Learning a car from scratch for beginners. How a car engine works - the heart of your car

A car can be defined as a mechanical device that frees hidden energy gasoline and, managing the released energy, uses it to turn the wheels. Gasoline fuel is injected in turn into each of the engine cylinders (figure above), and there it burns. The energy released during combustion moves the piston of the cylinder. The piston goes down the cylinder like a fist when we stick our hand into the sleeve, and through the crankshaft, using the clutch mechanism, transfers energy to the gearbox.

After the gearbox energy rotary motion goes to the drive shaft. It rotates with the differential mechanism. And the differential not only transfers energy to the drive wheel axles mounted perpendicular to the drive shaft, but also allows the left and right wheels to rotate with different speed if needed. For example, when a car is moving around a corner.

Cycle of operation of an internal combustion engine

During the intake of fuel, the piston goes down and a mixture of gasoline and air vapors is drawn into the cylinder. Then the piston rises - the mixture is compressed. A spark appears on the spark plug - the fuel mixture ignites, burns out - and the energy released during combustion causes the piston to go down. In the last, fourth stroke, the piston rises again and pushes the exhaust gases through the exhaust valve.

Combustible mixture formation

Ignition circuit

The accelerator helps the carburetor cook this moment the amount of fuel mixture, which consists of gasoline and air vapors. This mixture is then drawn into the cylinders and ignited there by spark plugs.

Control mechanism for two unequal movements

In order for the car to move smoothly when cornering, its wheels are outside the ruts must move faster and cover more distance than the wheels on the inside of the rut. This is possible due to the presence in the car of a mechanism called a differential. It is a clever set of mechanical gears with gears and gears that connect the drive shaft to the rear wheel axles so that each wheel can rotate at its desired speed.

Most graduates of driving schools have theoretical knowledge about the car. But in a few months of training it is impossible to learn everything you need. In this article, we will consider car as a complex, which will be useful for both beginners and experienced drivers who have forgotten the theoretical part a little.

The main components and systems of the car

The machine is a system structure consisting of many subsystems. The three main parts of a car are engine, chassis and body. Consider the principle of operation of each of them.

Engine

The mechanical heart of any car is. It is in it thermal energy, which gives the fuel, changes into mechanical energy. Due to this, the engine shaft rotates and drives the car directly.

The part of the body that contains the engine called the engine bay. Its location may vary. Most often, the engine is located in the front, but sometimes it is placed at the back (as, for example, in Porsche, ZAZ, Fiat-500, etc.).

There are several types of engines (more on each will be discussed below):

ICE or internal combustion engine;

Electric motor;

Hybrid (engines operating on a combination of several types of energy).

Chassis

Chassis is a set of devices that transfers energy from the engine to the wheels. Without this system, the car will not move. The chassis contains chassis auto, control system and transmission. The transmission transmits shaft torque from the engine to the drive wheels. Her system includes gearboxes, cardan gears and differentials, axle shafts, hinges angular velocities, final drive, clutch and cardan shaft.

The vehicle control system includes the following subsystems:

The steering system required to change the direction of the car;

A braking system that is used to slow down a car, stop it, and keep it stationary when parked.

Chassis of the car combines wheels and attachment devices to the body part. It includes rear and front axle, frame, suspension and wheels. In appearance, the hodovka resembles a cart.

Body

All systems and nodes are attached to it. The safety and comfort of driving, the streamlining of the car and its appearance. The body accommodates the driver, passengers and various cargoes. The body of standard "cars" consists of the engine compartment, passenger compartment and trunk. By the way, most of the cost of the car is the body, because. it is a complex product that requires metal and heavy-duty plastic.

Body structures abound these days. It all depends on the imagination of automotive designers and consumer expectations of customers.

Types of engines

In modern cars, there are three main types of engines. Let's consider each of them. Internal combustion engine (ICE). This type of engine is the most popular. It converts the energy of the burning fuel from chemical energy into mechanical. In addition, depending on the type of refueling and operation, there are several subspecies of internal combustion engines.

Rotary piston engine.

Piston engine.

Gas engine.

Diesel engine.

Electric motor. Due to the electric type of engines, such cars are called electric vehicles. Fuel cells are used instead of fuel electrical energy or rechargeable batteries. The main disadvantage of an electric car is low fuel storage capacity.

Hybrid installation. It combines an internal combustion engine and an electric motor with a generator.

Types of automotive gearboxes

Automotive is designed to transfer power from the engine to the wheels. There are several types of gearboxes.

Mechanical box. old but well-proven box type. It is used by those who want to feel the full power of their car. The disadvantage of such a box is low efficiency due to the resistance of the transmission oil and the friction of the gears.

Automatic box. The switching of the main speed stages takes place automatically, and a driver's command is required to reverse or start moving. Due to the presence of planetary mechanisms in the box, "automatic" has a low efficiency.

Robotic gearbox based on ICCP but controlled automatically. Such a box can be adjusted to the type of driving. The disadvantages of the "robot" are the same as those of the "mechanics", but there are more pluses. Due to the use of two shafts, it was possible to increase the reliability of the box, in addition to increase the efficiency by reducing the size of the gearbox.

Variable speed drive- a novelty in the world of checkpoints. Unfortunately, such a box cannot yet be used on heavy vehicles; it remains the privilege of small cars. Its advantages include simplicity, smoothness, high efficiency.

Features of the car brake system

The braking system is necessary to control the speed of the car, stop it, as well as hold it in place.
For these functions, three types of brake systems are installed in the car:

Working brake system. Used to control the speed and stop the car.

Spare brake system. Needed in case of failure of the main braking system, performs the same functions as the working one.

Standing brake system. It holds the stationary car in place.

The principle of operation of the brake system is. While pressing the brake pedal, the load goes to the amplifier, which creates force on the main brake cylinder. Its piston pumps fluid to the wheel cylinders through pipelines, and fluid pressure also increases in the brake actuator. Wheel cylinder pistons push the pads against the discs. When the brake pedal is pressed further, the brake mechanisms are activated due to fluid pressure. The wheels slow down and brake force appears at the points of contact between the tires and the road. The more pressure on the pedal, the faster the wheels stop.

When the brake pedal is released, it moves to its original position with the help of a return spring. Such spring elements divert the brake pads from the discs. The piston of the main brake cylinder returns to its initial position. The brake fluid goes through the pipes to the brake master cylinder and the pressure in the system drops.

Automotive Clutch Features

The main purpose of the clutch is to smoothly connect the engine flywheel to the gearbox during a gearshift or while driving from a standstill. Simply put, the clutch turns off the torque. For example, during hard braking at the included speed it is the clutch that will save the transmission from unnecessary load and possible repairs. There are many types of clutch, each of them depends on the system and set of parts, on the environment, etc. For example, according to the number of driven clutch discs, they are divided into single-disk and multi-disk. Depends on the environment will the clutch be dry or "wet". Whether the clutch will be mechanical, hydraulic, electric, or maybe even combined - this is affected by the drive system. From the method of pressing the pressure disk, clutches with a central diaphragm and a circular arrangement of springs are distinguished.

But the composition of the clutch is usually the same. It includes the clutch pedal, pressure plate and clutch disc, release bearing and its drive fork, as well as the drive system. The principle of operation of the clutch can be explained in its most popular form - a single-disk dry clutch. In the normal driving position, the pressure plate rests against the clutch disc and, thanks to the pressure springs, presses it against the flywheel.

The input shaft enters the splined coupling, thereby obtaining torque from the clutch disc. When the driver presses the pedal, the drive system protrudes, the release bearing presses on the springs, the working surface of the pressure plate moves away from the clutch disc. It is released, causing the gearbox input shaft to stop, although the engine continues to run.

In the era of machines and mobility, more and more more people wants to learn how to drive a car. Having your own car is, first of all, independence from public transport, this is its own territory and its own pace of life.

If you are ripe for learning to drive, but do not know where to start, then we will help you. In this article we will tell you what you need to know before driving a car, for beginners we will take a step-by-step look at important points which must be learned.

First of all, it should be understood that there are no geniuses who, for the first time sitting behind the wheel, immediately masterfully began to drive a car along the busy streets of the metropolis.

A car for novice drivers is, first of all, a transport in which he previously moved in the passenger seat. And if a passenger decides to learn to drive, he should first of all begin to look closely at the actions of experienced drivers:

How do they move from row to row.
What actions are performed before turning, overtaking or emergency braking.
At what traffic light signal do they start to slow down.

These simple actions will allow the beginner to develop attentiveness to traffic situations. It is quite possible that an experienced driver will still comment on his actions, thereby giving invaluable advice to a beginner.

What you need to know before you start driving a car as a novice driver?

Cars are most commonly found with two types of transmissions: manual and automatic. The classic is the manual transmission. A beginner can be trained first on the mechanics, and then, if desired or necessary, transfer to the machine. Otherwise, it will be difficult to retrain.

Instructors in driving schools are advised to start learning to drive on mechanics in winter time. This will allow you to understand how to behave in different situations on the road. An inexperienced driver must always remember that in bad weather he must move along the road very carefully and at low speed. And when driving in ice, it is necessary to stop the car exclusively with the engine.

The main rule: if you want to learn how to drive, be prepared to practice driving skills to automatism. If you start learning to drive a car with a manual transmission, you will have to work out certain actions, such as:

Quickly depress the clutch, simultaneously releasing the gas pedal.
Slowly release the clutch pedal while gently depressing the gas.
Engage the desired gear depending on the speed of the car and the readings on the tachometer.
Smoothly press the brake pedal, avoiding blocking the wheels of the car and so on.

It is best to get the necessary driving skills in a driving school. If this is not enough for you, then you can learn more about shifting gears on a manual gearbox by clicking on this link, which also describes in detail the important points related to driving a car on a mechanic.

It is also important to remember where which pedal is located. The first on the right is the gas pedal, the brake is in the center, the clutch is the last pedal on the left. You need to understand what the gas pedal is responsible for accelerating the car. Depress the clutch pedal before engaging any of the gears. A selector is used to switch speeds. Gears must be constantly shifted as the speed of the car increases in the case of a car with a manual transmission. The steering wheel is used to turn in the desired direction.

If the car is with automatic transmission, then in this case there is no clutch pedal, and the gears are switched automatically, while the selector must be moved to the desired position only once, before driving. In such a car, the driver is only required to press the desired pedal and look around, you will not be distracted by switching gears. You can learn more about driving on the machine by clicking on this link.

The brake pedal is responsible for braking the car. However, in some situations it is better to apply engine braking. In order to perform this maneuver, you must gently release the gas pedal with the gear engaged. And as the speed of the car decreases, it is necessary to shift to a lower gear. The brake can only be applied at low vehicle speeds.

While driving, do not forget to turn on the turns - this rule is the same for all motorists, regardless of the gearbox. The lever is on the left side of the steering wheel. To turn right - pull the lever up, turning left - lower it down.

The ability to turn on the dipped or main beam headlights is important. If the lever is turned along the axis and pulled towards you, the dipped beam will turn on. To turn on the high beam, the lever should be pushed away from you. Although in this case the location of the switches in each car is individual, it may vary depending on the make and model of the car.

Knowing how to use the rear-view mirrors is essential for safe driving. At first, a beginner can see anything in them, but not what is happening on the road. Gradually get used to the idea that they must be looked at before making any maneuver.

Before the first trip on the road, you should definitely learn the traffic rules, which describe in detail the signs and rules that are found on the roads. We have considered the main points that you will have to learn when learning to drive. In more detail about how to drive a car, for beginners, an instructor at a driving school will tell you step by step. You can also learn more about driving a car with a manual transmission by clicking on this link.

First solo trip

The first trip on the road without an escort is always scary for a beginner. The most important thing is to remain calm in any situation and be confident in your actions. There are plenty of dangers on the road for beginners: experienced motorists often overtake slow drivers, while cutting, running in, trying to squeeze into the distance between the beginner and the front car.

Remember a few rules, the observance of which will help you cope with the first independent dressage on the road.

A car in the twenty-first century is no longer a luxury at all. Most likely, this is an urgent need. However, most vehicle owners simply do not have enough time to scrupulously study it. constituent parts. Therefore, the device of the car for "dummies" allows you to as soon as possible get to know the important points.

The simplest diagram of a car device looks like this:

upper shell or ;
chassis apparatus (transmission, control mechanisms, chassis);
power unit, which is essential part cars.

Main body elements

The separation and connection of a running motor and gearbox provides exactly the clutch. Thanks to its work, the car starts smoothly from a place, and the gear teeth of the gearbox do not experience strong pressure during their shift.

running block

The running block is 50% of all car. It includes the frame, axles (front and rear), and wheels. Literally all the leading elements are attached to the frame. There are also frameless designs. In this case, attached to the body. Such a scheme can be found in the structure of buses and some cars. Front and rear axles carry out the removal of excessive load from the body and distribute it most between wheels. The rear axle is usually hollow inside. It concentrates the mechanisms of power transmission. The front axle is a certain number of trunnions connected to the beam with the help of hinges. These parts are responsible for turning the car.

The suspension unites both axles and the frame. Together with the wheels, it performs the function of mitigating shocks and shocks during direct driving.

Springs (beams made of steel sheets) are parts of the suspension that are distinguished by a certain elasticity. Twisted and rod springs can also be taken as the basis for the part.

In most vehicles, suspension vibrations are eliminated by hydraulic or friction (mechanical) shock absorbers.

Sufficient maneuverability of the car primarily depends on the location of the wheels. They must be installed in . To control these parameters, specialized laser or computer stands have been developed. It is also recommended to the motorist to systematically balance all wheels on the technical machines designated for this event.

Video about the device of the car:

Vehicle control mechanism

It is divided into two main sections:

Steering represents the interaction of the steering mechanism and the steering gear. Steering creates a change in the direction of the vehicle. The process involves swivel front wheels and their drive system. it becomes much easier when amplifiers (pneumatic, hydraulic, combined) are introduced into the steering drive. For roads with right-hand traffic the left steering control mechanism is used and vice versa. This is done to achieve the maximum viewing angle.

Thanks to the braking system, the car is able to reduce speed in the process of movement, up to a complete stop. Its functioning is based on the laws of friction force. The brake mechanism can be either movable or fixed. In the first case, the movable part is a brake disc or drum, in the second -. Depending on the type of brake system, the parts either rotate simultaneously with the wheels, or this does not happen.

Types of brake system are based on the operation of one or another brake actuator. For most passenger cars, a hydraulic drive is provided. In addition to it, there are also mechanical, electrical, pneumatic and combined types of drive.

The engine is the most important component of the car device

The piston internal combustion engine is present in most cars produced at the present time. Models equipped with gas turbine engines internal combustion. are designed only for the transportation of small and bulky goods. Steam engines are outdated today.

There is a certain division of piston engines according to the fuel used:

petrol,
diesel,
gas generating,
gas-balloon.

Vehicles on the roads of our country can be found much more often than others. Diesel representatives mainly include buses and trucks.

The video discusses the main types of internal combustion engines:

For gas-generating and gas-balloon vehicles, the use of local types of fuel is typical.

With the active operation of the power unit, the thermal energy of a suitable fuel is converted into mechanical energy, a torque appears on the engine shaft. Depending on the speed of rotation and for each particular engine, its maximum power is characteristic.

The number of engine cylinders ranges from two to twelve. Their minimum number is typical for small cars, the maximum - vice versa. Cylinders can be arranged either vertically or in a V-shape.

The power unit is not always located in front of the machine. There are representatives in which the engine is installed in the rear, along or across the body.

knowing well technical device car, with many minor problems the owner will be able to handle on their own. This will significantly reduce its cash costs for the maintenance of the vehicle, because the services of the majority service centers are quite expensive.

The car has ceased to be a miracle. And this, on the one hand, is sad, and on the other hand, it is wonderful, because he has so merged with our difficult life that we do not think without a car for a day in any situation whatsoever. In difficult moments, the car comes to the rescue, the car gives unforgettable minutes of conquest of speed and makes blood boil, sometimes it fascinates with its originality, and sometimes it amazes with its capabilities. For many, the structure of a car may turn out to be a tabula rasa, but we will try to fill this annoying gap. To the best of our modest abilities, we will analyze the design of a car for beginners, so that after that the radiator does not get confused with the accelerator, but the hypoid transmission with signal transmission from space.

Car for dummies. Terminology

The right terms are the key to understanding the design of any device, especially one as complex as a car. Terms are the language of the car. Without them, just nowhere. The car does not have:

pimpochek;
bolts and nuts;
horseradish;
holes;
sheet piles;
and other nonsense.

Wheels, sticks and similar knockers, scratchers and twisters remained in kindergarten. Nothing presses in the car just like that, it doesn’t leave or hide, it’s a closed system and nothing happens here by itself. In a car, everything is interconnected, as in any closed system.

Video tutorial on the topic "Car for Dummies"

Now about abbreviations and abbreviations. Respect the car. The amazing craving for abbreviations, inherited from our domestic communist ancestors, brings only misunderstanding and discrepancies. GPU, KPSS, OBKhSS, KGB and VKPB have nothing to do with the cylinder head, which they are trying to rename to the cylinder head, the constant velocity joint, which has become a CV joint, other stupid abbreviations like "speed xx", dmv, kshm, cpg can only be used in specialized literature for communication in a narrow circle of engineers or in popular literature to confuse the public.

Of course, a car mechanic with 30 years of experience can afford to call transfer case transfer case, and the front wheel drive axle complete with a constant velocity joint from the Ford Focus 2 "Focus grenade". The difference is that he understands what he is talking about, but the audience does not. After that, look under the hood of Ford fragmentation grenades. There are generally accepted abbreviations - a checkpoint, any second grader understands that we are talking about a gearbox, and not a coalition of pathological psychopaths, for example.

The car is a closed system and nothing happens in it by itself.

And a few more clarifications regarding terminology:

A part is a product made from one piece of material in a certain way. The part is inseparable by definition. The base part is the part from which the assembly of units, mechanisms and assemblies begins.
Knot - several parts connected to each other in any way: threaded, welded or riveted.
A mechanism is a movable connection of units and parts that performs certain, pre-programmed actions.
The unit is several mechanisms, assemblies and parts assembled in one housing based on the base part.
A system is a set of aggregates, nodes and mechanisms that, through interaction, perform a specific function.

Now we can move on to considering the device of the car. In pictures, of course.

How is a car engine

No matter how high-tech and modern a car is, it cannot drive itself. Only from the hill, and then not from each. Oddly enough, the first contender for the role driving force electricity came out in the car. And so successfully that electric vehicles were confidently leading both in terms of technical indicators and ease of use. Moreover, the first speed record on land belongs to an electric car. In 1899, red-haired Belgian Camille Zhentatsi set an absolute speed record of 105.7 km / h. So if not oil tycoons we would drive electric cars.

However, history decreed otherwise. The internal combustion engine replaced the silent and dynamic electric motor. A modern automotive internal combustion engine is an energy converter chemical reaction combustion of fuel into mechanical energy, thanks to which the car can move. Gasoline and diesel fuel are the two main sources of energy for a car. The fuel burns in the combustion chamber, driving the pistons. The reciprocating movement of the piston is converted into rotation of the crankshaft, and then it's a matter of technology. It remains to make the wheels spin, but more on that later.

The engine generates too much heat during operation, so the metal from which it is made may lose its properties. In order for the motor not to melt during operation, they came up with a cooling system. It is designed in such a way that the engine is either blown by oncoming air, then such a system is called air, or it is cooled by liquid. In this case, the system is called liquid. A liquid cooling system is more efficient, but incomparably more difficult than an air one. Radiator - main character this system and it is always in sight. Until the middle of the 20th century, radiator caps were made in the form of logos of manufacturers or they installed logos directly on the radiator grill, which is still being done.

Supply system car engine ensures the supply of fuel to the combustion chambers, doses it and mixes it with air. Carburettors or nozzles are engaged in this difficult business. Fuel-injected gasoline engines are now the most common in passenger cars. On trucks continue to install diesel engines. But this does not mean that there are no diesels on cars. The technologies of the last 30 years have made it possible to make a diesel engine no less economical and compact than a gasoline engine, so every car model, as a rule, has a diesel modification.

In order for the fuel to ignite, someone must set fire to it. This does not apply to diesel engines, because there the diesel fuel ignites automatically, under pressure, and in this the diesel engine is somewhat simpler. In gasoline engines, things are completely different. Ignite the fuel, as it turned out, whole story. And set fire to it in time. This is what the ignition system does. gasoline engine works correctly only when a spark is supplied to the combustion chamber at a strictly defined moment. The difficulty lies in the fact that several thousand volts of voltage are needed to form a spark. But even with this, the engineers coped witty - short-term high-voltage impulses are generated by a small power plant - an ignition coil. And distributes the high voltage current through the cylinders distributor - distributor. Spark plugs are used to create a spark under the influence of a high voltage pulse.

In principle, the motor that we just invented can already spin, but it will make such noise that we will be evicted from the city. It is for this reason that the silencer was invented - a suppressor of sounds that the engine sins during operation. In each of the cylinders, fuel explosions occur a hundred times per second. Naturally, not everyone is pleased to listen to such a cannonade, and it is harmful, to tell the truth. Polite guys from the Panard-Levassor garage at the beginning of the century tried to prevent conflict situations with the townspeople, so they screwed a piece of pipe to their rumbling car. With the development of the car, the muffler also developed. The peak of the evolution of engine silencers occurred in the middle of the twentieth century. Then, thanks to the efforts of Chevrolet engineers, they achieved an almost silent exhaust. Yes, and today there are all sorts of catalysts and lambda probes to reduce the noise level and the emission of harmful gases.

Transmission and running gear

Well, our engine is spinning and does not even make noise. It remains to figure out where to put it and how to manage it all. Engineers install the engine on the chassis. This is a whole complex of units and assemblies that directly provide movement and control. The chassis of the car consists of a carrier power system, which holds all the units together, the chassis, transmission and controls.

We installed the engine on the chassis, but in order to transmit torque to the drive wheels, a transmission is needed. The transmission includes a clutch, a gearbox, a mechanism for transmitting rotation from the gearbox to the drive axle and a final drive, which is directly connected to the drive wheels. The clutch is useful to us in order to temporarily disconnect the motor from the drive wheels during gear changes and when braking. When braking, the engine will only interfere, and when shifting gears, it will not allow the gears of the gearbox to humanly engage with each other. The clutch consists of a driving and driven disc, as well as a drive, with which we can turn it off with a slight movement of the foot. In vehicles with automatic transmission there is no clutch pedal, but this does not mean that it is not there. There is a clutch, and it works exactly the same, only automatically.

We need to go at different speeds and in different conditions, and the engine speed range is not so wide as to get by with a direct transmission of rotation from the motor shaft to the drive wheels. To convert the speed of the crankshaft of the motor up or down, there is a gearbox. Five steps is the standard for a passenger car. On trucks, there can be ten or fifteen gears. It all depends on the conditions in which the truck operates. From the gearbox, the torque is transmitted to the main gear, to the drive axle. If the car has a rear-wheel drive, then the rotation is transmitted by the cardan shaft. If the front, then the main gear is mounted directly in the gearbox, and from there, through the drive system, the rotation is transmitted to the wheels.

The steering and brakes of modern cars are also quite complex chassis systems. The hydraulic brake system provides efficient braking and deceleration of the machine. Steering, like suspension, can be both the simplest and most complex, with a mass of hydraulic and electronic systems. Steering and brakes are usually equipped with amplifiers to reduce the effort on the steering wheel and on the brake pedal, making driving more comfortable and safer.

There are a lot of designs and fundamentally different schemes of the car body, optics, external lights and sound signals, a lot of options for creating comfort in the car, air conditioners, electronic security systems and auxiliary systems, but most importantly, we figured out the basic structure of the car, fundamental concepts. And now no injector or bypass valve can scare us, because we will know what it is for.

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