Theoretical and methodological substantiation of regional development. Evolution of the concept of regional power Regional concept

Topic 2. State regional policy

The concept and causes of state regional policy.

Goals and objectives of the PIU.

Basic concepts of regional policy.

Hydraulic fracturing methods.

State regional policy in the Russian Federation.

The concept and causes of the state regional policy

State regional policy characterized by a set of goals and objectives of central and regional government bodies that determine the management of the socio-economic development of the country's regions, and is a tool for implementing the overall strategy for the country's territorial development. It combines the regional policy of the national center and specific regions.

In the 1950s and 1960s, regional policy received legislative formalization in countries with developed market economies. At the end of the 1970s, a fundamentally new phenomenon in this area took place within the EU: regional policy for the first time reached the supranational level. There are the following kinds regional policy: economic, social, demographic, ekisticheskaya (population), environmental and scientific and technical.

Under policy object understand various kinds of regional (spatial) inequalities: in the level and conditions of life, in employment, in the pace of development, in the conditions of entrepreneurship. Regional policy is also understood as state intervention in the functioning of various subsystems of the region in its economic and social spheres.

Objects of state regulation of the economy in the region diverse, as such are: the economic cycle; sectoral and territorial structure of the economy; conditions for capital accumulation; employment; money turnover; prices; R&D; conditions of competition; social relations; training and retraining of personnel; environment; foreign economic relations.

The most important reasons for spatial disparity between regions include the following:

difference in natural and climatic conditions of life and entrepreneurship;

· the scale, quality and directions of use of natural resources (the productivity of regions, the conditions for the location of agriculture, mining, forests, fish, industry, as well as the living conditions of people);

· the peripheral or deep position of the region, which puts it in a disadvantageous position (transportation and communication costs increase, prices rise, the sales market narrows);

· agglomeration advantages (great intersection of intersectoral relations in the Region) and disadvantages (overpopulation);

· political conditions, forms of general and regional policy, institutional factors, regional autonomy, history;

physical factors of location: harbors, airports, transport systems, industrial sites, telecommunications (i.e. industrial infrastructure;

· Regional consequences of the nationwide macro policy (liberalization of energy and transport tariffs, etc.);

· incompleteness of the process of delimitation of rights according to the main territorial levels of power in the social and economic spheres;

· Differentiation of incomes of the population between (and within) regions.

The specific reasons for the inequality of regions, characteristic of most countries in transition, include:

· outdated structure of production, delay of innovations;

· the processes of disintegration of the country's economic space, the formation of local markets;

There are two basic strategies for the state's actions in relation to the regions - the policy of leveling the regions and the policy of stimulating growth poles. The first of them provides for the support of relatively weak regions in economic terms at the expense of rich regions with the redistribution of funds through federal budget. The purpose of state regulation in this case is to create new jobs, increase the regions' own tax base and ensure social stability. In this case, there is a strong dependence of many subjects of the Federation on the receipt of funds from the national budget. The scale of such redistribution should be sufficient for the development of poor regions, but should not block the development of rich regions. Leveling policy can give tangible results for quite a long time.

The policy of stimulating growth poles provides for the support of the most promising types of activities in a limited number of territories, which should contribute to the overall economic development of the country. Such a policy was declared in the middle of the current decade by the Ministry of Regional Development, but was not fully implemented.

Goals and objectives of the PIU

In the market economy countries, two main groups of goals of the regional policy of the national Government can be distinguished.

1. Achieving "spatial justice", which implies such a spatial organization of economic unity, which is designed to provide equal opportunities for well-being in all regions, reduce excessively deep differences in the level of social and economic development region, this group of goals, ultimately, is focused on minimizing inequality between regions, eliminating the effect of this factor in the emergence of social conflicts.

2. Achieving economic efficiency, which involves the rational use of the potential of each region to optimize the national welfare, striving for an economically and socially justified level of complexity of the economy of the regions. Thus, the general focus of Russia's regional policy on creating conditions for the formation of a single economic space of the country involves not only achieving economic results, but also overcoming significant differences in the socio-economic development of its subjects. It is important to be aware of the internal inconsistency of such a dual set of goals and the need to develop a certain compromise between the goals of this group.

The implementation of the state regional policy requires the formation of a permanent system of accounting, collection, analysis and dissemination of information on the demographic, socio-economic, national and cultural development of the regions of Russia. Such a system is designed to ensure the development of a system of forecasts for the regional socio-economic development of Russia; substantiation of priority aspects of development; setting management tasks; choice of mechanisms for the implementation of state regulation of regional development; identification of possible conflicts; assessment of the effectiveness of the activities of federal and regional government bodies in the implementation of the state regional policy; justification of state assistance to specific regions; formation of special organizational and legal regimes in certain regions. Thus, we are talking about an integral system of regional monitoring, which is necessary for the consistent implementation of the nationwide regional strategy.

You can also select a certain group of goals of an auxiliary nature:

· strengthening the economic foundations of the territorial integrity and stability of the state;

· promoting the development of economic reform, the formation of a diversified economy in all regions, the formation of regional and all-Russian markets for goods, labor and capital, institutional and market infrastructure;

· reduction of excessively deep differences in the level of socio-economic development of regions;

· Achieving an economically and socially justified level of complexity and rationality of the economic structure of the regions, increasing the viability of the regional economy.

When forming a regional policy, it is necessary to take into account those radical shifts in the spatial organization of production and marketing, which were generated by the transition of the world economy at the end of the 20th century. to the era of the information revolution and the globalization of socio-economic processes. In particular, these shifts radically change the context of the search for a compromise between the goals of "fairness" and "efficiency". Fundamental changes are taking place in the relationship between the regions and the national center, since the flows of socio-economic information and capital flows are better distributed precisely due to the absence of interference from the nation-states. For example, on the territory of China, the strip of the southern coast is occupied by Hong Kong as some economically self-sufficient territorial unit. Similarly, in Japan, the Kansai region around Osaka can be distinguished, in Spain - Catalonia. In this way, in the territories national states, separate economic complexes are distinguished on the scale of a region or subregion, which correspond to those places where real work is being done and real markets operate.

Such units in contemporary literature according to the spatial economy, they are called “region-country”, while along with the typical situation of an intranational region, one can cite notable examples cross-border regions (for example, the zone of Copenhagen and the adjacent cities of southern Sweden, the zone of Singapore and the adjacent territories of Indonesia and Malaysia). What defines them spatially and economically is that they are of the right size and scale to be truly modern business units in the global economy. It is their boundaries and connections that matter in the emerging "world without borders."

The general objectives of the regional policy are:

Rational use natural resources, prevention of environmental pollution;

Development of regional and interregional infrastructure;

Reduction of differences in the levels of socio-economic development of regions;

Accounting for regional interests at the federal level;

Rational settlement scheme;

State assistance to depressed regions;

Stimulating the development of locomotive regions;

Attracting investments for the modernization of the regional economy;

Creation of new transport outlets to the world market and arrangement of trade routes to neighboring countries;

Improving the economic zoning of the country.

To social tasks regional policy include:

Ensuring minimum conditions and quality of life for the population of all subjects of the Russian Federation;

Revival of villages and small towns in rural areas with the involvement of domestic and foreign business structures;

Reduction to an acceptable (controllable) level of unemployment both in large centers and industrial areas, and in small settlements, including with the help of small and medium-sized businesses;

Regularization of population migration, resettlement of refugees and
mobilized military personnel, development of a mechanism for economic benefits to include them in the market process;

Assistance in the development of recreation areas, allocation of regions with a special (sparing) management regime.

Basic concepts of regional policy

There are two polar concepts of territorial policy:

Center-directed nationwide industrial policy;

The policy of free markets.

However, historical experience reveals the obvious one-sidedness of each of them. Thus, active intervention in the regional economy by national governments can be useful and necessary (for example, financial regulation, established at the beginning of Roosevelt's New Deal).

A good policy is to allow companies to learn and respond quickly to changing conditions, rather than isolating them from competition or external changes in a protectionist regime. The purpose of such a promising regional policy is to stimulate the development of flexible communities of interest through local networks which provide numerous forums for collaboration and exchange of views. Together, they enable service economies that justify the existence of a specialized regional infrastructure geared towards communicating with the global economy. However, this was by no means always recognized as acceptable in the era of the dominance of nation-states, whose characteristic policy was protectionism.

Overseas experience shows that for dynamically developing territories, like the Guangzhou region in China, it is preferable not to be a victim of centralized control, but to be part of a loose grouping of Chinese regions-countries - some kind of Chinese federation. historical experience shows that when a strong, centrally controlled nation-state is unwilling to give up unitary control over its territory in favor of a certain decentralization aimed at improving the quality of life of the population, the reality of this power is eroded. A similar situation, for example, was observed in the 1980s in the USSR: the inability to truly federalize relations between the union republics ultimately led to its collapse. Thus the modern era reveals advantages of the federal structure in comparison with the unitary scheme of territorial administration.

Where there is prosperity, it is region-specific, and when a region flourishes, its prosperity spills over to adjoining territories, often across national borders. Bangkok (Thailand), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Jakarta (Indonesia) are striking examples of the beneficial impact on the country's economy of the accelerated development of the regions of capital cities. A similar (but cross-border) role can be noted for Singapore, which quickly became the unofficial capital of ASEAN.

A negative example is Brazil's regional policy, where the São Paulo-connected region could play a similar beneficial role if the central government treated it as a true region-country and allowed it to join the global economy.

Unlike the concept of great power, the concept regional power arose simultaneously with the emergence of studies on the structuring of regional subsystems of international relations. One of the first publications on the concept of regional powers defines a regional power as follows: a state that is part of a particular region, can oppose any coalition of other states in the region, has significant influence in the region, and, in addition to regional weight, is a great power at the global level.

The theorists of regional processes B. Buzan and O. Waver believe that a regional power is a power with significant opportunities and strong influence in the region. It determines the number of poles in it (unipolar structure in South Africa, bipolar in South Asia, multipolar in the Middle East, in South America, Southeast Asia), but its influence is mostly limited to a particular region. Great powers and superpowers are forced to take into account their influence in the region, but at the same time, regional powers are rarely taken into account when shaping the global level of the system of international relations.

Of great interest in this regard are the principles of comparison of regional powers proposed by D. Nolte. His work is based on power transition theory (Power Transition Theory), developed by A. F. K. Organsky, which presents the system of international relations as a hierarchical system with a dominant power at the head and the presence of regional, great, medium and small powers that occupy their subordinate position in this system. All subsystems of international relations function in accordance with the same logic as the global system of international relations, i.e. at the top of each subsystem there is its own dominant state or pyramid of power in the given region. According to the author, the presence of certain regional powers determines the structure of a given region. Considering different selection criteria regional powers, D. Nolte identifies the following: a regional power is a state that is part of a given region, which has claims to leadership in it, has a significant impact on the geopolitics of this region and its political construction, has material (military, economic, demographic), organizational (political) ) and ideological resources for projecting its influence, or closely associated with the region in the economy, politics and culture, having a real impact on events taking place in the region, including through participation in regional institutions that determine the regional security agenda. He notes that the participation of a regional power in global institutions, one way or another, expresses the interests of the countries of the entire region. His work also highlights the indicators of these categories in detail. On the basis of this concept, it seems possible to single out regional powers on the basis of clearly defined criteria proposed by D. Nolte in the space of any region.

To build a hierarchy of the regional order, it is also necessary to understand what the concept of "middle power" includes. For example, R. Cohane defines a middle-level power as "a state whose leaders believe that it cannot act effectively alone, but can have a systematic influence on a small group of countries or through any international institutions" . It seems that a middle-level power as a whole has fewer resources than a regional power, although most researchers do not identify specific criteria for differentiating models of middle-level and regional-level powers. Middle-level powers have some resources and some influence, but they are not able to exert a decisive influence on the structuring of the regional space and do not see themselves as a leader on a global scale.

Based on these methodological principles (criteria for identifying great and regional powers, as well as middle-level powers), it seems possible to build a model of a regional order in any region of the world, determine the contours of the interaction of powers within a particular region, and also make a forecast about the future development of the regional subsystem international relations.

• Osterud O. Regional Great Powers in International Politics // Regional Powers in International Politics / Ed. By Inver B. Neumann. - Basingstoke: St. Martin's Press. P. 1-15.

One of the most effective mechanisms of regional policy and state regulation is the development and implementation of concepts and forecasts of territorial development. Concepts and forecasts embody the general idea, a look into the future and the main directions of development of the country and its regions. AT concepts the basic idea of ​​the socio-economic evolution of the territory is laid. The idea is inextricably linked with the ideal as the highest goal of the country's development and separate territories, a benchmark for regional strategy and policy. Scientifically based concepts can become a kind of ideology of people's life. They reflect goals, general parameters, structural proportions, possible directions for the fastest achievement of long-term goals. Conceptual ideas are actually brought to life, provided that they reflect the aspirations and hopes of the population. They are the basis for the development of strategic plans, target complex and functionally structured programs.
The development of the conceptual foundations of territorial development is usually carried out by the executive authorities with the involvement of scientists from various scientific fields (political scientists, economists, lawyers, ecologists, geographers, etc.). The geographical substantiation of the concepts is based on the representation of the territory as a geosystem, including nature, population and economy. The country and regions are considered as integral socially oriented territorial public systems. The geographical approach to the development of the concept is based on the following methodological principles:

1. The idea of ​​the territory as a set of natural-historical, socio-economic and spiritual-cultural formations.
2. Recognition of the sovereignty of the regions and their consideration as complexly organized TPS, functioning with inter-regional exchange and intra-regional distribution of goods and services produced.
3. The exalted role of a person as the main producer, consumer and manager, the organization of all life activities, taking into account environmental and moral imperatives.
4. The leading goal of regional development is to recognize the socio-ecological, providing comprehensive development personality and balance in all spheres of human existence.
5. Recognition of the relative independence of the social, spiritual, national, economic and other interests of the region.
6. Coordination of the activities of economically independent production entities in a certain territory, the commonality of the totality of conditions and factors of their functioning means, as a result, self-regulation of the region.
7. Understanding that the study of specific cause-and-effect relationships, the identification of patterns of self-development inherent in the region, the internal logic to the rhythms of its evolution is no less important than the recognition of the general laws of social development.
8. In a region of any taxonomic rank, such a system of elective economic management should be created that would ensure the improvement of material, social and environmental conditions life of the population.
9. In the conditions of a market system of management, when the functioning of the region in space and time is characterized by increasing openness, the level of stochasticity and development uncertainty becomes higher.

Based on these principles, it is possible to reveal the essence of concepts more deeply and increase their practical orientation. The long-term concept of regional development is characterized by a clear target orientation towards solving socio-economic and environmental problems. It embodies all territorial studies, including sectoral and local ones. Based on the coordination of the goals and interests of the development of regions and the country, a holistic strategy for long-term development is being developed.
Territorial development concepts are developed on different dates. For the long term, the goals and main directions of the functioning of the regions, qualitative guidelines for improving the socio-economic and environmental conditions of life of the population are usually outlined. Concepts for medium and short-term periods, along with qualitative characteristics, also include quantitative indicators.
Concepts are built on the basis of the country's long-term development strategy and may have the following integral structure:

• regional strategy of Russia;
• problematic situation in the region;
• goals and objectives of development;
• strategic plan, forecast;
• priority areas and territories;
• perspective model of the region;
• target programs (Fig. 25).

Rice. 25. Block diagram of the concept of regional development

Focusing on the regional development strategy Russian Federation , it is necessary to identify the internal and external potential of the territory, the state of the socio-economic, environmental and political situation. At problem situation analysis in the regions, it is necessary to take into account the situation both in the country as a whole and in municipalities. In each region, all-Russian problems are manifested, and at the same time individual ones, moreover, differentiated into urban and countryside, in specific municipalities. Problem situation is a kind of indicator of territorial trouble and serves as a motivating force for socio-economic functioning. The development of regions occurs in the course of solving internal problems between the expected quality of life and reality, the availability of goods and the purchasing power of the population, population and habitat, urban and rural areas, productive forces and social relations, etc. To solve these and other problems, a clear setting of goals and an appropriate set of means, methods, and tools are required.
Setting goals and formulating the tasks arising from them is the most important stage in the development of the concept. At the same time, it is important to foresee the consequences of the problems being solved, the prospective situation in the country, regions and municipalities.
The goals and objectives should reflect the acuteness of territorial problems and at the same time express the interests of the population. They must be socially oriented, environmentally friendly and realistically achievable. The system of goals can be ranked with the allocation of subgoals of the first, second and other orders. As general purpose it is possible to proclaim the improvement of the moral and physical health of the population, ensuring a high level and quality of life for people. This goal of the socio-spiritual direction has specific features in each region and, at the same time, remains a guideline for the long-term development of the Russian Federation. Based on the general goal, the goals of the first order can be a decent standard of living, social comfort of human existence, territorial justice, balanced economic development, and environmental well-being. Goals of other orders are distinguished taking into account the territorial characteristics of people's life.
Among the tasks, the most relevant are the following:

1. Increasing the social protection of the population, eliminating negative monetization processes, forming a middle class, ensuring the physical, mental and environmental safety of people's lives.
2. Formation of territorial communities of people in which conditions are created for strengthening the family, regional reproduction of the population, material support for young people, low-income citizens, the disabled and pensioners.
3. Creation of a favorable ecological environment for people's lives, including the natural, economic, social, spiritual, political environment.
4. Formation of a progressive industrial and territorial structure mixed economy, attracting investment and stimulating innovation.
5. Formation of the all-Russian and regional markets, providing them with high-quality, competitive services and goods for consumer and industrial purposes.
6. Balanced development of municipalities, urban and rural areas, the supporting frame of settlement and the ecological frame of the territory.
7. Rational use of natural resources, conservation of the gene pool and protection natural environment.
8. Ensuring comfortable infrastructural arrangement of the territory.
9. Formation of optimal budgets and improvement of interbudgetary relations.
10. Perfection regional government and local government.

These and other tasks are focused not only on the transition period, but also on the creation of prerequisites for the prosperous life of people and the balanced development of territories in the future. Conceptual goals and objectives can serve as a guideline for the development of strategic plans and long-term forecasts.
Strategic plans become one of the active types of long-term forecasts of urban development. They are a set of documents that reflect the strategic goals and objectives of the future development of a particular city, potential opportunities and priority areas for its development. The specificity of strategic plans lies in the fact that they construct a model of the future functioning of the city, as a relatively ideal place of residence for people, and substantiate ways to achieve this ideal.
As a method of local self-government and at the same time a link, a stage of the concept of territorial development, strategic planning becomes an active tool for regulating the processes of socio-economic development of municipal and even regional entities. Strategic plans have become a benchmark for the development of many large Russian cities. Among them are St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Kazan, Rostov-on-Don, etc.
Of particular relevance in conceptual constructions are long-term forecasts. In social geography accumulated great experience development of socio-economic forecasts of an integral nature. They include a set of private forecasts such as economic, demographic, water management, environmental, innovative, etc. Socio-economic forecasts of territorial development are based on a system of principles: consistency, complexity, historicism, associativity, comparativeness, continuity, continuity, etc.
Socio-economic forecasting outlines the ways of development of the territory (country, regions, cities, villages, etc.) for a long perspective period. In this case, two main types of forecast are used - search (research) and normative. The first one boils down to the continuation in the forecast period of the present, well-studied, stable trends and patterns. Based on the use of the principle of inertia in the development of the territory, the orientation of the search forecast in time occurs in the direction of the course of time, that is, “from the present to the future”.
The normative forecast is based on the ideas about the desired, given state of the territory, the established moment of the future, which is ensured by the achievement of pre-set goals in the most rational ways. In this case, the orientation of the forecast in time is carried out according to the scheme “from the future to the present”. Territorial forecasts are developed, as a rule, with the mutually corrective influence of search and normative forecasts, which make it possible to select the most reasonable options for the future state of the territory. At the same time, in some forecasts, the search component may prevail, while in others, the normative component.
At the junction of these two types of forecasting, program-targeted forecasting appears. This type of forecasting is based on the synthesis of normative and search forecasting methods. It is the basis for the creation of targeted integrated programs for the development of the territory, one of the factors of problematic zoning.
Forecasting the development of socio-economic regions is more expedient to carry out by functional blocks taking into account the interconnections and relationships between them (Fig. 26).

Rice. 26. Structure of the complex forecast of the region

Development Forecast socio-demographic bloc includes such aspects as changes in the population, its composition, dissection. Particular attention is paid to raising the level and improving the lifestyle of the population, increasing the volume and changing the structure of income, improving working conditions, living and recreation, and forming territorial communities of people. To develop forecasts for improving the standard of living of the population, indicators are used that reflect the volume of consumption and the degree of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, real cash income, the turnover of all types of trade, the volume of consumption of domestic services, as well as the composition of the consumer "basket", specific indicators of the consumption of basic foodstuffs and non-food products, provision of living space, social security of all segments of the population.
The forecast of the population, the formation and use of labor resources is developed to determine the prospective population, labor market, in order to develop a hypothesis for the formation and movement of the able-bodied population, to identify the possibility of influencing this process.
One of the issues of the system of predictive research in socio-economic regions is resettlement. The most important pattern of settlement is its close relationship with nature and production. Natural conditions and the state of the natural environment, the scale and specifics of the development and location of objects of material production and the non-productive sphere largely determine the size of the population and the nature of its settlement. In turn, the existing system of settlement directly affects the location of production and services, the state of the environment.
Forecasting natural resource block regions is carried out in close connection with forecast calculations for other blocks. Particular attention is paid to such aspects as the basic and restrictive impact of this block on the entire structure of socio-economic regions. The basic position of the natural block is based on the presence of the natural resource potential of the regions and the possibilities of its reproduction. Restrictive functions are in the formation of the geo-ecological situation and the environment of human life.
Forecasting the state and rational use of natural resources includes assessing the available and possible resources of raw materials and fuel, determining the needs of regions and external consumers for resources, performing a comprehensive assessment of the natural resource potential of the territory and comparing it with other regions.
Forecast economic development regions is developed taking into account the results of forecasting other functional blocks. In conditions of great difficulty in determining the priorities for the development of the economic block for the future, the development of an economic forecast in the territorial aspect should be aimed at choosing possible options without excessive "rigidity" of indicators.
When forecasting the main link in material production - industry - it is most important to take into account the development opportunities for priority industries that have a social and environmental focus and satisfy the daily needs of the population. The task is not so much to determine the parameters for the further development of already functioning economic objects, but also to identify the possibilities for creating and locating new objects of different forms of ownership. The solution to this problem is based on the calculation of the economic, social, and environmental efficiency of production. Further development of the forecast comes down to linking the previously planned development options with the limits of investment, natural and material resources, and the capacity of the territory.
Forecast infrastructure block includes forecasts for the development of industrial, social, environmental and market infrastructure.
Part production infrastructure includes engineering and technical structures and facilities that provide material conditions territorial organization economy, population, nature management. The development of the production infrastructure should be predicted at a faster pace than the functioning of the economy. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the interconnections and proportions between the infrastructure of federal and regional subordination.
Particular attention should be paid to the forecast social infrastructure. The rational organization of social facilities can be achieved on the basis of taking into account the prospective system of population resettlement. The main principle of placement and acquisition of social infrastructure facilities in settlements of different sizes and profiles is the normative threshold. According to this principle, each settlement forms its own set of service institutions and devices. In this case, it is necessary to take into account; a) structural completeness of objects of daily maintenance; b) the availability of objects of periodic and episodic maintenance; c) correspondence of the set of service objects to the taxonomic rank of settlements.
When forecasting the development of social infrastructure, it is necessary to take into account the availability of its facilities and services. Accessibility should be understood broadly - as territorial, temporal, financial, legal, age, etc. accessibility. Territorial accessibility of services in rural areas is especially important, for which it is necessary to expand mobile forms of service.
Forecasting development and territorial organization ecological infrastructure should be linked with forecasts of economic development and nature management. Particular attention should be paid to the problem of creating enterprises for the disposal of industrial and household waste, treatment facilities, biosphere reserves and wildlife sanctuaries.
During the transition period, it is especially important to anticipate the formation of objects market infrastructure- systems of commercial banks, trading houses, stock exchanges, holding and insurance companies, etc. In cities, corporations, forms, it is necessary to outline the creation of marketing centers, design services, personnel training systems,
Based on these forecasts, a integral, complex forecast, its specificity lies in the fact that this is not the sum of partial forecasts, but integration - synthesis with obtaining a qualitatively new forecast. A comprehensive forecast has the functions of not only coordinating and linking private forecasts, but also foreseeing the development of integral regions, which are also not reducible to the sum of functional blocks.
Integration of private forecasts is carried out by coordinating the scale, lead time and results in order to develop a strategy for the development of regions of different ranks. The consolidating beginning is the target orientation of regional development, the main tasks of the integrated socio-economic development of the territory.
The main purpose of complex forecasts is to provide information about the future state of the regions, the formation of the concept of their long-term development. The core of complex forecasts is the prediction of ways to improve regional and local processes of social reproduction.
The development of forecasts can be viewed as a systematic study, decomposed into a number of stages:

1. Setting the goal and objectives of the forecast.
2. Determining the time limits of the study.
3. Collection and systematization of all information about the functioning and development of regions and their functional blocks.
4. Building a "tree of goals" and a "tree of resources", choosing forecasting methods, identifying limitations and more inertial aspects of regional development.
5. Synthesis of private forecasts: natural resources, regional organization of productive forces and the functioning of the TIC, population growth and its resettlement, development of industrial and social infrastructure, etc.
6. Development of the main parameters of the forecast.
7. Building a preliminary forecast.
8. Examination and preparation of the final forecast.
9. Forecast correction.

These forecasting stages are of a general nature and are usually corrected and refined during the research process. At the same time, the completeness and effectiveness of methodological tools play an important role. The most common forecasting methods are the following: extrapolation, expert assessments, balance sheet, modeling, cartographic, graph-analytical, etc.
In the concepts of territorial development, an important stage is the choice of priority areas of socio-economic functioning. At the same time, one should focus on increasing the socialization of the market economy, a gradual transition to high-tech industries, and the introduction of environmentally friendly products. The priority areas include the following:

• the well-being of the people;
• social security of the population;
• preservation of the ethnic group;
• family strengthening;
• production efficiency;
• product competitiveness;
• high quality of services;
• innovative activity;
• budget balance;
• comfortable living environment for people, etc.

When choosing priority areas, it is necessary to highlight growth poles, foresee perspective development focuses and provide for all mechanism of multiplier impact on the environment. To determine the degree of mutual influence of enterprises of different profiles, you can use the design of energy production cycles. An analysis of the functioning of the flow-by-stage chain of production in the structure of cycles, the diagnosis of interdependence and the effectiveness of associated development can become the basis for determining technopolises, technology parks, special economic zones of technology-innovative and industrial-production areas.
The most important stage of conceptual development is the design perspective model of the region. It can be presented in the form of an ideal socio-ecological-economic system (complex). In the center of the complex, a person (family, society, ethnic group) functions, living in a comfortable environment.
The specific implementation of the concepts of territorial development is carried out in targeted comprehensive programs.

test questions

1. What is the essence of the idea of ​​concepts and forecasts of territorial development?
2. What authorities and specialists carry out the development of the conceptual foundations of territorial development?
3. What methodological principles are based on the geographical approach to the development of concepts of territorial development?
4. Describe the specifics of long-term, medium-term and short-term concepts.
5. Describe the integral structure of the concept of territorial development.
6. What is the general goal of Russia's long-term development?
7. List the tasks of development of the territories of the Russian Federation.
8. What are Strategic Urban Development Plans?
9. What is the role of socio-economic forecasting in conceptual constructions?
10. Describe the specifics of forecasting the development of functional blocks (socio-demographic, natural resource, etc.).
11. What is the main purpose of integrated forecasts?
12. List the steps in developing forecasts.

• Morgunov Anton Vladimirovich, Candidate of Sciences, Leading Researcher
• Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia

• CONCEPTS OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT
• EXPERIENCE OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES IN THE FIELD OF REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
• REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
• NEW SYSTEM OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

The article discusses the need to develop documents that define the conceptual foundations of the territorial development of the Russian economy, considers the experience developed countries world in the field of regional management. The author analyzes the problems of regional development of the Russian Federation and directions for improving the territorial development of the country's economy.

• Importance of offshore business in entrepreneurial activity
• Features of servicing corporate clients in tourism
• Strategic goals of an industrial enterprise and the sustainability of the economy
• Assessment and management of the economic security of an enterprise, taking into account risk factors and uncertainty of the market environment

AT last years in the Russian Federation, after a long break, work has resumed on the development of strategic programs for the socio-economic development of territories. Documents have been prepared aimed at developing the conceptual foundations for the territorial development of the Russian economy at the federal level, at the level of federal districts, subjects of the federation and municipalities in the form of medium-term development programs, which formulate the priorities for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.

A great contribution to the management system of regional development was made in our country during the Soviet era. In this regard, it is necessary to mention such authors as A.G. Aganbegyan, A.G. Granberg, O.S. Pchelintsev, G.G. Fetisov.

In the work of Lemeshev M.Ya. and Panchenko A.I. integrated programs are defined as “a planned set of economic, social, industrial, technical and research activities aimed at achieving one clearly defined goal of social development.

The analysis shows that economic programming has a positive impact on the economic life of the country. The impact of indicative plans on economic dynamics is difficult to quantify, but it can be argued that high economic growth rates and a relatively small amplitude of cyclical fluctuations in Japan are largely determined by the influence of government programming.

Indicating the main ways of long-term development, the strategic directions of regional development serve as the basis for determining specific policies in various important areas of society: the labor market, budgetary and financial, scientific, educational). Thus, the requirements for the quality of these documents are increasing. At the same time, the theoretical and methodological basis for the development of these documents does not meet modern requirements. At present, it is necessary to create such an economic management system that would combine the market system of economic relations as a basic one and adequate measures of state regulation.

The system of tools for state regulation of the economic development of the regional economic complex is currently in the process of formation. In our opinion, and on this issue we are in solidarity with the authors who expressed this idea back in the last century, it includes: a forecast of socio-economic development, a strategic plan for the development of the region, programming of regional development, development and implementation of the budget of the region, an indicator plan for the development of the region's economy.

Solving the problem of territorial development of the country's economy requires careful and comprehensive justification. The development of a new concept of territorial development acceptable to Russia should take into account all the diversity of factors in the functioning of the country's economy, both external and internal.

The reasons for the unsatisfactory state of affairs in the territorial development of the country's economy are manifold. These issues at the federal level include:

• the strategic directions of socio-economic transformations in the country are not defined in conjunction with financial resources;
• regional development programs should find their place in the country's consolidated budget;
• The strategy for the development of the country's economy should not only have certainty in the most important areas of sectoral development, but at the same time should be deployed in a territorial context.

At present, the system for managing the regional development of the economy in our country is built on the principle of its administrative-territorial division. Each of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has its own legislative, executive, and judicial power. In addition, public, religious, charitable and other non-governmental organizations influence the development and implementation of management decisions in the field of regional development. off-budget funds commercial structures, mass media.

There are many problems of managing regional development at the present stage. We can agree with Oreshin V.P. and Fetisov G.G., that the main ones are:

1. The country does not have a documented long-term strategy for socio-economic development, taking into account regional characteristics and factors.
2. Despite the existing differences in the natural-climatic, demographic, historical and cultural situation of the regions, the management of their socio-economic development is carried out according to a single unified scheme.

However, in our opinion, the problem of improving the system of statistical accounting and monitoring the socio-economic development of regions should be added to this list of problems. This system is not quite adequate to the system of economic relations and modern requirements for the organization of structures for managing regional development. This inadequacy is manifested in the set and structure of indicators taken into account, their multi-level incompatibility, in the absence of target and priority indicators in the system, insufficiency of methodological support for a number of important indicators (for example, indicators of the structure of national wealth, aggregate economic potential, land use, etc.).

All this dictates the need to improve the management of the territorial development of the country's economy on the way to finding mutually beneficial directions for all regions of the location and development of production and building mutually beneficial relationship between different levels of government. At the same time, it is necessary to use various “input” prerequisites, both internal and external: further development of market relations in the country, improving the quality of life of the population, and increasing the competitiveness of domestic producers. The development of a new concept of managing the country's territorial development is of great political and economic importance, especially for such a specific country as Russia.

In our opinion, the most interesting developments in the field of territorial development management in the countries of the world are as follows:

1. Solutions for the development of natural resources in remote regions of the country with a harsh climate on a rotational basis used in Canada (Alberta) and the USA (Alaska) .
2. The experience of Great Britain in successfully solving the problems of development of depressed municipalities and counties on the way of activating the role of the central government (development of programs for regional development, provision of assistance from the state budget, etc.) should be adopted.
3. The theory of “points of growth” by Myrdal and Perroux in relation to the development of the country's territory with the allocation of regions that are developing at a faster pace.

In the countries of the European Community, regional policy is currently based on the following basic principles: subsidiarity, concentration of funds, priority for programs aimed at the integrated development of territories, primacy (funds for regional policy activities are used in addition to national resources, but not instead of them).

The European Union proceeds from the position that without solving the problems of the regions, mitigating the disproportions in the levels of socio-economic development between them, from which all regions would benefit, it is difficult to achieve success in the development of the EU.

Based on the experience of developed European countries, the real situation in the socio-economic development of Russian regions, as well as the need to stimulate the transition to a post-industrial society, it is necessary to create a Council for the Development of Science and Technology in the country, headed by the Prime Minister. The creation of such a special body would be a solution to the problem of our economy breaking through into the technological community of the developed countries of the world. In addition to this, in order to effective management territorial development of the country requires the Council for Strategic Regional Development of the country.

In order to implement the transition from the branch (block-functional) management principle to the territorial-branch) network principle, it is necessary to create a number of management structures responsible for coordinating industries and sectors of the economy. They should be dispersed by regions of profile specialization. Thus, the departments of the Ministry of Natural Resources can be dispersed across the regions of Siberia and the north, as well as partially the Urals. Departments of the Ministry of Agriculture may be dispersed in the southern and central regions of the country. This principle of building management structures will contribute to:

• organic convergence of the subject and object of management;
• creating conditions for updating the management system for new personnel from the regions;
• the creation of objective conditions for unblocking the nests of bureaucracy and corruption that have been formed over the years and decades in the government apparatus.

Other advantages of building a country's management systems according to the proposed principle can also be named. Nevertheless, the decision on the expediency of its implementation at this stage must be carefully prepared, supported by appropriate calculations and subjected to appropriate expertise. However, there is no doubt that the proposed measure will increase the degree of integration of the economic space of the country and regions and increase the level of efficiency in the use of natural-geographical, demographic, production and technological space.

An objective assessment of the results of the socio-economic development of the country and regions should be ensured based on the organization of monitoring, the use of a complex of independent examinations of economic growth, the socio-economic development of the country and regions, and the standard of living of the population.

A mechanism for personal responsibility should be developed officials authorities, the business community for the implementation of the main provisions and principles of the strategy for the socio-economic development of the country and regions and the program that ensures its implementation.

Bibliography

1. Atkinson E.B., Stiglitz D.E. Lectures on economic theory public sector. M.: ASPECT-PRESS, 1995.
2. Voronkov A.A. Methods of analysis and evaluation of government programs
3. in the USA. Moscow: Nauka 1986.
4. State regulation of the transitional economy / Under the general. ed. S.A. Pelekha. Minsk: Law and Economics, 2008.
5. Granberg A.G. Fundamentals of regional economy. M.: GU HSE, 2000.
6. Evenenko L.I., Uritsky V.E. Avergov V.A. and others. State and management in the USA. M.: Thought, 1985.
7. Pchelintsev O.S., Aryanin A.N., Verkhunova M.S., Shcherbakova E.M. New trends in the development of Russian regions and economic policy federal center // Problems of Forecasting. 1998. No. 3.
8. Stiglitz D.E. Economics of the public sector. M.: Infra-M, 1997.
9. Fetisov G.G., Oreshin V.P. regional economy and management.
10. M.: Infra-M, 2008.
11. Experimental Laboratory in Spatial Planning/European Commission. March 2000.

regional federalism politics

The purpose of creating a development concept is to create management mechanisms that should respond flexibly to possible changes in the situation in society, that is, the strategy should adapt development to external changes. Internal processes should focus on the goals of the concept, and not on the solution of current local problems. To implement the concept, certain stages of development and specific tasks are identified in terms of creating the necessary prerequisites for further development. The concept should be focused not on simply increasing the consumption of resources, but also on increasing the efficiency of using the existing potential.

There are four main stages in creating a development concept.

Problem analysis:

• - identification of systemic imbalances and the factors that cause them;
• - analysis of the mechanisms of occurrence and reproduction of disproportions;
• - establishing links and interdependencies between the problems of the territory;
• - identification of key problems, division of problems into external, characteristic for the whole country, and internal, inherent only in this particular territory;
• - to formulate the boundaries of possible intervention of the authorities of this level of government to solve the problems that have arisen;
• - identify factors that can be influenced to solve problems;
• - set the time required to solve a particular problem;
• - if, as a result of the analysis, problems are identified that have arisen due to imbalances in mechanisms external to the given territorial level, then they are fixed with brief analysis transmitted to higher levels, along with their vision of optimal resolution.

Formulating goals and strategies:

• - based on the analysis of internal problems, a set of development goals is formed;
• - the formulated goals are checked for consistency with each other, as well as with the development goals of higher levels;
• - the development of the maximum number of directions in which it is possible to achieve the set goals is carried out;
• - an analysis of alternative sources of resources, economic levers, structural changes, economic and other incentives, etc., their possible combination and sequence of use to achieve goals is carried out.

Thus, simultaneously with the development of possible directions for achieving each goal, the requirements for its implementation mechanisms are formed and substantiated. The overall goal of this phase is to highlight the most significant measures and ensure sufficient concentration of resources for priority areas preventing them from being sprayed.

Assessment of possible consequences

At this stage, strategies are analyzed from the perspective of:

• - achievement of previously formulated goals;
• - changes in the state of the solved problems of the territory;
• - the possible emergence of new problems and exacerbation of existing ones.

Consequence assessment involves identifying the possible response of all elements of the system at a given level to the strategic impacts. This process can be optimized by comprehensively modeling the consequences of implementing different strategies. When modeling the situation, it is advisable to take into account the possible reaction not only of the internal elements of the system, but also the possible reaction of higher and neighboring and management bodies. If the assessment shows that the formulated goals are unattainable, it is necessary to clarify the goals set, the problems to be solved, change strategies or change the time frame for achieving the goals. As a result, only those strategies that satisfy the goals in terms of the quality of the consequences are selected from the set of feasible strategies.

Choosing the optimal strategy

A comparative analysis of all selected admissible strategies is carried out. The choice is made using a system of criteria reflecting:

• - efficient use of resources;
• - universality of the strategy, i.e. the ability to adapt to changes in the external environment;
• - complexity of development;
• - the feasibility of the main functions of this level.

At this stage, it is necessary to provide for several scenarios for the implementation of the strategy, which are applied depending on the predicted changes in external conditions within certain boundaries. It is necessary to assess the likelihood and extent of such changes in the external environment and, accordingly, provide for possible adjustments to the strategy in the process of its implementation, depending on which scenario is actually being implemented. Accordingly, it is necessary to identify and evaluate reserves that ensure the achievement of the formulated goals, despite possible adverse changes in the external environment. In addition, it is necessary to formulate possible events, the occurrence of which will mean the need for a complete revision of the concept of development.

The adopted strategy should serve as the basis for the development of both long-term and operational decisions to manage the development of the territory. Therefore, the timing of the stages of its implementation and the main parameters that must be achieved at each stage should be formulated.

In general, the development concept should contain a long-term development strategy and a brief rationale for it. An example document structure is as follows:

• - Brief history reference about the region.
• - Characteristics of the achieved level of economic and social development. Description of the existing and desired life structure, lifestyle of the population.
• - The pace of development by industry industrial production and social infrastructure, as well as other indicators of development, including demographic ones.
• - The main directions of specialization of the territories included in the composition.
• - Problems, their interconnectedness and the relevance of the solution.
• - The main goals, objectives and directions of development for the planned period.
• - The introduction summarizes the results of the analysis and defines the initial milestones from which systematic changes will begin, formulates the tasks of the socio-economic development of the region.

Economic development of the region:

• - Industrial development.
• - Transport infrastructure, wholesale depots and warehouses.
• - Capital construction of industrial facilities and infrastructure.
• - The main sources of material and technical supply of enterprises in the region and the direction of export and consumption of products of enterprises in the region.
• - The impact of scientific and technological progress on the economy of the region.
• - The financial sector in the economy of the region.

Social development of the region

• - Changes in the socio-demographic structure and structure of employment in the region.
• - Raising the standard of living of the population.
• - Housing construction and construction of social infrastructure facilities.
• - Public service.
• - Development of education.
• - The development of medicine.
• - Protection of public order.
• - Ecology.
• - Culture.
• - Religion.
• - Sales and trade infrastructure of the region (shops, markets, small wholesale bases and warehouses).
• - Infrastructure of the service sector.
• - The main passenger flows and transport.
• - Mass media.

For each of the points of the economic development block and the social development block, development goals and strategies should be formulated, including the definition of goals and the main directions for their achievement, the rationale for the most significant measures in each of the areas, the identified consequences of the implementation of strategies, the definition of criteria for comparing strategies and the result of their applications, the main characteristics of the chosen strategy - the proportions in the development of various subsystems, the effectiveness of their functioning, the stages of implementing the strategy.

Public authorities may determine additional components and additional requirements for the plan for the development of the public sector of the economy. The executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation may develop long-term targeted programs that are subject to approval by the relevant representative authority. The list of long-term targeted programs is formed in accordance with the priorities determined by the forecasts of socio-economic development.

A long-term target program proposed for approval and financing from budgetary funds must contain a feasibility study, a forecast of the expected results of the program, the name of the local government - customer the specified program, information on the distribution of volumes and sources of funding by years, as well as other documents and materials necessary for its approval.

A well-designed development concept greatly facilitates the development and adoption of specific target programs for the development of the region. target program is a complex of research, development, production, socio-economic, organizational and economic and other activities linked by resources, performers and deadlines, which ensures the effective solution of problems in the field of state, economic, social and cultural development.

For the effective use of the development concepts tool across the country, it is necessary that the development concepts be uniform in structure and methodology of preparation. This approach will greatly facilitate the writing of development concepts for higher levels of management and improve their quality. Higher levels of government will be able to request concepts for the development of subordinate territories and, on their basis, draw up generalized development concepts for larger territorial entities. At present, individual subjects of the Federation have prepared development concepts. However, significant differences in their structure and content do not allow their objective comparison. In addition, not all regions can afford to conduct scientific research and independently solve methodological issues.