Geography presentation on the topic "natural zones of Eurasia". Altitudinal zonality The largest flightless bird of the steppes
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On the islands of the Arctic and along the coast of the North. Arctic ca. arctic deserts and tundras extend, framed from the south by a narrow strip of forest-tundra. To the south - taiga (mainly dark coniferous in the west and light coniferous in the east), changing to the south with mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes and steppes. (Dashte-Lut, Deshte-Kevir, etc.), in Wed. and Center. Asia (Karakum, Kyzylkum, Gobi, Takla-Makan), in the South. Asia (Tar). Semi-deserts and deserts are especially well expressed in the Arabian Peninsula (Nefud, Rub al-Khali). In the subtropics of the West. Asia - Mediterranean vegetation in East. Asia - monsoon mixed and broadleaf forests. In tropical latitudes, East. and Yuzh. Asia - monsoon deciduous forests and savannas, on the windward slopes of the mountains - evergreen forests. In equatorial latitudes (mainly in Indonesia), multi-tiered swampy forests are hylaea. Why is everything expressed in Eurasia natural areas peace? Since Eurasia is the most big mainland. Since Eurasia has a variety of climatic conditions. Since, Eurasia is washed by all 4 oceans of the Earth.
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Features of the distribution of natural zones in Eurasia: Eurasia is located in all climatic zones northern hemisphere. In Eurasia there are all types of natural zones of the Earth As a rule, the zones are elongated from west to east But the complex structure of the surface of the mainland and atmospheric circulation Uneven moisture different parts mainland Complex zonal structure - natural zones do not have a continuous distribution or deviate from the sublatitudinal distribution A large percentage of altitudinal zonality.
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In addition to sparse moss-lichen vegetation, perennial cold-resistant grasses (sedge, cotton grass, dryad, buttercups, dandelions, poppies, etc.) are widespread in the tundra. The view of the tundra blooming in spring makes an indelible impression on the variety of colors and shades that caress the eye to the very horizon. Tundra and forest tundra Types of tundra shrub tundra, moss-lichen tundra
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Forests formed by trees with small leaves - aspen, birch, gray alder. The woods temperate zone. Taiga Light coniferous taiga Dark coniferous taiga tree species can form pure (spruce, larch) and mixed (spruce-fir) stands. The taiga is characterized by the absence or weak development of undergrowth (since there is little light in the forest), as well as the monotony of the grass-shrub layer and moss cover Trees with large broad-leaved leaves and solid wood- oak, linden, maple, ash, beech. They dominate in the southern part of the forest zone. forest animals
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Subtropics of the Mediterranean. MEDITERRANEAN, a natural country that includes the islands and peninsulas of the Mediterranean m. and the adjacent territories of Eurasia and the North. Africa. special climate: Warm rainy winter, Hot dry summer,
Most pronounced in the mountains.
The reason for this is a decrease heat balance and, accordingly, temperature with altitude.
Altitudinal zonality manifests itself in the spectrum of altitudinal belts (zones) from the foot to the peaks. The higher geographical latitude terrain (taiga, tundra zones), the shorter the range of altitudinal zones (two or three altitudinal zones); to the equator (zones of subtropical forests, savannas, equatorial forests) the range of altitudinal zones is much wider (six to eight).
Manifestation of latitudinal zonality of mountain landscapes through the spectra of their altitudinal belts
a - in the mountains of the taiga zone, b - in the mountains of dry subtropics
Glacial-nival Mountain tundra Mountain meadows
Mountain coniferous forests(taiga)
Mountain coniferous-deciduous forests Mountain broad-leaved forests Mountain forest-steppe Mountain steppe Mountain semi-desert
Sector
This is a change in the degree of climate continentality from oceanic coasts inland, associated with the intensity of advection air masses from the oceans to the continents and, accordingly, the degree of moisture in the sectors located at different distances from the coasts and on different coasts.
The root cause of this phenomenon is the differentiation of the earth's surface into continents and oceans, which have different reflectivity and heat capacity, which leads to the formation of air masses above them with different properties (temperature, pressure, moisture content). As a result, pressure gradients arise between them, and, consequently, the continental-oceanic transport of air masses, superimposed on the general zonal circulation of the atmosphere. As a result, longitudinal or other changes in landscapes occur from the coasts inland. This is most clearly manifested in the change in the spectrum of natural zones and subzones in each of the sectors.
Changes in the spectrum of latitudinal natural zones and subzones in different physiographic spectra of continentality
Zones: 1-taiga, 2-broad-leaved forests, 3-forest-steppes, 4-steppes, 5-semi-deserts, 6-deserts.
Sectors: I-oceanic, II-weakly and moderately continental,
III-Continental
Altitudinal-genetic layering of landscapes
The layering of plain and mountain landscapes is associated with age, stages of development, and the genesis of different hypsometric levels (steps or leveling surfaces) of the relief. The allocation of these levels is due to the uneven tectonic movements.
Landscape layering is the allocation in the landscape structure of regions of altitude-genetic steps, fixed in the main geomorphological levels of relief development. At the same time, plakors are considered as relics of ancient denudation surfaces or accumulative plains, and more low levels plains are associated with subsequent stages of relief leveling.
Tiers are distinguished on the plains: elevated; base; lowland.
In the mountains, landscape tiers are distinguished: foothills, low mountains, middle mountains, high mountains, intermountain basins.
Each altitudinal tier usually includes one or three altitudinal zones with fragments of transitional zones, where, depending on the exposure and steepness of the slopes, they can alternate natural complexes adjacent belts.
Barrier effect in landscape differentiation
An important consequence of the tiered structure of the landscape shell is the appearance of the barrier effect, expressed through the characteristic spectra of foothill and slope landscapes.
The factors that directly determine the selection of barrier landscapes are changes atmospheric circulation and the degree of moistening of windward and leeward territories in front of mountains and hills, as well as slopes of different exposures. On the windward side in front of the mountains and hills, the air gradually rises, flowing around the barrier, and forms a belt of increased precipitation compared to the latitudinal-zonal norm of precipitation. On the leeward side of the uplifts, on the contrary, descending air currents of already low humidity dominate, which leads to the formation of drier landscapes of the “barrier shadow”.
Exposure hydrothermal differences in slope landscapes
The orientation of the slopes relative to the sides of the horizon and the directions of the prevailing winds is also an important factor in the differentiation of landscapes, but already at the small-regional and local levels of geosystem organization. As a result of the interaction of geomorphological (azonal) and climatic factors, slope landscapes of different exposures differently deviate from the typically zonal upland landscapes.
Exposure landscape asymmetry of slopes is of two types:
Insolation asymmetry is associated with unequal income solar radiation on slopes of different exposure. The insolation asymmetry of the slopes is most pronounced in the landscapes of the transition zones.
The wind, or circulation, asymmetry of slope landscapes is primarily associated with different moisture supply to the windward slopes of mountains and uplands.
Material (lithological) composition
At the local and small regional levels of the organization natural environment important factors landscape complexes can be differentiated by the material (lithological) composition and structure of surface deposits.
3.8. Natural resource potential of landscapes
Natural resource potential
a supply of resources that is used without destroying the structure of the landscape.
The removal of matter and energy from the geosystem is possible as long as it does not lead to a violation of the ability of self-regulation and self-recovery.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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Natural zones of Eurasia Eurasia is not only a museum of climates, but also a museum of natural zones
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Arctic deserts characteristic of many islands of the Arctic Ocean (Franz Josef Land, the northern island of Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, northern ones from the New Siberian Islands and partly Wrangel Island). On the mainland, they are found only in the north of the Taimyr Peninsula. The climate in this area is very severe, eternal snows and glaciers are widespread. Most of the animals Marine life(seals, walruses, polar bears, arctic foxes). arctic desert
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The tundra stretches in a continuous strip from west to east of the mainland in the northern part. It is similar to the tundra in many ways. North America, but there is no musk ox here, because he died. On the Taimyr Peninsula they are re-bred (from Canada). The most numerous inhabitants reindeer, lemming, arctic fox, wolf, many birds. Tundra
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The zone of coniferous forests (taiga) stretches from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. Climatic conditions in the zone change from west to east, so the species composition of trees is different. In the west, pine and spruce dominate on podzolic soils, in Western Siberia fir and Siberian cedar, in Eastern Siberia larch is common on permafrost-taiga soils, and on the Pacific coast - dark coniferous taiga from Dahurian larch, fir, Korean cedar. In the taiga there are many valuable fur-bearing animals (sable, ermine, marten), among large animals - elks, brown bears, lynxes, many birds. Taiga
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The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests is located only in the west and east of the temperate zone; it does not form a continuous strip. For European broad-leaved forests, oak and beech, maple and linden, hornbeam and elm are most characteristic. Animals The world of forests is in many ways similar to the taiga. The main decoration is a mighty bison forest bull. In the east in conditions monsoon climate there is a process of mixing of northern and southern species. Birch and bamboo coexist here, vines and wild grapes, Brown bear can meet a tiger, and in Japan there are monkeys. Manchurian walnut, Amur velvet, oak, linden grow. Mixed and deciduous forests
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located in central parts mainland, where precipitation decreases and evaporation increases. Steppes are treeless spaces with grassy vegetation, under which fertile chernozem soils are formed. They are almost completely plowed up, and only in the reserves are their natural landscapes presented. Of the animals, rodents predominate (ground squirrels, voles, mice). In the past, there were wild horses - tarpans, and wild bulls - tours. Forest-steppes and steppes
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Semi-deserts and deserts of the temperate zone Semi-deserts and deserts of the temperate zone lie in the central parts of the continent, where there is very little precipitation, hot summers Cold winter. Vegetation (wormwood, saltwort, sandy sedge) is sparse, there are areas of deserts with loose sands. The only woody plant is saxaul. It has no leaves, instead of them there are scales, so the saxaul looks like a dry, dead tree. Among the animals, reptiles and rodents predominate, falling into hibernation for the winter. Previously, there were wild donkeys-kulans, Przhevalsky horses, wild camels.
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They are located in the western part of the subtropical zone. Thanks to mild and wet winters, plants vegetate here. all year round, however, the lack of moisture during the period of the most intense solar radiation led to the emergence of adaptations in plants that reduce evaporation. The vegetation is represented by forests of evergreen holm oak, wild olives, noble laurel, pine, cypress, myrtle, strawberry tree. The zone is characterized by brown and red-colored soils, which are fertile and suitable for the cultivation of subtropical crops. Hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs
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Deserts and semi-deserts of the subtropical zone Subtropical deserts and semi-deserts are located to the east of the Caspian Sea, in the highlands of Western Asia. The nature of the zone tropical deserts reminiscent of the nature of the desert North Africa. Of the vegetation, there are especially a lot of ephemera, which, during the period of short spring rains, have time to go through the entire development cycle. Antelopes, hyenas, fennec fox and others live here.
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Evergreen monsoon forests In the east of the subtropical zone there is a zone of evergreen variable-moist forests. Forests consist of species of bay leaves, camphor trees, magnolias, tung trees, bamboo thickets (giant grass up to 10 m high) growing on yellow earth and red earth soils. There are almost no wild animals left. There are deer, wild buffaloes, tigers, leopards, Himalayan bear, many monkeys, incl. gibbons. The most famous animal giant panda- emblem World Fund wildlife(WWF).
Presentation of the geography lesson "Altitude zonation" Grade 8.
Goals: form an idea of the patterns of change natural conditions and PTK in the mountains.
- Educational:
To organize the activities of students in the study of altitudinal zonality;
To create conditions for students to get acquainted with the PTK of alpine and subalpine meadows, to form the image of mountains;
It is planned that by the end of the lesson, students will be able to build spectrograms of altitudinal zones and determine from them geographical position and the name of the mountains.
- Developing:
To promote the development of interest in the material being studied, memory, thinking, cognitive activity;
Provide conditions for improving the ability to work with the map, applying the acquired knowledge in practice.
- Educational:
Contribute to the development of love and careful attitude to the surrounding world.
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"presentation "Altitude zonality""
Altitudinal zonality
Geography. 8th grade.
FGKOU secondary school No. 162
Teacher Zrazhva V.I.
Repetition of the material covered
Plant community dominated by conifers
Taiga
A plant community consisting of forbs is formed on chernozems with insufficient moisture.
Steppe
Science studying PTC
landscape science
Salt licks
Saline soils, in which readily soluble salts are contained in large quantities in the soil, are located at a depth of 20-50 cm.
Soil types in which salts in in large numbers are on the surface
Serozems
A flat clayey place, devoid of vegetation in dry season, is broken into polygons by cracks.
Takyrs
Sand acacia, grows on the sands, can let out branches from the roots, and adventitious roots from the branches, and grow vice versa
Juzgun
Plants with short term vegetation
Ephemera
Bustard
The largest flightless bird of the steppes
Frontal survey
- Where is the steppe zone located?
(in the south of the East European Plain, in the south of the Urals and in the south of Siberia)
- Why don't trees grow in the steppe?
(insufficient moisture)
- Why are steppe soils so fertile?
(they contain a significant amount of plant residues from which humus is formed)
- Where in the steppe can you see trees?
(in river valleys)
- What are the soils in the semi-desert?
(brown)
- Why is it impossible to determine the age of a saxaul from the rings?
(saxaul has several rings during the year - from 7 to 18, according to the number of precipitation)
- What kind dangerous phenomena maybe in the steppes?
(droughts, dry winds, dust storms)
- Why is the taiga changing to mixed and broad-leaved forests?
(air temperature rises, humidity decreases )
Lesson Objectives
1. Educational:
- organize the activities of students to study the patterns of change in natural zones in the mountains;
- create conditions for students to get acquainted with the PTC of alpine and subalpine meadows;
- it is assumed that at the end of the lesson, students will be able to read the spectrograms of the altitudinal zones.
- Developing:
- promote the development of interest in the material being studied, memory,
thinking, cognitive activity;
- provide conditions for improving the ability to work with the map, applying the acquired knowledge in practice;
- Educational:
- to promote the education of love and respect for nature.
The concept of altitudinal zonation
- Altitudinal zonality - regular change of soils, flora and fauna with the concept of mountains
Change of components of nature with the ascent to the mountains
Altitude change
Changing of the climate
Changes in soils, flora and fauna
Group 1. Practical work
- Using contour map and templates place the altitudinal zonality spectra according to the mountain systems.
Patterns of the location of natural zones in the mountains
Write them down in a notebook.
- 1. The higher the mountains, the greater the set of natural zones (multi-story).
- 2. The closer to the equator, the more diverse the natural complexes in the mountains.
- 3. The change of natural zones in the mountains is similar to the change of natural zones on the plain, from south to north.
- 4. The change of natural zones on the northern and southern slopes is different. Snow on the northern slopes begins at a lower altitude.
- 5. The first natural zone at the foot is the one in which the mountains are located.
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