Presentation to the climate and natural areas of Africa. Geography presentation "Natural areas of Africa"

Geographical position, evenness of the relief contributed to the location geographical zones Africa (equatorial, subequatorial, tropical and subtropical) and natural zones twice on both sides of the equator. With a decrease in moisture north and south of the equator, the vegetation cover becomes more sparse and the vegetation more xerophytic.

In the north, there are many types of plants. In the center and in the south, the most ancient representatives of the planet's vegetation have been preserved. Among flowering plants there are up to 9 thousand endemic species. In the rich and diverse fauna (see. Nowhere in the world is there such an accumulation of large animals as in the African savannah. Elephants, giraffes, hippos, rhinos, buffaloes and other animals are found here. Feature fauna - a wealth of predators (lions, cheetahs, leopards, hyenas, hyena dogs, jackals, etc.) and ungulates (tens of species of antelopes). Among the birds there are large ones - ostriches, vultures, marabou, crowned cranes, bustards, hornbills, crocodiles live in the rivers.

In the natural zones of Africa there are many animals and plants that are not found in others. For African savannas the baobab is characteristic, the trunk of which reaches 10 m in diameter, the doom palm, the umbrella acacia, the tallest animal in the world - the giraffe, lions, the secretary bird. In the African forest (hylaea) the great apes gorilla and chimpanzee, pygmy giraffe okapi live. In tropical deserts, there is a one-humped camel dromedary, a fennec fox, as well as the most poisonous mamba snake. Only lemurs live on.

Africa is the birthplace of a number of cultivated plants: oil palm, cola tree, coffee tree, castor beans, sesame, African millet, watermelons, many indoor flower plants- geraniums, aloe, gladioli, pelargoniums, etc.

Wet zone equatorial forests(giley) occupies 8% of the mainland - the basin and the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. The climate here is humid, equatorial, warm enough. Precipitation falls evenly, more than 2000 mm per year. The soils are red-yellow ferralitic, poor in organic matter. A sufficient amount of heat and moisture promotes the development of vegetation. According to the richness of the species composition (about 25 thousand species) and the area of ​​wet equatorial forests Africa is second only to the humid South America.

Forests form 4-5 tiers. Giant (up to 70 m) ficuses, oil and wine palms, ceiba, cola tree, and breadfruit grow in the upper tiers. In the lower tiers - bananas, ferns, Liberian coffee tree. Among the vines, the rubber-bearing liana landolphia and the rattan palm liana (up to 200 m in length) are interesting. This is the longest plant in the world. Red, iron, black (ebony) trees have valuable wood. There are many orchids and mosses in the forest.

There are few herbivores in the forests and fewer predators than in other natural areas. Of the ungulates, the pygmy okapi giraffe is characteristic, hiding in dense forest thickets, forest antelopes, water deer, buffalo, and hippopotamus are found. Predators are represented by wild cats, leopards, jackals. Of these, the brush-tailed porcupine and broad-tailed flying squirrels are common. Monkeys, baboons, mandrills are numerous in the forests. Great apes are represented by 2-3 species of chimpanzees and gorillas.

The transition zone between the equatorial forests and are subequatorial variable-humid forests. They border the humid equatorial forests with a narrow strip. Vegetation gradually changes under the influence of a shortening of the wet period and an intensification of the dry season as one moves away from the equator. Gradually, the equatorial forest turns into a subequatorial, mixed, deciduous-evergreen forest on red ferrallitic soils. The annual precipitation decreases to 650-1300 mm, and the dry season increases to 1-3 months. Distinctive feature these forests - the predominance of trees of the legume family. Trees up to 25 m high shed their leaves during the dry period, a grassy cover forms under them. Subequatorial forests are located on the northern edge of the equatorial rainforests and south of the equator in the Congo.

Savannahs and woodlands occupy large areas of Africa - the marginal rises of the Congo, the Sudanese plains, the East African plateau (about 40% of the territory). These are open grassy plains with groves or individual trees. The zone of savannahs and light forests encircles humid and variable-moist forests from the Atlantic to and extends north to 17 ° N. sh. and south to 20°S. sh.

Savannahs have alternating wet and dry seasons. In the wet season in the savannah, where the rainy season lasts up to 8-9 months, lush grasses grow up to 2 m high, sometimes up to 5 m high (elephant grass). Among the continuous sea of ​​​​cereals (cereal savanna), individual trees rise: baobabs, umbrella acacia, doum palms, oil palms. During the dry season, the grasses dry up, the leaves on the trees fall off, and the savannah becomes yellow-brown. Under the savannas, special types of soils are formed - red and red-brown soils.

Depending on the duration of the wet period, savannahs are wet or tall grass, typical or dry, and deserted.

Wet, or tall grass, savannahs have an insignificant dry period (about 3-4 months), and the annual precipitation is 1500-1000 mm. This is a transitional area from forest vegetation to typical savannah. The soils, like those of the subequatorial forests, are red ferralitic. Among the cereals - elephant grass, bearded man, from trees - baobab, acacia, carob, doom palm, cotton tree (ceiba). Evergreen forests are developed along the river valleys.

Typical savannahs are developed in areas with precipitation of 750-1000 mm, the dry period lasts 5-6 months. In the north, they stretch in a continuous strip from to. In the southern hemisphere they occupy the northern part. Characterized by baobabs, acacias, fan palms, shea tree, cereals are represented by bearded man. Soils are red-brown.

Deserted savannas have less rainfall (up to 500 mm), the dry season lasts 7-9 months. They have a sparse grass cover, and acacias predominate among shrubs. These savannahs on red-brown soils stretch in a narrow strip from the coast to the Somali peninsula. In the south, they are widely developed in the basin.

African savannahs are rich in food resources. There are more than 40 species of herbivorous ungulates here, antelopes are especially numerous (kudu, eland, pygmy antelopes). The largest of them is the wildebeest. Giraffes survived mainly in national parks. Zebras are common in the savannas. In some places they are domesticated and replace horses (not susceptible to tsetse bites). Herbivores are accompanied by numerous predators: lions, cheetahs, leopards, jackals, hyenas. Endangered animals include the black and white rhino, African elephant. Birds are numerous: African ostriches, guinea fowls, francolins, marabou, weavers, secretary bird, lapwings, herons, pelicans. In terms of the number of species of flora and fauna per unit area, the savannahs of Africa are unmatched.

Savannas are relatively favorable for tropical farming. Significant areas of the savannas are plowed up, cotton, peanut, corn, tobacco, sorghum, and rice are cultivated.

North and south of the savannas are tropical semi-deserts and desert occupying 33% of the mainland. it is distinguished by a very low amount of precipitation (no more than 100 mm per year), scanty xerophytic.

Semi-deserts are a transitional area between savannahs and tropical ones, where the amount of precipitation does not exceed 250-300 mm. A narrow strip in shrub-grass (acacia, tamarisk, tough cereals). In South Africa, semi-deserts are developed in the interior of the Kalahari. For southern semi-deserts succulents are characteristic (aloe, spurge, wild watermelons). During the rainy period, irises, lilies, amaryllis bloom.

AT North Africa occupies vast areas with precipitation up to 100 mm, in South Africa the Namib Desert stretches in a narrow strip along the western coast, in the south is the Kalahari Desert. According to vegetation, the deserts are grass-shrub, shrub and succulent.

The vegetation of the Sahara is represented by individual bunches of cereals and thorny shrubs. From cereals, wild millet is common, from shrubs and semi-shrubs - dwarf saxaul, camel thorn, acacia, jujube, euphorbia, ephedra. Solyanka and wormwood grow on saline soils. Around shotts - tamarisks. The southern deserts are characterized by succulent plants, appearance resembling stones. In the Namib Desert, a kind of relic plant is common - the majestic velvichia (stump plant) - the lowest tree on Earth (up to 50 cm tall with long fleshy leaves 8-9 m long). There are aloe, euphorbia, wild watermelons, bush acacias.

Typical desert soils are gray soils. In those parts of the Sahara, where groundwater is close to the surface of the earth, oases are formed. All the economic activities of people are concentrated here; grapes, pomegranate, barley, millet, and wheat are grown. The main plant of the oases is the date palm.

The fauna of semi-deserts and deserts is poor. In the Sahara, among large animals, antelopes are found, wild cats, fennec fox. Jerboas, gerbils, various reptiles, scorpions, phalanxes live in the sands.

Tropical natural area moist forests found on the island of Madagascar and in the Dragon Mountains. It is characterized by ironwood, rubber and rosewood trees.

transition zone between tropical deserts and subtropical evergreen forests and shrublands are subtropical semi-deserts and desert steppes. In Africa, they occupy the interior regions of the Atlas and Cape mountains, the Karoo plateau, and the Libyan-Egyptian coast to 30°N. sh. The vegetation is very sparse. In North Africa, these are cereals, xerophytic trees, shrubs and shrubs, in South Africa - succulents, bulbous, tuberous plants.

Zone subtropical evergreen hardwood forests and shrubs represented on the northern slopes of the Atlas Mountains and in the west of the Cape Mountains.

The forests of the Atlas Mountains form cork and holm oaks, Aleppo pine, Atlas cedar with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs. Maquis is widespread - impenetrable thickets of hard-leaved evergreen shrubs and low trees (myrtle, oleander, pistachio, strawberry tree, laurel). Typical brown soils form here. In the Cape Mountains, vegetation is represented by Cape olive, silver tree, African walnut.

In the extreme southeast of Africa, where the humid subtropical climate, grow lush mixed subtropical forests, represented by evergreen deciduous and coniferous species with an abundance of epiphytes. The zonal subtropical forests are red soils. The fauna of the northern subtropics is represented by European and African species. The northern subtropical forests are inhabited by red deer, mountain gazelle, mouflon, jungle cat, jackals, Algerian fox, wild rabbits, tailless narrow-nosed monkey magot, canaries and eagles are widely represented among birds, and in the south - earthen wolf, jumping antelope, meerkats.

natural areas Africa is located symmetrically about the equator. Northern and - "dry". Deserts and semi-deserts prevail here, the outskirts are occupied by cruel-leaved forests and shrubs. Central (equatorial) Africa is “humid”, humid equatorial and variable-humid subequatorial forests grow there. North and south of Central Africa and in the elevated East - savannas and woodlands.

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Natural areas of Africa Geography teacher MBOU "Secondary School No. 5" Slizkikh Elena Anatolyevna Kogalym 2013

Continue the formation of ideas about the nature of Africa. Introduce students to organic world natural areas of Africa. Goals and objectives of the lesson:

The natural area is a large natural complex, which has a commonality of temperature conditions and moisture, soils, flora and fauna. The formation of natural zones is due to climate. natural area climate soil water animals relief plants

View a map of the natural zones of Africa In what climatic zones are the natural zones of Africa located?

Equatorial forests, or hylaea Geographical location In Africa, there are the largest tracts of equatorial forests, enriching the atmosphere of our planet with oxygen and giving valuable tree species. It is located along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and in the Congo basin for about 1600 km from north to south and 5000 km from west to east.

Vegetable world Hot climate and an abundance of rains favor the development of dense evergreen woody vegetation. Forests are multi-tiered. Trees up to 1000 species.

Between tall trees grow lower. Shrubs huddle even lower, intertwining everything, spreading from tree to tree, lianas twist, now thin, like twine, now thick, like a hippopotamus leg. Sometimes they form whole networks of impenetrable thickets. The scorching rays of the African sun do not penetrate into the depths of such a forest. From the "Chrestomathy" by S. V. Chefranov and others.

Bananas Banana - huge perennial herbaceous plant with thick roots. Leaves emerge from the rhizome. They reach a length of 4 m and a width of 90 cm. For their development, bananas require a lot of water. Banana fruits are eaten fresh and dried. In addition, banana flour, canned food, marmalade, syrup, wine and much more are prepared from them. Some varieties of bananas are used for animal feed, for the manufacture of textile fabrics.

Fauna Many animals of the equatorial forests live on trees. In addition to birds, rodents and insects, numerous monkeys live on trees - monkeys, chimpanzees, etc. Terrestrial inhabitants include bushy-eared pigs, small ungulates (African Deer, etc.). Rare animals on earth - pygmy hippos - are found on forest edges and near the banks of reservoirs (up to 80 cm tall) and giraffe relatives - okapi, living only in Africa. A large predator of the equatorial forests is the leopard. In remote, inaccessible places, the largest great apes, gorillas, have been preserved, which are not found anywhere else. Snakes and lizards are found in loose soil and forest litter. Ants are widespread. Some of them destroy all living things in their path.

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Savannah

The geographical position of Savannah occupy almost 40% of the mainland. It is located around the humid equatorial forests.

The climatic conditions of Savannah are in the subequatorial zone. There are two distinct seasons in the savannas - dry and hot winters and rainy, hot summers. average temperature July and January +20C. The average annual rainfall is from 500 to 2000 mm.

Flora In the savannas, grasses grow up to 3 meters tall. Trees, such as acacias, baobabs, grow here alone or in separate groups.

Baobab is rightfully considered one of the symbols of sub-Saharan Africa. This tree lives 4-5 thousand years, its height rarely exceeds 25 m, but in girth - 40 to m. Baobabs are not afraid of fires, but elephants are their enemies. They eat wet bark. Monkeys eat the fruits of the tree.

Fauna The fauna of the savannas is very diverse. Grass is eaten by termites, ants, herbivorous rodents. But the main lovers of grass are ruminants, which are hunted by large predators - lions, cheetahs, hyenas. In the savannas of Africa live the real giants elephants and rhinos.

Economic activities of people The inhabitants of the savannah have long been engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture. They are clearing new areas of the savannah, while burning out the natural vegetation. Grows corn, African millet - sorghum, coffee tree, peanut. Tours are organized for tourists.

Deserts of Africa

Geographic location Space from Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea and from the foot of the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean coast to the northern borders of the savannas, occupied by tropical deserts, is called the Sahara. In South Africa, the desert zone occupies the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Here is the Namib Desert.

Climate The annual amount of precipitation in the Sahara is less than 50 ml. In internal parts desert rains sometimes do not happen for several years. Clouds are rare, so the sun's rays are especially hot earth's surface. In summer, the daytime heat reaches + 40 C in the shade.

Flora The vegetation of the Sahara is extremely sparse, and in some places, especially in the central part, it does not exist at all. In some places separate bunches of herbs and thorny bushes grow. Desert plants have a highly developed root system, with which they collect water from great depths and from vast spaces (for example, camel thorn

Welwitschia The Namib Desert is characterized by a peculiar plant called Welwitschia. Its short thick trunk rises only 50 cm above the ground. Two dense leathery leaves extend from its top, reaching a length of up to 3 m. The leaves grow continuously from the stem, dying off gradually at the ends. The age of velvichia can exceed 150 years. desert South Africa to the east and north they pass into semi-deserts, where thorny cushion-shaped plants predominate, as well as spurges, aloe, wild watermelons with juicy fruits, often replacing water for the local population and animals.

Abstract of a geography lesson on the topic "Natural zones of Africa". 7th grade

Geography teacher: Nesterova Olga Aleksandrovna

Goals:

Educational: to consolidate the concept of "natural zones", to show the diversity of African natural zones, their dependence on climate, to show the nature of equatorial forests, savannahs and deserts, to characterize the climate, soils of these zones, human influence on nature;

Educational: continue shaping cognitive activity students, the ability to independently acquire knowledge, expand the horizons of children, involve them in the lesson through the game, the formation of skills to work with a map, analyze, draw conclusions;

Educational: to cultivate a sense of responsibility, an interested attitude to learning, the formation of students' artistic abilities, to develop an interest in geography.

Planned results:

a) Personal:

1. Intellectual activity - intellectual skills that allow the student to independently work with sources of information, analyze and draw conclusions based on the information received.
2. Communication skills - possession of the basic skills of working in a group.
3. Responsibility and adaptability - personal qualities that allow you to act productively to achieve your goals in accordance with the rights, needs and goals of the people around you.

b) Metasubject:

1. Cognitive activities - include research and selection activities necessary information, its structuring.
2. Communicative actions - provide the opportunity for cooperation - the ability to hear, listen and understand a friend, plan and carry out in a coordinated manner joint activities, be able to negotiate, correctly express their thoughts in speech, listen and take into account the opinions of others, discuss, speak in public.
3. Consolidation of skills to work with information - to find, analyze, manage, evaluate and present information.

c) Subject:

1. Mastering knowledge about the natural zones of Africa, their dependence on climate, diversity of flora and fauna.
2. Development cognitive interests, intellectual abilities.
3. Mastering the ability to work with various sources of information (text, textbook, atlas maps, charts, tables), organize your own information activities and plan its results.

Lesson type: combined

Equipment: multimedia projector, task sheets and forms for groups, tokens, atlases, maps of natural areas of the world and Africa.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizing time. Set students up for work.

- I wish you fruitful work. I think that today's lesson will allow you to climb a step higher. Good luck and good luck to you.

- Guys, we continue to explore in all its grandeur and beauty the magical, and often exotic world of Africa. And today in the lesson you will meet face to face with this unusual continent.

II. Division into groups

- To work on today's lesson, you teamed up in small expedition groups, taking leaves of different colors. We will return to these sheets later.
Today we have one more reason to consider the lesson unusual.

We're doing something fun today travel on the mainland ... AFRICA.
– Let's remember what we know about this unique continent?

III. Checking homework

Groups choose a card for themselves, after a minute of discussion, go to the board and complete the task. Tasks on cards:

1. Sign the names of climatic zones on the climate map (ECP, SECP, TKP, STKP)
2. Draw a cloud in those climatic zones where there is a lot of rain. (EKP)
3. Sign the BM in those belts where only one dominates them. (computer, TVM)

Additional task:

1. How many transitional climatic zones are there in Africa? Name (2, SECP, STKP)
2. Why were they called transitional? (Air masses shift between summer and winter)
3. Sign VM in transitional belts.
4. Who can draw a cloud, indicating the wettest season in this climate zone.

Conclusion:

Climatic features of this continent are monotonous or diverse?
What does this indicate? (On the diversity of flora and fauna)

Hand out crossword cards

- To find out the topic of today's lesson, we must solve a crossword puzzle, showing knowledge of the theoretical material. Teams take turns going to the blackboard and completing the crossword puzzle.

Crossword questions:

1. Not far from this city, which is the capital of the state of Libya, the highest temperature was recorded + 58 degrees. (Tripoli)
2. Due to the fact that the mainland is located between the Northern and Southern tropics, it is considered the most ... (hot)
3. This remarkable explorer went to Africa as a doctor and missionary, and spent almost 30 years on continuous expeditions. (Livingston)
4. Section of geography, which is devoted to the description of various types of water bodies: rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs.
5. The most full-flowing river in the world? (Congo)
6. The only large island off the coast of Africa. (Madagascar)
7. American journalist, after whom the waterfall on the Congo River was named. (Stanley)
8. One of the very common types economic activity many water areas of the mainland. (Fishing)
9. It is in this belt that the pole of heat is located, as well as the most big desert peace. (Tropical)
10. Islets of greenery in an inhospitable desert land. (Oases)
11. One of the most beautiful waterfalls on the planet, discovered and named Livingston in honor of the then Queen of Great Britain. (Victoria)
12. The highest peak of the mainland. (Kilimanjaro)
13. Constant winds dominating most of Africa, blowing from the tropics to the equator. (trade winds)

So, the topic of today's lesson is Natural areas of Africa.
What natural areas do you know?
- Look at the sheets that you took when dividing into groups. Can you guess by the color which natural area you will be working with? Why?

Green - evergreen moist equatorial forests

Yellow - deserts

Yellow-green - savannas and woodlands.

- What do you think, in what climatic zone can your natural zones be located? - Pay attention, you have self-assessment sheets on your tables. Rate yourself in the section " Homework”, and within 1 minute discuss and put a collective assessment of each member of the expedition for this type of work.

IV. Defining Lesson Objectives

- Having determined the topic of the lesson, try to formulate what we will need to learn at the lesson today?

What natural areas are on the African continent;

Try to understand the existing patterns between climatic zones and natural areas;

Determine which climatic conditions characteristic for each natural zone;

Determine the type of soils and varieties of flora and fauna of natural areas;

The adaptability of plants and animals to various conditions;

Human use of natural areas.

Attention Expeditions!

- Now you are starting to study your natural zone.
Each expedition chose a natural area for study. After studying additional material, maps of the atlas, you fill out the reference abstract. The result of your work will be a presentation. On your desks is a card with the name of the position of the expert in this expedition: captain, climatologists, soil scientists, botanists and zoologists. Choose a speaker, someone who will present a report on the work done.

V. Work in groups.

Time for group work is limited - 10 minutes.
On the desktop, find the folder "Natural areas of Africa. 7th grade"
Files in this folder:

Reference abstract;

Reference materials;

Maps of Africa.

You can use the handouts on your desk. Do not forget about the distribution of responsibilities in order to be in time. Search for material for 2-3 minutes, highlight, underline, then fill in the abstract.

While the guys are looking for information. The person responsible for filling opens the supporting abstract.

- We have already determined in which climatic zone the natural zone is located. Fill in!

VI. Protecting your project(2 minutes for each group.)

- So, what did we learn about the three natural zones of Africa?

3. Work with the board.

Set match:

Let's go back to the self-assessment sheets. Evaluate yourself in the Primary Consolidation section, and for 1 minute discuss and give a collective assessment to each member of the expedition for this type of work.
- Pay attention to how much we learned about natural areas.

VII. Primary fastening

1. Based on the fragments, determine the natural area.

2. From the photographs, determine in which natural zone these animals and plants live.

VIII. Reflection
What do you think we did well in class today?
– What was the most interesting for you?
- What was difficult for you?

IX. Homework:

- When you leave, take your reference notes to study at home.

Creative task

draw up a basic outline for another natural area

X. Summary of the lesson. Grading

The purpose of the lesson: to continue the formation of ideas about the nature of Africa, to introduce students to the organic world of equatorial forests, savannahs and deserts, to consolidate and deepen knowledge of the interaction natural ingredients and their influence on the formation of natural zones.

Soils Red-yellow ferralitic Contain a lot of iron organic matter decompose completely and do not accumulate Abundance of moisture leads to continuous washing to a great depth of soil Waterlogging occurs Climate equatorial belt equatorial air masses– humid and hot t and C t i C precipitation mm Rains evenly throughout the year

subequatorial belt In summer, equatorial air masses dominate - humid and hot; in winter - tropical - dry and hot t and C t i C Precipitation mm Seasons are distinguished: rainy season - summer dry season - winter Soils Red-brown savannas Fertile Organic matter accumulates in the dry season Climate

Climate Tropical zone Tropical air masses - dry and hot t and C t i C Precipitation less than 100 mm Soils Tropical desert Little humus Lots of mineral salts. Due to the lack of rain, salts are not washed out of the soil. With artificial irrigation on such soils, good yields can be obtained.

Class: 7

Lesson Objectives:

• Educational- to consolidate the concept of "natural zones", to show the diversity of African natural zones, their dependence on climate, to show the nature of equatorial forests and savannahs, to characterize the climate, soils of these zones, flora and fauna;
• Educational- to continue the formation of the cognitive activity of students, the ability to independently acquire knowledge, expand the horizons of children, involve them in the lesson through the game, the formation of skills to work with a map, analyze, draw conclusions;
• Educational- to cultivate a sense of responsibility, an interested attitude to learning, the formation of artistic abilities of students, to develop interest in geography.

Lesson type: learning lesson.

Teaching methods: ICT, research method, game method.

Equipment: map "Natural zones of the world", "Climatic zones", tables depicting "Equatorial forests", "Savannas and woodlands", atlases, textbooks, natural zones of Africa table, presentations.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizational moment. Introduction to the topic

- Guys! You all love to watch movies and probably most of you have seen the movie The X-Files. Do you remember who the main characters in the movie were? (Agents Scully and Mulder)

(Plates with names are hung on the board).

– What was the activity of the agents? (Investigation of secret cases and mysterious events, study of secret documents)
“Today, for one lesson, I suggest you become secret agents and dedicate it to the study of secret materials. Do you agree? (Yes)
- Then we will divide into 2 departments of the secret service of our institution. The first department will be called "Scully", the second - "Mulder" in honor of the agents from the film. I will be the head of your secret departments and with my powers I appoint the commander of the first detachment - __________________________, the commanders of the second detachment - ________________________. (the desks of each department are placed in a circle so that agents can confer)
Declassifying homework materials is your first task.

Squad leaders mark the performance of each agent in their squad. Self-examination (exchange of leaflets)

2. Posting the topic of the lesson

- On what topic are we going to study secret materials? Guess this and will be your second task.

Exercise– decryption of cryptograms

Assignment for the "Scully" department

Questions.

- What words did you decipher in secret cryptograms?
For the 1st department.
- What does the word "gileya" mean in translation into Russian? (Forest)
What do you think, what section will our lesson be devoted to?
For the 2nd department.
- What does the word "Savannah" mean in translation into Russian? (wild primeval plain, tall grass steppe)
- Your version. What is the topic of our lesson? (Natural areas of Africa)

(The teacher opens the topic on the blackboard)

Slide 2. Layering in plants helps a huge variety of animals find their niche. In the upper tiers, where all the greenery is concentrated, where there are many flowers, fruits, seeds, there are many consumers - these are insects, millions of species of birds, monkeys. Grazing species are found in the lower tier of the forest. This is a small African deer, bush pigs, relatives of the okapi giraffe.
Slide 3. The rarest animals on Earth are found off the coast of reservoirs - a pygmy hippopotamus, only 80 cm tall.
Slide 4. There are no large predators here, the largest leopard here.
Slide 5. But, probably, there are no more interesting animals in the world than monkeys. Our closest relative is the chimpanzee. We have strikingly similar anatomical and physiological signs, even diseases and blood types are the same. Teeth, like ours, 32, height about 170 cm, weight 80 kg. Wool is made up of about the same amount of hair as the human body. The torso is also similar, however, chimpanzees have 13 pairs of ribs, while humans have 12. Chimpanzees cannot stand loud screams, except for their own. For 6-8 hours a day, monkeys spend on feeding, in 3-4 hours a monkey eats more than a person in a day. At noon they perch in the trees and rest. Monkeys walk up to 50 km per day.
Slide 6. The real scourge of Africa is the small tsetse fly, which is a carrier of a dangerous disease that causes death of livestock and sleeping sickness in humans.
Slide 7. However, there are champions here. This is a goliath frog - the largest frog in the world, its length is 35 cm, weight 3.5 kg.
Slide 8. Achatina is the largest snail, its length reaches 38 cm, weight 900 grams.
Slide 9. Terrestrial inhabitants include small ungulates, the rarest relatives of the giraffe on Earth - okapi, living only in Africa.
Slide 10. In remote, inaccessible places, the largest great apes have survived - gorillas, which are also not found anywhere else.
Slide 11. Snakes, lizards, termites. Ants are common in all tiers, incl. wandering ants moving in long columns and destroying all life in their path.

- Another special agent visited the hylaea, who sent the following message to the intelligence center: “For a person who gets here, there are only two pleasant days: the first, when, blinded by the fabulous splendor of the hylaea, he believes that he has gone to heaven, and the other - when , close to madness, he leaves this green hell, hurrying back.
So why are the humid equatorial forests of Africa so terrible? Why are they called green hell? He also sent secret reports in which he indicated the reasons for such a name, but, in order to maintain secrecy, he mixed the true reasons with the wrong ones.

Tasks for departments: choose only those reasons from the reports that confirm the words of the secret agent.

Report to Scully Division

1. Stuffy, a lot of rotting wood, hard to breathe.
2. Difficult sands.
3. Land leeches, after the bite of which it is difficult to stop the blood.
4. Many animals.
5. Strong frosts in the morning.
6. Water in reservoirs contains so many microbes that it is dangerous to even wash your face.
7. Thick ground fogs, dense, like a cotton wall.

Report to Mulder Division

1. It is difficult to move because of the thickets, sometimes you can only move 1-2 km per day.
2. Lots of blood-sucking insects
3. Snowdrifts.
4. Lack of fresh water.
5. Lots poisonous snakes, frogs, spiders.
6. Lots carbon dioxide in the surface layer, as a result, breathing is shy, people complain of a lack of oxygen, suffocation.

The humid equatorial forests of Africa are a country of real wonders of animate and inanimate nature.
- We also live in the forest zone. Secret Service agent Mikhail Bogachev conducted a real study. He compared the forest of temperate latitudes of the Russian Plain and the forest of equatorial Africa. Let's review the results of this work.

– The student's presentation of the results of the research work.

Comparative characteristics mixed forests Russian plain and humid equatorial forests of Africa.

Slide with the main provisions of the research work.

Mixed forests of the Russian Plain

Geographical position. Center of the East European Plain, temperate latitudes
Relief. Flat, hilly.
Climate. Temperate zone. Moderate air masses - there are four seasons of the year.
July t - + 16-18 o C, January t - -10-12 o C, precipitation - 600-700 mm per year,
cool winter, warm summer sufficient or excessive moisture
Soils. From sod-podzolic to gray forest, low fertility.
Vegetation. small-leaved species, conifers trees: birch, aspen, spruce, pine, shrubs, herbs. Multi-tiered.
Animal world. The variety of food causes a variety of animals: brown bear, elk, roe deer, squirrel, marten, black grouse, blackbird, woodpecker, bat and others.

Moist equatorial forests of Africa

Slide "Landscape of the forests of the Russian Plain and the zone of humid equatorial forests of Africa."
Slide content:

CONCLUSION.

The studied territories have features of similarity in relief, excessive moisture and a high degree of anthropogenic interference.
The difference lies in the geographical location, climatic conditions, contrasting soil types and representatives of flora and fauna.

Student: Studying the African humid equatorial forests, I decided to compare it with the zone of mixed forests of the Russian plain.

The object of the study was the zone of humid equatorial forests in Africa (shown on the map) and mixed forests of the center of the Russian Plain of Eurasia. Using the atlases "Nature of Russia", the atlas of continents and oceans, I compared these territories according to the main features (slide on the projector):

• Geographical position.
• Relief.
• Climate.
• Soils.
• Vegetation.
• Animal world.

In the course of the study, I found that these territories have similarities and differences. The similarity can be distinguished in the relief: both territories are flat, changed by anthropogenic intervention, i.e. plowed up and used as pasture. Erosion relief forms are traced. In the climate of the humid equatorial forests of Africa and the mixed forests of the Russian Plain, common feature- this is excessive moisture in both areas. Here I also noticed striking features of the difference - this is the change of four seasons with negative temperatures in winter on the territory of the Russian Plain and positive, enough high temperatures in African equatorial forests. There are significant differences in soil types, and in representatives of flora and fauna.
Thus, we can conclude that on earth it is possible to distinguish two belts of forests that are completely different from each other: forests temperate zone and forests of the equatorial belt.

Special agents of the secret service of the Geographical Society gave us secret video materials from Africa. We need to figure out what miracles they are talking about.

View Savannah video clip

Speech by students ______________________________________ with a presentation of the flora and fauna of the savannas.(Students fill in the table as they watch the presentations)

Slide 1. about tall grassy steppe with rare trees. The savannah zone, like a giant horseshoe, goes around the African rainforest, occupies about 40% of the area
characteristic feature flora savannahs are small groups of trees and shrubs scattered everywhere or standing alone against a background of dense grassy cover, consisting mainly of large cereals.
Slide 2. The main feature of nature is seasonality. In the dry season, the wind brings sand dust, dries the soil, the grasses dry up, the trees shed their leaves. In the rainy season, all nature comes to life. The nature of the savannas is unique; xerophytes predominate from the species composition of plants, i.e. dry habitat plants.
Slide 3. The so-called. elephant grass, reaching a height of up to 8 m, which is the favorite food of elephants.
Slide 4. Among the trees, of course, it is necessary to name baobabs, the trunk diameter of which can reach 10 m. Their height is 25 m, the trunk is very thick, the girth is 45 m, the tops of such a trunk are crowned with large branches spread out in all directions, forming a crown up to 50 m in diameter . African peoples have such a legend. The Creator, having created this tree, planted it in moist soil near the river. Baobab began to complain about the dampness. Then the Creator transplanted him to the mountainside, but even here he felt uncomfortable. Angry, the Creator tore it out of the ground and threw it, it fell on the dry land of the savannas, and since then it has been growing upside down. Baobabs live up to 5000 years. By the dry season accumulate moisture up to 120 liters. Its wood is soft, porous, often affected by fungi, pests, so hollows are formed. Hollows were found in which 30 people can be accommodated at once. Since there is not enough moisture in the shroud, this tree has thick, powerful roots that go deep into the tens of meters, capturing a huge space. Everything is strange about this tree. Flowers appear on trees without leaves. On long pedicels, buds hang from the branches, which open in the evening or at night, and large white flowers with a pleasant smell appear. They are pollinated the bats. By morning, the flowers are already withering. Baobab fruits are a favorite delicacy of monkeys. Baobab feeds, waters. Dressing people. Its leaves are boiled and eaten like vegetables, its fruits are edible, they are used to prepare a drink similar to lemonade. Therefore, it is also called lemonade tree. Unusually strong fibers are obtained from the bark, from which fishing nets, bags, paper, and clothes are made.
Slide 5. Hollow trunks are used as pantries and dwellings, and once as prisons. Trying to reach the leaves, elephants sometimes bring down these giants. Then they eat not only leaves, but also wood. These trees are extremely hardy. Fallen baobabs quickly put down new roots, restore wood. Even if a dwelling is arranged in a tree, it still blooms and bears fruit. It dies differently than other trees, it gradually settles and seems to crumble, leaving behind a pile of fiber and coarse bark.
Slide 6. Doom palm is also found,
Slide 7. Oil palm,
Slide 8: acacias with a characteristic umbrella-shaped crown, forming the lightest thickets, since their leaves are small and turned edge to the sun.
Slide 9. On the border with semi-deserts, where the wet season lasts only 2-3 months a year, dry thorny shrubs and rare hard grasses are common. There are spurges - tree-like plants with fleshy stems and branches, devoid of leaves and covered with thorns. Which, adapting to a dry climate, accumulate a supply of moisture in them.

Slide 2. Nowhere in the world is there such a large concentration of large animals as in the African savannah. These are various antelopes, striped zebras, giraffes.
Slides 3-5. Giraffes are the tallest animals in the savannah. Adults can reach a height of up to 6 meters, weigh a ton, and cubs are born 2 meters tall. The length of the neck is 3 meters, a tiny head with two horns covered with leather and exorbitant big ears. Its bright coloration helps it camouflage itself in the shade of trees. A giraffe runs at a speed of 60 km/h. They feed on leaves from the tops of trees, they feed in the morning and in the afternoon, when the heat subsides. The giraffe has sensitive hearing and sharp eyesight. They are for a long time were considered dumb. But scientists have found they have well-developed vocal cords: they communicate by bleating and grunting. There is a misconception that giraffes don't sleep. In fact, they doze off standing up, sometimes they sleep with their heads really on their backs, but they sleep for a very short time - about 5 minutes. Poachers hunt giraffes for their strong skin and tasty meat. The spotted skin was the reason for the emergence of incredible legends, the ancient Egyptians considered giraffes to be descendants of camels and leopards.
Slide 6. The largest land animal is also found in the savannah - elephants, buffaloes, rhinos, which are almost exterminated by man.
Slides 7-9. The African elephant is the largest land mammal, up to 4 meters high and weighing up to 12 tons.
Slides 10-11. Striped horses are zebras.
Slide 12. Along the banks of rivers and lakes there are hippos (weight up to 3 tons). This diversity is due to the abundance of food.
Slide 13-15. Herbivores are accompanied by predators - cheetahs, leopards, lions, jackals, hyenas, crocodiles in the rivers.
Slide 16-18. The savannah is rich in birds. Here is the smallest - nectary and the largest bird on Earth - the African ostrich. The ostrich is the largest bird, its height reaches 2.6 meters; weight over 100 kg.
Slide 19. The marabou bird is found only in Africa.
Slide 20. Of the predatory birds, the secretary bird stands out for its appearance and habits. She hunts for small rodents and snakes, and when she catches them, she tramples them under her feet.
Slide 21. Flamingos are the bird with the longest neck and longest legs. Flamingos have been considered a fabulous bird since ancient times. The pink flamingo is distinguished by its dawn-colored coloration. There are few spectacles in nature as spectacular as the simultaneous flight of half a million flocks of flamingos. These birds feed in shallow water by bending their necks so that their bills become inverted. The edges of the beak are equipped with small horny plates and teeth, with the help of which flamingos filter out the tiny remains of plants, small frogs and other animals from the water. To be satiated, a bird must eat a quarter of its body weight. It is due to the substances contained in food that the bird acquires its color, if they are not enough, the bird brightens, and when not at all, it becomes dirty white. How long these birds live in the wild is unknown, but in captivity their life expectancy reaches 30 years. It is also striking that these birds have lived on Earth for several million years, their remains are known at the age of 30 million years. Scientists claim that flamingos have seen more dinosaurs.

– What did you learn about the flora and fauna of the savannas?

- Our intelligence center received two more secret messages from agents of the secret service. Try to guess what these messages are about.

The teacher reads the first message:

“It was well past midnight when I went to bed in the hut. Suddenly, something woke me up. I heard some rustling in the dry leaves on the roof. A scorpion plopped down on the floor, then a centipede, insects crawled out of every crack, and they all hurriedly rushed to the door. My dog ​​whined. And the pet monkey was trembling, it just didn’t get a tooth on a tooth. Yes, what about them? I looked out the window. The night was quiet and clear. Everything around seemed serenely calm. Why are animals worried? And the insects ran somewhere... Strange!
Suddenly, my assistant, usually impeccably polite, burst into the hut without knocking. There was horror in his eyes.
“Sir,” he shouted, “if you value your life, leave the house immediately. Here!.."

- What scared animals, insects and people so much? (Ants are predators.)
Why is everyone in the jungle afraid of these ants? (In the tropics of Africa, there are predatory ants - dorilus and aesitons. They travel in huge masses (up to millions of individuals), destroying insects, mollusks, lizards, snakes and even small boas on their way. Often they also bite birds, small animals, leaving bones only.)

The teacher reads the second message:

“This bird is worthy of respect and admiration. Not only is it the tallest and heaviest bird in the world, it also runs faster than a horse. And some people even manage to ride it with a breeze. I will say right away, they do not bury their heads in the sand. This is just a myth. When I found out what the name of this bird means, I was a little surprised. FROM Greek it is translated as "sparrow-camel", and from Azerbaijani - "camel bird". But what about the camel?
What African bird are we talking about? Why was she named that? (Presentation. We all know that ostriches run very fast. They can reach speeds of up to 50 km / h, and over short distances they can accelerate up to 70 km / h. While running, these birds make huge steps, the length of which is 3.5-4 meters. This is beyond the power of any other bird. He takes giant steps thanks to the special structure of his muscular legs, which end in just two powerful flattened fingers. A similar structure of the limbs can be observed in many representatives of artiodactyls, and especially in camels. From here came the Latin name of the ostrich - Struthio camelus. Another "similarity" with a camel is its ability to go without water for a long time and increase body temperature by 3-4 ° C in the hot time of the day. This is necessary to reduce the evaporation of body moisture. And at night they spend the heat “collected” during the day to heat themselves and lay eggs.

- What other animals and plants live in the hylaea and savannah? Select representatives of the organic world typical of the natural area:.

Text for the "Scully" department

Moist equatorial forests: ceiba, secretary bird, baobab, gorilla, ebony, okapi, ficus, cheetah, oil palm, lion, giraffe

Text for the "Mulder" department

Savannas: ceiba, secretary bird, baobab, gorilla, ebony, okapi, ficus, cheetah, oil palm, lion, giraffe

Another secret message:

Define the natural area according to the description.

“The color of the African seasons is the same all year round – green. Only in one period the green color is pure, bright, and in the other it is faded, as if faded ... In the dry season, the earth turns into stone, grass into bast, trees crackle from lack of juice. And here the first downpour brings nature back to life. Having greedily drunk water, the earth swells from moisture, generously gives it to trees, herbs, flowers. They drink, they drink, and they can’t get drunk… almost every day the rain either whips with a powerful jet, or sprinkles with fine mist. The air temperature drops, and the locals shrug their shoulders in a chilly way, complaining: "It's cold!". When the thermometer shows 18-20 degrees, some Africans believe that "frost" has come. They pull on everything they have from clothes, tie their heads with scarves, kindle fires in the streets, just to calm the trembling. (L. Pochivalov)

4. Generalization. Work with signal cards.

– Determine which natural zone the characteristics correspond to. Show the appropriate card.

• It occupies about a third of the mainland, especially in the northern part.
• Located along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and near the equator.
• It occupies almost 40% of the mainland area.
• Precipitation all year round, especially after 12 noon.
• There are dry and wet seasons.
• Soils are practically non-existent.
• The soils are red-yellow ferralitic.
• Red-brown soils rich in humus.
• Forest vegetation is arranged in tiers.
• Vegetation is concentrated in oases.
• Grasses and sparse trees predominate.
• Most valuable plant- date palm.
• Many trees with valuable timber.
• The most common trees are baobab and umbrella acacia.
• The richest and most diverse animal world on Earth.
• Monkeys, leopard, okapi are the inhabitants of this zone.

The natural areas of Africa are still fraught with many mysteries and mysteries. And today you have earned the full right to be called secret agents of the geographical service. You successfully passed today's test and completed all the tasks, and as a token of this you receive secret agent certificates and receive the following grades for the lesson:

5. Summary of the lesson

- On what topic did we consider classified materials today?
- Compose a senquain for our conversation.

6. Homework: paragraph 20, presentation about the deserts of Africa or a message about human influence on the nature of the mainland