Waste from your production. Use and classification of industrial waste

Production waste is generated in the process production activities industrial enterprises and other production organizations engaged in the production of various goods.

Industrial waste is diverse in its properties and composition: metal and non-ferrous shavings, pieces of metal, mineral parts of raw materials and fuel, metallurgical slag, ash and many other wastes generated in production processes. The amount of waste generated depends on technology, quality of raw materials and processes production organization enterprises.

Today, the technical and production process is developing, the demand for industrial products, there is a global growth of humanity, thereby increasing the formation of industrial waste that needs to be disposed of or recycled.

In our country, with its large territories and numerous industrial enterprises, the issue of processing generated industrial waste was not so deep; all waste was dumped in nearby landfills, next to enterprises, polluting and destroying the environment.

After some time, the question arose about processing these types of waste. New technologies, equipment and machinery for processing industrial waste have appeared, which not only recycles, but gives industrial waste a second life.

In addition, recycling industrial waste has become much more profitable than disposing of it. Almost all industrial waste can be used for the benefit of society, for example: pieces of metal formed in the process of manufacturing metal products can be packaged (briquetted) and melted into new metal. Waste generated during the construction process (pieces of concrete, brick, plaster, etc.) can be recycled and used in the future for filling roads, courtyards and for many other purposes. The same can be said about metallurgical slags. Large transport enterprises generate waste in the form of worn-out tires, which can also be recycled to obtain crumb rubber and using it for the construction of stadiums, playgrounds and other socially significant facilities.

Globalization and the growth of a market economy have significantly increased the production capacity of global industrial manufacturers, which has led to a significant increase in harmful emissions into the atmosphere and the generation of numerous production wastes.

The whole world is fighting this phenomenon, including our country. Regarding our country's waste, it is a gold mine that needs to be developed. Multimillion-dollar industrial waste generated under Soviet rule can still be seen in many cities.

Recycling (disposal) of this waste is really necessary and necessary today. This is really beneficial from a financial point of view and is useful for improving the environmental situation.

The Alfa-SPK company offers high-quality equipment for processing industrial waste and other industrial and household waste.

All about processing production and industrial waste

Recycling of metal production waste (in this section you can see the proposed line of equipment and machinery for processing metal-containing waste).

Recycling of rubber-containing industrial waste (in this section you can study equipment for processing rubber waste into crumbs).

Recycling of construction waste (in this section of the site we suggest you consider purchasing equipment for processing construction waste and waste generated during the construction process).

Demonstration video of industrial waste recycling

Typically, industrial waste is considered to be garbage and waste that can be generated during any industrial production. Their processing and use are important production issues.

Production and consumption waste: legislative regulation

The main legislative act addressing this problem and setting out the rules for the use of waste is the Federal Law of June 24, 1998 No. 89-FZ “On Production and Consumption Waste”. From the very beginning, he defines them as any residues (raw materials, residues of starting materials, surplus of composite products) that can be formed during the production or consumption of products. In addition, this group includes all products that no longer have their commercial qualities.

Everything that is formed during production and is not part of the final product (raw materials, components, defects, residues of the preliminary stage of production) refers to technogenic waste. Careful handling of production and consumption waste implies that they can and should be reused. One of the most important areas of their disposal is the production of by-products.

By-products- these are goods the production of which was not the main task of the manufacturer. They may appear along with those products that were intended as the main purpose of production. In particular, in the chemical industry, some by-products released during the synthesis or breakdown of initial reagents are also in demand among consumers. Most often, by-products are subject to their own GOSTs and technical instructions; they are also planned as part of the production process.

As for the formation of production waste, they appear as a consequence of poorly organized production and economic processes. The less advanced the technological side of production, the more waste it generates. This category includes:

• waste from mechanical, physical and chemical processing;
• waste from the extraction and enrichment of natural resources;
• a number of fractions remaining in purified technical gases and wastewater.

TO anthropogenic waste, or consumer waste, includes all waste produced by humans. This may include broken or outdated equipment, appliances and tools, as well as household items and personal items that have worn out or been damaged during use. The latter are called household waste. This group is united by the fact of human exploitation and the impracticality of restoration. However, waste from this group can be reused.

Groups of technogenic and anthropogenic waste collectively represent production and consumption waste. That part of them that can subsequently be reused as raw material for the production of new goods is designated by the term “ secondary material resources", or VMR.

Potential SMR is a type of production and consumption waste for the recycling of which there are no ready-made methods, capacities and sales markets. They usually also include all by-products of the production process that do not yet have a purpose. They are considered an important material reserve for industrial development.

In some countries, as part of the industrial waste recycling program, a procedure such as procurement of recyclable materials. It is collected, purchased, pre-processed and prepared by special organizations or specific citizens.

Under processing of recyclable materials This implies its preparation for subsequent inclusion in the industrial cycle.

In progress sorting Recyclable materials are divided into different groups according to certain parameters.

Recycling includes all activities for the transformation of waste in physical, chemical or biological terms, which will allow waste and residues to be adapted as new material raw materials for industry or to reduce the harm they can cause to the environment.

The latter implies that sometimes waste is necessary neutralize, that is, subjected to physical processing, exposure to chemicals or biological factors and techniques. Such processing will help make waste safe for people and nature.

The high degree of danger of industrial waste may lead to the need for it removal. To remove hazardous residues and waste, you need to think through the technological procedure for collecting, storing and preventing leaks.

Many industrial processes produce large volumes of waste that are difficult to organize and process as required.

Law on Industrial and Consumption Waste 2016: major changes

On December 29, 2014, Federal Law No. 458 was adopted, which amended the previously mentioned legislative act concerning industrial waste. The changes were designed to improve the way waste and garbage is collected, transported, further processed, disposed of and stored safely. Most of improvements became noticeable when new law began to operate, namely from the beginning of 2016.

The new law mentions for the first time such a category as municipal solid waste. This category includes all garbage (used, obsolete, lost marketable goods) that is thrown out by city residents, office workers and individual entrepreneurs.

As soon as the new law on industrial waste came into force, responsibility for how to collect (including separately), transport, process, dispose of, neutralize and store municipal solid waste fell on the shoulders of regional authorities. Previously, local governments were responsible for all these procedures.

According to the new law, local governments in large and small settlements and urban administrative units can only collect and transport waste. Everything else is now beyond their powers.

Now they do not have the right to negotiate with residents about garbage collection or enter into any written agreements.

The new Federal Law on industrial waste specifically clarifies that regional operators will agree on how to collect, transport, process, dispose of, neutralize and store waste in a particular region. Each subject and region will have its own waste recycling program. Clarifications regarding the planning of this process were included in Article 161 of the RF Housing Code.

According to these clarifications, residents and owners of houses that are registered in a particular region and territory must themselves enter into an agreement on waste collection and recycling with the relevant regional operator. The operator, in accordance with the same article of the Housing Code, is responsible for ensuring that the utility service for waste collection and recycling is provided in the format described in the contract.

Main types of industrial waste: grounds for classification

By classifying waste, it is much easier to understand what its destination will be. They can be disposed of on site, and also be transferred from one enterprise to another, taken to a landfill, dumped into the sewer network, incinerated, etc. Depending on the type of waste, they fall under one of the collection, transportation and disposal schemes, including reprocessing as recyclable materials. All schemes are designed to prevent the harm that waste can cause to the environment.

The most convenient basis for classification are the sources of waste and the directions of their possible use.

But there are other criteria. For example, if we are talking about waste that can be recycled, then it should be classified based on the technological aspects associated with recycling.

Summarizing the variety of approaches to the classification of consumer and industrial waste, we can assemble the following list of criteria:

• in which industry is waste generated?
• at what stage they stand out;
• what type of waste belongs to;
• how harmful they are to nature and humans;
• where they can be used;
• what benefits they can bring;
• to what extent residues are generated and can be processed;
• Is there a proven technology by which they can be processed?

For example, all solid industrial waste can be decomposed by industry (whether it appeared in a chemical production, metallurgical plant, electrical shop, etc.), as well as by process (sulfuric acid synthesis, waste from car assembly, bearing production, etc.) . P.).

In addition, all solid industrial waste can be divided into two types based on the principle of toxicity.

Also, all waste can be divided according to the criterion metal content in them into metal, non-metal and combined.

Among non-metallic wastes, there are subcategories of inert (that is, those that do not enter into chemical reactions - these include dumps from rock mining, ash, etc.) and active (that enter into chemical interactions - rubbers, various types of polymers, etc.) .

Combined waste containing metal and non-metal particles primarily includes waste from construction and industrial work.

The manufacture of goods and products often generates a wide variety of solid waste. Among them there are those that contain metal and non-metallic ones. The latter often contain materials such as wood, polymers, rubber, fabrics, glass, etc. All these wastes are combined into a class main production waste.

Waste that is generated during various technological procedures can be classified as side. In its own way physical fitness(state of aggregation) they can also be solid and liquid, as well as gaseous.

Classification by physical state is one of the common methods of waste typing.

They can also be classified depending on whether where the waste originated:

• at home;
• in production;
• in the agricultural process.

In addition, there are two types of waste by composition, namely: organic waste and inorganic waste.

Can also be placed in a separate group energy waste: thermal radiation, noise, background radiation, electromagnetic and ultraviolet waves, etc.

The Moscow Research Institute of the General Plan proposed its own version of the classification. Institute specialists identify 13 classes of production waste:

1. All types of sludge, including sludge from electroplating shops, which contain residues of reagents, chemical reagents, various toxic chemical elements, as well as alkalis and inorganic substances released in chemical production.
2. Wastewater pollutants that settle in industrial sewer systems.
3. Oil refining waste, liquids with high combustion potential (HLP), lubricants and coolants (CL), waste generated during the production of varnishes and paints.
4. Residues arising during the production of various plastics, polymeric substances, synthetics and any products based on these materials.
5. What occurs during the production of technical rubber products, including car tires.
6. Wood processing industry waste.
7. Paper industry waste.
8. Residues from industries using metals (ferrous and non-ferrous) and alloy steel.
9. Non-metallic dust, ash substances, slag dumps.
10. Food production waste.
11. Waste from light industry enterprises.
12. Glass production waste.
13. Construction garbage.

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Expert opinion

Technologically unavoidable waste needs to be used

Konstantin Tsvetkov,

director of the Severodvinsk garment factory

In our industry, as elsewhere, there is no waste-free production. Sometimes we can minimize the leftovers, but they will still be there. There is a category of inevitable production waste that we have learned to avoid.

Our new automatic system cutting significantly reduced the remains of material that previously formed when applying patterns. We still do the stuffing by hand, but the down for each stuffing is carefully weighed.

Of course, after cutting, small fragments of fabric still remain. But we found a use for them: now they either go into the production of various small items, or we collect them and take them to shelters and orphanages, where they are used for children's creativity.

Another type of production waste in the textile industry is fabric that is not needed. Sometimes suppliers make mistakes, sometimes our purchasing department makes mistakes. Sometimes we buy fabric for certain models, and they are suddenly discontinued because demand has changed. As a result, we sometimes end up with huge extra rolls. What to do with them? We came up with the following options:

• at the suggestion of the sales department, we use high-quality leftover fabrics for children's clothing;
• they are also useful for fine finishing;
• our partners meet us halfway and sew items that complement the collection (hats, gloves) from our own fabrics;
• balances become our most profitable offer for corporate clients;
• From the leftovers we can produce non-core goods - gifts, souvenirs, prizes. This is how our assortment now includes decorative embroidered pillows with down filling and comfortable soft wall organizers.

What classes of production waste exist in industry?

According to federal legislation, all industrial residues can be divided into five classes according to the degree of danger. The classification criterion is what Negative influence they have an impact on nature and humans. This criterion and classification parameters were established by public authorities.

Class I includes the most hazardous waste and garbage (for example, containing mercury).

Class II includes waste with a high degree of danger (for example, containing lead).

The Federal Law class III includes wastes that are moderately hazardous to the environment (products of used motor oils, etc.).

Class IV is all low-hazard residues and waste (bitumen fragments, asphalt and other solid stone debris).

Finally, class V includes everything that poses virtually no danger to the environment and humans (foam residues).

Depending on the class, tariffs for waste storage, procedures for their disposal and processing are formulated.

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Production waste generation: indicators and volume

We can say that every stage of the production process is accompanied by the formation of garbage and waste. From the extraction of natural resources to the use of the finished product, waste can be found everywhere.

According to statistics for 1997, the leader in the amount of waste is the energy industry. It accounts for about 27% of all air pollution.

Second place in this area belongs to non-ferrous metallurgy (22.8%), third – to ferrous metallurgy (15%). In fourth and fifth places, respectively, are oil production and refining (8.4% and 5.2%).

The energy industry also produces the greatest amount of water pollution (18.07%). In 2nd place is the wood industry with 18.04% of pollution, in 3rd place is chemical production, which accounts for about 18.02%. 4th place is occupied by metallurgical production (15.2%), 5th by mechanical engineering (8.5%). Similar figures are demonstrated by coal mining and processing enterprises (8.5%).

According to the same statistics, the volume of toxic industrial waste that has not been disposed of or processed exceeded 89 million tons in 1997.

Only experts can list the exact list of wastes produced by metallurgical, energy, chemical and petrochemical enterprises. But together they create about 4/5 of all production waste.

Mechanical engineering

This is a large industry with a ramified structure, which includes heavy engineering, production of automobiles, agricultural machinery, chemical equipment, oil equipment, construction equipment, transport, etc.

Most often, machine-building plants are located in big cities(are city-forming enterprises). Waste from their work negatively affects the well-being of city residents.

Sewage from engineering workshops pollutes the hydrosphere with oil refining products, compounds of sulfur, chlorine, nitrogen, copper, phosphorus, cyanide, iron, nickel, molybdenum and others.

In Russia, the leaders in hydrosphere pollution as of 1997 were KamAZ, ZIL, VAZ and AMO ZIL. The total volume of pollution from these giant factories amounted to about 127 million m3.

The volume of air pollution associated with the work of the machine-building complex in 1997 amounted to about 600,000 tons.

An assessment of production waste shows that the most pollutants produced at factories in this industry are:

• foundries;
• mechanical processing shops;
• workshop where welding and painting of parts takes place.

These enterprises emit substances into the air, in which chemical analysis reveals toxic oxides (carbon, nitrogen), ammonia, sulfuric acid, gasoline compounds, manganese, chromium and lead substances, acetates, various types of dust and suspensions, xylene, toluene and much more.

Mechanical engineering accounts for almost half of all industrial emissions of chromium-6, which is recognized as one of the most toxic air pollutants.

In the cities formed around machine-building plants (Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Tolyatti), the highest levels of air pollution in the country were recorded.

In terms of production waste generation, about 3/4 of the waste from enterprises in this industry is scrap metal. The volume of its deposits at enterprises is enormous.

Scrap metal is a ready-made recyclable material. Often, factories have a well-functioning system for recycling it in foundries or at partner enterprises in the metallurgy field. In addition to scrap metal, a significant share of industrial waste is paper, wood waste, oils, rubber and polymeric materials.

The mechanical engineering complex in Russia consists of more than seven hundred factories that use a variety of technological solutions. This significantly changes the state of the environment and people's lives.

Mechanical engineering production is characterized by high capacities and volumes; the life of many large companies is built around it. settlements. Based on this, it is necessary to understand the importance of solving environmental problems that arise as a result of the operation of this system.

Chemical industry

There is a huge variety of manufacturing processes in this industry. Therefore, it is considered one of the most problematic in terms of waste disposal.

The most environmentally harmful enterprises in the chemical industry include the production of acids, rubber products, plastics, paints and varnishes, household chemicals, fertilizers, phosphorus mining and oil refining. Every year they pollute the atmosphere with emissions exceeding 450,000 tons. Pollution of the hydrosphere by toxic sewage reaches 1.3 billion m3 every year. In these effluents you can find oil refining products, copper, chloride and sulfur compounds, phosphorus, zinc, mercury and chromium substances, etc.

Solid waste is generated in the amount of 70,000 tons annually and no more than a third is used. These include ash, sludge, paper waste, scrap metal and various polymers.

Recycling of residues in the chemical industry is complicated by the fact that they are usually unstable from a chemical and physical point of view, and sometimes even toxic. For the safe handling of production waste in this industry, special methods and technologies are needed. Some of them - mainly gypsum and lime residues - can be transported to landfills. Recently, the volume of pollution from the chemical industry has decreased in proportion to the decrease in production volumes.

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Food industry

Waste Food Industry are released with runoff into the hydrosphere. Among them are found a variety of organic compounds, salts, alkalis and acids.

Approximately 60% of the waste from this industry consists of paper, wood, metal and glass waste, as well as actual food scraps. The most dangerous processes in terms of atmospheric pollution are processes such as packaging, peeling, flour production, tobacco cutting, perfume production, meat processing, production of instant coffee and chicory, meat and bone meal and organic adhesives.

The level of air pollution from enterprises in this industry is about 224,000 tons of substances (data from 1997). Indicators for the hydrosphere reach 116 million m3.

It is impossible to identify general patterns regarding the composition and volume of production waste in the food industry. This indicator depends on the direction of the enterprise, its production technologies, and the season. But it can be argued that food waste poses a particular danger due to its organic nature: it can rot, attract insects and become nutrient medium for pathogenic bacteria.

Light industry

The volume of emissions from enterprises in this industry into the hydrosphere is, according to statistics from 1997, more than 130 million m 3 of wastewater contaminated with harmful substances. Among these substances one can find various suspensions, salts, phosphorus, fluoride and nitrogen compounds, nitrates, heavy metals, etc.

The level of air pollution recorded for light industry is approximately 56,000 tons of potentially harmful substances. Among the production wastes that they emit into the atmosphere, one can find oxides of carbon, nitrogen, vanadium, various solids in the form of suspensions, ammonia, acetone, sulfuric acid, acetates, benzene, etc.

Their main sources are electrolysis baths, loading and loading shops, mills and crushers, equipment for mixing, drying, scuffing, grinding, spinning, carding, dyeing, processing fur and fur blanks.

Some light industries are particularly water intensive. These include wood processing and pulp and paper production.

These enterprises are leaders in discharging contaminated sewage. The largest emissions were recorded in 1997 at the Kotlak pulp and paper mill (203.3 million m3), the Bratsk logging plant (152 million m3), and the Arkhangelsk pulp and paper mill (116 million m3). Toxic compounds of sulfur, chlorine, petroleum products, and various organic compounds were found in the effluents of these large plants.

Wood processing and pulp and paper mills also show high levels of air pollution. Statistics for 1997 note that as a result of their activities, the atmosphere was polluted with more than 380,000 tons of industrial waste, which contained oxides of carbon, nitrogen, acetates, anhydrides, formaldehyde, acetone and other toxic compounds.

Solid residues in the pulp and paper industry include sludge, dust deposits, metal debris, etc.

Expert opinion

How the Black Box System Helped Reduce Production Waste

Pavel Menshikov,

chief accountant of the management staff general director Mostotrest company, Deputy Chief Accountant of Mostotrest company, Moscow

“Black box” is a system for recording the work of workshops, which was implemented at one of our metallurgical plants. Before the system was launched, the company's management knew absolutely nothing about the workshops. For everyone except direct workers, the workshops were a “black box”.

The goal of the system was to reduce production costs. The workers were given a standard: no more than 6% of raw materials and semi-finished products could be written off as waste. That is, from each ton of material 940 kg of finished products should have been obtained. Accounting for production waste due to waste, scale and trimmings - our main waste generation points - was carried out according to industry standards. Since the introduction of such clear standards, it has become easier to control the quality of work: those who comply with the standard receive bonuses. If the workshop manager realized that something was preventing him from meeting this standard, he could contact the production manager and get help.

Eventually, the situation changed quite quickly for the better. Before the introduction of the “Black Box,” one of the workshops regularly exceeded the 10% waste rate; there was scrap metal and scrap lying around everywhere. In the reports they wrote that they had a huge level of waste, and practically no defects. The heads of this workshop also made other manipulations with reporting: they accepted the material according to the standard weight, and counted the products according to the actual weight. When the system was implemented, scales were placed near both exits from the workshops, and waste was noticeably reduced.

As a piece of advice, I can add that in order to reduce the level of production waste, you must first understand how much it is possible to reduce it. To do this, you need to obtain detailed information about the operation of the enterprise, which, as a rule, becomes a difficult task. We found our way out by introducing a system for collecting information. But "Black Box" – This is our know-how, and, as far as I know, such systems have not gone into mass production. So here everyone either develops their own programs or adapts existing ones for their specific enterprise.

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Instructions for handling production waste

The development of legislation on waste management in Russia began with the ratification of the Basel Convention in 1995. This convention is dedicated to controlling the international transport of toxic waste. In addition to the provisions of the convention, the management of production residues in Russia is regulated by federal legislation and a whole set of additional acts and amendments.

An important document in this regard is the instruction, which lists all the rules for handling the waste mentioned. It fully complies with the requirements of Russian legislative bodies and sanitary and epidemiological standards.

It lists how to process, dispose of or transport any by-products of the plant in a manner that does not harm the environment. The instructions also indicate the employees responsible for these procedures. These employees must be familiar with the instructions and clearly understand all the procedural aspects of processing industrial waste.

The instructions should be drawn up in accordance with what the organization does and what the volume of its production is. It is certified by the signature of the head of the organization.

The instructions must reflect:

1. How waste is collected and sorted by type, material and environmental hazard class.
2. What are the approved limits for waste storage and processing?
3. What documents and in what time frame must be completed in order to obtain the right to carry out all disposal work.
4. How to instruct employees involved in waste management on work issues.
5. How to keep records of production waste and what reporting to provide based on inventory results.
6. How to organize temporary warehouses, waste treatment and recycling points on the territory of the enterprise.
7. How to organize the removal and safe transportation of all types of waste generated at the enterprise.
8. What technologies can be introduced to reduce waste.
9. How to ensure that these instructions are followed.

In terms of environmental standards, responsible workers must:

• keep records of production balances;
• record all data on where, how and in what volume the balances were placed;
• use only specially designated areas for disposal of production waste;
• promptly instruct staff once a year and undergo training.

Workers are prohibited from:

• discharge contaminated wastewater outside the enterprise, including into water bodies;
• burn waste outside designated areas;
• place industrial waste near places of residence of people;
• carry out operations for the disposal of toxic waste.

The instructions outline accounting and tracking procedures:

• production waste generation;
• increasing their volume;
• collection;
• transportation;
• re-launch into production;
• processing;
• storage.

All these operations must be carried out by special bodies that are licensed for such work and equipped with all the necessary personnel, technical means and transport.

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Waste disposal

According to federal law, industrial waste can only be disposed of in special areas: storage facilities, landfills, complexes or structures specially built for this purpose.

In order to place its waste in one of these territories, the enterprise must receive a special official permission. In a storage facility, landfill, complex or building, waste is isolated and rendered harmless.

Where exactly industrial waste will be disposed is influenced by its environmental hazard class. Industrial waste management is carried out by licensed authorities based on the instructions of sanitary and epidemiological services.

The Consumer Service of the Russian Federation regulates what waste should be disposed of in specialized landfills.

In order to place by-products and waste from its production at one of the landfills, the head of the enterprise must calculate the maximum limit for waste storage. He must indicate:

• what is the volume of waste it disposes of;
• what is their composition;
• what class do they belong to?

On solid landfills household waste(MSW) it is prohibited to post:

• waste related to I-III class m;
• radioactive industrial waste;
• toxic substances;
• waste that has explosive properties;
• raw materials from meat processing plants;
• animal corpses;
• waste from medical institutions.

To store the above-mentioned especially hazardous waste, specialized buildings are used that comply with sanitary and environmental standards.

Disposal of waste substances

This process is waste recycling. The purpose of recycling is the recycling of production waste. Not all waste can be recycled. Those that can be reused are called recycled materials.

Exists three types recycling:

1. Primary, during which garbage and waste are not subjected to any additional processing.
2. Secondary, for which raw materials that have undergone special processing are used.
3. Mixed.

Industrial waste that contains toxic substances: mercury, lead, cadmium, etc. cannot be disposed of in the primary way. Such waste is subjected to secondary recycling to be divided into separate fractions.

Nowadays, there are many methods for recycling industrial waste. These include:

• pyrolysis – combustion of industrial waste in a specialized chamber at extremely high or extremely low temperatures;
• burning waste (quickly, efficiently, saves space);
• composting (cheaper than burning, and healthier, because there is a secondary product - compost);
• complex recycling at a special enterprise using modern technologies (promising, but expensive);
• burial in designated areas (cheap, but costly in terms of space).

How can you use industrial waste?

As a rule, waste from production processes is of little use for reuse. But, nevertheless, for some types of waste there are a number of methods of secondary disposal:

• creation of road embankments;
• reclamation of areas and landscape design and etc.

This primarily applies to solid industrial waste and construction waste - pebbles, sand, slag, broken bricks, and so on.

The use of construction waste in such areas has undoubted economic advantages. However, only 15% of solid industrial waste finds such use.

For some construction industries, waste recycling is a way of obtaining raw materials, from which new building materials are then obtained.

Industrial waste is very actively used in the construction industry.

Some of the recyclables differ little from original substance, so it can be easily reused and reused in the process. This is one of the fundamental principles waste-free production. Alas, such a system cannot be implemented in all sectors of production. But in some places it is successfully applied. An example of its successful implementation can be considered the extraction of graphite with graphite soot as a raw material.

Experts in the field of agricultural technologies have developed technology for using certain wastes as fertilizers. To do this, waste undergoes chemical processing - for example, phosphogypsum is used as a source of ammonium sulfate. This processing is inexpensive, but the raw materials must be carefully checked for heavy metals(arsenic, selenium and others), toxic to the soil.

By-products and waste from logging and wood processing plants are often used as industrial fuel.

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Rules for handling hazardous industrial waste: liability for failure to comply

Enterprises that completely or partially neglect the legislation in the field of industrial waste management must bear administrative, criminal or civil liability.

Disciplinary responsibility

This is a set of punishments faced by production workers who violate the instructions for handling industrial waste. The head of the enterprise has the right to subject them to disciplinary action.

Property liability

Civil liability

In the event of a leak of harmful substances into the atmosphere or hydrosphere, the enterprise responsible for this leak is obliged to compensate for the damage caused. Compensation is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and federal environmental laws.

Regulating the activities of enterprises related to industrial waste remains an extremely important issue. According to statistics from 1997, the volume of unauthorized waste dumped in landfills is 300,000 tons. As a result, vast areas have been contaminated and littered and may take centuries to recover.

Safety precautions when working with industrial waste

The waste management system intelligently limits facility employees who come into contact with toxic substances.

Failure to comply with these restrictions may subject the business and its employees to sanctions ranging from large fines to imprisonment.

The list of restrictions on handling industrial waste includes:

1. Selection of responsible employees to work with class I-III waste. Only adult citizens who have undergone a medical examination and instruction, who have the necessary chemical knowledge and first aid skills are allowed to perform such work.
2. Storage life criteria for hazardous waste. They are prohibited from being stored longer than specified in the Federal Law and its supplementary acts.
3. Storage security. There should be no heating devices or other elements that pose a fire hazard in the room where garbage is stored.
4. Compatibility of substances. When handling hazardous industrial wastes, you need to consider whether they are compatible with each other.
5. Attention to personal belongings. They should not be forgotten in a warehouse of toxic substances.
6. Self-defense after working with toxic substances. At the end of their stay in the warehouse, the employee must wash their hands warm water with soap.
7. If symptoms of toxic industrial waste poisoning appear, you must immediately contact a medical service.
8. A toxic waste warehouse must have a full range of fire-fighting equipment.

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Accounting and tax accounting of production waste

Industrial waste does not belong to the assets of the enterprise. Therefore, taking it into account in financial statements is a task that does not cause great difficulties.

The owner of the enterprise should not assign value to waste from his production that will not be reused. If they are not recycled and recyclable, then they will not bring any material benefits.

Another way to make a profit - selling waste to other companies - is also closed if these companies do not have recycling and disposal schemes for the purchased waste. So, the list of possibilities to do something with industrial waste turns out to be small: recycling, destruction or burial in accordance with federal laws.

The owner of industrial waste should not include this waste in his balance sheet.

But waste, nevertheless, must be constantly accounted for, since its volume affects the cost of the finished product that leaves the enterprise’s conveyors. In addition, accounting is needed to calculate the costs of storage, processing and disposal of waste.

If the enterprise is large, operates in several areas and produces several product lines, then production waste must be accounted for separately. The separation criteria may be the places where they appear or the types of finished product of which they become by-products.

Accounting for returnable waste is much more difficult than working with non-returnable waste. In a simplified form, we can say that the cost of returnable waste from the production process reduces the amount of material resources expended.

Valuation of returnable waste in accounting and tax accounting

The accountant needs to estimate the cost of returnable production waste and reduce the company's material costs by this amount. If a returnable expense is sold to another entity, the proceeds from the sale must be recognized in order to be subject to income tax.

When creating costing items and determining the cost of a product, you need to reduce material costs by an amount equal to the cost of returnable waste.

In order for all these procedures to be carried out correctly, you need to set the correct value to the return expenses.

According to Russian tax legislation, the cost of returnable waste can be assessed two ways:

1. They are assigned a reduced price of raw materials if they are subsequently re-incorporated into the main or additional production process with increased consumption of raw materials or with a lower product yield.
2. They are assigned an approximate selling price if the waste is intended to be sold to another organization.

Methodological principles of accounting and orders of the Ministry of Finance prescribe a similar procedure for reflecting the cost of production waste in accounting. It must be assessed in accordance with the existing market prices for waste of this group - that is, in accordance with the possible profits from use or sale.

Documentation and accounting of returnable waste

An organization’s waste and reserves need to be accounted for in such a way that accounting itself becomes a means of monitoring how they are stored and what they are used for. This rule, described in the accounting manual, also applies to industrial waste that has a return value.

All waste that is generated in different structural divisions and departments of enterprises must be collected in a unified manner and stored according to invoices, which will indicate the parameters of the waste. If the waste will be used in the future in the operation of the enterprise, then it is released from the warehouse using invoices.

In addition, methodological requirements for waste accounting require tracking the movement of waste within the organization using invoices. Only using these invoices will the accountant subsequently be able to reduce production costs through recycling or sale of waste.

Materials, fuel sources and other waste that can be reused are accounted for using separate accounts. And the sale of production waste is reflected in the income and expenses column.

Information about the company and expert

Severodvinsk garment factory. Field of activity: tailoring outerwear (under the NES&West brand) and clothing for corporate orders. Location: Severodvinsk (Arkhangelsk region). Form of organization: LLC. Number of personnel: 90. Production volume: more than 14 thousand down jackets (in 2009). Main clients: KamAZ companies, S7 Airlines.

Pavel Menshikov Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys. Expert in building efficiently operating departments and implementing corporate information systems. Before joining Mostotrest, he managed consulting projects in various industries (from the service sector to industry; carried out orders for industrial holdings, including the United Metallurgical Company and the Uralkali company). Conducts seminars on management accounting, document management and organizational development. Author of the book “Accounting without rush jobs and problems. How to establish effective accounting work. A practical guide for directors and accountants" (M.: Dobraya kniga, 2010).

Industrial waste should be stored in a specially designated place on the territory of the enterprise in quantities agreed upon with local executive authorities and territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision. [...]

Industrial waste containing natural radionuclides can have a wide range of effective activity values ​​from a few to several hundred kBq/kg. Their volumetric and weight quantities can also be significant, reaching tens of thousands of cubic meters for liquid, viscous and granular waste and/or several thousand tons for solid waste in the form of contaminated pipes and equipment. [...]

Construction waste includes logging residues, substandard wood, uprooted stumps, remains of metal pipes, wires, and containers. Industrial waste - pipe cuttings, chisels, shut-off valves, oil tanks, scrap metal, mercury lamps, etc. and household waste - packaging containers, plastic bottles, boxes, etc. [...]

Industrial waste is the remains of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products generated during the production of target (commodity) products. They are considered to have partially or completely lost their quality and presentation. They do not meet VTU standards and do not have a specific price. However, these products can and should be used as secondary raw materials or as an additive to primary raw materials in the production (manufacturing) of commercial products. Petrochemical production wastes include: pyrolysis resins, phenolic and polyalkylbenzene resins, various residual heavy and distillate light hydrocarbon products from the production of synthetic alcohols, ketones, fatty acids, styrene, isoprene, etc. In addition, production wastes include rejected mixtures of hydrocarbons, acidic, alkaline and sulphate wastewater, etc. [...]

Industrial waste is a consequence of imperfect technological processes, unsatisfactorily organized production, as well as imperfect economic mechanisms. These include: waste generated during mechanical and physical-chemical processing of raw materials; waste generated during mining and processing of minerals; substances captured during the purification of waste process gases and wastewater.[...]

In industrial waste subjected to fire neutralization, nitrogen compounds may be contained in the form of various oxides (nitrous gases), mineral and organic compounds. The most common mineral compounds found in liquid waste are Nitric acid and its salts, salts nitrous acid, ammonia and its derivatives, cyanogen-containing compounds; from organic - amines, nitriles and nitro compounds. During fire neutralization of waste containing these compounds, it is possible that nitrogen oxides (in super-equilibrium concentrations) and extremely toxic substances - cyanine and hydrogen cyanide, formed as a result of the thermal dissociation of some nitrogen-containing compounds, as well as as a result of radical reactions of various intermediate substances, may appear in the flue gases. formed during the oxidation of organic compounds) with atomic nitrogen. Knowledge of the mechanism and conditions for the occurrence of these reactions is of great practical importance when choosing the parameters of a fire neutralization regime that exclude (or minimize) the possibility of the formation of harmful substances. [...]

Almost all methods of processing solid waste, such as heat treatment, combustion, composting, and anaerobic fermentation, are also used for industrial waste. In addition to this software, in some cases it is subjected to underground burial in deep formations and underground cavities of natural or artificial origin, dumped into the deep parts of seas and oceans, and stored in above-ground sealed tanks.[...]

Waste from industrial and transport activities refers to household, industrial waste, as well as industrial waste arising in technological processes implementation of life cycles of transport objects that appear as a result of inefficient use of raw materials. They pollute the hydrosphere and lithosphere, accumulate in these environments and therefore are subject to disposal, disinfection, removal and processing.[...]

WASTE EXCHANGE [German] Vtsgyae from gr. bursa - bag, wallet] - an institution for the free redistribution of all types of industrial waste between enterprises. Publishing waste lists brings together offering and requesting customers. In some industrial sectors B.o. operates under industry unions of entrepreneurs, intersectoral B.O. - at chambers of commerce and industry. The main task of B.o. - saving raw materials and using waste.[...]

Sulfur in industrial waste is contained in the form of many organic and mineral compounds.[...]

Liquid industrial waste becomes flammable when different meanings heat of combustion depending on the heat of combustion of combustible components and their belonging to certain classes of compounds.[...]

At all production sites and residential facilities, it is necessary to organize a system for collecting solid household and industrial waste with equipment for waste collection containers and other containers, ensure their regular emptying and removal of waste to a landfill. It is necessary to provide a system of regular waste combustion in special furnaces with subsequent flooding of sludge.[...]

Dividing industrial waste into used and unused, which is often practiced when calculating the cost of target products, is insufficient, since it does not take into account such important indicators as the volume of waste generation, qualitative compositions and their value, etc. [...]

Many industrial wastes contain organic compounds, which include metals (salts of organic acids, derivatives carboxylic acids, alcohols and other organic compounds). Organic compounds containing alkali metals (sodium and potassium) are more common, and alkaline earth compounds (calcium and barium) are less common. Very often, liquid waste contains sodium salts of organic acids.[...]

Schemes for processing industrial plastic waste are usually simpler due to the absence of the need for their separation, classification by type, washing and drying.[...]

Neither solid nor liquid industrial waste is as active as gaseous waste. A higher degree of freedom of movement of the air mass, the difficulty of timely identification, and the relative suddenness of the action of toxic emissions can lead to irreversible consequences that adversely affect the health and well-being of others, create difficult working conditions and adversely affect labor productivity. In addition to the threat of poisoning, industrial gases and vapors in concentrations determined by the individual properties of the products they contain are to a certain extent explosive and fire hazardous.[...]

Recycling of metal waste with remelting is the main way of their disposal. Smelting of secondary metals from scrap-depreciation scrap, i.e. scrap metal obtained from depreciation and obsolescence of metal structures, machines, etc., and production waste (offcuts, shavings, etc.) is the largest area of ​​consumption solid waste in industry.[...]

The ways and extent of use of industrial waste are very different. They are determined mainly by the qualitative composition and quantity of by-products and waste generated in individual industries. Some waste disposal methods are temporary and depend on the current situation and their possible implementation. Some of the waste is used directly on site (in the production process of the target product) or sent as raw materials and auxiliary materials to other enterprises. A significant share of them is used as fuel in furnaces of technological installations, which is not economically feasible. Often industrial waste, having no practical use, is flared and dumped into the atmosphere, as well as disposed of in a dump.[...]

Using in-plant transport, solid production waste from bin 1 through shaft 2 falls onto an inclined or stepped grate 8. The layer of solid waste 9, under the influence of its own weight, slowly slides along the grate to the unloading zone. The organic part of the solid waste partially burns in the layer, and partially above layer 6, where additional secondary air is supplied through nozzle 3. The main amount of air 7 is supplied under the grate. Unburnt organic products, together with flue gases, pass through a refractory nozzle 4, designed to turbulize the gas flow and improve the combustion process of the remaining organic substances, and are burned in chamber 5. [...]

As already indicated, during the fire neutralization of industrial waste, flue gases are in most cases contaminated with dust, and sometimes with toxic gaseous components in the form of acids and anhydrides (HC1, NR, 502, BOZ, R4Oyu, etc.). The release of such gases into the atmosphere without purification is unacceptable. Only when waste of groups I and II are neutralized can flue gases be released into the atmosphere without purification. From physical properties mineral components in waste (melting point, tendency to sublimation, solubility in water) depend on the methods of their capture and the state of aggregation at the exit from the neutralization installations (dry dust, granulated slag, water solution, aqueous suspension or sludge).[...]

Wastewater is water contaminated with household waste and industrial waste and removed from populated areas and industrial enterprises by sewerage systems. Wastewater also includes water formed as a result of precipitation within the territories of populated areas and industrial facilities.[...]

A centralized form of differentiated processing of industrial waste was carried out at the Re-Gotmas enterprises, which receives and processes waste petroleum products. Centralization of processing of this type of waste stimulates the development of highly efficient technology, as well as the creation of specialized equipment, both primary and auxiliary, in order not only to ensure the maximum possible collection of waste, but also to be the basis for the development of waste-free technology. An example of auxiliary equipment is the compact and high-performance “Crystal” unit, developed several years ago, designed for the treatment of wastewater containing petroleum products and mechanical impurities. It turned out to be especially convenient for treating wastewater from car wash stations.[...]

Modern cyclone furnaces for the fire neutralization of industrial waste, by the nature of the processes carried out in them, can be classified as chemical reactors, therefore, in the future, cyclone furnaces will be called cyclone reactors.[...]

The most significant in terms of the scale of formation of solid production waste from the rubber technical products industry are unvulcanized and vulcanized rubber and rubber-fabric materials generated at the stages of preparation of rubber mixtures and blanks, vulcanization and processing of finished products, including various types of defects. The volume of this waste in our country does not exceed several tens of thousands of tons per year.[...]

The purpose of this book is to provide the readers with a primary classification of industrial waste and specific recommendations for their processing, as well as to identify general methods and means used in the disposal of secondary products. [...]

Below we consider the main energy technology schemes of waste fire disposal plants. Some of them have received wide practical application, others are at the development stage or are only technical proposals, but are of great practical interest. Technological diagrams of installations for fire processing and regeneration of some industrial waste are given in Chapter. 7.[...]

The use of a number of industrial and municipal wastes in agriculture, where they can be used as ameliorants or fertilizers, is very promising. In most cases, industrial waste can be supplied to agriculture free of charge, and its use locally, in areas close to the industrial enterprise, significantly reduces transportation costs. Therefore, the reclamation use of industrial waste, along with social and environmental feasibility, has high economic efficiency.[...]

The decline in production observed in recent years, unfortunately, has not led to an improvement in the waste situation. The difficult financial situation and instability of most enterprises force them to save on solving environmental problems, including the problem of waste, since their processing and disposal are not always economically profitable. It is hardly realistic to expect third-party investments in the modernization of industry and agriculture in the current conditions. Therefore, the situation with industrial waste in the near future will obviously remain tense.[...]

As shown above, the main factors of the technogenic impact of drilling on environmental objects are industrial waste and individual materials and reagents used in the technological cycle of well construction. Therefore, the procedure for rationing POM should be reduced to an analysis of the possibilities of measures to reduce the level of contamination of such waste or materials to the standard quality of the natural environment. Moreover, the totality of technical, energy and physico-chemical capabilities of such environmental protection measures must be taken into account and assessed. If one POM is not enough to achieve the required standard quality of a natural environmental object, it is necessary to use several measures that ensure a stepwise reduction of the technogenic factor to a safe level.[...]

MECHANICAL POLLUTION - environmental pollution with household and industrial waste that is relatively inert in physical and chemical terms (construction and household waste, packaging materials, plastics, etc.).[...]

Some authors reduce the meaning of environmental auditing to identifying the effectiveness of measures taken by companies to reduce production waste.[...]

In cyclone furnaces, due to the use of skull linings, wide opportunities open up for the fire neutralization of various types of wastewater and liquid industrial waste with the formation of a melt of mineral substances. Moreover, in the working space of the furnace, in addition to chemical reactions combustion of fuel and liquid combustible waste, oxidation reactions of impurities occur, as well as reactions with minerals. For example, during the oxidation of organic compounds of metals, oxides are formed, which in the furnace can undergo carbonization, sulfatization, etc. In particular, during the oxidation of organic compounds of sodium and potassium, carbonates are formed. The oxidation of organic compounds of sulfur, phosphorus and halogens is accompanied by the formation of gaseous acids and their anhydrides. Alkalis contained in the initial wastewater and other waste, as well as those resulting from the process of fire neutralization, can enter into chemical interaction with gaseous acids and their anhydrides in the working space of the furnace, forming various mineral salts. Minerals from the cyclone furnace can be produced in melt or solid form. Sometimes these minerals are used as raw materials in manufacturing processes. In these cases, cyclone furnaces can be considered as units for the regeneration of certain substances from industrial waste: hydrochloric acid from spent pickling solutions, trisodium phosphate from waste solutions of metal degreasing baths, soda from the alkaline waste of caprolactam production, etc.[...]

In accordance with the concept of the economic optimum of pollution, the problem of establishing environmental quality standards is usually solved. In this case, the level of disposal of industrial waste must correspond to the quality of the environment established by environmental authorities. In addition, opinions are expressed regarding the tightening of environmental standards, up to the standards of the untouched natural environment, regardless of the scale of the economic costs required for this.[...]

When used in technological processes, water becomes contaminated with various organic and inorganic substances, i.e. wastewater is formed. Waste water is water that has been used for domestic, industrial or agricultural use, as well as water that has passed through any contaminated area. Liquid industrial waste is called industrial wastewater or industrial effluent. These effluents contain toxic and poisonous substances that pollute water bodies. [...]

The activities of such services, as a rule, do not extend beyond the scope of one enterprise, however, even on such a narrow scale, the economic efficiency and objective need for their creation have emerged. Systematization of production waste allows us to take into account almost everything that is suitable for in-plant use. By using special cards recycling technologists manage to improve the routes of metal movement. For example, if previously, when making the frames of ridge blocks for railway cars, all the remaining metal was sent to be melted down, since it could not be recycled in the forge shop, then an analysis of recycling cards showed that these residues are suitable for stamping washers in another shop. This proposal alone allows you to save hundreds of tons of metal annually.[...]

During mechanical treatment, contaminants that are found in it mainly in an undissolved and partially colloidal state are removed from wastewater. Large waste, rags, paper, remains of vegetables and fruits and various industrial wastes are retained by the grates. The waste caught on the screens is sent to crushers. Recently, crusher grates have been used, in which large waste is simultaneously retained and crushed. [...]

Rational organization of individual stages of the work process is achieved by choosing the appropriate reactor design, selecting the type and placing it on the reactor technical means for burning fuel and spraying industrial waste. As already indicated, for the fire neutralization of liquid industrial waste in a sprayed state, cyclone reactors are the most effective, therefore, issues of rational organization of individual stages of the process of fire neutralization of liquid industrial waste will be considered in relation to this type.[...]

Fire treatment of wastewater is a complex physical and chemical process consisting of various physical and chemical stages. In the working chamber of the fire neutralization reactor, the fuel combustion process takes place, liquid industrial waste is sprayed, moving droplets evaporate, vapors are mixed and heated with flue gases, and the chemical reaction of industrial waste components occurs (oxidation, reduction, thermal decomposition, etc.). If there are mineral impurities in the industrial waste, the working process is complicated by the formation as a result of evaporation of drops of solid or molten mineral particles, carried away from the working chamber with flue gases or captured on the walls of the reactor and removed from it in the form of a melt. The indicated stages of the work process are combined in time and, to a large extent, in space.[...]

The main sources of pollution of the surface of the earth and the geological environment include drilled cuttings, grouting solutions, including oil-based ones with chemical additives, natural filtration of contaminated water from drilling sites and pits, injection of industrial waste into the annulus of drilled wells, pollution from garbage dumps and household waste. wastewater.[...]

One of the ways to achieve an all-round saving of raw materials is the most complete and rational use them based on advanced technology, the use of substitutes for scarce raw materials and materials, as well as the integrated use of by-products and industrial waste in order to isolate all the components they contain and eliminate harmful emissions into the atmosphere, water bodies and soil.[...]

The main reason for the ecological crisis of water bodies in the USSR is the scientific groundlessness and practical inconsistency of the concept that has prevailed for almost 50 years, based on two false postulates: 1) the inevitability of the formation of wastewater containing industrial waste; 2) the permissibility of discharging wastewater into natural bodies of water that is actually used for post-treatment of wastewater, i.e. as biological treatment facilities. Only in 1969, at the suggestion of academician [...]

Currently, there are enterprises producing materials for the construction industry: cement, bricks, mineral wool, thermal insulation boards, etc., the raw materials for the production of which are ash and slag. Therefore, the primary task of industry services for processing industrial waste is to develop route maps for the movement of this type of waste, which would take into account not only the distance to the consumer, but also the products that can be obtained from the waste offered. [...]

Prevention of undesirable consequences is possible as a result of the construction of structures for the protection of water bodies. For the construction of these structures, one-time costs are required for the construction of: ® stations, biological, physical-chemical and mechanical cleaning production and municipal wastewater; structures and installations for post-treatment of wastewater, including irrigation fields (except agricultural); co-, facilities for the primary stage of wastewater treatment (oil traps, grease traps, neutralization stations, flotation plants, sludge neutralization plants); in water protection zones with■ a complex of technological, forest reclamation, - agrotechnical, hydraulic, sanitary and other measures aimed at preventing pollution, clogging and depletion of water resources; © installations for the collection of oil, fuel oil, garbage and other waste from water bodies, including collection vessels and oil treatment stations; ©pilot installations for the development of new methods of wastewater treatment; ©installations and structures for the collection, transportation, processing and disposal of liquid industrial waste and bottoms; polygons and.[...]

Currently, due to gross violations of natural cycles, the environment’s ability to self-heal has been reduced to almost zero, so some ecologists believe (Yu. Odum): if strenuous efforts are not continued to curb the process of deterioration in the quality of the environment, then it will not be a lack of natural resources, and industrial waste will become a limiting factor in the development of civilization. Already, the growing volume of toxic waste (up to 50 million tons in 1978) is bringing it closer to critical levels. In the USA alone, about 1,000 new drugs are created annually; there are about 50 thousand chemicals on the market, about 35 thousand of which are potentially harmful to humans. [...]

That is why the thermal method, both in our country and abroad, has become widespread. According to this method, all organic substances are completely oxidized by atmospheric oxygen at high temperatures to non-toxic compounds. As a result, mineral products are released in the form of ash or granules. The thermal method of neutralizing industrial waste, depending on the conditions of the oxidation regime, the technological design of the process and the composition of the waste, is divided into a number of methods. [...]

The use of tars with a high acid content as a sulfonating agent for the production of sulfonate additives and their processing to produce sulfur dioxide, high-sulfur cokes, bitumen and some other products seem promising. Thus, when processing acid tars into sulfur dioxide in order to obtain sulfuric acid, liquid industrial wastes are usually added to them - solutions of spent sulfuric acid, the yield of which in the country is more than 350 thousand tons/year. Thermal splitting of a mixture of acid tars and spent sulfuric acid is carried out in combustion furnaces at 800-1200°C. Under these conditions, sulfur dioxide is formed and organic matter is completely burned.[...]

The modern city is even more sensitive to flooding, since due to uneven soil settlement, frequent ruptures of underground communications occur. Due to the series historical reasons some cities, contrary to economic feasibility, were built in places where either the flood area is very large, or the flood layer is very large (up to 3-5 m). On Far East The first includes Lesozavodsk on the river. Iman, to the second - Blagoveshchensk on the river. Amur. Intensive development of floodplains and clogging of riverbeds with industrial waste lead to a reduction in the river's carrying capacity within the city limits and to an increase in the maximum river level during floods. This is explained by the fact that the flow of water that previously passed through the floodplain, with the appearance of obstacles, is concentrated in the main channel, and the peak of the flood occurs more high level. In this regard, the speed of the water increases, and structures that are flooded are subject to significant damage.[...]

Nowadays, all the living nature of the planet is involved in human activity, in the very life support of human society. This state of affairs conceals another major priority of modern environmental education, which should be paid special attention to. The fact is that the impoverishment of the gene pool, irreversible losses of animal and plant species are gradually destroying living nature. And this destruction is not so obvious; it doesn’t seem to concern us. If, say, the consequences of pollution of water bodies with industrial waste are completely clear, then this allows us to consider this topic already in primary school. It is more difficult to understand that the purity of natural waters, the gas composition of the atmosphere, the processing of household and industrial waste, their return to the biological circulation system, and the restoration of disturbed biosphere communities are provided by living organisms. Inclusion in the educational process of the idea that the main condition for the effectiveness of these processes is the diversity of life forms is a very difficult task, requiring a high ideological level and pedagogical skill, but an absolutely necessary task of modern environmental education.

Types of production waste

Depending on the state of aggregation, waste is divided into solid and liquid, and according to the state of education - at industrial, formed during the production process, biological, generated in agriculture, household, radioactive. In addition, waste is divided into flammable and non-combustible, compressed and non-compressible. Depending on toxicity, waste is divided into extremely hazardous, highly hazardous, moderately hazardous, low-hazardous, and non-toxic.

Use and recycling of industrial waste

Waste that can later be used in production is classified as secondary material resources. To fully utilize waste as secondary raw materials, their industrial classification has been developed, which makes it possible to significantly simplify and reduce the cost of their further processing by eliminating or reducing the cost of their separation.

The first stage of waste management is its collection. After collection, waste is processed, stored or buried.

Recycling - an important stage in ensuring environmental safety, helping to protect the environment from pollution and preserving natural resources. Waste that can be useful is recycled.

Warehousing and disposal of production waste

Waste that is not subject to processing and further use as secondary resources (the processing of which is complex and not economically profitable or which is available in excess) is subject to warehousing or burial in landfills and landfills.

Landfills come in different levels and classes: landfills of enterprises, city, regional. Landfills are equipped to protect the environment. Storage areas are waterproofed to prevent contamination of pound water. The nature of the landfill equipment depends on the type and toxicity class of the waste being stored.

Before disposal at the landfill, waste with a high degree of moisture is dehydrated. It is advisable to compress compressed waste, and burn combustible waste in order to reduce its volume and weight. When pressing, the volume of waste is reduced by 2-10 times, and when burned - up to 50 times. The disadvantages of combustion are high costs, as well as the formation of gaseous toxic emissions. Waste incineration plants must be equipped with highly efficient dust and gas purification systems.

One of the most difficult problems is the collection, processing and disposal of radioactive waste.

Solid radioactive waste is compressed and burned in special installations equipped with radiation protection and a highly efficient system for cleaning ventilation air and exhaust gases. When burned, 85-90% of radionuclides are localized in the ash, the rest are captured by the gas purification system.

To reduce their volume, liquid radioactive waste is subjected to evaporation, during which the bulk of radionuclides is localized in the sediment. Liquid radioactive waste is temporarily stored in specially equipped containers and then sent to special landfills. In order to eliminate or reduce the risk of groundwater contamination during the final disposal of liquid radioactive waste, solidification methods are used. The waste is cemented to form cement stone, bitumenized, vitrified, and vitrified waste is incorporated into a metal matrix.

Cementing - The simplest method, however, the fixation of radionuclides in the cement stone is not reliable enough, the radionuclides are washed out, and the stone may collapse over time. Bitumenization provides reliable fixation of radionuclides, but at high activity waste is released a large number of heat of radioactive decay, and the bitumen block may melt (melting point of bitumen 130°C). Vitrification - reliable, but also the most expensive method. For high-level waste the method is used inclusion of vitrified waste into a metal matrix. To do this, glass balls with radionuclides fixed in them are obtained from a glass mass obtained from liquid radioactive waste, they are poured into a matrix along with a low-melting lead-based alloy, then the container is heated, the metal is melted, and the glass balls are fixed in the metal matrix.

Disposal of radioactive waste is carried out in repositories in geological formations. Burial grounds can be installed in surface layers of soil, rock salt massifs, and crystalline rocks. They should be located in places not prone to mudflows, landslides, in seismically safe areas where there is no nearby groundwater.

A radical solution to the problems of protection from industrial waste is possible with the widespread introduction of low-waste technologies - technologies that rationally use all components of raw materials and energy in a closed cycle, i.e. the use of natural resources and generated waste are minimized. Low-waste technologies involve reducing the material intensity of products; the use of closed water supply cycles for enterprises, in which treated wastewater is recirculated into production; the use of waste generated or substances captured by gas purification to produce other products and goods.

There is no general classification of consumer and industrial waste. Therefore, for convenience, the basic principles of this division are often used.

Principles of dividing waste into types

So, the structure of the basic principles is represented by the following elements:

• by source of education (industry);
• by state of aggregation;
• by production cycles;
• by areas of use.

Let's take a closer look at each of them.

By industry

This classification of waste is most widespread in practice. It is built on an industry principle. The largest share is occupied by the classification of industrial waste, among which we can distinguish: waste from non-ferrous or coal, chemical and

By state of aggregation

This classification of waste allows them to be more accurately identified as liquid, solid or gaseous. This division is important when choosing a technology for their storage, further processing or destruction.

Thus, gaseous waste should be stored in specialized tanks, liquid waste - in sealed containers, and solid waste - in containers, on sites or landfills.

To determine the technology for their processing, a classification of waste into classes, represented by the degree of explosion hazard and flammability, should be used. We must not forget about their toxicity.

By production cycles

Sometimes a classification is used that is organized according to industry principles.

This allows them to be detailed by technological stages of product manufacturing to identify operations during which any by-products may be formed.

An example would be chemical industry, in which, during the synthesis of organic substances, bulky residues may be formed that are not provided for by the production process (during distillation or rectification).

The classification of waste into classes discussed above is aimed at considering the issue of their use as recyclable materials. Therefore, such ranking reflects primarily quantitative indicators, and only then qualitative ones.

Physico-chemical properties of garbage

Classification of waste according to physical and chemical properties is important when assessing its impact on the environment. This, of course, applies to dangerous and toxic components.

The World Health Organization has developed a classification of waste by hazard class, adopted by the UN in the form of an environmental protection program. It includes a list of dangerous and toxic components that are released. The same list includes the following substances: arsenic, pharmaceuticals, various organohalogen compounds and, of course, mercury.

As a characteristic of the toxicity of substances, the coefficient of the lethal dose is taken, when used, half of the experimental animals died.

Separation of waste by hazard

The classification of waste hazards is based on the concentration of toxic substances they contain. Several components are also taken into account.

In recent years in European countries classification of waste by hazard class is based on its environmental friendliness. However, this approach is imperfect, since it complicates the process of assessing them as raw materials for further consumption in the production sector.

Using waste as a raw material base for production

One of the main tasks of any commercial and industrial activity is to achieve savings in energy and raw materials. Therefore, in modern economic conditions there is a convergence of the interests of potential consumers and producers who own modern production facilities and technologies for using waste as raw materials.

Unlike primary raw materials, waste cannot be targeted in advance to a specific area of ​​use. Thus, the same waste is used in various production areas. Therefore, for a reasonable classification on this basis, it is advisable to know some of their distinctive features. Thus, all waste can be combined into three main groups:

1. They have such unfavorable characteristics as lack of uniformity of composition and purity. The reasons for this are different degrees of wear, pollution, and climatic factors. Despite the fact that these characteristics are stochastic in nature, they are used to determine waste processing technologies and the quality of the resulting products, taking into account a complex of economic and environmental problems.
2. Solid household waste, the classification of which is based on the possibilities of use as In other words, a certain set of characteristics is specified that can be measured and included in the technical specifications, as well as regulatory and technical documents responsible for the optimal directions for waste processing.
3. Since primary raw materials tend to turn into waste during the production process, along with the loss or deterioration of some consumer qualities, updated properties are acquired that were uncharacteristic of the analogue at the initial stage.

Therefore, the description of waste should be based on determining for each individual type of characteristics that must be measured and the effective direction of its use.

Classification of waste according to technical characteristics

Based on the division of substances that are released during the production process, they can be combined into two main groups:

• properties that are important for a particular material, their measurement is mandatory when determining traditional ways of use;
• newly acquired properties, their measurement is necessary when identifying new and unconventional ways to use recyclable materials.

The properties of the first group are determined by studying the relevant scientific literature and regulatory and technical documentation.

For waste with newly acquired properties, techniques are required that are unified as methods for measuring their properties, as well as identifying other necessary properties.

Classification of household waste

Household waste may include household items unsuitable for subsequent use, food products and goods that have lost their consumer properties. This category also includes municipal solid waste, the classification of which is determined by the following elements: garbage and household garbage.

The composition of this type of waste depends on the following factors: the level of development of the region and country, the cultural level of the population and its customs, the time of year, etc. About a third of all solid waste is packaging material, the amount of which is constantly increasing.

The classification of household waste is based on multicomponent and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (ability to rot). Residential buildings, as well as trade, sports and other enterprises and organizations are accepted as sources of waste generation.

Such waste includes the following types:

• cardboard (paper);
• large materials;
• food waste;
• metals and plastics;
• leather and rubber;
• glass, textiles and wood.

This is a generalized classification of waste.

Recycling

Among the so-called garbage, one can distinguish its main types that need to be recycled.

1. Appliances. Its disposal is necessary for all enterprises that do not want to have problems with regulatory authorities. To carry out this process yourself, you need to have legal grounds, confirmed by relevant documentation. In the absence of such permission, a business entity may experience trouble. That's why the best option- contact a company that deals with waste disposal professionally.
2. Plastic, foam, paper, etc. In other words, the material that makes up the packaging. The process of processing this waste includes crushing it, and only then forming it into briquettes and using it as secondary raw materials.
3. Fluorescent lamps. They are quite attractive for recycling, since the electronic unit, base and bulb are valuable raw materials. It is known from practice that this garbage cannot simply be thrown away due to the fact that it contains mercury. However, when transferring for recycling, many processing companies require that these raw materials be delivered by the supplier themselves, and this is an additional cost.
4. Batteries. Today, collection points for this type of waste have already begun to appear. Therefore, the main emphasis of the state should be on propaganda, advertising and awakening consciousness among the population. This product, like fluorescent lamps, is also hazardous to the environment. One battery can pollute about 20 square meters. meters of land around and the time of its decomposition is a quarter of a century. It is also necessary to remember that it contains harmful metals such as mercury, cadmium and lead.

Harmful waste in medicine

The classification of waste in medicine is based on the specialization of the relevant institutions. These are mainly used bandages and gauze, human tissue, pharmaceuticals or blood.

All waste from healthcare facilities attracts special attention as it may pose a potential hazard to the environment.

All waste from healthcare institutions, depending on the level of toxicological, epidemiological and radiation hazard, is divided into five hazard classes.

So, class A is represented non-hazardous waste, which includes substances that have not been in contact with biological fluids of patients and infectious patients. This class includes non-toxic waste.

Class B includes infectious waste. This may include materials and instruments that are contaminated with patient secretions. This also includes organic matter from operations.

Hazard class B - very hazardous waste, which includes waste from micro-laboratories, as well as materials that have been in contact with patients with dangerous infectious diseases.

Class G - waste, similar in structure to industrial waste. These include: chemicals, cyostatics, as well as devices and equipment that contain mercury.

Hazard class D - radioactive waste, which includes waste from medical institutions containing radioactive components.

To summarize, we can say with confidence that proper disposal of waste of all types can be a guarantee of environmental friendliness, and this is so necessary in our difficult modern world.