Project on the topic “Diversity of the nature of the native land. Nature Diversity Project of the Native Land Nature Diversity Project of the Native Land Photos

MAOU secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects secondary school No. 50 in Yekaterinburg

PROJECT “Diversity of nature native land»

URAL

Completed by a student of class 3B KHODYREV BOGDAN

Project goals:- to form students' ideas about the diversity of the nature of their native land, - to acquaint them with the characteristics of groups of animals and plants, - to instill a sense of responsibility for all living things that surround us, - to develop logical thinking, imagination, observation, - to promote the upbringing of a careful attitude to the world around us, development of moral and aesthetic qualities

Tasks:- to study the flora and fauna of the native land, - to systematize knowledge about medicinal plants, - to instill a sense of responsibility for all living things that surrounds us, a feeling of love for nature, - to raise the level of consciousness among students for purity in nature, - to instill a sense of pride in our beloved Motherland, - develop attention, intelligence

Nature is everything that surrounds us and is not made by human hands.

The nature of our region is diverse, rich, beautiful!

The Urals is a unique geographic region that crosses the border of two continents: Europe and Asia. From the west of the Urals lies the West European Plain, from the east - the East Siberian Lowland. In the center of the region is the Ural mountain system. The length of the Ural Mountains is about 2500 km - from the Arctic Ocean to the deserts of Kazakhstan.

In the Urals, huge areas are reserved for nature reserves and reserves, the area of ​​​​some of them is larger than the area of ​​small European states, therefore, here nature lovers are met by a species diversity of both flora and fauna that has no analogues in Europe.

Woodpecker

Woodpeckers are black birds with red spots on the head and abdomen. They have a flexible tongue almost the same length as the beak. In early March, the woodpecker starts knocking on the tree and attracts the female. Nests are not built, but hollows are hollowed out. They lay from 2 to 8 eggs in them, which will lie on the dust at the bottom of the hollow. The parents take turns sitting on the eggs. The chicks are fed very often. They quickly fly from tree to tree and get food from under the bark, with their beak they get to the passages in which larvae and insects are located. Long tongue, covered with brushes and moistened with sticky saliva, the woodpecker easily gets prey from these passages. In winter, it feeds on the seeds of coniferous trees. To extract the seeds, the woodpecker hollows out a small depression in the tree trunk, places a plucked cone in it, then peels it, taking out the seeds, and throws it empty. It is believed that during the day he exfoliates 100 cones, and during the winter several thousand cones will lie near this place. In spring, birch trees are hollowed out and the sap is drunk. At the end of summer they feed on ripe berries.

Cabbage butterfly

This beautiful light butterfly can be seen on the edges, meadows, in gardens. These light creatures of nature rise into the sky to a height of 20 - 70 meters, and can reach a decent speed of 20 - 30 km / h. Body length 30 mm, covered with fine hairs, consists of head, thorax and abdomen. She has 6 legs, each leg has two sharp claws. The jaws are a proboscis twisted in a spiral. When she drinks flower nectar, her proboscis straightens, her eyes are large. The long pair of antennae is very sensitive. Vision and sense of smell are well developed. The cabbage has two pairs of wings covered with scales. Feeds on the nectar of flowers, no harm to our nature. But her offspring is a disaster for gardeners. During the season, the female lays eggs 2-3 times. She will lay about 100 eggs, and fly away, no longer thinking or caring about her offspring. After a week, caterpillars emerge from the eggs. They eat the juicy flesh of the leaves. In the state of a caterpillar, it will stay for 2 to 4 weeks. Birds are reluctant to peck cabbage caterpillars, because these secrete a poisonous secret for protection.

Grasshopper

Grasshoppers are among the oldest orders of insects, they evolved about 300 million years ago. Distinctive feature grasshoppers - very long antennae exceeding the length of the body. The front pair of wings is modified into leathery elytra. The left wing is on top of the right. The females have an ovipositor, elongated and flattened laterally. And male grasshoppers are able to chirp, rubbing their raised elytra against each other. At the bases of the elytra there are elements of the sound apparatus. Raising the elytra, the grasshopper quickly vibrates them, amplifying the sound power of the chirp. When the grasshopper raises its wings higher, its chirring sounds lower in tone, but louder. Sounds made by males indicate that the territory is occupied or serve to attract females. Grasshoppers are predators, they feed on other small insects, such as the Colorado potato beetle, butterfly caterpillars, which makes them useful to humans. However, they can also bring some harm, as they also consume plant foods, eat the buds and young leaves of cultivated plants. They overwinter in the soil in the phase of eggs laid in small groups or singly. In the spring, larvae emerge from the eggs. They develop 50-70 days, passing 5-7 instars. Grasshoppers inhabit inconvenient areas overgrown with weeds and shrubs, usually the slopes of foothills and ravines.

Chafer

The cockchafer is one of the most famous insects. And far from the best. Beetle larvae are terrible pests. They live in the ground, eating the roots and stems of the plant. Beetle larvae are unusually voracious, and a dozen of them can destroy all vegetation on one square meter. Adult beetles also like to eat. They gnaw on young leaves on trees. For almost all five years, the cockchafer lives underground. The first summer feeds on humus and grass roots. For the winter, the larvae climb to a depth of one and a half meters, and in the spring they again move closer to the roots. In the second year, the larvae feed on the roots of young trees. In the third year, the larvae reach a size of 5-6 centimeters - and are able to gnaw through the root of even an adult tree. In the fourth year of life, the larva turns into a pupa, after a month or two - into a beetle. And these young beetles continue to live underground - until next spring. And closer to May, when it becomes warm and foliage appears on the trees, May beetles begin their flights.

Wasp

This insect has a striped abdomen and a pair of transparent wings. The wasp is a predatory insect. She feeds her larvae with protein food. In each nest, the female places a live animal (bee, fly, caterpillar, spider) obtained during the hunt and lays an egg in its body. Thus, the larva is provided with live food for the entire period of development. The entrance to the nest is tightly sealed, the wasp does not return to it, but immediately starts building a new nest and preparing a new insect for the next larva. The young wasp climbs out on its own. Adult insects feed on the nectar of flowers and ripe juicy fruits. Often we have to drive these obsessive insects away from jam, compotes, fruits, as well as watermelons and berries. During the hot summer, wasps pose a serious threat not only to beekeepers, as they are able to completely destroy the bee colony, but also to humans: they are aggressive and can attack for no reason. The sting of wasps has no notches, they can sting many times. Very dangerous bites in the face, mouth. It is recommended to apply a lotion with ammonia diluted with water, lubricate the affected area with plantain juice, parsley, apply ice, apply any antihistamine and immediately hospitalize the victim in a medical facility

leeches

Leeches - subclass annelids. Most representatives live in fresh water. . body length different representatives varies from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters. Most major representative up to 45 cm. All leeches are predators, feeding on the blood of mostly warm-blooded animals or mollusks, worms, etc .; , there are also species that do not feed on blood, but swallow prey whole (for example, a mosquito larva, earthworm). In the intestines of a leech, blood is digested slowly, and therefore, having satiated, a leech can remain without food for a long time - about a year and a half. They live mainly in fresh water or wet grass. An interesting way of moving leeches. At both ends of the worm there are suction cups with which it can attach itself to underwater objects. The leech sticks to them with its front end, bends into an arc, and moves.

Bumblebee

Bumblebees are large densely hairy bees. These beneficial insects tirelessly rush from flower to flower and therefore are the most valuable pollinators. The proboscis of bumblebees is very long, and with its help they easily reach the nectar of flowers with narrow and deep corollas. Bumblebees nest in the ground or in another convenient place. An abandoned mouse hole, a moss tussock, a hollow, a squirrel's nest, a birdhouse - everything is suitable for this purpose. Worker bumblebees have a pollen collecting apparatus on their hind legs; it consists of a "basket" and a "brush". Getting dirty in flower pollen, bumblebees carry it from flower to flower and pollinate plants. Bumblebees sting less painfully than wasps and bees. In addition, they are less agile and much more peaceful. Therefore, mice, badgers, foxes often attack their nests and eat bumblebee honey, larvae and pupae. For bumblebees, the plowing of land and the treatment of land with pesticides turned out to be critical factors. Flowering meadows disappear, fertilizers are applied - and the tireless bumblebees buzz less and less often in spring. The number of this species of insects is at a critically low level due to intensive grazing and haymaking - both of which lead to the death of nests.

Ants

Ants, as representatives of a group of insects, are familiar to every person. They are distributed everywhere, except for Antarctica and the Far North. About 10 thousand species of these insects are known. Their body sizes range from 8 to 30 mm. Coloration from light yellow to black. Most species have developed venom glands that secrete formic acid. Their communities are more complex than that of bees; families number up to 1 million individuals in an anthill. They also have their own pastures. They remove aphids and milk them. These insects feed on invertebrates, flower nectar, fungi, plant seeds, and aphids.

Mole

Moles are small underground animals with a body length of 4 to 20 cm. They have a coat color from black to dark gray. Mole hair grows straight, which allows them to move freely underground in any direction. Weigh from 8 to 160 grams. Vision is poor, in some species the eyes are completely covered with skin, but the sense of touch and smell are very well developed. The mole digs the ground with its front paws and, unlike mice and other rodents, does not gnaw the ground with its front incisors, therefore it lives in places of soft ground. Moles feed on earthworms, May beetles, pupae of various butterflies. In search of food, they make long transitions in the ground (at a depth of 0.5 to 2 meters) and can dig up to 60 meters of underground galleries per day. In search of food, moles damage the roots of trees and various crops, in connection with this, people try to fight them with chemical means, thereby killing these cute and useful animals (the benefit of moles is that they loosen the soil, contributing to its moisture and aeration and also destroy a large number of pests).

Hedgehog

Approximately fifteen million years ago, hedgehogs appeared on our planet. Most of them have tails. It is short - only three centimeters, invisible, because it hides under the needles. A hedgehog has about ten thousand spines. Every three years they are gradually updated. Needles grow long enough, about a year. By nature, hedgehogs are blind, although they are able to distinguish colors. However, they have a keen sense of smell and incredibly acute hearing. There are thirty-six teeth in the mouth, as in humans, they can fall out in old age.

PIKE

The pike is common in fresh waters, lives in water thickets, stagnant or low-flowing waters. The length of the fish is up to 1.5 meters, weight is up to 35 kg. The head is large, the mouth is wide. The coloration is variable, depending on the environment: depending on the nature and degree of development of the vegetation, it can be gray-green, gray-yellow, the back is darker, the sides with large brown spots. Feeds mainly on fish. Pike females begin to breed in the fourth, less often in the third year of life. Spawning occurs at a temperature of +3-6 degrees immediately after the ice melts. The fish are in shallow water and splash noisily. Depending on the temperature of the water, the development of eggs takes 8-14 days, the larvae that hatch from it are 6-7 mm in length. In the reservoir, the pike stays in the thickets of aquatic vegetation, usually it stays motionless there and, hiding, suddenly rushes to the prey. Caught, it is almost always swallowed from the head - if the pike grabbed it across the body, then, before swallowing, it quickly turns its head into the throat. Pike are quite widely bred in pond farms. This fish is also an important object of sport and recreational fishing.

HARE-RUSAK

The hare is quite large, the body is up to 70 cm long, weighs from 4 to 7 kg. Its summer color is gray, slightly brownish, its coat is shiny, silky. Winter fur is slightly lighter than summer fur. The hare sheds in spring and autumn. Rusak loves open spaces: fields, meadows, edges, clearings, clearings. AT coniferous forests rarely lives. Occurs along rivers, in ravines near grain fields and near villages (especially in winter). Hares are usually active at dusk and at night. During the day lies in shallow holes under a bush, behind a fallen tree or in a haystack. Can rest in abandoned burrows of badgers, foxes and marmots. The hare runs fast, its speed is up to 50 km / h along a straight road. Confuses traces. He knows how to swim well. Like all hares, hares are quiet animals: they emit a piercing cry only when they are caught or injured. The female calls the hares, making quiet sounds. And the hare knocks with its paws, like a drum. They feed on shoots, bark of trees and shrubs, seeds, grass, and in the fields - sunflower, buckwheat, vegetables, watermelons. Brown hares live 5-7 years, some up to 10. Foxes, wolves, lynxes, eagles and, of course, people prey on hares. Hunters exterminate hares in large numbers, so now there are not as many hares as before. Hares also die due to the fact that they eat crops treated with poisons from pests in the fields. Scientists urge to treat these animals more carefully.

Elk

Elk is an artiodactyl mammal, the largest species of the deer family. The body length of an elk can reach up to three meters, and the height at the withers is up to 2.5 meters, the length of the tail of the animal can vary from 12-15 cm. This is a very calm and peaceful animal, even despite its formidable and awesome appearance. Elk's favorite food is shoots of fir, pine, willow, mountain ash, raspberries, bird cherry, wild rose, lingonberries, and blueberries. It is estimated that an elk eats about five tons of vegetation in a year. Moose antlers are shed in December, and new ones have time to grow by August. The most dangerous for moose are such enemies: wolves in packs, bears. Moose can reach speeds of up to 56 kilometers per hour. They are excellent swimmers, and can swim at speeds up to 10 kilometers per hour. Moose can even dive and hold their breath for up to 30 seconds. Moose have extremely sensitive noses. Wolves are aware of this property, so when attacked, they can sometimes grab the beast by the nose. From severe pain, the moose is paralyzed, and he cannot resist the predator. Moose can be domesticated.

Lilac

Shrub up to 6m high. Blooms at the end of May. Leaves bright green, the roots are powerful. The flowers appear along with the leaves, with a strong fragrance. In autumn, lilac leaves do not turn yellow, fall green. It grows well in open sunny places with low groundwater. It tolerates poor soils, but blooms profusely and forms a beautiful shrub on fertile and medium-rich soils. In dry summers, young plants need to be watered. On poor soils, be sure to feed. Regular pruning in early spring maintains the shape of the bush, and cutting off some of the flowering shoots contributes to abundant flowering next year. Leaves and flowers are used in medicine.

Birch

The word birch means "bright, clear". Genus of deciduous trees and shrubs. Birch is the most common of our hardwoods and is the most important tree species found in forests. The bark is usually smooth, covered with a layer of cork tissue, birch bark, exfoliating in thin plates, more often white, yellowish or pink, in some it is gray, brown and even black. The leaves are entire, toothed, with pinnate venation. Flowers are collected in earrings. Propagated by seeds. The age of most representatives of the genus does not exceed 100-120 years, some trees reach 300 years. Most species are frost-resistant, undemanding to soils and photophilous. Widely used in carpentry, plywood, paper industry, interior decoration and all kinds of products. Tar is driven from birch bark, baskets, artistic carvings are made.

Rowan

Rowan ordinary - a tree up to 20 m high. It grows in coniferous-small-leaved forests, along the edges and clearings, as well as in bushes along the banks of rivers and lakes. It is often bred as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens. In the spring it is covered with white, cream or cartose fragrant flowers, in the summer they are attractive because of their shiny leathery bright green leaves, which in September-October turn into a wonderful crimson hue, passing through the stages of yellow and orange. And finally, in late autumn and winter, they are decorated with chic clusters of shiny berries, the color of which is from pink, orange, bright red and brown. Rowan fruits are extremely rich in vitamin C and have long been used in home cooking for making wine, beer, jams, jams, jellies, jelly, desserts and sauces. They taste bitter and sour, so it is recommended to use them ready-made with the addition of sugar. They say that rowan berries taste sweeter after the first frost, but if you plan to use them - leaving them on the branches in anticipation of these very frosts, you risk being left without berries at all, because they are a favorite delicacy of birds.

strawberries

Wild strawberries grow in meadows, among bushes and in light forests, on edges and clearings. In our area, it is especially large and juicy. Strawberry rhizome is short, creeping shoots, rooting at the nodes (whiskers). Blooms in late May - early June, blooms all summer. The fruits ripen in late June - August. The leaves of strawberries are covered with silky hairs from below. Nature endowed them with the ability to regulate the moisture reserves in the bush. Wild strawberry is a valuable plant. This forest berry is a piggy bank of vitamins. The fruits contain substances useful for the human body: vitamin C, carotene, acids (malic, citric, salicylic), tannins, essential oils and trace elements: copper, manganese, chromium. Especially a lot of iron, which is in the seeds. The leaves are rich in vitamin C, tannins. Wild strawberry berries are eaten fresh, and are also used to make juices, decoctions, compotes, jams, syrups, and infusions. Medicinal raw materials are berries and leaves in fresh and dried form. Strawberries have long been used in traditional medicine almost all diseases. Strawberries are called the "queen" of the plant world, because it is distinguished by the richest chemical composition. It is believed that this berry contains many substances that have not yet been studied, which, perhaps, make it so healing.

Nettle

There are many on the planet medicinal plants, but the real leader, who has received universal recognition, can be called, perhaps, one thing - nettle. This is a truly unique herb, in which areas of life it is not used by humans. So, in the past, threads, ropes, fishing nets were made from bast fibers obtained from nettles, and very durable fabrics were also made. In the 19th century, Europeans filtered honey through a nettle sieve and sifted flour. Nettle increases milk yield in cattle, as well as egg production in geese and chickens. Currently, nettle is successfully used in medicine and cooking - it is part of many pharmacy fees. Nettle is used in cosmetic purposes well stops bleeding. A delicious green borscht is prepared from nettles. In the hungry war and post-war 50s, nettle, along with quinoa and sorrel, was almost the main food of barefoot children. They have been eating it since early spring and until late autumn, and their mothers managed to cook a lot of dishes from this plant - cabbage soup, salads and liquid cakes. In our more satisfying life, nettle faded into the background and was almost completely forgotten about. But in vain, it has so many vitamins (A, C, K, B1, B2, B3) and all kinds of trace elements (copper, iron, calcium) that this plant alone can significantly fill the daily need of the human body for them.

CHAMOMILE

Chamomile is an annual herbaceous plant. The stem is erect, branched, 20 to 60 cm high. The root is thin, taproot, slightly branched. The leaves are alternate, sessile, 2-5 cm long. Flower baskets with white petals, in the middle with yellow flowers. Blooms from May to September. It grows along the edges of fields, roadsides, wastelands and meadows. The plant is widely used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. . Chamomile has excellent anti-inflammatory properties, chamomile preparations are indicated for insomnia, nervous strain. Chamomile is an antiviral agent and is used for colds and flu. Chamomile has a very beneficial effect on the gastrointestinal tract, relieves spasms and inflammation. Helps heal wounds and cracks. Contains: copper, selenium, zinc, malic, salicylic, nicotinic acid. Widely used in cosmetology. Relieves inflammation, redness, skin irritation

Pine

Translated from Latin the word "pine" means "rock". Pines - tall trees, up to 35 m, live up to 150-200 years. The trunk is slender, with red-brown cracking bark. Pine is a photophilous plant. Pine is unpretentious to soils, and can grow both on dry sands and in conditions of high humidity. AT pine forests there are never wind-blown trees, because their roots go very deep into the soil. Pine is a medicinal plant. The whole tree is rich in resin. The resin heals the wounds on the tree. Mature pine cones are dull. Birds feed on pine seeds. Moose feed on young pine shoots.

bird cherry

Deciduous tree, sometimes bushy, about 10-17 m high, with simple toothed leaves. Blooms in April-June. The flowers are white, collected in long loose drooping brushes. Fruits in July. The fruit is a rounded drupe, green at first, black when ripe, 8-10 mm, sweet, strongly astringent.

burdock

Burdock (burdock) is a perennial herbaceous plant with a straight, hard, elastic, felt-pubescent stem. In the first year, very large basal leaves are formed on long, straight, succulent petioles. In the second year - a tall (up to 3 m) straight stem with small red-violet baskets of inflorescences located on the tops of the pedicels. Burdock blooms in June-August. It grows everywhere: in forests and shrubs, near housing, along ditches, in wet wastelands, along roads, etc. For medicinal purposes, roots, leaves and tops of burdock are used. Burdock preparations have wound-healing, diuretic and diaphoretic properties. They are used for certain skin diseases, inflammatory processes of the mucous membrane of the mouth, throat, upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract.

Plantain

Plantain grows along roadsides - hence its name. Plantain is a food plant for many butterflies. Plantain seeds are loved by small birds. For medicinal purposes, the herb and seeds of the plant are used. In folk medicine, plantain leaves are used externally for long-term non-healing wounds or ulcers. The leaves of the plant are used for cuts, abscesses, bruises, toothache. The juice from the leaves has an analgesic anti-inflammatory effect on the stings of bees, wasps, bumblebees and even snakes. This plant is used in the treatment malignant tumors gastrointestinal tract, as well as an expectorant and anti-inflammatory agent in diseases of the bronchopulmonary system. Seeds containing a lot of mucus are used as a strong enveloping and soothing agent for inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes and intestines.

viburnum

Viburnum vulgaris is a shrub 2-4 m high. The name "viburnum" got its name for the color of the fruit, similar to the color of red-hot iron. Viburnum blooms from late May to July, the fruits ripen in August-September. Kalina is a fast growing tree. Its annual growth reaches 30-70 cm. Viburnum lives up to the age of fifty. Kalina grows in mixed and deciduous forests, in wet meadows, along the banks of rivers, swamps, in thickets of shrubs, along the edges of forests, on the banks of lakes, in forest clearings with moist soil. Does not like dry soils and direct lighting. It is considered a plant unpretentious. In 1948, it was found that the bark of the common viburnum can serve as a medicinal raw material for obtaining a hemostatic extract. The bark is harvested in early spring when it is easier to remove. Useful properties Viburnum has all its parts: berries, seeds, bark, roots, flowers.

Tansy

Tansy is a perennial plant, the height of which reaches 150 centimeters. The rhizome of tansy is woody, long and branching. The plant has numerous stems that are branched at the top, slightly pubescent or glabrous. The lowermost leaves of the plant are petiolate, the rest are rigid and sessile. The leaves of tansy are alternate, dark green on the upper side, glandular with dots on the lower side. Medicinal raw materials for tansy are flower baskets, the collection of which is carried out during the period of full flowering. Inflorescences are cut with flowering stems no more than 2 centimeters long. The collected raw materials are dried in a well-ventilated area or in the shade under a canopy. Dried raw materials are stored in cloth bags or cardboard boxes for no more than 2 years.

Coltsfoot

Coltsfoot belongs to perennial herbs of the Asteraceae family. In medicine, the leaves of the coltsfoot are used in diaphoretic and nursing collections, and this herb can also be used as an expectorant. The color of the flowers is golden yellow. The leaves are basal and appear after the plant has faded, they are round-heart-shaped, slightly angular, rather dense, there are uneven denticles on the edge, from below and above the leaves are white tomentose. When you touch the leaves, they seem warm, the upper surface is bare, cold. Achenes in coltsfoot with tuft. The mother-and-stepmother usually grows on clay slopes, hills, over river cliffs, all sorts of embankments, in wastelands, in fields.

fly agaric

It grows singly and in small groups from June to autumn frosts. Mushrooms are very poisonous. Moose eat them with pleasure. They are useful for forest giants. Grows in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests. They say that the fly agaric got its name because in old mushrooms the hat is bent up along the edges, forming a saucer. Water gets into this saucer and becomes poisonous to flies. Fly agaric is a beautiful mushroom, Moose only eat it Only very poisonous. And at the same time they say: - There is no more reliable medicine! Ate - and there is no temperature! Fly agaric is a medicinal mushroom, It is not poisonous to us.

Wide, free,

Native lands...

white birch,

My favorite

It stands like a candle, white,

She looks around:

Ripe rye nods to her,

The meadow bows to her.

Around so nice, sunny,

Wherever you look

Quiet over the lake

The reeds sway.

Float along a narrow stream

Ducklings in succession.

Love Russian nature

Keep it, my reader!

Project "Diversity of the nature of the native land"

Objective of the project: Find information about the flora and fauna of Moscow and the Moscow region.

Work form(individually, in pairs, groups, as a whole class): individually

Stages of work:

1. Find information about plants growing on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region
   
2. Find information about animals living in Moscow and the Moscow region
3. Find information about conservation measures in your home region .
4. Design the work in the form of a book of nature of the native land
   

My project responsibilities:Collect information, design the work, present the work to the class.

Working hours: a week

Results format: "The book of nature of the native land."

The outline of the book can be written here:

1. Geographical position of Moscow and the Moscow region
2. Plants of Moscow and the Moscow region
3. Animals of Moscow and the Moscow region
4. Nature protection of the native land
   

The plan of my speech at the presentation (conference, holiday).

1. To tell and show the made book of nature of the native land
   
2. Make a conclusion and thank you for your attention.
   

Materials for the project(write, stick, draw what you think is necessary).

Book of nature of Moscow and Moscow region

My native land is the city of federal significance Moscow and the Moscow region. This is a fairly large area in the north adjacent to the zone of the southern taiga, and in the south - to the forest-steppes. Another feature of my region is the high population density. In total, more than 22 million people live in Moscow and the Moscow region, which of course has a great impact on the nature of my native land.

The most common type of vegetation in the Moscow region is forests. There are also coniferous forests in which spruces, pines, blueberries, blueberries, cranberries and lingonberries grow. Many in my area and mixed forests with dense undergrowth, in which grows gray and black alder, birch, willow, pine and spruce, fern, lungwort and lily of the valley. A little to the south is the zone of oak forests. Here, among the hundred-year-old oaks, maples, lindens, ash-trees, elms, as well as bushes of viburnum, euonymus, hazel, honeysuckle and wild rose grow.

In addition to forests in the Moscow region, there are many swamps and meadows. A variety of mosses and sedges, cranberries and blueberries grow in the swamps. And in the meadows there is a wide variety of herbs and wild flowers: buttercups, European hoof, bluegrass, feather grass and clover. There are also plants listed in the Red Book in the secluded corners of the region: venus slipper, water chestnut and others.

The fauna of my region is no less diverse than the flora. Almost all animals of the forest zone are found in the forests of the Moscow region: a bun, a badger, an otter, a hare, a fox, a marten, a mink, a deer, a ferret, a muskrat, an ermine, a beaver, a hedgehog, a wolf, a bear, and even a lynx. AT steppe zone you can see gophers, jerboas, martens, hamsters and ferrets.

Many in the Moscow region and birds. Ornithologists (scientists who study birds) count 170 species of birds living in my area! Gulls, herons, white storks, blackbirds, hazel grouses, ducks, woodpeckers, lapwings, bullfinches, sparrows, magpies, crows - you can’t list them all. Some of the birds live in forests, some in swamps, and some prefer to live in settlements and even in the squares of the capital.

A variety of fish are found in the reservoirs of the region: pike, burbot, crucian carp, perch, crucian carp and ruff. Almost 300 species of insects live in the meadows. As for amphibians, their main representatives in the Moscow region are toads and frogs, but newts are also found.

Unfortunately, the dense population of the Moscow region has a bad effect on natural environment habitat for all plants and animals of my region. Forests are cut down to clear sites for the construction of new housing estates. The swamps are being drained to expand crop areas. Meadows are either built up or given over to landfills and other household needs.

Of course, the authorities of Moscow and the Moscow region are taking measures to protect the flora and fauna. Once every 10 years, the Red Book of the Moscow Region is updated and published, reserves have been created and National parks: Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve and national park"Zavidovo", there are also botanical gardens and dendrological parks.

How do I rate my work on a project?(whether the work was interesting, easy or difficult, was it completely independent or did it require the help of adults, how did cooperation with classmates develop, was the work successful).

I think our project came out good and interesting. It was quite difficult, but everything turned out well thanks to the help of parents and a friend.

Thanks for your help and cooperation.

Without help, I would not have coped, but my parents and a friend helped me. Thank them for this.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

MKOU Kalacheevskaya Gymnasium No. 1 Project work on the topic: “The diversity of the nature of the native land” Completed by: students of the 3rd “B” class Supervisor: Kotlyarova T.P. 2014-2015 academic year. year

2 slide

Description of the slide:

The objectives of the project: - to form students' ideas about the diversity of the nature of their native land, - to acquaint them with the characteristics of groups of animals and plants, - to instill a sense of responsibility for all living things that surround us, - to develop logical thinking, imagination, observation, - to promote the development of a careful attitude to the world around, the development of moral and aesthetic qualities

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Tasks: - to study the flora and fauna of the native land, - to systematize knowledge about medicinal plants, - to instill a sense of responsibility for all living things that surround us, a feeling of love for nature, - to raise the level of consciousness among students for purity in nature, - to instill a sense of pride for our beloved Motherland, to develop attention, ingenuity

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Native land The city of Kalach is located at the place where two small rivers Don basin - Podgornaya and Tolucheevka. The lands of the Kalacheevsky district are located on the Kalacheevsky Upland in the southeastern part of the Voronezh region. The climate is temperate, average annual temperature+ 6.2 C. The average annual precipitation is 350-400 millimeters. This is one and a half times less than the average for the region. The region belongs to the steppe zone. The soils are ordinary chernozems interspersed with solonchaks.

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Hedgehog Approximately fifteen million years ago hedgehogs appeared on our planet. Most of them have tails. It is short - only three centimeters, invisible, because it hides under the needles. A hedgehog has about ten thousand spines. Every three years they are gradually updated. Needles grow long enough, about a year. By nature, hedgehogs are blind, although they are able to distinguish colors. However, they have a keen sense of smell and incredibly acute hearing. There are thirty-six teeth in the mouth, as in humans, they can fall out in old age.

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Crayfish Crayfish have 6 pairs of limbs. He moves in such a way that he always rests on four pairs of legs. crayfish claws - formidable weapon. The captured victim will no longer escape from the claw. Cancers can shed. They shed their chitinous cover, renew their gills and internal organs. The female bears crustaceans on her belly (in the form of eggs) for 8 months. Crayfish breathe with skin gills (other crustaceans breathe with the entire surface of the body). The eyes of crayfish are made up of many individual ocelli. Their vision is mosaic (mosaic). Cancer can move its eyes, but not its head.

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Cabbage This beautiful light butterfly can be seen on the edges, meadows, in gardens. These light creatures of nature rise into the sky to a height of 20 - 70 meters, and can reach a decent speed of 20 - 30 km / h. Body length 30 mm, covered with fine hairs, consists of head, thorax and abdomen. She has 6 legs, each leg has two sharp claws. The jaws are a proboscis twisted in a spiral. When she drinks flower nectar, her proboscis straightens, her eyes are large. The long pair of antennae is very sensitive. Vision and sense of smell are well developed. The cabbage has two pairs of wings covered with scales. Feeds on the nectar of flowers, no harm to our nature. But her offspring is a disaster for gardeners. During the season, the female lays eggs 2-3 times. She will lay about 100 eggs, and fly away, no longer thinking or caring about her offspring. After a week, caterpillars emerge from the eggs. They eat the juicy flesh of the leaves. In the state of a caterpillar, it will stay for 2 to 4 weeks. Birds are reluctant to peck cabbage caterpillars, because these secrete a poisonous secret for protection.

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Woodpecker Woodpeckers are black birds with red spots on the head and abdomen. They have a flexible tongue almost the same length as the beak. In early March, the woodpecker starts knocking on the tree and attracts the female. Nests are not built, but hollows are hollowed out. They lay from 2 to 8 eggs in them, which will lie on the dust at the bottom of the hollow. The parents take turns sitting on the eggs. The chicks are fed very often. They quickly fly from tree to tree and get food from under the bark, with their beak they get to the passages in which larvae and insects are located. With a long tongue covered with brushes and dipped in sticky saliva, the woodpecker easily takes prey out of these passages. In winter, it feeds on the seeds of coniferous trees. To extract the seeds, the woodpecker hollows out a small depression in the tree trunk, places a plucked cone in it, then peels it, taking out the seeds, and throws it empty. It is believed that during the day he exfoliates 100 cones, and during the winter several thousand cones will lie near this place. In spring, birch trees are hollowed out and the sap is drunk. At the end of summer they feed on ripe berries.

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The toad is the largest toad found in Europe. The body is wide, the eyes are orange, the pupils are horizontal. skin glands emit a small amount of poison, completely harmless to humans. They feed on invertebrates, including insects and their larvae. Prey grabs with a sticky tongue. In danger, the gray toad rises on its paws and takes on a menacing appearance. However, the movement of the toad on the surface of the earth occurs with the help of walking, and not with the help of jumping. The toad uses jumping only in a discouraged state, when the danger, in its opinion, is present and is active in relation to it. For example, in a calm state, the toad moves along the mowing or aftermath exclusively by walking. Seeing a larger animal - the toad freezes. When you try to touch it, it starts jumping.

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RUSAK HARE The brown hare is quite large, body up to 70 cm long, weighs from 4 to 7 kg. Its summer color is gray, slightly brownish, its coat is shiny, silky. Winter fur is slightly lighter than summer fur. The hare sheds in spring and autumn. Rusak loves open spaces: fields, meadows, edges, clearings, clearings. Rarely lives in coniferous forests. Occurs along rivers, in ravines near grain fields and near villages (especially in winter). Hares are usually active at dusk and at night. During the day lies in shallow holes under a bush, behind a fallen tree or in a haystack. Can rest in abandoned burrows of badgers, foxes and marmots. The hare runs fast, its speed is up to 50 km / h along a straight road. Confuses traces. He knows how to swim well. Like all hares, hares are quiet animals: they emit a piercing cry only when they are caught or injured. The female calls the hares, making quiet sounds. And the hare knocks with its paws, like a drum. They feed on shoots, bark of trees and shrubs, seeds, grass, and in the fields - sunflower, buckwheat, vegetables, watermelons. Brown hares live 5-7 years, some up to 10. Foxes, wolves, lynxes, eagles and, of course, people prey on hares. Hunters exterminate hares in large numbers, so now there are not as many hares as before. Hares also die due to the fact that they eat crops treated with poisons from pests in the fields. Scientists urge to treat these animals more carefully.

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Grasshopper Grasshoppers are among the most ancient orders of insects, they evolved about 300 million years ago. A distinctive feature of grasshoppers is very long antennae, exceeding the length of the body. The front pair of wings is modified into leathery elytra. The left wing is on top of the right. The females have an ovipositor, elongated and flattened laterally. And male grasshoppers are able to chirp, rubbing their raised elytra against each other. At the bases of the elytra there are elements of the sound apparatus. Raising the elytra, the grasshopper quickly vibrates them, amplifying the sound power of the chirp. When the grasshopper raises its wings higher, its chirring sounds lower in tone, but louder. Sounds made by males indicate that the territory is occupied or serve to attract females. Grasshoppers are predators, they feed on other small insects, such as the Colorado potato beetle, butterfly caterpillars, which makes them useful to humans. However, they can also bring some harm, as they also consume plant foods, eat the buds and young leaves of cultivated plants. They overwinter in the soil in the phase of eggs laid in small groups or singly. In the spring, larvae emerge from the eggs. They develop 50-70 days, passing 5-7 instars. Grasshoppers inhabit inconvenient areas overgrown with weeds and shrubs, usually the slopes of foothills and ravines.

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Mole Moles are small underground animals with a body length of 4 to 20 cm. They have a coat color from black to dark gray. Mole hair grows straight, which allows them to move freely underground in any direction. Weigh from 8 to 160 grams. Vision is poor, in some species the eyes are completely covered with skin, but the sense of touch and smell are very well developed. The mole digs the ground with its front paws and, unlike mice and other rodents, does not gnaw the ground with its front incisors, therefore it lives in places of soft ground. Moles feed on earthworms, May beetles, pupae of various butterflies. In search of food, they make long transitions in the ground (at a depth of 0.5 to 2 meters) and can dig up to 60 meters of underground galleries per day. In search of food, moles damage the roots of trees and various crops, in connection with this, people try to fight them with chemical means, thereby killing these cute and useful animals (the benefit of moles is that they loosen the soil, contributing to its moisture and aeration , and also destroy a large number of pests).

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Mosquito Mosquitoes are insects with a thin body, long legs and narrow transparent wings. None of the groups of Diptera has such a perfect blood-sucking tool as mosquitoes. In total, there are about 2000 species in the mosquito family. In swampy areas, these insects pursue animals and humans in clouds, inflicting painful injections with a long proboscis, from which even the fabric of clothing does not protect a person, if it is not thick enough. However, not all types of mosquitoes are aggressive. Many of them use their proboscis only to feed on nectar. In blood-sucking species, blood saturation is also obligatory only for females, while males are content with plant juices. A hungry female is able to locate large concentrations of warm-blooded animals and humans at a distance of up to 3 km and quickly overcome this distance. In one act of sucking, the female absorbs an amount of blood in excess of her original body weight. The importance of mosquitoes as carriers of pathogens of such serious diseases as malaria is great.

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Elk Elk is an artiodactyl mammal, the largest species of the deer family. The body length of an elk can reach up to three meters, and the height at the withers is up to 2.5 meters, the length of the tail of the animal can vary from 12-15 cm. This is a very calm and peaceful animal, even despite its formidable and awesome appearance. Elk's favorite food is shoots of fir, pine, willow, mountain ash, raspberries, bird cherry, wild rose, lingonberries, and blueberries. It is estimated that an elk eats about five tons of vegetation in a year. Moose antlers are shed in December, and new ones have time to grow by August. The most dangerous for moose are such enemies: wolves in packs, bears. Moose can reach speeds of up to 56 kilometers per hour. They are excellent swimmers, and can swim at speeds up to 10 kilometers per hour. Moose can even dive and hold their breath for up to 30 seconds. Moose have extremely sensitive noses. Wolves are aware of this property, so when attacked, they can sometimes grab the beast by the nose. From severe pain, the moose is paralyzed, and he cannot resist the predator. Moose can be domesticated.

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Medvedka A large insect with a body length of up to 5 centimeters. Body color is dark brown. The chest shell is hard, the head can be partially retracted under its protection. Two large eyes, long antennae and two pairs of tentacles are clearly visible on the head. The front pair of limbs of the bear for digging the earth. The bears are flying. Lives in sandy, sunlit soils, on warm plains. Although avoids dry places. The insect leads an underground lifestyle. Rarely gets out to the surface, mainly at night. Medvedka hibernates in the ground at a depth of 2 meters or more. It feeds mainly on plant roots, earthworms and insects. The female bear makes a nest in the ground and lays hundreds of eggs, from which the larvae emerge. Medvedka, breaking through passages in the soil, improves it. However, it can be a pest, because it often gnaws the roots of plants when tunneling.

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Maybug The Maybug is one of the most famous insects. And far from the best. Beetle larvae are terrible pests. They live in the ground, eating the roots and stems of the plant. Beetle larvae are unusually voracious, and a dozen of them can destroy all vegetation on one square meter. Adult beetles also like to eat. They gnaw on young leaves on trees. For almost all five years, the cockchafer lives underground. The first summer feeds on humus and grass roots. For the winter, the larvae climb to a depth of one and a half meters, and in the spring they again move closer to the roots. In the second year, the larvae feed on the roots of young trees. In the third year, the larvae reach a size of 5-6 centimeters - and are able to gnaw through the root of even an adult tree. In the fourth year of life, the larva turns into a pupa, after a month or two - into a beetle. And these young beetles continue to live underground - until next spring. And closer to May, when it becomes warm and foliage appears on the trees, May beetles begin their flights.

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Wasp This insect has a striped abdomen and a pair of transparent wings. The wasp is a predatory insect. She feeds her larvae with protein food. In each nest, the female places a live animal (bee, fly, caterpillar, spider) obtained during the hunt and lays an egg in its body. Thus, the larva is provided with live food for the entire period of development. The entrance to the nest is tightly sealed, the wasp does not return to it, but immediately starts building a new nest and preparing a new insect for the next larva. The young wasp climbs out on its own. Adult insects feed on the nectar of flowers and ripe juicy fruits. Often we have to drive these obsessive insects away from jam, compotes, fruits, as well as watermelons and berries. During the hot summer, wasps pose a serious threat not only to beekeepers, as they are able to completely destroy the bee colony, but also to humans: they are aggressive and can attack for no reason. The sting of wasps has no notches, they can sting many times. Very dangerous bites in the face, mouth. It is recommended to apply a lotion with ammonia diluted with water, lubricate the affected area with plantain juice, parsley, apply ice, apply any antihistamine and immediately hospitalize the victim in a medical facility

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Oh already - non-venomous snakes. The body length is 1-1.5 meters. The main difference between the snake and other snakes is the so-called "yellow ears" - pronounced marks on the head, most often yellow, but white or orange are also found. The color of the upper side of the body is gray, olive, black or brown. It feeds mainly on live frogs, rodents and less often fish. The enemies of snakes are storks, birds of prey and some mammals.

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Gray heron The gray heron is a bird of the stork order. Appearance is very characteristic. This is a long-legged, long-necked bird, gray above and white below, with inclusions of black, with a rather long sharp beak. The sizes are quite large, the weight of an adult male can reach 2 kg. Females are somewhat smaller than males, but otherwise they are almost the same. The gray heron is extremely widespread. The gray heron feeds exclusively on animal food. The basis of its diet is fish, but the heron also eats frogs, various small mammals, reptiles, tadpoles, and insects.

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Snail Snails are molluscs. Their body consists of a shell, spirally twisted and expanding downward. Inside it is a soft body. Snails have a special "leg" - this is a flat, wide part of the body with which it moves. Most snails breathe atmospheric air. In this case, the snail attaches to the lower surface of the water film with the help of its “leg”, and then opens a special breathing hole and “breathes” the air. It is stored in the lung cavity, which is located under the skin of the cochlea. Snails reproduce mainly by eggs, which are covered with a transparent mass resembling jelly. Snails feed, as a rule, on algae, scraping them with a horny tongue from the surface of stones and from stems. aquatic plants. That is why snails are often used in home aquariums to clean their walls from green algae. Favorite places snail habitats - deciduous forests, parks, ravines overgrown with bushes. Snail wintering is carried out in specially built wintering chambers, digging into the soil to a depth of 5 - 10 centimeters. In central Russia, the snail stays awake for 4.5 - 5 months, feeds on the leaves of wild strawberries, plantain, horse sorrel, dandelion, lungwort, burdock, nettle, horseradish, cabbage, radish

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Leeches Leeches are a subclass of annelids. Most representatives live in fresh water. . The body length of different representatives varies from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters. The largest representative is up to 45 cm. All leeches are predators, feeding on the blood of most warm-blooded animals or mollusks, worms, etc.; , there are also species that do not feed on blood, but swallow prey whole (for example, mosquito larva, earthworm). In the intestines of a leech, blood is digested slowly, and therefore, having satiated, a leech can remain without food for a long time - about a year and a half. They live mainly in fresh water or wet grass. An interesting way of moving leeches. At both ends of the worm there are suction cups with which it can attach itself to underwater objects. The leech sticks to them with its front end, bends into an arc, and moves.

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Starling The starling is a small bird 18-21 cm long, with a short neck. . The beak is long, sharp and slightly curved down. The wings are short, wide at the base and narrowed at the end. The plumage of the back, breast and back of the neck in females and males of adult birds does not differ from each other: black feathers with a metallic sheen. Starlings arrive in March-April and rush to populate empty birdhouses to breed chicks. The female lays from 4 to 6 eggs, incubates herself for 14 days, both parents feed. Already in the summer, you can watch how young starlings try to keep up with their parents. Birds feed on both plant and animal food: earthworms, insect larvae, seeds and fruits of plants.

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Ants Ants, as representatives of a group of insects, are familiar to every person. They are distributed everywhere, except for Antarctica and the Far North. About 10 thousand species of these insects are known. Their body sizes range from 8 to 30 mm. Coloration from light yellow to black. Most species have developed venom glands that secrete formic acid. Their communities are more complex than that of bees; families number up to 1 million individuals in an anthill. They also have their own pastures. They remove aphids and milk them. These insects feed on invertebrates, flower nectar, fungi, plant seeds, and aphids.

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Bumblebee Bumblebees are large densely hairy bees. These beneficial insects tirelessly rush from flower to flower and therefore are the most valuable pollinators. The proboscis of bumblebees is very long, and with its help they easily reach the nectar of flowers with narrow and deep corollas. Bumblebees nest in the ground or in another convenient place. An abandoned mouse hole, a moss tussock, a hollow, a squirrel's nest, a birdhouse - everything is suitable for this purpose. Worker bumblebees have a pollen collecting apparatus on their hind legs; it consists of a "basket" and a "brush". Getting dirty in flower pollen, bumblebees carry it from flower to flower and pollinate plants. Bumblebees sting less painfully than wasps and bees. In addition, they are less agile and much more peaceful. Therefore, mice, badgers, foxes often attack their nests and eat bumblebee honey, larvae and pupae. For bumblebees, the plowing of land and the treatment of land with pesticides turned out to be critical factors. Flowering meadows disappear, fertilizers are applied - and the tireless bumblebees buzz less and less often in spring. The number of this species of insects is at a critically low level due to intensive grazing and haymaking - both of which lead to the death of nests.

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Stag beetle The stag beetle is considered the largest beetle, males reach an average of 70-74 mm and females 25-57 mm in length. Found in oak forests and deciduous forests with an admixture of oak, artificial plantations - parks, gardens. It belongs to the species whose habitat is declining, therefore it is listed in the Red Book as a species that is declining in numbers. The reasons that lead to a massive reduction in the population of the deer beetle are massive deforestation, primarily oak forests, clearing forests of rotten and rotten stumps and snags in which the larvae develop for 6-7 years. In recent years, there has also been an unlimited collection of beetles in collections, and natural bird predators have significantly reduced the population, feeding on beetle larvae.

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PIKE The pike is common in fresh waters, lives in water thickets, stagnant or low-flowing waters. The length of the fish is up to 1.5 meters, weight is up to 35 kg. The head is large, the mouth is wide. The coloration is variable, depending on the environment: depending on the nature and degree of development of the vegetation, it can be gray-green, gray-yellow, the back is darker, the sides with large brown spots. Feeds mainly on fish. Pike females begin to breed in the fourth, less often in the third year of life. Spawning occurs at a temperature of +3-6 degrees immediately after the ice melts. The fish are in shallow water and splash noisily. Depending on the temperature of the water, the development of eggs takes 8-14 days, the larvae that hatch from it are 6-7 mm in length. In the reservoir, the pike stays in the thickets of aquatic vegetation, usually it stays motionless there and, hiding, suddenly rushes to the prey. Caught, it is almost always swallowed from the head - if the pike grabbed it across the body, then, before swallowing, it quickly turns its head into the throat. Pike is quite widely bred in pond farms. This fish is also an important object of sport and recreational fishing.

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Hornet Hornets live in families - this is a social insect. From the bark of young twigs they make paper and build a nest from it. It is usually found in wooden buildings: birdhouses, tree hollows, stumps, etc. Hornets cause irreparable harm to our beekeepers, because hornets are like wolves, only insects, they exterminate the bees that are bred in the apiary. In no case should you come close to the nests of hornets. After all, they may decide that their nest is in danger and attack the troublemaker. And they sting very painfully. And since their sting is not jagged, one hornet can sting several times in a row. "Bites" of a hornet cause pain at the site of the bite, swelling, inflammation. With multiple bites, the temperature may rise, dizziness and headache. With these symptoms, you should definitely seek medical help.

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Lilac Shrub up to 6m high. Blooms at the end of May. The leaves are bright green, the roots are powerful. The flowers appear along with the leaves, with a strong fragrance. In autumn, lilac leaves do not turn yellow, fall green. It grows well in open sunny places with low groundwater. It tolerates poor soils, but blooms profusely and forms a beautiful shrub on fertile and medium-rich soils. In dry summers, young plants need to be watered. On poor soils, be sure to feed. Regular pruning in early spring maintains the shape of the bush, and cutting off some of the flowering shoots contributes to abundant flowering next year. Leaves and flowers are used in medicine.

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Oak Oak is a symbol of physical strength. A powerful tree up to 40 meters high. Blossoms in May, the fruit is an acorn. Oak acorns for primitive man were the first bread. Oak bark is used as medicinal product. Doctors prescribe decoctions for sore throats (rinsing), for burns (lotions). Oak barrels are still used as containers in the manufacture of cognacs and wines. Its wood is very strong and durable, with a beautiful pattern, it is used in shipbuilding, furniture production.

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Birch The word birch means "bright, clear". Genus of deciduous trees and shrubs. Birch is the most common of our hardwoods and is the most important tree species found in forests. The bark is usually smooth, covered with a layer of cork tissue, birch bark, exfoliating in thin plates, more often white, yellowish or pink, in some it is gray, brown and even black. The leaves are entire, toothed, with pinnate venation. Flowers are collected in earrings. Propagated by seeds. The age of most representatives of the genus does not exceed 100-120 years, some trees reach 300 years. Most species are frost-resistant, undemanding to soils and photophilous. Widely used in carpentry, plywood, paper industry, interior decoration and all kinds of products. Tar is driven from birch bark, baskets, artistic carvings are made.

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Mountain ash Common mountain ash is a tree up to 20 m high. It grows in coniferous-small-leaved forests, along edges and clearings, as well as in bushes along the banks of rivers and lakes. It is often bred as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens. In the spring it is covered with white, cream or cartose fragrant flowers, in the summer they are attractive because of their shiny leathery bright green leaves, which in September-October turn into a wonderful crimson hue, passing through the stages of yellow and orange. And finally, in late autumn and winter, they are decorated with chic clusters of shiny berries, the color of which is from pink, orange, bright red and brown. Rowan fruits are extremely rich in vitamin C and have long been used in home cooking for making wine, beer, jams, jams, jellies, jelly, desserts and sauces. They taste bitter and sour, so it is recommended to use them ready-made with the addition of sugar. They say that rowan berries taste sweeter after the first frost, but if you plan to use them - leaving them on the branches in anticipation of these very frosts, you risk being left without berries at all, because they are a favorite delicacy of birds.

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St. John's wort St. John's wort is a plant widely known among the people with bright yellow flowers and a specific, but pleasant smell. The plant is perennial, herbaceous, the flowers are collected in paniculate inflorescences. St. John's wort has long been considered by the people as one of the main medicinal herbs, curing 99 diseases, it is part of a lot of herbal preparations. St. John's wort for humans is a slightly toxic plant, while in animals it can cause serious poisoning. St. John's wort is sensitive to sheep, horses, large cattle, especially young growth of white color. Hence the name - St. John's wort. It blooms in June-August, and it is at this time that the flowering tops are collected with a stem, about 25-30 cm long, without coarse leafless parts, dried in the shade. Some herbalists "thresh" dried grass in their hands. Leaves, flowers and small twigs are easily separated, leaving only rough stems. Then this raw material is put into a box or paper bag for storage. You can use this grass for up to 3 years, but it is better, after all, to harvest fresh raw materials every year.

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Maple Maple is a large and fast-growing tree, reaching a height of 30 meters and a crown diameter of up to 15 meters. At a young age, the plant has a smooth, gray-reddish bark, which, when the tree grows up, becomes almost black and becomes covered with deep cracks. The leaves have a rich green color. Inflorescences yellow-lemon, fragrant Maple is a moisture-loving tree and therefore needs frequent watering, the rate of which is about 15 liters in dry and hot summers. Maple does not like compacted soil; after watering and weeding, the soil must be loosened. As a rule, the maple is not pruned, with the exception of some species, so only dry and diseased branches are removed.

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Strawberries Wild strawberries grow in meadows, among shrubs and in light forests, on forest edges and clearings. In our area, it is especially large and juicy. Strawberry rhizome is short, creeping shoots, rooting at the nodes (whiskers). Blooms in late May - early June, blooms all summer. The fruits ripen in late June - August. The leaves of strawberries are covered with silky hairs from below. Nature endowed them with the ability to regulate the moisture reserves in the bush. Wild strawberry is a valuable plant. This forest berry is a piggy bank of vitamins. The fruits contain substances useful for the human body: vitamin C, carotene, acids (malic, citric, salicylic), tannins, essential oils and trace elements: copper, manganese, chromium. Especially a lot of iron, which is in the seeds. The leaves are rich in vitamin C, tannins. Wild strawberry berries are eaten fresh, and are also used to make juices, decoctions, compotes, jams, syrups, and infusions. Medicinal raw materials are berries and leaves in fresh and dried form. Strawberries have long been used in folk medicine for almost all diseases. Strawberries are called the "queen" of the plant world, because it has the richest chemical composition. It is believed that this berry contains many substances that have not yet been studied, which, perhaps, make it so healing.

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Celandine Celandine, or Warthog - A perennial herbaceous plant. Translated from the Greek, the name of the plant "celandine" means - a large swallow. Since ancient times, the coincidence in time of flowering of celandine with the arrival of swallows has been noted. There is a belief that swallows collect celandine juice and fly with it to blind children to restore their sight. Therefore, it is called swallow grass. And it is also called a warthog, a warthog, since warts are removed with the milky juice of this plant. A perennial herbaceous plant 80-100 cm high with a many-headed short rhizome and a thick taproot branched root, red-brown outside, yellow inside. Celandine grass is widely used in folk medicine Blossoms in May - June. The fruits ripen in June - July. Attention! All parts of the plant are poisonous.

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Nettle There are a great many medicinal plants on the planet, but the real leader, who has received universal recognition, can be called, perhaps, one thing - nettle. This is a truly unique herb, in which areas of life it is not used by humans. So, in the past, threads, ropes, fishing nets were made from bast fibers obtained from nettles, and very durable fabrics were also made. In the 19th century, Europeans filtered honey through a nettle sieve and sifted flour. Nettle increases milk yield in cattle, as well as egg production in geese and chickens. Currently, nettle is successfully used in medicine and cooking - it is part of many pharmacy fees. Nettle is used for cosmetic purposes, it stops bleeding well. A delicious green borscht is prepared from nettles. In the hungry war and post-war 50s, nettle, along with quinoa and sorrel, was almost the main food of barefoot children. They ate it from early spring to late autumn, and their mothers managed to cook many dishes from this plant - cabbage soup, salads and liquid cakes. In our more satisfying life, nettle faded into the background and was almost completely forgotten about. But in vain, it has so many vitamins (A, C, K, B1, B2, B3) and all kinds of trace elements (copper, iron, calcium) that this plant alone can significantly fill the daily need of the human body for them.

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Rosehip This thorny shrub got its name from the word "thorn". The ancient Greeks strewed rosehip flower petals all the way to the newlyweds to the temple of Aphrodite. Rosehip claims to be the champion in vitamin C content, it confidently overtakes lemons, apples, black currants. In folk medicine, the fruits, flowers and roots of this plant are popular. Rosehip provides the following beneficial actions on our body: it is an excellent immunomodulator. Fruits - tonic, tonic, blood-purifying, a source of iron, other minerals and vitamins. Choleretic and diuretic property. Improves appetite and blood composition, improves metabolism. The flowers are endowed with anti-inflammatory and soothing effects. The oil has an anti-ulcer, regenerating effect on tissues. Breaks down stones in both the bladder and gallbladder.

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Chamomile Chamomile is an annual herbaceous plant. The stem is erect, branched, 20 to 60 cm high. The root is thin, taproot, slightly branched. The leaves are alternate, sessile, 2-5 cm long. Flower baskets with white petals, in the middle with yellow flowers. Blooms from May to September. It grows along the edges of fields, roadsides, wastelands and meadows. The plant is widely used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. . Chamomile has excellent anti-inflammatory properties, chamomile preparations are indicated for insomnia, nervous strain. Chamomile is an antiviral agent and is used for colds and flu. Chamomile has a very beneficial effect on the gastrointestinal tract, relieves spasms and inflammation. Helps heal wounds and cracks. Contains: copper, selenium, zinc, malic, salicylic, nicotinic acid. Widely used in cosmetology. Relieves inflammation, redness, skin irritation

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Pine In translation from Latin, the word “pine” means “rock”. Pines - tall trees, up to 35 m, live up to 150-200 years. The trunk is slender, with red-brown cracking bark. Pine is a photophilous plant. Pine is unpretentious to soils, and can grow both on dry sands and in conditions of high humidity. In pine forests, there are never wind-blown trees, because their roots go very deep into the soil. Pine is a medicinal plant. The whole tree is rich in resin. The resin heals the wounds on the tree. Mature pine cones are dull. Birds feed on pine seeds. Moose feed on young pine shoots.

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Bird cherry Deciduous tree, sometimes bushy, about 10-17 m high, with simple toothed leaves. Blooms in April-June. The flowers are white, collected in long loose drooping brushes. Fruits in July. The fruit is a rounded drupe, green at first, black when ripe, 8-10 mm, sweet, strongly astringent.

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A succession A succession is an annual plant, flowers of yellow or gray-yellow color form single baskets. A succession blooms from mid-summer to early autumn. Fruits in the form of achenes are formed in October. The succession often settles in damp meadows, swamps, in ditches, and is also found along the coasts of rivers, reservoirs and lakes. in medicine, but also in industry. In particular, this plant produces a natural and fairly durable dye for silk and woolen fabrics. Young shoots of the string are perfectly eaten by pigs, i.e. it is also a fodder plant. And also a series - supporting honey plant, bees collect nectar on these flowers.

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Burdock Burdock (burdock) is a perennial herbaceous plant with a straight, hard, elastic, felt-pubescent stem. In the first year, very large basal leaves are formed on long, straight, succulent petioles. In the second year - a tall (up to 3 m) straight stem with small red-violet baskets of inflorescences located on the tops of the pedicels. Burdock blooms in June-August. It grows everywhere: in forests and shrubs, near housing, along ditches, in wet wastelands, along roads, etc. For medicinal purposes, roots, leaves and tops of burdock are used. Burdock preparations have wound-healing, diuretic and diaphoretic properties. They are used for certain skin diseases, inflammatory processes of the mucous membrane of the mouth, throat, upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract.

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Scilla Scilla is the earliest perennial bulbous plant. It is also often called the blue snowdrop. It got its name for the ability of the plant to break out of the ground and bloom with the first warm spring rays of the sun, when the snow melts a little. The bulb of the blueberry is broadly ovate, 2-3 cm in diameter. The leaves are broadly linear, basal. Flower arrows 10-15 cm high with two or three drooping blue-blue or azure flowers 2 cm in diameter; anthers small, blue. The blueberry blooms in mid-April.

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Wormwood Wormwood is a silvery plant with a strong aromatic smell. It is considered the most bitter plant of the Russian flora. One of the oldest medicinal plants. It grows along roads, near houses, in weedy meadows, vegetable gardens, along forest edges. Plant height 50-125. Propagated by seeds. The plant is resistant to drought and frost. Wormwood is sometimes used in cooking as a condiment. In medicine, the plant is used - as a hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and wound healing, antihelminthic. The smell of the plant repels clothes moth, ants, fleas, cockroaches. Beekeepers use this property to combat bee theft. Willingly eaten by cows and sheep. In small doses, it increases appetite and improves digestion.

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Plantain Plantain grows along roadsides - hence its name. Plantain is a food plant for many butterflies. Plantain seeds are loved by small birds. For medicinal purposes, the herb and seeds of the plant are used. In folk medicine, plantain leaves are used externally for long-term non-healing wounds or ulcers. The leaves of the plant are used for cuts, abscesses, bruises, toothache. The juice from the leaves has an analgesic anti-inflammatory effect on the stings of bees, wasps, bumblebees and even snakes. This plant is used in the treatment of malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as an expectorant and anti-inflammatory agent in diseases of the bronchopulmonary system. Seeds containing a lot of mucus are used as a strong enveloping and soothing agent for inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes and intestines a.

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Kalina Kalina vulgaris is a shrub 2-4 m high. The name "viburnum" got its name for the color of the fruit, similar to the color of red-hot iron. (Kalit - heat to red). Viburnum blooms from late May to July, the fruits ripen in August-September. Kalina is a fast growing tree. Its annual growth reaches 30-70 cm. Viburnum lives up to the age of fifty. Kalina grows in mixed and deciduous forests, in wet meadows, along the banks of rivers, swamps, in thickets of shrubs, along the edges of forests, on the banks of lakes, in forest clearings with moist soil. Does not like dry soils and direct lighting. It is considered a plant unpretentious. In 1948, it was found that the bark of the common viburnum can serve as a medicinal raw material for obtaining a hemostatic extract. The bark is harvested in early spring when it is easier to remove. Viburnum has useful properties in all its parts: berries, seeds, bark, roots, flowers.

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Tansy Tansy is a perennial plant that reaches a height of 150 centimeters. The rhizome of tansy is woody, long and branching. The plant has numerous stems that are branched at the top, slightly pubescent or glabrous. The lowermost leaves of the plant are petiolate, the rest are rigid and sessile. The leaves of tansy are alternate, dark green on the upper side, glandular with dots on the lower side. Medicinal raw materials for tansy are flower baskets, the collection of which is carried out during the period of full flowering. Inflorescences are cut with flowering stems no more than 2 centimeters long. The collected raw materials are dried in a well-ventilated area or in the shade under a canopy. Dried raw materials are stored in cloth bags or cardboard boxes for no more than 2 years.

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Mother and stepmother The mother and stepmother belongs to perennial grasses of the Compositae family. In medicine, the leaves of the coltsfoot are used in diaphoretic and nursing collections, and this herb can also be used as an expectorant. The color of the flowers is golden yellow. The leaves are basal and appear after the plant has faded, they are round-heart-shaped, slightly angular, rather dense, there are uneven denticles on the edge, from below and above the leaves are white tomentose. When you touch the leaves, they seem warm, the upper surface is bare, cold. Achenes in coltsfoot with tuft. The mother-and-stepmother usually grows on clay slopes, hills, over river cliffs, all sorts of embankments, in wastelands, in fields.

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Amanita grows singly and in small groups from June to autumn frosts. Mushrooms are very poisonous. Moose eat them with pleasure. They are useful for forest giants. Grows in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests. They say that the fly agaric got its name because in old mushrooms the hat is bent up along the edges, forming a saucer. Water gets into this saucer and becomes poisonous to flies. Fly agaric is a beautiful mushroom, Moose only eat it Only very poisonous. And at the same time they say: - There is no more reliable medicine! Ate - and there is no temperature! Fly agaric is a medicinal mushroom, It is not poisonous to us.

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Honey mushrooms One of our wonderful mushrooms - honey agaric - has long been well known to both lovers of delicious food and lovers of delicious cooking. Russian cuisine has quite a few different recipes related to mushrooms. They are fried, boiled, marinated, dried or salted. But when collecting mushrooms, you need to be careful. Exists false honey agaric, which can grow with the present even on the same stump. When picking mushrooms, if you are in any doubt, it is best not to take mushrooms. Honey mushrooms are very useful. They contain trace elements very necessary for our body, such as copper and zinc, and they are involved in the process of hematopoiesis. That is why people who have problems with blood are recommended to eat mushrooms. This fungus is widely distributed. It can be found both in the Siberian taiga and in the Crimean forests. It grows not only on stumps and fallen trees. Some of its species prefer to settle on living wood. There are mushrooms that are harvested in the summer, there are also autumn mushrooms. It is the autumn ones that are considered real mushrooms.

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PROJECT

« Diversitynaturenativethe edges»

Completed by a student of the 3rd "B" class

Antishkina Yuna

Natural resource potential

The nature of the Kursk region is rich and varied. Here, in the forest-steppe zone, there are several tens of thousands of species of invertebrates and over three hundred vertebrates; there are 265 species of birds, the "main" of which is the famous Kursk nightingale, whose unique trills are considered the highest achievement of bird vocals.

nightingale sings

Reed warbler-badger - listed in the Red Book of the Kursk Territory

56 species of mammals live in the steppes and forests of the Kursk region: moose, hares, foxes, roe deer, wild boars, badgers, hedgehogs, ferrets, squirrels, and other animals.

About 30 species of fish are found in the reservoirs of the region. The most common are perch, gudgeon, roach, bleak, crucian carp, pike. Less numerous are bream, rudd, tench, ide, burbot, loach, pike perch, catfish.

On the territory of the region there is the Central Black Earth State Nature Reserve named after Professor V.V. Alekhine. Since 1979, the CCHZ has been part of the system biosphere reserves the UNESCO world network. Since 1998, the CCHZ has been a holder of a diploma from the Council of Europe.

Plants growing on the territory of the reserve:

Iris leafless

to

bathing suit

Photographs of insects taken in the Kursk State Nature Reserve named after Professor V.V. Alekhine.

Peacock eye

stag beetle

Milkweed hawk

Favorable climatic conditions and fertile soils of the Kursk region attach special value to land resources. Nature has rewarded our region with unique wealth - the most fertile black soil. A sample of the Kursk chernozem as a standard of fertile soil has been kept since the last century in the Museum of Soils in Paris, as well as in the Museum of Natural History in Amsterdam and in the Museum of Soil Science near Leipzig. Kursk chernozems are one of the main sources of development of the region's economy.

Kursk chernozem

The variety of soil and climatic features has made it possible for many centuries to intensively use the land potential for growing various crops and to obtain rich harvests that meet the needs of the population not only in our region, but also in other regions.

The land fund of the Kursk region is 2.999 million hectares. The total area of ​​land used for agricultural production is 2.4 million hectares, including arable land - 1.9 million hectares.

The forests of the Kursk region are classified as protective forests and are of great protective, water protection, sanitary and hygienic and environmental importance.

Forest tracts are distributed unevenly across the region. The western regions of the region are the richest in forests, the least forests are in the extreme eastern part of the region. On average, the forest cover is 8.2%, taking into account protective plantings - 10.1%.

The territory of the region is occupied mainly by deciduous forests. The most common are oak groves (oak forests), as well as birch, aspen, alder and willow forests.

"Khalinsky" forest

The Kursk region is located in the basins of the Dnieper and Don rivers (78% and 22% of the region's territory, respectively). In total, there are 902 permanent and temporary watercourses in the region, of which 188 have a length of more than 10 km.

Of the most significant rivers in the Dnieper basin are the Seim (a tributary of the Desna) with its tributaries the Tuskar and Svapa, as well as the Psel (a tributary of the Dnieper). The Don basin is represented by the upper reaches of the Tim, Kshen, Olym, and Oskol rivers. In addition, there are 509 artificial reservoirs in the region - ponds and reservoirs, of which 150 have a filling volume of more than one million cubic meters, including 4 reservoirs with a filling volume of more than thirty million cubic meters.

River Seim

The Kursk region has unique in terms of volume and variety of mineral deposits. natural resources able to meet the needs of the region, as well as, for some types of raw materials, and other regions.

Almost a century ago, our region gained world fame due to the results of the discovery and research of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), associated primarily with the world's largest iron ore reserves. 2013 marked the 90th anniversary (April 7, 1923) of the first core recovery iron ore from well No. 1 OK KMA near the town of Shchigry. This event marked the beginning of the development of the KMA and opened the veil over the centuries-old mystery of the magnetic field anomalies.

Iron ore quarry