Violations become sedentary. What threatens a sedentary lifestyle

Our face is a kind of “visiting card”. Communicating with us, especially for the first time, a person closely examines us. Looking at us, others evaluate not only clothes, but, above all, how our face looks. The first signs of aging appear in different people in different ages. Withering of the skin becomes noticeable on the face and hands and is interconnected with many factors, ranging from genetics to the quality of skin care. Cosmetologists distinguish several types of aging. Let's consider each of them separately.

The name of this type of withering of the skin of the face speaks for itself. Its main signs are a chronic tired look, which is certainly reflected on the face with an over-normalized work schedule or a dull attitude to life.

Usually the skin seems rested after a long sleep in the morning, but in the late afternoon signs of fatigue return. Creases form on the face between the eyebrows, “dark circles” appear in the areas under the eyes, the nasolabial and nasolabial folds deepen, the corners of the mouth drop, and the skin itself sags, creating lines that seem to pull the entire face down.

Such a sad appearance appears due to a violation of the lymph flow, the activity of which weakens with age, provoking muscle slackness as a result of a weakening of the tone of their ligaments. This type of fading appearance accompanies a dull tint on the face.

The “tired face” or pasty type usually refers to the initial stage of the subsequent phases of aging and is easier to correct than others. The skin at its first signs responds well to cosmetic procedures, allowing them to be used effectively, and the withering process itself is slow.

Sleep is the answer, of course.

Necessary:

• Get 8 hours of sleep.
• Go to bed no later than 10:30 pm, since between 11 pm and 1 am, the process of renewal and skin regeneration begins according to the body's biological clock.
• You need to sleep on bed linen made from natural fabrics, and it is better to choose an orthopedic mattress. The head on the pillow should not be too high, just enough to keep the line of the spine and cervical vertebrae in line.
• The temperature in the bedroom should not exceed 20-22 degrees. Cool air contributes to normal operation sebaceous glands skin.

It is necessary to add more fish to the menu, containing a protein involved in the production of collagen - the main substance that creates the elasticity of intermuscular ligaments, as well as raw vegetables, fresh fruits that support its synthesis in the body. The diet should contain non-carbonated bottled water at the rate of 30 g per 1 kg of body weight.

Note! "Tired face" is typical for people with normal as well as combination skin.

If normalizing sleep and eating does not help, ice should be tried. It is useful to wipe the face with ice cubes with the addition of a decoction of various herbs. Such a procedure with daily use will refresh the face over time and make it more toned.

At the advanced stage of this type of aging, it is necessary to switch to care with the help of serums and creams of directed action with vitamin C. You can supplement the care with lymphatic drainage massage, capturing areas of the neck, which has a beneficial effect on skin tone. It is important to supplement the massage with special gymnastics for the muscles of the face, squeezing and unclenching them.

Fine wrinkled type

The first signs of such wilting are the presence of small wrinkles located in the outer corners of the eyes, especially noticeable when a person laughs.

Thin people with dry and rather thin skin are often prone to a finely wrinkled type of aging. Over time, the face is completely covered with frequent and fine wrinkles. They remain on it even after the person has relaxed.

Dry skin type is usually flaky, it is characterized by tightness.

Note! Often, on dry skin, the first signs of aging become noticeable already at the age of 30.

Therefore, it is important to start caring for your face at the age of 25.

Dry skin aging prevention includes:

• you should abandon washing with alkaline gels, and use only milk or lotion for cleansing;
• use creams with a light moisturizing texture in the summer and more nourishing, saturated with moisturizing ingredients in the winter;
• need to drink more bottled water;
• you should use special protective creams when in the scorching sun.

The use of creams that mimic the production of sebum or contain an increased amount of vitamin E is recommended. In addition, this vitamin should be taken in conjunction with vitamin A capsules with meals.

If you need to use peeling, then it is necessary to choose it on the basis of a naturally plant component - papaya. Such a scrub is easy to apply without damaging the skin, gently exfoliates dead skin particles and is easily washed off with plain water.

Stimulation of blood circulation is an important step towards improving skin elasticity. Massage helps to strengthen the walls of blood vessels, capillaries, delivering to the surface of the skin nutrients. Laser polishing is allowed. The introduction of hyaluronic acid under the skin is recommended only if all other methods have not worked.

Deformation type

People of dense build with relatively large parts faces are particularly susceptible to the deformation type of aging. When the skin has a porous structure, and subcutaneous fat is produced intensively - with age, its excess causes distortion of the boundaries of the face.

The so-called "bulldog" cheeks sag, bags form on the lower parts of the eyes, and the upper eyelid, on the contrary, seems to hang over the eyes. The facial contour seems to “swim”, and the neck-chin angle merges into one straight line, forming a double chin. Nasolabial facial folds "fall through" even deeper.

Lymph flow, being disturbed, contributes to a tendency to edema, a decrease in the tone of the muscles responsible for mimic wrinkles. The elasticity of the skin is lost.

Although signs of aging may appear after the age of 30, oily skin ages the slowest of all other skin types. However, in case of excessive sagging of the skin, it will be possible to tighten it only through plastic surgery.

To prevent cardinal interventions in appearance with this type of wilting, it is necessary to start its prevention as early as possible.

Prevention of deformation type of aging includes:

• diet, weight loss
• sessions of sculptural massage;
• course of modeling masks.

To prevent rosacea, which usually accompanies this type of wilting, you need to use creams and special serums that prevent its occurrence. Special therapeutic creams are recommended that are effective for microcirculation in the surface layer of the skin, as well as cosmetics that care for it, enriched with vitamins K, P, C. The use of cosmetics with the addition of extracts of sea algae, which perform the role of lifting, is especially important.

mixed type

The combined type of wilting manifests itself in most cases in a person with mixed skin type: dry in some areas and prone to oiliness in others.

Such skin is subject to several types of aging at the same time, when, as a rule, finely wrinkled contrasts with deformation. Thus, a person has a parallel sagging of the face and many tiny wrinkles.

Ways to eliminate aging skin with mixed type include the following beauty treatments:

• laser rejuvenation;
• botox;
• contour plastic;
• chemical peels.

Over time, surgical braces are needed.

Muscular type

Asian or Far Eastern peoples are mainly subject to the muscular form of aging. It is characterized by well-formed facial muscles, against which the subcutaneous fat layer is weak.

However, representatives of these nations retain their youth for a long time due to the high cohesion of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Aging happens suddenly. The skin around the eyes grows, the cheeks sag. Quite deep folds form on the site of the nasolabial triangle, and the skin itself seems to “dry out”. At the same time, the oval of the face keeps a fairly clear shape.

Cosmetologists advise as often as possible to resort to procedures aimed at the formation of a special substance - elastin, as well as collagen or hyaluronic acid people with this type of skin with initial manifestations of wilting on the face and neck.

• mesotherapy, homeomesotherapy;
• botox;
• chemical peeling;
• contour plastic;
• microcurrent, ultrasound therapy;
• laser rejuvenation.

With progressive signs of wilting, you should use the services of surgical plastics.

Old exhausted face

This type of aging is the final stage of skin aging. It usually occurs after 75 years.

Old age is pronounced, the face is completely covered with wrinkles. Facial features reflect the mood of the past years: in people with a tough character, wrinkles form hard lines, and in old people contemplating this world, a kind senile facial expression.

The surface of the face of an elderly person has:

• deep profuse wrinkles;
• sunken temples and cheeks;
• protrusion of the superciliary arches and chin;
• skin defects - age spots, warts;
• waxy or yellow skin tone;
• the formation of dark circles under the eyes.

Dystrophic processes occurring deep in the skin cells and throughout the body are also displayed on the face. Being outdoors in the fresh air and eating right will help slow down the drying of the skin as much as possible.

Only plastic surgery can give radical changes, which will help to rejuvenate the appearance for a while and return 20, and in some cases even 30 years ago.

How to determine your type of aging?

In order to use time effectively and not allow the process of premature aging to begin, it is necessary to apply preventive procedures against early fading of the skin of the face from the age of 25 or 30. Skin care procedures will depend on the type of fading.

It is possible to find out your own type of aging on your own. Specialists in the field of cosmetology and aesthetic medicine have developed a special indicative test that allows you to understand the types of wilting at home.

You need to answer a series of questions and write down the answers to them in the form of a specified letter related to the selected answer.

The test results are formed simply: the predominant letter will display information about your type of aging: MM - finely wrinkled, the letter U - tired, the predominance of M - muscular, the set D - deformation. Combined aging, requiring diligent care for aging facial skin, will show a cocktail of various letters.

How will you grow old (video)

You will also learn which treatments and home remedies can be used for your type of aging in the following video.

Attentive attitude to yourself allows you to take care of the skin in advance, starting the fight against the signs of aging at the earliest stage. It is important to correctly determine the type of aging in order to begin competent work on the fight against wilting. A professional cosmetologist will help you understand the intricacies of skin care, so a timely visit to him should become the norm for every woman.

Obviously, we don't get wrinkled and all the signs of aging overnight. We age gradually and consistently.

Even at the end of the 20th century, it was believed that skin aging begins somewhere after 35 years. A little later, this bar shifted to 30 years.

However, in recent times the trend of “rejuvenation” of this process is becoming more widespread, i.e., the first signs of aging are increasingly found among young people under 25 years of age. Such changes in statistics are explained by the influence of an unhealthy lifestyle, the impact environment and, much less frequently, a genetic predisposition.

Facial skin aging. Stages and signs

18-20 years old. The first stage of skin aging

During this period, especially noticeable signs of aging do not appear, because the processes of cell regeneration still proceed quite quickly and a sufficient amount of collagen and elastin fibers is produced. However, the skin is already beginning to gradually lose its ability to retain moisture. And the first sign of approaching aging is a feeling of tightness of the skin, especially in the morning.

23-25-35 years old. AT second stage of skin aging

During this period, the first signs of aging appear on the face: wrinkles of different depths, the complexion changes, age spots appear, pores enlarge, the nasolabial fold becomes more noticeable.

At this stage of skin aging, cell regeneration processes slow down, the rate of synthesis of collagen and elastin fibers decreases, and the layer of sebum that protects it from free radicals becomes thinner.

• peeling. Regular and deep cleansing of the skin contributes not only to its renewal and deep cleansing, but also due to its restorative function, the synthesis of collagen and elastin fibers is stimulated;
• nourishing and moisturizing creams "25+" (night and day action). Also choose creams that perform a protective and supportive function for natural processes, because at this age, as mentioned above, the protective layer of sebum becomes thinner, and it becomes vulnerable to free radicals;
• moisturizing, nourishing and anti-aging masks. These include those that include vitamins that are beneficial for the skin. Among these, vitamins of groups A, C, B, E can be distinguished.

35-45 years old. T third stage of skin aging

At this stage of facial aging, existing wrinkles deepen, puffiness appears, folds in the nasolabial and nasolacrimal regions become more noticeable, deformations begin to occur in accordance with the type of aging.

Firstly, at this stage of skin aging, the recommendations given for the previous age group are mandatory here for regular implementation;

Secondly, the fight against aging here should be enhanced by vitamin exposure. Take vitamins in complexes, eat foods rich in vitamins and minerals (potassium, manganese, copper, iron, selenium). Also, to maintain youth and freshness, it is important to use ascorbic and fruit acids. Use natural oils - add a couple of drops to your cream, bath or mask. The most effective anti-wrinkle oils are grape seed, jojoba, almond, olive and sandalwood.

Thirdly, choose care products with the appropriate labeling.

45+. Fourth stages of skin aging

This stage declares itself with visible deformities of the face: the corners of the mouth droop, resulting in the formation of wrinkles in this area, deepening of the nasolabial folds, accumulations of flaccid skin in the upper eyelid area, swelling and sagging in the lower eyelid area, the facial contour is deformed and fleas appear. , flabbiness appears in the lower part of the face, furrows of wrinkles on the neck are outlined. The complexion becomes gray or earthy.

• follow all of the above recommendations;
• select appropriately labeled skin care products for aging skin. They should stimulate the synthesis of collagen, elastin fibers and hyaluronic acid. From about 40-42 years old, start using creams that contain antioxidants (Vitamin C, vitamin E, coenzyme Q-10), they help remove harmful substances from the body and protect against free radicals;
• use products that support cell activity (protect cell membranes, mitochondria and DNA)

Aging becomes an unpleasant event in the life of any woman. With age, the condition of the skin will only get worse. Many mistakenly believe that the reason lies in insufficient care, exposure to external factors, natural stretching of the skin. Indirectly, these factors Negative influence on the appearance, but main reason age-related skin changes lie deeper.

Each type of appearance has its own aging scenario, however, certain periods of life are characterized by similar age-related changes in the skin of the face.

From the age of 14 to 21, the appearance loses its childish softness. The skin gradually thickens, and facial features lose their roundness and become clear.

The face is finally formed between the ages of 21 and 30. The main influence on the process is the character, facial expressions. The outlines become clearer, more pronounced. There are practically no signs of aging.

Average age characterizes the accumulation of clear signs of aging. The forehead, corners of the mouth, eyelids are covered with wrinkles. The features soften, the oval begins to float, the skin loses its elasticity and becomes thinner. Gray hair appears.

Aging at the age of 60 on the face is displayed by confident wrinkles, thin saggy skin or swollen features. The eyes become deeply set, they are framed by protruding brow ridges. The lines are blurred. Gray hair becomes thinner, it becomes much less.

In deep senile age, the face is completely covered with deep wrinkles. The lips become thinner, they are also covered with wrinkles. The cheeks fall, the skin on them sags even more. The elongated nose looks sharp, and the eyes are small due to drooping eyelids.

Why does the face age?

Outwardly, the effort of the face is expressed by the appearance of wrinkles and the distortion of its features. With a global study of the issue, it becomes clear that the main cause is the deformation of the muscles under the skin. They are of two types: mimic and chewing. In various situations (sleep, work, manifestation of emotions), the behavior of these muscles is quite individual, which serves as the basis for age-related skin changes.

The struggle for youth is doomed to failure if you approach the problem superficially or with insufficient knowledge. Having studied in detail, you can aim to work with a specific problem. The main difference is the mounting methods. Mimic with one side are attached to the bone, and with the other they fall directly into the skin, chewing with two ends come into contact with the bones of the skull. The appearance of the skin depends on their condition.

Face change with age

Diagnosis of age-related changes

You can check the presence of muscle blocks that affect facial aging using self-diagnosis in the following video:

Types of aging and their characteristics

All people age at their own pace. Someone at an early age has gray hair and a network of wrinkles covers the face. And someone's face significantly loses its shape, but there are only timid hints of wrinkles. It is possible to have a significant impact, slow down the process only taking into account the individual type of facial aging. Below are different types aging and their characteristics.

Tired

Photo from lady-zest.ru

The tired or pasty type of aging is characterized by a fresh, rested, toned appearance in the morning and tired, with noticeable signs of fatigue, by the evening. The causes of this condition is the stagnation of fluid in the soft tissues - swelling. Provocateurs are venous stasis, as well as a violation of the outflow of lymph.

On aging skin, venostasis is manifested by edema in the frontal and parietal areas. Very noticeable when touched with a finger. In addition to private zonal edema, it can manifest itself as a general swelling of the forehead. In this case, the absence of wrinkles is not an indicator of health, on the contrary, due to the volumetric layer between the skin and the skull, they cannot break. The presence of any of these symptoms indicates a violation of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the skull.

Lymphostasis causes a violation of the outflow of lymph and its stagnation in the tissues. The presence of a problem is indicated either by general swelling of the face, or by the presence of unpleasant phenomena in the form of bags under the eyes, a double chin, swelling of the eyelids, and nasolabial folds.

Baked apple - finely wrinkled

Photo from the website molod24.ru

This type of aging is characterized by the appearance a large number small wrinkles. Their appearance is due to a violation of the outflow of tissue fluids caused by destructive changes in the facial muscles. The function of the tissue fluid is to remove the metabolic products of the skin, in violation of which it is displaced by toxins. This leads to the formation of a network of small wrinkles. A similar phenomenon is most often observed on the upper and lower eyelids.

bulldog cheeks

Photo from the website molod24.ru

Sagging of the skin in the area of ​​the buccal muscle is formed due to general violations of the biomechanics of the skull. The muscles of the cheeks are attached to the upper and lower jaws. In the normal position of the jaw, their condition is static. When deformed, they can sag. The appearance of sagging cheeks in old age can be predicted even in youth by the presence of pronounced "nodules" in the corners of the mouth.

Combined

Photo from the website molod24.ru

The combined type of facial changes with age can combine different types of aging. A feature is their manifestation in any proportions, as well as the replacement of one for another over time. Measures aimed at improving the condition of the skin should take into account the severity and localization of changes.

Muscular

Photo from the website molod24.ru

With the muscular type of aging, changes in the face with age occur in a slower rhythm; by old age, it remains young and fresh longer. This condition is due to the presence of well-developed facial muscles and a thin layer of adipose tissue under the skin. Over time, the fat layer becomes thinner, and the skin tightens the muscles more tightly. The shape of the face practically does not change, wrinkles can appear quite clearly.

Old exhausted face

The last stage of aging is the senile exhausted face. This type manifests itself in old age and indicates general destructive changes in the skin. It becomes transparent and changes color to yellowish. The number of wrinkles noticeably increases, they become deeper. The chin protrudes forward, and the cheeks sink. Dark circles under the eyes are constantly present.

Regular courses of environmentally friendly hardware therapy in the form of biomechanical stimulation will help control the condition of the skin and avoid significant changes.

Significant changes in appearance with age can be prevented and suspended using the above methods, only after consultation with a competent specialist in each area of ​​eco-rejuvenation. The required level of knowledge, a fairly narrow specialization and an integrated approach will ensure a sustainable effect of preserving youth despite mature age.

General information

Humanity has long been looking for a recipe eternal youth and tries to create an elixir of beauty. Thanks to technological progress, scientific advances and centuries of experience in medical practice, many deadly diseases have been defeated, and the average life expectancy of people is steadily increasing. However, the aging process remains relevant and continues to interest both scientists and practitioners. The first signs of aging are observed on the face, even when the whole body is in good condition. physical form. Often, chronological (fixed by passport data) and biological (determined by the state and functional characteristics relative to the average statistical norm) age do not match.

The skin is a protective barrier for the whole organism and is the first to meet the aggressive effects of the environment. In this unequal struggle the skin loses moisture, becomes thinner, loses its ability to regenerate (recovery). Fibroblasts - cells of the dermis - gradually stop producing collagen, which reduces the elasticity of the fibers. The skin is very sensitive and immediately reacts to the slightest hormonal signal from the body. Age-related fluctuations in the hormonal background lead to changes in metabolic processes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, a decrease in muscle tone. Repeatedly repeated solar exposure causes photoaging of exposed skin areas. Gradually, the skin ages, various wrinkles appear on its surface: static, caused by a decrease in muscle tone; mimic - from frequent muscle contraction with certain emotions; gravitational, arising under the influence of earth's attraction.

Natural and premature aging

Aging that occurs due to natural physiological processes is called chronoaging or chronological aging. Premature aging of the skin is called "hormonal aging", "photoaging" or "myoaging".

Biological age and the rate of development of aging processes are genetically predetermined, being programmed at the cellular level. Natural aging is an inevitable and irreversible process, its natural development cannot be stopped. Premature aging can be corrected, it can be resisted, because it is caused by subjective factors: lifestyle and nutrition, environmental factors, ultraviolet radiation, various diseases, etc. Early wrinkles can appear as early as 18-20 years old. They marked lovers of actively expressing their emotions, in which all experiences are “written” on their faces: knitted eyebrows, wrinkled nose, squinted eyes. Contracting, the mimic muscles located under the skin gather the skin in certain places into the smallest folds. Gradually, from repeated contraction, the mimic muscles “get tired”, eventually lose the ability to complete relaxation, and the skin loses its elasticity and former appearance. Premature wrinkles are formed: small skin folds are fixed into persistent deep wrinkles.

External signs of skin aging

Signs of aging have different external manifestations depending on the stage and type of aging.

The first type of aging is “tired face”. The elasticity of the soft tissues of the face and neck decreases, puffiness appears, the nasolabial fold is pronounced, the corners of the mouth are lowered. After rest and good sleep, rested skin looks younger, and by the evening the signs of aging are noticeably manifested, the face looks tired.

The second type of aging is the wrinkled face. The face and neck are dotted with fine wrinkles, the skin is dry. “Crow's feet” are noticeable in the corners of the eyes, the upper lip and chin are marked with “corrugation” of wrinkles, wrinkles of the upper and lower eyelids are pronounced.

Activation or suppression of the activity of certain genes underlies the development of a particular pathology and the mechanism of aging in general. Based on these findings, gene regulatory therapy was proposed to prevent genetic disorders that affect the development of age-related diseases.

Stochastic (probabilistic) theories

Stochastic or probabilistic theories explain aging as a result of mutational changes occurring at the DNA level. Random mutations accumulate in chromosomes and are repeatedly reproduced during cell division.

Theory of free radicals.

Scientists D. Harman and N. Emanuel almost at the same time (respectively in 1956 and 1958) put forward a theory called the theory of free radicals. With the help of this theory, they explain both the very principle of the aging mechanism and the occurrence of many age-related diseases: cardiovascular pathology, cataracts, decreased immunity, impaired brain activity, cancer, etc. The “culprits” of pathological changes occurring in the body are D. Harman and N ..Emanuel called free radicals - oxygen molecules involved in many biochemical processes in cells.

Free radicals are unstable particles with a missing electron, so in search of their missing particle, they react with healthy molecules, taking an electron from them and turning them into free radicals. Due to chain reaction The formation of free radicals in the body causes damage to cells and a violation of its biochemical balance. The formation of free radicals can also be caused by harmful exogenous factors: ultraviolet radiation, polluted air, nicotine, etc.

Free radicals strike the first blow on the skin, provoking the appearance of wrinkles, rashes, signs of inflammation, and in addition, the development of more than 60 different diseases and aging.

In the skin, collagen, the protein that gives skin firmness and elasticity, suffers the most from free radicals. Free radicals cause biochemical changes - the formation of cross-links that prevent the free movement of collagen fiber molecules relative to each other. Collagen molecules are soldered into bundles, lose elasticity and become stiff, which is manifested by signs of skin aging.

The reasons that trigger the mechanism of the harmful effects of free radicals in the skin are different, but the most insidious is the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. The sun's rays stimulate the formation of free radicals and the production of proteins-enzymes that break down fats with the formation of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid causes the formation of molecules that promote inflammation and skin aging. And free radicals, in turn, activate special molecules inside the cells - the so-called copy factors.

Copy factors are neutral molecules, but if they are activated by free radicals, they begin to migrate to the cell nucleus. In the nucleus, integrating into DNA, copying factors cause the synthesis toxic substances. The copy factor NFk-B causes inflammatory processes in the cell and accelerates its aging. Copy factor AP-1 leads to the destruction of collagen, the formation of microdefects and wrinkles in the skin.

Free radicals can damage the DNA and RNA of cells, lipids, fats. Inside the cells, there is a protective mechanism against the aggression of free radicals - these are the enzymes superoxide dismutase, etc. Substances consumed with food have an antioxidant (neutralizing free radicals) effect: vitamins (A, E, C), vegetables, fruits, green tea, coffee, etc. True, an excess of antioxidants can cause the opposite reaction in the body - an increase in oxidative intracellular processes.

The theory of the catastrophe of errors.

In 1954, the American physicist M. Szilard put forward a hypothesis about the mutational nature of aging or “aging by mistake”. Learning action ionizing radiation on the different kinds living organisms, he came to the conclusion that radiation shortens the lifespan of animals and humans. It leads to the development of mutations in DNA and causes signs of aging: diseases, gray hair, etc. Szilard came to the conclusion that mutations are the cause of aging of biological species, but could not explain the mechanism of aging of living organisms that were not exposed to radiation.

Following Szilard, researcher L. Orgel considered mutations in living cells not only as a result of exposure to external aggressors (ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, free radicals, toxic effects of viruses and other mutagenic agents), but also as a spontaneous process. That is, errors in the genetic apparatus of cells can be caused by both external and internal causes. They entail a violation of the functions of cells and the whole organism, lead to their aging and death.

Theory of apoptosis(cell suicide).

The theory of cellular apoptosis (from the Greek "leaf fall"), put forward by academician V.P. Skulachev, considers cell death as an inevitable, programmed process. To preserve the integrity of the body, each cell, having lost its viability, must die and give way to a new one. Infection with a virus or mutations that cause diseases and malignancy become a signal for the “suicide” of cells so as not to endanger the death of the entire organism.

In contrast to the violent death of cells as a result of burns, injuries, hypoxia, poisoning, etc., during apoptosis, the affected cells independently disintegrate into structural fragments and are used by other cells as a building material.

The process of self-destruction of mitochondria (an organelle that provides cell respiration) V.P. Skulachev called mitoptosis. It occurs when a large amount of free radicals accumulate in the mitochondria. The decay products of dead mitochondria can poison the cell and lead to its death (apoptosis). The aging process according to V.P. Skulachev occurs when the number of dead cells in the body exceeds the number of newly formed ones, and the dead cells are replaced connective tissue.

According to Academician V.P. Skulachev, the way out is to prevent the destruction of cells by free radicals. That is, he considers old age as a curable disease, if the programmed aging of the body is cancelled.

V.P. Skulachev believes that reactive oxygen species, in particular hydrogen peroxide, have the most detrimental effect on cells and mitochondria. As a cure for aging, the academician developed and proposed the drug SKQ, the clinical trials of which have not yet been completed.

Prevention of skin aging

Photoprotectors

To prevent premature aging of the skin caused by increased insolation, means are used to protect against ultraviolet radiation. The action of some of these agents is aimed at capturing ultraviolet radiation, under the influence of which their chemical transformation occurs. As a result, part of the radiation energy is spent on a chemical reaction and does not reach the dermal cells. Such funds may have contraindications, tk. their penetration into the body with the bloodstream through the skin and adverse allergic reactions is possible. A good alternative to such sunscreens are photoprotectors, which include finely ground mineral pigments (titanium dioxide or zinc oxide), which do not penetrate deep into the skin, but reflect from its surface. ultra-violet rays. Sunscreens include water, fats, vitamin E, softening and moisturizing ingredients. It is useful to use post-sun products for cooling, nourishing and moisturizing the skin.

Moisturizing

Good hydration is an indispensable condition for the prevention of premature skin aging. The impact of any climatic and atmospheric factors on the skin negatively affects its hydration, especially in urban environments, where the air contains many aggressive chemical components. With low air humidity, the body loses water, with high humidity, sweating and sebum production increase. Even at high humidity, if there is an increased air temperature, the skin needs protection from drying out under the influence of the sun, moisturizing and thorough regular cleansing. Low temperature and low humidity dry out the skin, depriving it of moisture. At low humidity and high temperatures, the skin also actively loses moisture. Drying of the skin is possible from strong wind at high or low temperatures. Under the influence of the wind, the skin not only becomes thinner, it becomes scaly, begins to peel off. Adverse atmospheric influences should be countered additional measures for moisturizing and protecting the skin: the use of a high-quality day cream and prolonged exposure to fresh air in a favorable ecological zone.

Healthy lifestyle

Care of the skin and prevention of its premature aging should begin, first of all, with the organization of a rational regime of work and rest, giving preference to a healthy lifestyle. An organism deprived of full and sufficient sleep is doomed to develop adverse consequences, the first of which is a tired skin condition. The formation of new cells occurs during sleep, so the skin naturally restores its structure while we sleep.

Regular exercise trains the skin, increases its elasticity. Under the influence of increased loads, an additional blood flow to the skin occurs, which has a good stimulating effect. Sports and exercise are good for coping with stress - worst enemy healthy skin.

Prolonged stress causes convulsive contraction of the facial muscles, prolonged stretching of elastic fibers and their overwork. Under stress, the skin experiences a lack of oxygen and nutrition, because. under the influence of increased adrenaline, a violation of capillary circulation occurs. Another stress hormone - cortisone - disrupts the process of skin regeneration and collagen formation. Reasonable attitude to life events, resistance to stress - effective way protection against premature skin aging.

Healthy young skin and smoking are incompatible concepts. If you want to resist skin aging, you will have to give up the bad habit of smoking to avoid the appearance of wrinkles around the mouth and eyes. Smokers need an additional intake of vitamins A, E, C, provitamin A (beta-keratin) to prevent the formation of a large number of fine wrinkles.

Even more significant harm to the health and condition of the skin causes alcohol intake. Under its influence, capillaries expand, which become noticeable, changing the appearance of the skin. Alcohol intake adversely affects the functioning of the liver, which inevitably affects the condition of the skin. Excessive consumption of strong tea and coffee has the same adverse effect on the liver, and hence on the skin.

Skin aging can be caused by the use of certain types of drugs, so you should not self-medicate and uncontrolled use of drugs.

And finally, a balanced diet rich in vitamins and microelements and sufficient fluid intake (up to 2 liters per day) contribute to maintaining a normal life balance in cells and tissues, and prevents premature aging of the skin.

Skin aging is an inevitable process of age-related changes in the skin, as the synthesis of collagen and elastin slows down, which inevitably affects the condition of the skin of the face. However, signs of skin aging are often observed in young women. Premature aging of the skin is quite common. It is due to the influence on the epidermis of many destructive factors such as ultraviolet rays, poor ecology, malnutrition, etc.

Fortunately, it is quite possible to prevent premature aging or even get rid of its manifestations if you turn to a cosmetologist in time, who will discover the causes of the pathological process and select a set of measures to eliminate it. There are many cosmetic procedures that can eliminate the first signs of aging. The most effective of them is biorevitalization, which involves the introduction of hyaluronic acid injections under the skin. To prevent early aging of the skin, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, use sunscreens, Do not smoke.

Natural and premature aging

Scientists have proven that the type of human aging is laid down by nature itself. However, several periods of skin aging can be distinguished. The aging process starts at the age of 25, which is due to hormonal changes in the body and a slowdown in cell regeneration. Of course, at this age, the functional reserves of the body are still quite high, so the metabolic processes in it proceed quite quickly. The appearance of the first wrinkles at the age of 25 is usually associated with the influence of negative environmental factors on the skin.

The first signs of skin aging

The first noticeable signs of skin aging are usually found at 28-30 years of age. This process can be explained as follows: with age, the cycle of epidermis change increases significantly (from 28 days to 45-60). Therefore, dead cells begin to exfoliate very slowly, as a result of which the dermis becomes thin. In addition, collagen and elastin fibers degrade, and moisture from the skin evaporates many times faster. All this leads to the formation of deep wrinkles.

Clear signs of skin aging

Signs of skin aging become very noticeable by the age of 50: it sags, deep wrinkles appear, nasolabial folds are strongly marked. It is worth noting that in old age the upper layers of the skin are usually very thinner, the level of moisture and fat content in them rapidly decreases. The skin becomes very dry even in those women who had oily skin at a young age.

It is also important that after 50 years the production of hyaluronic acid slows down, which leads to dehydration of the skin. As skin produces less and less melanin over time, it becomes sensitive to UV rays.

It is impossible to avoid the biological aging of the skin, except to slow it down. On the contrary, it is quite possible to avoid premature aging of the skin, since it is provoked by various external factors. The most harmful external irritants for the skin are:

• free radicals: they are formed under the influence of radiation and ultraviolet rays, changing heredity in cell nuclei and significantly reducing the quality of new cells;
• ultraviolet rays: the danger is that they reduce the number of cells that are responsible for immune defense, which leads to the formation of excess melanin and increased skin sensitivity;
• wind and frost: the skin must be protected from the effects of adverse weather conditions to prevent its dehydration and drying;
• smoking - smokers develop wrinkles at the corners of the mouth at an early age, the skin becomes gray and dry;
• ecology - polluted air has a detrimental effect on the skin, so it must be cleaned daily of impurities.

External signs of skin aging

Dermatologists distinguish several main types of skin aging. Each of these types has specific external manifestations. It is necessary to correctly determine the type of aging in order to select the most optimal program for its elimination.

1. "Tired Face"

This type of aging is characterized by a noticeable decrease in the elasticity of facial tissues, which can be provoked by a variety of factors: constant fatigue, smoking, stress, lack of sleep. Usually at this stage of aging, wrinkles are still very weakly expressed, obvious changes in the contour of the face are not observed. After rest and in the morning, the face looks quite young and healthy, but by the evening, after nervous overload and stress, a tired, senile expression appears on it.

This type of aging is short-lived, as it is replaced by another within a short time. Its most characteristic features include swelling of the face, drooping corners of the mouth, and pronounced nasolabial folds. To eliminate the first manifestations of skin aging, it is necessary to use moisturizing and nourishing creams, eat right and periodically do mimic massage.

2. "Wrinkled face"

The most pronounced sign of this type of aging is the appearance of wrinkles on the neck and face. They are not always deep and noticeable, but look like a thin mesh. Since the cause of the pathological process is a lack of hydration of the skin, it becomes excessively dry, crow's feet appear in the corners of the eyes, small wrinkles form near the lower and upper eyelids.

To prevent the situation from worsening, it is imperative to protect the skin from the harmful effects of environmental factors - wind and sun. In addition, it is worth using moisturizers, fluids and serums that penetrate well into the epidermis. Hyaluronic acid injections are ideal for eliminating wrinkles.

3. Senile deformity

This type of skin aging is characterized by deformation of the soft tissues, as well as a change in the oval of the face. At risk are people who have an enlarged subcutaneous fat layer, so the manifestations of aging are usually quite pronounced. Due to the loss of skin elasticity, it can no longer hold the load of the subcutaneous fat layer, so it begins to sag.

The most noticeable manifestations of this type of aging are sagging cheeks, violation of the contour of the face along the lower jaw, the appearance of a second chin, puffiness under the eyes. In this case, it can be recommended to constantly control the weight, since in most cases this type of aging occurs due to a sharp weight loss. It is advisable to use cosmetics that have a lifting effect, as well as stimulate the synthesis of elastin and collagen fibers.

4. Combined type

It is often impossible to diagnose a specific type of aging. In such cases, a combined type is distinguished, which is characterized by both a decrease in the elasticity of soft tissues and the formation of wrinkles. At the same time, superficial wrinkles first appear, which then become deeper.

In order to stop premature aging of this type, the production of collagen and elastin should be activated. This can be done with the help of cosmetic procedures such as peeling and mesotherapy. Hyaluronic acid injections have a beneficial effect on the skin, smoothing it and making it more elastic.

5. muscular type

Typically, this type of aging is diagnosed in people with slightly pronounced subcutaneous fat, who have well-developed facial muscles, and the skin is elastic and has moderate moisture. In such people, compared to others, signs of skin aging appear much later. This type of aging is characterized by hypotrophy and atrophy of the muscles of the face and skin. On the late stages aging due to this process there is a pronounced displacement of the skin.

The most noticeable signs of muscular aging of the skin include the appearance of "crow's feet" in the area around the eyes, as well as the folding of the lower and upper eyelids. In addition, a well-defined nasolabial fold usually appears in the later stages.

6. Late aging

In the late stages of aging, due to serious atrophic processes in the soft tissues, a change in the oval of the face is observed. Namely, outwardly, this is manifested by the following signs: the temples and cheeks sink, the zygomatic and superciliary arches move forward a little, the eyes and mouth seem to be deeply seated, the auricles and nose increase. In addition, the face and neck gradually decrease in size.

The senile face usually looks emaciated and sad, has pointed features, lowered edges of the eyebrows, overhanging folds of the upper eyelids. On the skin of the neck and face, such defects as deep wrinkles, seborrheic keratoses, telangiectasias are usually observed. To eliminate some manifestations of this type of aging is possible only with the help of plastic surgery methods.

Skin aging theories

1. Molecular genetic theories

The mechanisms of skin aging are quite complex, so today there are many theories that explain them. One of the most recognized and widespread hypotheses is based on the fact that the cause of skin aging is changes in the genetic apparatus of cells. In science, it is customary to divide molecular genetic theories into two large groups: the first includes theories that consider aging as a hereditarily programmed change in the genome, and the second includes theories proving that aging is the result of the accumulation of mutations.

Telomere theory

This theory appeared on the basis of research by the American scientist L. Hayflick, who proved that skin cells (fibroblasts) are able to divide. Namely, in a test tube they can divide up to 50 times. However, the researcher did not explain this process in any way. A.M. gave his explanation for this phenomenon in 1971. Olovnikov. His hypothesis was based on the fact that each time a cell divides, a chromosome shortens.

The fact is that chromosomes have specific end sections (telomeres), which, after doubling them, become shorter. At the same time, sooner or later they shorten so much that the cell stops dividing. Because of this, the cells lose their viability. The hypothesis about the shortening of chromosomes and the death of cells because of this formed the basis of the molecular genetic theory of aging.

Scientists managed to confirm this theory in 1985 after the discovery of the enzyme telomerase, which is able to complete the construction of shortened telomeres in tumor and germ cells, thereby ensuring their immortality. However, not all cells have a limit of 50 divisions. For example, stem and cancer cells can divide almost indefinitely.

Elevation (ontogenetic) theory of aging

In the 1950s, the scientist V.M. Dilman publicized the idea of ​​the existence of a special regulatory mechanism that is responsible for age-related changes various body systems. According to this hypothesis, the main link in the development and aging of the body is the hypothalamus. The scientist decided that the main reason for the aging of the body is a decrease in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to the signals that come from the endocrine glands and the nervous system.

Over the next decades, scientists have proven that this process is the cause of age-related changes in functionality. reproductive system. Dilman's theory implies that aging and the diseases caused by it are a by-product of the development of the organism. It is important that such a model of understanding aging has helped to open up new approaches to the prevention and treatment of many age-related diseases, such as malignant neoplasms, strokes, heart disease, metabolic immunosuppression, obesity, diabetes, mental depression. Scientists have proven that some of these diseases can be slowed down if homeostasis is stabilized at the level that the body reaches towards the end of its development.

Adaptive-regulatory theory

In the 60-70s, scientists V.V. Frolkis developed a theory that proves the genetic programming of aging and death. The main message of this theory was that human life expectancy and age-related changes are determined by two processes: along with the irreversible aging process, a reverse process also develops, which is aimed at increasing life expectancy, maintaining the viability and adaptive properties of the organism.

A special place in this theory is also occupied by the hypothesis that the main mechanisms of human aging can be disturbances in the work of genes that are responsible for the activity of structural genes. Due to age-related dysregulation of genes, there are changes in the ratio of synthesized proteins in the body, as well as the appearance of proteins that were not previously synthesized.

The scientist also put forward a hypothesis confirming that the aging mechanisms he described underlie such age-related pathologies as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Depending on which function of a particular gene was activated or suppressed, a certain pathology of aging develops.

2. Stochastic theories

This group includes theories that prove that aging is the result of a number of random processes occurring at the molecular level. Namely, many scientists have proposed many hypotheses confirming that aging is the result of the accumulation of mutations in chromosomes due to the wear and tear of the DNA repair mechanism.

Free radical theory

In the 1950s, almost simultaneously, the ideas of scientists D. Harman and N.M. Emanuelem. These theories explain both the mechanism of body aging itself and a wide range of pathological changes associated with it (cardiovascular diseases, brain dysfunction, weakened immunity, cancer, cataracts). According to scientists, free radicals, which are reactive oxygen species synthesized in mitochondria, are the cause of aging.

If a reactive and aggressive free radical leaves its place for any reason, this can lead to damage to proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA. It is worth noting that nature has developed a system to protect the body from free radicals - for example, many substances that enter the body with food have antioxidant properties. Therefore, it is considered that regular use such food provides the necessary daily dose of antioxidants. However, it must be remembered that an overdose of such substances can lead to an acceleration of oxidative processes in cells.

Error catastrophe theory

The American scientist M. Szilard in 1954 put forward the theory of aging of the body due to a mistake. For a long time he studied the effects of radiation on living organisms. As a result of these studies, he found that radiation significantly reduces life expectancy. Under its influence, various mutations are carried out in DNA molecules, which, according to the scientist, are the main cause of aging.

However, the scientist did not describe the mechanisms of aging of people and animals that were not exposed to radiation. The follower of this theory, L. Orgel, believes that mutations in the genetic apparatus can occur both spontaneously and under the influence of various aggressive factors, such as ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation, exposure to viruses. In addition, over time, the DNA repair system wears out, which activates the aging process.

Theory of apoptosis

This theory was proposed by the scientist V.P. Skulachev. It is based on apoptosis - the process of cell death, which was pre-programmed. It is believed that, like trees, getting rid of parts to preserve the whole, over time, each cell, after passing through its life cycle, must die. The destruction of a cell can be triggered by its infection with a virus or the onset of mutational processes in it that provoke its malignancy. The cell may die because the end of its life span has come. Cell death occurs so that it does not infect the entire body.

At the same time, this process differs significantly from necrosis, in which cells die violently due to poisoning, trauma, burns, lack of oxygen due to blockage of blood vessels. On the contrary, as a result of apoptosis, the cell is independently disassembled into separate parts, after which neighboring cells use these parts as a building material.

Similar self-destruction occurs with mitochondria. The reason for this is the formation of an excessive amount of free radicals. When the number of dead mitochondria becomes quite large, their decay products provoke cell poisoning and its apoptosis. According to scientists, aging is a consequence of the fact that more cells die in the body than are born. At the same time, dead cells gradually begin to be replaced by connective tissue. Old age is a real disease that can be completely cured if the aging program that shortens a person's life expectancy is disabled.

Prevention of skin aging

Photoprotectors

Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet rays leads to very serious consequences: the appearance of wrinkles, spider veins, acne, changes in skin elasticity and texture, exacerbation of dermatosis. However, it is worth noting that photoaging can be reversed if you choose the most appropriate skin care program. But you can get rid of the signs of photoaging only in the early stages.

To prevent early skin aging, photoprotection is used - a whole range of measures aimed at significantly reducing the doses of harmful ultraviolet radiation. One of the most important and effective measures is a significant reduction in the time spent in the sun. In particular, in the summer it is advisable not to sunbathe from 10 am to 4 pm. Also worth wearing summer clothes, covering most of the body, as it is similar to applying a cream with SPF-8. An important role in sun protection is also played by photoprotectors, which are endogenous and exogenous.

Endogenous photoprotectors include those that are taken orally. Such substances have a strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect on the skin, thereby contributing to cell regeneration and reducing the number of free radicals. These protective substances include selenium, vitamins C and E, beta-carotene and retinol. In addition, some drugs can protect against exposure to sunlight: antihistamines, aspirin, systemic corticosteroids.

Exogenous photoprotectors are products that are applied to the skin to protect it from ultraviolet radiation. Usually they are presented in the form of various emulsions, oils, creams. All of these photoprotectors use two groups of chemical compounds. The first group includes screens that are considered mineral compounds by their chemical nature. These photoprotectors are able to refract and reflect the sun's rays, as well as partially neutralize solar energy. Such substances usually include iron oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc dioxide.

The second group of photoprotectors includes substances that are organic compounds. These substances are able to absorb ultraviolet rays. Used to protect against UVA and UVB rays. As for products designed to protect against UVA rays, they are mainly represented by benzophenols and dibenzoylmethanes, which can penetrate well into the deeper layers of the skin. UVB agents include salicylates, camphor derivatives, and PABA.

Moisturizing

The cause of early wrinkles is often poor hydration of the skin of the face. The loss of skin moisture is due to negative impact various external factors - atmospheric and climatic phenomena. In addition, the air polluted with aggressive chemical compounds has a detrimental effect on the epidermis. Excessively low humidity usually causes the body to lose water. High humidity provokes the production of sebum.

It is believed that even with very high humidity, the skin still needs to be protected from drying out, so it constantly needs good hydration. For facial skin also represent serious danger low temperature and low humidity. It is not uncommon for skin to become dry due to exposure to wind. As a result of this exposure, it becomes thin and begins to peel off. That is why, in order to prevent skin loss of moisture, it is necessary to regularly apply moisturizing cosmetics.

However, it must be remembered that the older the woman, the more dry her skin becomes. Even if a woman had an oily skin type at a young age, by the age of 50 it will turn into dry. Therefore, over time, additional effective skin hydration is needed, which will be very difficult to implement with conventional creams. The most effective way to completely moisturize the skin is the injection of hyaluronic acid into it.

To eliminate the signs of skin aging, the biorevitalization procedure is ideal, during which hyaluronic acid is injected into the epidermis of the patient, the concentration of which is as close as possible to the most natural for the body. It is for this reason that this substance is not rejected by the body, and also has a beneficial effect not only on the problem area, but also on the tissues adjacent to it.

The results of this procedure are simply amazing: the skin becomes more elastic and toned, then shallow wrinkles disappear, and more pronounced wrinkles become less noticeable. It has been proven that just one molecule of hyaluronic acid can hold at least a thousand water molecules. Therefore, after the introduction of the substance under the skin, it is very powerful moisturizing, which has a prolonged effect.

Please note that hyaluronic acid injections are a completely painless procedure. At a young age, this acid is actively produced by the body, but over the years, the process of its accumulation slows down. It is for this reason that many women over 30 show the first signs of skin aging - its sagging and wrinkling. In modern cosmetology, there are also non-invasive methods of introducing hyaluronic acid. These include hardware techniques - ultrasound, aquaphoresis, laser.

Healthy lifestyle

Premature aging of the skin depends on the lifestyle that a person leads: his diet, habits, mode of work and rest. That's why important place in the prevention of early skin aging takes a healthy lifestyle. First of all, it implies a normal mode in which a person manages to get enough sleep. Lack of sleep has a detrimental effect on the general condition of the skin. If you regularly go to bed late and do not get enough sleep, a tired skin condition will appear, bags under the eyes, wrinkles will become more pronounced. Do not forget that it is during sleep that the formation of new skin cells occurs.

Another preventive measure that helps to avoid premature aging is sports. Nowadays, most people lead a sedentary lifestyle, which inevitably affects the state of their body. At the same time, the skin also suffers, which loses its elasticity and becomes flabby. Therefore, to prevent skin aging, it can be advised to exercise regularly, due to which blood circulation is increased, which has a good effect on metabolic processes and cell regeneration.

It is also important that it is sport that helps to get rid of stress, which has a detrimental effect on the skin. It has been proven that prolonged stress provokes stretching of elastic fibers and convulsive contraction of the facial muscles. During severe stress, a lack of oxygen occurs in the skin, due to the action of adrenaline, capillary circulation is disturbed. The hormone cortisone, actively produced during stress, disrupts the process of skin cell renewal and collagen synthesis.

Bad habits have a huge effect on the skin of the face. In smokers, the skin becomes excessively dry very quickly, and a network of wrinkles appears around the mouth and eyes. Of course, it is desirable to abandon this addiction, which provokes early skin aging. To prevent the negative effects of smoking, you will need to take beta-keratin, as well as vitamins C, E, A.

Excessive alcohol consumption is considered to be no less destructive bad habit. It has been proven that alcohol leads to a significant expansion of capillaries, which is manifested by facial redness and the appearance of spider veins. Do not forget about the detrimental effect of alcohol on the liver, problems with which are invariably displayed on the face. For the same reason, it is necessary to stop drinking tea and coffee in large quantities.

Of course, a healthy lifestyle is simply impossible without proper nutrition. Unfortunately, many modern people unhealthy habits have formed, such as frequent snacking instead of a full lunch or dinner, eating foods high in sugars, reducing fruits and vegetables in the diet. To prevent early aging of the skin, nutrition should be balanced and enriched with vitamins. It is also very important to adhere to the correct drinking regimen, which maintains an optimal vital balance in the skin cells.