaced the simple cast iron from which the F-1 was made with steel - to increase the lethal force of the fragments.

Here is an interesting story:

As F. I. Khrameev said in an interview, preliminary tests of the grenade were minimal, only 10 prototypes were made, which were soon tested, and then the design was put into mass production:

Has there been an admissions committee?

Well no! Again, I'm alone. The head of the plant, Major Budkin, gave me a steam-cart and sent it to our training ground. I throw grenades one by one into the ravine. And on you - nine exploded, and one did not. I return and report. Budkin shouted at me: he left the secret sample unattended! I'm going back, alone again.

Was it scary?

Not without it. I lay down on the edge of the ravine, saw where the grenade lay in clay. I took a long wire, made a loop at the end and carefully hooked the grenade with it. Twitched. Didn't explode. It turned out that the fuse failed. So he pulled it out, discharged it, brought it back, went to Budkin's and put it on his table. He yelled and jumped out of the office like a bullet. And then we transferred the drawings to the Main artillery control(GAU), and the grenade was put into mass production. No experience series

In Russia, Germany and Poland it was called "lemon", in France and England - "pineapple", in the Balkan countries - "tortoise".

Since the grenade was developed on the basis of the French F-1 fragmentation grenade model 1915 (not to be confused with the modern F1 model with a plastic case and semi-finished fragments) and the English Lemon system grenade (Edward Kent-Lemon (Edward Kent-Lemon)) with a grating fuse supplied to Russia during the First World War. Hence the designation F-1 and the nickname "lemon".

In the troops of the pomegranate, in addition to "lemon", it was also nicknamed "fenusha". With the advent of rifle barrel and grenade launchers the art of fighting with hand grenades began to be forgotten. But in vain. The action on the target of low-fragmentation underbarrel grenades cannot be compared with the work of the F-1 hand-held fragmentation grenade, known to both the military and the civilian population under the code name "lemon". With minor structural changes, this grenade is produced in different countries world for 80 years. "Limonka" is the most powerful of all hand grenades in terms of the lethal action of fragments and the most convenient to use.

The ribs on its body - a turtle - do not exist at all for separation into fragments, as is commonly believed, but for "grasping" in the palm of your hand, for ease of holding and the possibility of binding to something when placed on a stretch as a mine. The body of the F-1 grenade is cast from the so-called “dry” cast iron, which, during the explosion of a blasting (crushing) charge, breaks into fragments ranging in size from a pea to a match head, of an irregular torn shape with torn sharp edges. In total, up to four hundred such fragments are formed! The shape of the case is chosen exactly this way, not only for the convenience of holding. Until now, no one can explain why, but during the explosion of a "lemon" on the surface of the earth, the scattering of fragments occurs mainly to the sides and very little upwards. At the same time, the grass is “mowed down” completely within a radius of 3 m from the explosion site, a continuous defeat of the growth target is ensured within a radius of 5 m, at a distance of 10 m the growth target is hit by 5-7 fragments, at 15 m - by two or three.

Diameter - 55 mm
Case height - 86 mm
Height with fuse - 117 mm
Grenade weight - 0.6 kg
Mass of explosives - 0.06-0.09 kg
Deceleration time - 3.2-4.2 sec
Radius of continuous defeat - 10 m

The range of fragments with lethal force reaches 200

The design of the grenade turned out to be so good that it is still produced and is in service with many countries. The proof that the F-1 is a high-quality weapon can also be the fact that it was taken as a prototype by the Chinese "craftsmen", starting to produce a fake in their characteristic form. And this, as you know, best sign quality. In addition, the F-1 is also produced in Iran, also completely copying the Soviet model.

During the Great Patriotic War, the F-1 became the main anti-personnel grenade used in all military branches. Despite the fact that it is considered a fragmentation grenade, the F-1 was also used to blow up tanks, putting several grenades in one bag and throwing it under the caterpillar.

Another property of the "lemon" can be called its ability to be used as a stretch mine. F-1 is easy to install by pulling a stretching wire, thereby eliminating the need to carry special mines, and this, especially for sabotage groups, was of great importance.

The fame of F-1 was added by the cinema. This grenade is a mandatory attribute of any "cinematic" battle. But the directors, using F-1 in the frame, did not really think about the realism shown in the films, so certain movie bloopers began to be perceived as real facts, although they were not.

For example, very often you can see how "lemons" are worn on the belt or on the chest, hung around them. But when moving over rough terrain, there is a high probability of catching on something and causing an involuntary explosion. Therefore, a grenade was carried either in a pouch or in pockets, but never openly. In addition, often the pin in the frame is pulled out with teeth. In life, this will not work, because the effort required to break the checks must be made significant.

It became a "lemon" and the most popular weapon in the dashing 90s. A lot of groups used it, along with the Kalashnikov assault rifle, as the main striking force in gang wars.

F-1 once again proved the proverb "Everything ingenious is simple." After all, having existed for more than 70 years, the grenade will remain in service for a long time.

from the Chebarkul training ground (Chelyabinsk region) training of unmanned crews aircraft"Granat-1" and "Zastava" ground forces Russia.

The report states that " Drone operators detected the positions of military equipment and engineering fortifications of a mock enemy, transmitted their coordinates to the command post.After that, targets simulating military equipment and firing points of a mock enemy, were destroyed by concentrated fire of 122 mm self-propelled units Gvozdika and jet systems salvo fire"Grad".

Mini UAV "Zastava" is an Israeli apparatus Bird Eye 400 designed and manufactured by Israel Aerospaces Industries (IAI), whose assembly OJSC " Ural plant civil aviation"(UZGA, part of Oboronprom OJSC") in Yekaterinburg. Mini-UAV"Granat-1" was developed and produced by LLC "Izhmash - Unmanned systems» in Izhevsk.

Mini-UAV launch Zastava (IAI www.arms-expo.ru

In turn, the press service of the Central Military District on February 16, 2015 reported this event as follows:

The commanders of the formations of the Central Military District worked out new methods of dealing with a high-tech enemy

At the Chebarkulsky training ground, commanders of formations and military units The Central Military District (TsVO) have worked out new methods of fighting the enemy, equipped with high-tech equipment and technology.

During the training, officers and generals led the actions of tactical groups to detect, block and destroy a mock enemy equipped with modern models of reconnaissance, communications and fire damage.

“The main goal of the lesson is to teach commanders of combined arms formations to manage artillery and air strikes with the help of advanced aircraft controllers and artillery spotters, to organize leadership of attached units and all types of combat support from reconnaissance to medical in a short time,” said Colonel General Vladimir Zarudnitsky, commander of the Central Military District. .

Reconnaissance units with the help of Sagittarius complexes and unmanned aerial vehicles uncovered areas of accumulation of manpower and equipment of a mock enemy. Artillery and air strikes were inflicted on the identified positions using self-propelled howitzers"Msta", multiple launch rocket systems "Grad" and "Uragan", Mi-24 helicopters.

The gunners used the “fire fringing” technique - with the help of a stationary barrage, the enemy was driven into a cauldron, the center of which was covered with volleys of rockets. Immediately after this, the units made an anti-fire maneuver, avoiding a retaliatory strike.

To counter the aircraft of a mock enemy, imitated by Mi-8 helicopters, the movement of troops was covered by anti-aircraft crews. missile systems"Strela-10M", "Tunguska" and "Igla". In addition, electronic suppression of reconnaissance equipment and the defeat of unmanned aerial vehicles of a mock enemy were worked out.

Mini UAV "Outpost" (IAI Bird Eye 400) at the Chebarkul training ground. February 2015 (c) Alexey Kitaev / www.arms-expo.ru

Mini UAV "Garnet-1" at the Chebarkulsky training ground. February 2015 (c) Alexey Kitaev / www.arms-expo.ru

The performance characteristics and the device of the F-1, RGD-5, RGO, RGN grenades and fuses UZRGM, UDZ are given.

Hand-held fragmentation grenades are designed to destroy enemy personnel with fragments in close combat (in open areas, in trenches or communications, when fighting in locality, in the forest or mountains). Depending on the range of the fragments, grenades are divided into offensive (RGD-5, RGN) and defensive (F-1, RGO).
Hand fragmentation grenades are equipped with fuses UZRGM (modernized unified hand grenade fuse) and UDZ (shock-remote fuse).

F-1 hand fragmentation grenade

Manual fragmentation grenade F-1 - a remote-action grenade designed to defeat manpower mainly in a defensive battle. You can throw a grenade from various provisions and only because of the shelter, from an armored personnel carrier or tank (self-propelled artillery mount).

Characteristics of the F-1 fragmentation grenade
Grenade Type - Defensive Grenade weight - 600 gr Igniter type - UZRGM Scattering radius of lethal fragments - 200 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 7 m
F-1 grenade device
The F-1 hand fragmentation grenade consists of a body, an explosive charge and a fuse. The body of the grenade serves to place an explosive charge and fuse, as well as to form fragments during a grenade explosion. The body of the grenade is cast iron, with longitudinal and transverse grooves. In the upper part of the body there is a threaded hole for screwing in the fuse. When storing, transporting and carrying a grenade, a plastic plug is screwed into this hole. The explosive charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments.

Hand fragmentation grenade RGD-5

The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade is a remote-action grenade designed to destroy enemy manpower in the offensive and in defense. Throwing a grenade is carried out from various positions when operating on foot and on an armored personnel carrier (car).

Characteristics of the fragmentation grenade RGD-5
Grenade type: offensive Grenade weight - 310 gr Bursting charge weight - 60 gr Igniter type UZRGM Moderator burning time - 3.2-4.2 sec Scattering radius of lethal fragments - 25 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 5 m
RGD-5 grenade device
1 - fuse tube with cuff 2 - cap with insert 3 - tray with insert

The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade consists of a body with a tube for a fuse, an explosive charge and a fuse.
The body of the grenade serves to place an explosive charge, a tube for a fuse, as well as to form fragments during a grenade explosion. It consists of two parts - upper and lower.
The upper part of the body consists of an outer shell, called a cap, and a cap insert. A tube for the fuse is attached to the upper part with the help of a cuff. The tube serves to attach the fuse to the grenade and to seal the bursting charge in the case. To protect the tube from contamination, a plastic stopper is screwed into it. When preparing a grenade for throwing, instead of a cork, a fuse is screwed into the tube.
The bottom of the body consists of an outer shell called a sump and a sump liner. The explosive charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments.

F-1 and RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenades are equipped with a modernized unified fuse for hand grenades (UZRGM).

Unified hand grenade fuse modernized UZRGM

The fuse of the UZRGM grenade (modernized unified fuse of a hand grenade) is intended for the explosion of an explosive charge.

The percussion mechanism serves to ignite the primer-igniter fuse. It consists of a tube of the percussion mechanism, a connecting sleeve, a guide washer, a mainspring, a striker, a striker washer, a trigger lever and a safety pin with a ring.

The tube of the percussion mechanism is the basis for the assembly of all parts of the fuse.
The connecting sleeve serves to connect the fuse with the grenade body. It is put on the lower part of the tube of the percussion mechanism.
The guide washer is a stop for the upper end of the mainspring and directs the movement of the striker. It is fixed in the upper part of the tube of the percussion mechanism.

UZRGM device
It consists of a percussion mechanism and the fuse itself.

In official use, the drummer is constantly in the cocked state and is held by the fork of the trigger lever. The trigger lever is connected to the tube of the percussion mechanism by a safety pin. Before throwing a grenade, a plastic stopper is turned out and a fuse is screwed into its place.

When throwing a grenade, take it in your hand so that the trigger lever is pressed with your fingers to the body of the grenade. Continuing to press the trigger lever tightly, the ends of the safety checks are compressed (straightened) with the free hand, which is pulled out of the fuse with a finger by the ring. After pulling out the checks, the position of the parts of the fuse does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the drummer. The drummer under the action of the mainspring pierces the igniter capsule. The beam of fire from the primer ignites the moderator and, having passed it, is transmitted to the detonator cap. The explosion of the detonator cap initiates the detonation of the bursting charge. The explosion of the bursting charge crushes the body of the grenade into fragments.

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RGO fragmentation grenade

Characteristics of the RGO fragmentation grenade
Grenade Type - Defensive Grenade weight - 530 gr Bursting charge weight - 92 gr Ignition type - UDZ Scatter radius of lethal fragments - 150 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 12 m Average throw range - 20-40 m
RGO grenade device
1 - a glass with a cuff 2 - upper outer and inner hemispheres 3 - lower outer and inner hemispheres

RGN fragmentation grenade

Characteristics of the RGN fragmentation grenade
Grenade Type - Offensive Grenade weight - 310 gr Bursting charge weight - 114 gr Ignition type - UDZ Moderator burning time - 3.3-4.3 sec Scattering radius of lethal fragments - 24 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 8 m Average throw range - 30-45 m
RGN grenade device
1 - a glass with a cuff 2 - upper hemisphere 3 - lower hemisphere

Hand-held fragmentation grenades RGO and RGN are equipped with shock-remote fuse UDZ

Shock-remote fuse UDZ

Interaction of parts and mechanisms

Starting position
In the initial position, the drummer with a sting (3) and the plug with the primer-igniter (7) are held by the trigger lever. The trigger lever is connected to the fuse body by a safety pin. The engine (11) with the primer-igniter (10) is displaced relative to the tip (13) and is held by the stoppers of the powder fuses (9), its spring (12) is in a compressed state. The sleeve (16) under the influence of the spring (14) compresses the load (17).

The position of parts and mechanisms in service circulation

When preparing a grenade for a throw, the trigger lever is tightly pressed with fingers to the body of the grenade, the ends of the safety pins are straightened with the fingers of the free hand, then they are pulled out by the ring, while the position of the parts of the fuse does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the striker with a sting (3) and the bar (6). The plug (7) with the primer-igniter comes out of the socket of the fuse body. The drummer under the action of the mainspring (4) pierces the igniter primer (8) with a sting. The beam of fire ignites the powder-filled fuses (9) and the pyrotechnic composition of the self-liquidator retarder (18). After 1-1.8 sec. the powder compositions of the fuses burn out and their stoppers under the influence of the springs disengage from the engine (11). The engine under the influence of the spring (12) becomes in combat position. The long-range cocking mechanism prevents the grenade from detonating if it is accidentally dropped from the hand.

Interaction of parts and mechanisms when throwing and meeting a grenade with an obstacle (surface)

Picture. Hand fragmentation grenades poster 2000x1333 pixels

Hand grenades

Hand grenades are divided into two types: offensive and defensive.
In fact, they are similar and the principle of operation is the same, but there are differences, knowing which the maximum efficiency is achieved when using hand grenades. Many served in the army, but not everyone had the opportunity to use real, not training grenades, and most generally only know about them from films. But as you know, in films, entertainment and special effects come first, and no one thinks about realism. Now let's figure out what is the difference between offensive and defensive grenades.
The main difference is the number and weight of fragments scattered during the explosion of a grenade. Offensive grenades are lighter, they can be thrown at a greater distance. Offensive grenades have a smaller radius of destruction and a smaller weight of fragments. This is necessary in order not to injure yourself and your comrades-in-arms with a large number of heavy fragments during the offensive. The attackers are usually in worse conditions than the defenders, who, as a rule, have shelters, buildings, trenches at their disposal. Any grenade that hits right on target will disable the infantry, but fragments from an offensive grenade will not fly back.
Grenades are defensive, have a larger radius of destruction, fragments that are heavier and more dangerous in terms of lethal force. Such grenades are thrown from trenches, buildings, shelters. The spread of fragments is greater, the probability of destroying the advancing enemy is greater. And since the thrower of a defensive grenade is in cover, he is not afraid of fragments from his own grenade.

Hand fragmentation grenade RGD-5

RGD-5 - (hand grenade, remote, Index GRAU - 57-G-717) offensive hand grenade, refers to anti-personnel fragmentation hand grenades of remote offensive type. This means that it is designed to destroy enemy personnel with hull fragments during its explosion. The grenade reaches its target by throwing it with the hand. Remote action - means that the grenade will explode after a certain time (3.2-4.2 seconds) after it is released, regardless of other conditions. Offensive type - means that grenade fragments have a small mass and fly at a distance less than the possible throw range.

Characteristics of RGD-5

Weight, kg: 0.31
Length, mm: 114
Diameter, mm: 56.8
Explosive: TNT
Mass of explosive, kg: 0.11
Detonation mechanism: Fuse UZRG, UZRGM, or UZRGM-2
The burning time of the moderator fuse 3.2-4.2 seconds.

Externally, the grenade has an oval body made of thin steel. The streamlined body is assembled from the top and bottom parts, each of which includes an outer shell and liner. The opening for the fuse during storage is closed with a plastic stopper. The mass of a grenade with a fuse is 310 g. The explosive charge is TNT weighing 110 grams. The range of fragmentation is 25 - 30 meters.

The grenade fuse is universal, also suitable for RG-42 and F-1 grenades. Brand sunk: UZRG, UZRGM (since the second half of the 1950s), or UZRGM-2. All of these fuses are interchangeable.
RGD-5 and a fuse for her. The fuse hole in the body of the grenade is closed with a plastic stopper so that dirt does not get in.

Fuse grenade UZRGM

Application of RGD-5

To use a grenade, it is necessary to unbend the antennae of the safety pins, take the grenade into right hand(for right-handers) so that the fingers press the lever against the body.

Before throwing a grenade, passing the index finger of the left hand into the pin ring, pull out the pin. The grenade can continue to remain in the hand for as long as you like, since until the lever is released, the firing pin cannot break the primer.

After choosing the moment of throw and the target, throw a grenade at the target. At this moment, the lever under the influence of the drummer spring will turn, releasing the drummer, and fly off to the side. The drummer will prick the primer and after 3.2-4.2 seconds an explosion will occur.

The RGD-5 grenade was put into service in 1954 to replace the RG-42 offensive grenade. The experience of World War II showed that the range of RG-42 fragments sometimes exceeded the throw range, creating a threat of defeat for the thrower.

The training and simulation modification of the grenade is called URG-N (training hand grenade - offensive).

Fragmentation grenade RGD-5

Picture. Fragmentation grenades RGD-5 F-1 RGN RGO

Hand anti-personnel grenade F-1

(GRAU index - 57-G-721)

The F-1 grenade is designed to defeat manpower in a defensive battle. Due to the significant radius of fragmentation, it can only be thrown from behind cover, from an armored personnel carrier or from a tank.

Characteristics of F-1

Diameter, mm 55
Case height, mm 86
Height with fuse, mm 117
Grenade weight, kg 0.6
Mass of explosives, kg 0.06-0.09
Type BB TNT
Fuse UZRGM
Deceleration time, sec 3.2-4.2
Throw range: 35-40 m
Shrapnel damage radius: 5 m
200 m - safe distance
Ignition deceleration time: 3 2-4.2 sec
The number of fragments is up to 300 pcs.

Lemon system grenades that were shipped to Russia during World War I. Another version of the origin of the slang name is its shape, reminiscent of a lemon.

Initially, the F-1 grenades were equipped with the fuse of F.V. Koveshnikov. In 1941, E. M. Viceni and A. A. Bednyakov developed a universal UZRG fuse, after the war it was finalized and serves to this day under the name UZRGM ( at universal h apal R scientific G ranat m oderized).

French F-1 grenade model 1915

Due to the difficulty in manufacturing and using the RGD-33 grenade, which was at that time in service in the Soviet Union, it was decided to develop a reliable and technologically advanced defensive infantry grenade. The development of this device was entrusted to the designer F. I. Khrameev. In 1939, two months after receiving the terms of reference, he developed the F-1 grenade. According to the designer himself, the greatest difficulty for him in the development of this grenade model was the selection of the shell material and ensuring the reliability of the fuse.

Preliminary tests of this type of weapon were minimal, 10 prototypes were made, which were soon tested, and then the design was put into mass production. Here is what Khrameev F. I. himself said in an interview with reporters on this subject:

Has there been an admissions committee? - Well no! Again, I'm alone. The head of the plant, Major Budkin, gave me a steam-cart and sent it to our training ground. I throw grenades one by one into the ravine. And on you - nine exploded, and one did not. I return and report. Budkin shouted at me: he left the secret sample unattended! I'm going back, alone again.
- Was it scary? - Not without it. I lay down on the edge of the ravine, saw where the grenade lay in clay. I took a long wire, made a loop at the end and carefully hooked the grenade with it. Twitched. Didn't explode. It turned out that the fuse failed. So he pulled it out, discharged it, brought it back, went to Budkin's and put it on his table. He yelled and jumped out of the office like a bullet. And then we transferred the drawings to the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU), and the grenade was put into mass production. No experience series.

The most common opinion is that the F-1 grenade originated from the English grenade of the First World War, known in Russia under the name " Mils grenade". For those times it was the most destructive grenade. They are similar in form and principle of fuse. F. Leonidov in the journal “Arms” (No. 8, 1999) in the article “Prepare Grenades” claims that the French F-1 model 1915 and the English Lemon system served as the basis for the development of the F-1. So, it was not possible to install.

Khrameev, in an interview with Kommersant magazine, admitted the origin of the grenade from the French F-1 model. Below is an excerpt from this interview.

French F-1 hand grenade mod. 1915, weighing 550g ... The F-1 grenade in our USSR has been used since the city with the Koveshnikov fuse, which provides a more reliable action, safety when throwing and ease of handling.

This is another confirmation of the version about the origin of the Soviet grenade from the French F-1.

When creating the F-1 grenade, it had a Koveshnikov fuse, then it was replaced by a standard unified UZRG fuse, after the end of World War II, the fuse was improved, the reliability of operation was increased, and it received the designation UZRGM.

Design

F-1 grenade with UZRG fuse

F-1 grenade with UZRG fuse

The F-1 grenade has the following performance characteristics.

The F-1 grenade belongs to the hand-held anti-personnel fragmentation defensive grenades of remote action. Its design turned out to be so successful that it has existed until now without fundamental changes. The design of the fuse was somewhat changed and refined in order to increase the reliability of operation.

Like most anti-personnel grenades, the F-1 consists of 3 main parts.

• fuse. The grenade has a universal fuse UZRGM (or UZRG), also suitable for grenades RG-41, RG-42, RGD-5. The fuse of the UZRGM differs from the UZRG by changes in the shape of the trigger guard and the design of the firing pin, which made it possible to reduce the failure rate of the weapon.
• Explosive. Explosive charge - 60 g of TNT. Possibly equipped with trinitrophenol. Such grenades have an increased lethality, but the shelf life in warehouses is strictly limited; after the expiration of the grenade, it poses a significant danger. The explosive checker is isolated from the body metal with varnish, paraffin or paper. There are known cases of equipping grenades with pyroxylin mixtures.
• metal shell. Externally, the grenade has an oval ribbed body made of steel cast iron, the profile resembles the letter "Zh". The body is a complex casting, it pours into the ground, and chill casting is also possible (hence the shape). Initially, the ribbing was created to form fragments of a certain size and mass during the explosion, and the ribbing also performs an ergonomic function, contributing to a better hold of the grenade in the hand. Subsequently, some researchers expressed doubts about the effectiveness of such a system for the formation of fragments (cast iron is crushed into small fragments, regardless of the shape of the case). Cutting the body makes it easier to tie the grenade to the peg. The total weight of a grenade with a fuse is 600 g.

The composition of the UZRG fuse includes, in addition to the body itself, the following elements:

Usage

To use a grenade, it is necessary to unbend the antennae of the safety checks, take the grenade in your right hand so that your fingers press the lever against the body. Before throwing a grenade, passing the index finger of the left hand into the check ring, pull it out. The grenade can continue to remain in the hand for as long as you like, until the lever is released, the firing pin cannot break the primer (in principle, if the need to throw a grenade is gone and the check is not thrown out, it can be (without releasing the lever!) Inserted back; after bending antennae checks pomegranate is suitable for normal storage). After choosing the moment of throw and the target, throw a grenade at the target. At this moment, the lever under the influence of the drummer spring will turn, releasing the drummer, and fly off to the side. The striker will prick the primer and after 3.2 - 4.2 seconds an explosion will occur.

The grenade is designed to destroy manpower and unarmored vehicles. The damaging factors are the direct high-explosive action of explosives and fragments formed during the destruction of the metal shell of a grenade.

Marking and storage

The combat grenade is painted green (from khaki to dark green). The training and imitation grenade is painted black with two white (vertical and horizontal) stripes. In addition, it has a hole at the bottom. The combat fuse has no coloring. At the training and simulation fuse, the pin ring and the lower part of the pressure lever are painted scarlet.

F-1 grenades are packed in wooden boxes 20 pieces. UZRGM fuses are stored in the same box separately in two hermetically sealed metal cans (10 pieces per can). Box weight - 20 kg. The box is completed with a can opener designed to open cans with fuses. Grenades are equipped with fuses immediately before the battle; when transferred from the combat position, the fuse is removed from the grenade and stored separately.

The purpose of packing fuses in a sealed container is to ensure maximum safety during the entire storage period, to prevent corrosion and oxidation of the components of the detonating mixture.

Combat use

Tactical features of combat use

In open areas, the effective range of destruction of the enemy in the explosion of a grenade directly by the high-explosive action of the ammunition is 3-5 meters. The radius of continuous destruction of manpower by fragments is 7 meters. The chances of being wounded by grenade fragments remain at a distance of up to 70-100 meters, but this statement is true only for large fragments of the shell. The larger the fragment, the higher its potential range of destruction. starting speed grenade fragments is 700-720 meters per second; the mass of fragments is on average 1-2 grams, although there are both larger and smaller ones.

Peculiarities damaging factors grenades naturally determine the scope in modern conflicts. Grenades have the greatest effect in rooms and confined spaces. This is due to the following factors. Firstly, in a relatively small room, up to 30 meters in size, the entire space is in the area of ​​destruction of the fragments, and the fragments can also ricochet off the walls, ceiling and floor, which again increases the chances of hitting the enemy, even if he is in cover. Secondly, the high-explosive action of a grenade in a closed room is multiplied many times, causing shell shock, barotrauma, disorienting the enemy, which allows, taking advantage of the moment, to enter the room and use other weapons to destroy it.

The F-1 grenade is more effective than offensive grenades when assaulting confined spaces and premises, due to its higher mass it gives more fragments and has a more pronounced high-explosive effect, all this makes it more likely to incapacitate the enemy.

Tactical features of sabotage use

Also, F-1 grenades are often used when setting tripwires, this is due to the number of fragments, which increases the chances of hitting the enemy, and a reliable fuse, which will not be damaged by a long stay in adverse conditions before the trap works. In special forces, the F-1 grenade is “finalized”, before being installed as a stretch, the detonating charge is cut off and the wick is removed. Thus, achieving an almost instantaneous explosion and depriving the enemy of 3.2 - 4.5 seconds. for salvation.

Application in military conflicts

Is in service

F-1 in the cinema

In action films, you can often see grenades hanging from a safety check ring on a belt or vest. In reality, a sane person will not do this: during the battle, you have to move over rough terrain, where there is a high risk of catching something on a grenade and pulling out a safety pin from it. After that, the grenade quite naturally explodes, most likely destroying the fighter or at least unmasking him. During the battle, grenades are in a grenade pouch or unloading vest, and in their absence, in clothing pockets.

AT feature films often you can see the main character, effectively pulling out the grenade pin with his teeth. In reality, in most cases, such an action will lead to tooth loss. This is due to the fact that significant physical effort is required to remove the safety pin: this is done intentionally to prevent accidental grenade detonations.

Also in many films you can see how a grenade falling into a group of people scatters them in different directions, killing most of them. In practice, this is far from the case. When a grenade is detonated, a powerful blast wave is not formed: indeed, people who are within a radius of 2-3 meters from the place of detonation receive barotrauma, shell shock, they often fall to the ground, but do not throw anyone away from the place of explosion by ten meters. Fragments, on the other hand, only hit those directly close to the place of detonation. Possessing a small mass and low penetrating power, the vast majority of fragments are not capable of penetrating the human body through and through. This is the basis for the principle of saving comrades by covering the grenade with your body.

In some films and many illustrations, the F-1 grenade is black, which creates an opinion that the black color of the grenade is standard. In fact, black coloring means that the grenade is training or is a dummy, combat grenades are painted green.

F-1 in computer games

Thanks to its long history and popularity around the world, the F-1 grenade has become widespread in the gaming industry. In particular, it can be found in the following games.

Fighter training

When hit by fragments of a grenade, a large proportion of the case: for example, a grenade detonation in the immediate vicinity of a fighter can only stun him; there are also cases when a single fragment of a grenade hit a soldier who was in shelter at a distance of 70-80 meters from the place where the grenade was detonated.

For recruits, throwing a grenade often poses a psychological problem: based on the perceptions received from the militants, they consider the grenade to be a weapon of monstrous destructive power and experience panic fear, which leads to stupid and absurd actions that can really endanger their lives. So, for example, they can throw a check instead of a grenade, and leave the grenade in the trench; drop an activated grenade at your feet and, being paralyzed with fear, stand waiting for the explosion, instead of running away and lying down. It is also important to observe safety precautions when throwing grenades at winter time: when thrown, a grenade can catch on protruding parts of clothing and fly in a direction dangerous for a fighter, or even roll into a sleeve.

Criminal role

In the 90s, the "lemon" was used along with all types of infantry weapons in the disassembly of many organized crime groups. There is a known case when in Tolyatti, during the next gangster showdown, one of the conflicting parties completely destroyed the other with the help of four “lemons”.

Project evaluation

In general, this sample of an anti-personnel grenade should be considered successful. The F-1 has passed the test of time, has a simple, reliable device, is technologically advanced and easy to manufacture, and effectively copes with the tasks assigned to this type of weapon. Naturally, the disadvantages of the project follow from its merits.

Advantages

Due to its simple and reliable design, the F-1 grenade has been in service for about 70 years without significant changes and will probably not be withdrawn from service for a long time. The benefits that provide long term services are the following:

• The case of natural crushing, from which striking elements are successfully formed even if the metal jacket is damaged.
• The remote igniter has a relatively simple design and is highly reliable.
• The all-metal monolithic case is easy to manufacture and can be manufactured at almost any industrial enterprise, even a non-specialized one. The case material - steel cast iron - is very cheap.
• The simplicity of the internal design makes it possible to use any available explosives instead of regular TNT in war conditions.
• The power of the explosion of this grenade is such that, being thrown into the well, it literally "throws out" all the objects in it, including water.

This property is useful when assaulting various mines and tunnels of medium diameter: if the enemy, hiding behind a turn, corner or other obstacle at a distance closer than 30 meters from the explosion, is not touched by fragments, then he is almost guaranteed to be killed by a sharp pneumatic blow caused by an explosive wave. At the same time, the attacker is forbidden to be in the tunnel, since he himself may suffer.

Flaws

The disadvantages of this grenade are due mainly to the obsolescence of its design, and not to design flaws. These include:

• The corrugation of the hull, which is generally random in nature, cannot ensure the formation of fragments of a satisfactory shape and their optimal distribution over the mass (the very idea of ​​forming fragments of a predictable size due to the corrugation of the hull turned out to be wrong).
• The remote igniter does not cause an explosion when it hits the target, but works after a while (this property any remote fuse, and not just UZRG).
• The grenade is relatively heavy, which slightly reduces the maximum range of the throw.

Literature

• Shunkov V. N. Infantry weapons 1939-1945. - Minsk: Harvest, 1999. - 624 p. - ISBN 985-433-803-7

Notes

1. Magazine Kommersant Power. No. 47(348) dated November 30, 1999
2. Army Anatomy. Veremeev Yu. The origin of "lemon"
3. Engineering Ammunition (Fragmentation) - razlet-osk.html
4. Very often, when describing this type of ammunition, a distance of 200 m is indicated. Theoretically, grenade fragments can fly to such a distance, but the probability of these fragments hitting the target tends to zero. Most likely, the distance of 200 m refers to the distance at which the observer must be in order not to get injured under any circumstances. In reality, one can speak of a more or less guaranteed defeat of a standing person at a distance of no more than 5-10 meters. At distances of more than 50 m, human injury is extremely unlikely.
5. Army Anatomy. Veremeev Yu. Soviet defensive grenade F-1
6. Hand grenade anti-personnel F-1
7. Fragments weighing at least 2 g are considered dangerous. Fragments of a smaller mass, even having high speed unable to cause any significant damage. Thus, theoretically, one grenade weighing 540 g (the mass of the explosive charge is 60 g) under ideal conditions can produce up to 270 fragments with a lethal effect. In reality, the number and mass of fragments fluctuate within very large limits, and the number of lethal fragments does not exceed 150-200. In the event that a grenade explodes on the ground, the number of lethal fragments is approximately halved, since the fragments that go into the lower hemisphere do not pose a danger.
8. LCI. Hand grenades.
9. Army Anatomy. Veremeev Y. Pomegranate Arithmetic
10. Magazine "Bratishka". Grenade for military reconnaissance
11. WWII-60. RPG-40 - hand-held anti-tank grenade sys. Puzyreva
12. F-1 grenade

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