Naval fleet of the Russian Navy: history, composition, prospects. A Brief History of the Navy Day Holiday Russian Navy

Day of the Navy (Navy) in Russia is celebrated on the last Sunday of July. In 2015, this holiday falls on July 26.

The birth of the Navy in Russia began at the end of the 17th century with Peter I. In honor of the first victory of the Russian fleet on July 27 (August 7, according to a new style), 1714 at Gangut, Peter I ordered that this day be celebrated annually with solemn services, naval parades and fireworks.

From 1980 to the present, Navy Day in Russia is celebrated on the last Sunday of July.

Warships that are part of the Russian Navy serve for different purposes and are accordingly divided into different classes. AiF.ru talks in infographics about modern types of warships.

Depending on the purpose (task performed), ships can be divided into the following classes (types):

• aircraft carriers;
• cruisers;
• universal landing ships;
• destroyers;
• frigates;
• corvettes;
• landing ships.

Aircraft carriers

The cost of building a modern aircraft carrier with a nuclear propulsion system is about 4-6 billion dollars. The monthly cost of maintaining the aircraft carrier is over $10 million.

In Russia, since 1991, two aircraft carrier cruisers. Project number 1143.5. "Krechet" can accommodate up to 50 aircraft and helicopters on board. On the this moment only one remained in the Russian Navy - "Admiral Kuznetsov". "Varyag" was sold to China, now it bears the name "Liaoning".

Aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov". Photo: RIA Novosti / Oleg Lastochkin

Aircraft carriers perform a number of military purposes, in particular, they are used for:

• air defense maritime connections;
• anti-submarine defense;
• air support for ground forces in the coastal zone;
• destruction of enemy air defenses;
• to destroy enemy ships.

Cruisers

A guided missile cruiser is a large-displacement, multi-purpose warship armed with guided missile launchers. The cruiser is capable of hitting air, surface and underwater targets, shelling coastal areas.

One of the most powerful ships of the Russian Navy is the cruiser "Peter the Great". It is capable of performing assigned tasks anywhere in the world's oceans. It is currently the world's largest operational non-aircraft attack warship. Its main purpose is to destroy enemy aircraft carrier groups.

Cruiser Peter the Great. Photo: RIA Novosti / Vitaly Ankov

Universal landing ships

The universal amphibious assault ship (UDC) corresponds to a medium aircraft carrier in terms of its combat potential. Today, the costs of construction, staffing and operation make the contract for the supply of such a ship comparable to contracts for the construction of full-fledged aircraft carriers.

In Russia, the contract for the construction of the Mistral-type UDC for Russia is carried out by the French companies DCNS and STX. Its cost is 1.12 billion euros (about 1.52 billion dollars).

In accordance with the signed contract, during the construction of 2 UDCs of the Mistral type, the assembly of 12 blocks of the aft part of the hull of each landing ships produced in Russia.

Russian-made helicopters, the basis of which will be the Ka-52 Alligator, will be based on the UDC, and the possibility of deploying Ka-27M and Ka-226 helicopters is also being considered.

The first UDC "Vladivostok" will be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2014, the second - "Sevastopol" - at the end of 2015.

Launching of the aft part of the first Russian landing helicopter dock ship (DVKD) of the Mistral type - Vladivostok. Photo: RIA Novosti / Igor Russak

destroyers

Destroyers are multipurpose ships. They are designed for:

• inflicting powerful missile, torpedo and artillery strikes on enemy ships;
• intelligence service at sea;
• protection of large ships from surface, air and underwater attacks.

Destroyers can also lay minefields and support amphibious assaults with artillery support.

Destroyer "Fast" of the Russian Pacific Fleet. Photo: RIA Novosti / Vitaly Ankov

Frigates

The main purpose of the frigate is to fight against air and underwater enemies while escorting the main forces of the fleet and especially important convoys. This is a universal ship capable of operating at any distance from the coast and taking part in military conflicts.

In Russia, after the departure of the sailing fleet, frigates correspond in size and function to patrol ships. They are designed for:

• search, detection and tracking of enemy submarines;
• ensuring anti-ship and anti-submarine defense of warships and ships at sea;
• strikes against ships and vessels at sea and at bases;
• support for the combat operations of the ground forces;
• ensuring the landing of amphibious assault forces and solving other problems.

Frigate "Admiral Gorshkov". Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

Corvettes

According to NATO classification, the class of corvettes included:

• Soviet small anti-submarine ships(IPC);
• small missile ships (RTOs).

The main tasks of modern corvettes are anti-submarine defense of a ship formation (convoy) or a coastal facility (naval base, port, etc.).

In Russia, Project 20380 vessels are the first warships built in the Russian Federation under the official designation of the corvette class. Previously, in the Soviet and Russian Navy, the class of corvettes did not stand out separately.

As of July 1, 2014, the Russian Navy has four ships of the project - "Guarding", "Smart", "Boikiy" and "Stoikiy", all of which are part of the Baltic Fleet; four more corvettes are under construction.

Corvette "Boiky". Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / CC BY-SA 3.0/Radziun

Large landing ship

A large landing ship (BDK) is designed to transport and disembark troops. These ships are capable of delivering (carrying, transporting) different kinds armored vehicles, including tanks.

The main difference between such ships and universal amphibious assault ships is the presence of a bow ramp, which allows you to land troops ashore in short time(including due to its smaller size).

BDKs are usually equipped with self-defence means such as an anti-aircraft missile system and artillery pieces, as well as means of fire support for the landing.

Large landing ship "Azov". Photo: RIA Novosti / Igor Zarembo

Submarines

These ships have significant advantages over surface ships. They are characterized by secrecy of maneuver and suddenness of impact on the enemy. The main purpose of submarines are fighting on the enemy's sea lanes, performing tasks of all types of reconnaissance (including radar patrol) and firing rockets at any enemy targets.

In accordance with the armament, submarines are divided into missile carriers, missile-torpedo, torpedo, mine-torpedo and special-purpose - transport boats, radar patrol boats, etc.

Depending on the displacement, submarines are divided into subclasses:

• large submarines with a submerged displacement of up to 8200 tons and a maximum speed of 25 knots, equipped with a nuclear power plant, with a diving depth of up to 450 m;
• medium submarines with an underwater displacement of up to 1500 tons and a speed of 15-20 knots;
• small submarines with an underwater displacement of up to 550 tons. This subclass includes submarines with a displacement of up to 3 tons.

The composition of the Russian Navy includes:

• 13 nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles,
• 27 nuclear submarines with missile and torpedo armament,
• 19 diesel submarines,
• 8 nuclear submarines for special purposes,
• 1 diesel submarine for special purposes.

Over the next 20 years, the submarine forces of the Russian Navy will be based on fourth-generation submarines of the Borey, Yasen and Lada classes developed by the two leading Russian design bureaus Rubin and Malachite. And after 2030, we can talk about creating fifth-generation submarines and related weapons based on Bulava-type ballistic missiles and Caliber-type cruise missiles.

Submarines moored in the port of Vladivostok. Photo: RIA Novosti / Alexander Wilf

Russian Navy (Navy Russian Federation listen)) is one of the three branches of the state's armed forces.

It is intended for the armed protection of the interests of the Russian Federation, the conduct of hostilities in the sea and ocean theaters of war. The Russian Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups at sea and at bases, disrupting enemy ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting the Ground Forces in landing amphibious assaults, and participating in repelling enemy landings.

Modern Russian Navy is the assignee of the USSR Navy, and that, in turn, was created on the basis of the Russian Imperial Navy. The time of the birth of the Russian regular navy is considered to be 1696, when the boyar Duma issued a decree “There will be sea vessels”. The first ships were built at the shipyards of the Voronezh Admiralty. During its 300-year history, the Russian fleet has gone through a glorious military path. 75 times the enemy lowered his flags in front of his ships.

Russian Navy Day celebrated on the last Sunday of July. This holiday was established by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1939.

OPPORTUNITIES AND TASKS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The importance of the Navy in the modern world can hardly be overestimated. This type of armed forces is best suited for the global projection of military power in any region. the globe. The specific capabilities inherent only in the Navy are:

1) Mobility and high autonomy, with the ability to go to any point of the World Ocean through neutral waters. While the mobility of the Ground Forces, as a rule, is limited by the borders of their own country, and the autonomy of the Navy aircraft does not exceed a few hours of flight, ship groups can operate for months at any distance from their bases. High mobility makes it difficult to deliver strikes, including nuclear strikes, against a deployed enemy ship grouping, because during the time it takes to prepare a strike, it can move significantly, and not always in a predictable direction.

2) High firepower and range of modern naval weapons. This allows the navy to hit targets located at a distance of several hundred and even thousands of meters from the coast. Thus, the Navy is an important instrument of "non-contact" warfare. In combination with mobility and autonomy, this property makes it possible to exert military pressure on almost any (albeit with some restrictions) state in the world.

3) Short response time to a crisis situation. Ability to quickly relocate to a crisis region without long-term political and infrastructural costs.

3) Secrecy of the actions of the submarine forces of the Navy. No other branch of the armed forces has such an opportunity. It is the submarine missile cruisers that are on combat duty strategic purpose are the factor that can significantly limit the actions of a potential aggressor. After all, the exact location of strategic submarines is unknown, some of them may be very close to the shores of a potential enemy, and in the event of aggression against Russia, they are capable of inflicting a monstrous retaliatory strike.

4) Universality of application. The navy can be used in operations of various kinds:

• demonstration of strength
• combat duty,
• sea ​​blockade and protection of communications,
• peacekeeping and anti-piracy actions,
• humanitarian missions,
• transfer of ground troops
• coast protection,
• conventional and nuclear war at sea,
• strategic nuclear deterrence,
• strategic Missile Defense,
• landing operations and combat operations on land (independently or in cooperation with other branches of the armed forces).

Let us dwell on some aspects of the use of the Navy. What a show of force is, it was shown quite recently, when a squadron of the Russian Navy, led by the TAVKR "Admiral Kuznetsov", entered the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the possibility of an external invasion of Syria was prevented. Since that time, a series of military successes of the B. Assad regime in the fight against the "rebels" began. But the United States has the greatest potential for a show of force. It can be said that they are constantly demonstrating strength in all key points of the globe, and this is an integral part of American foreign policy.

The United States is also currently leading the way in creating a naval component of anti-missile defense (ABM). The fleet is considered here as a naval component of the global missile defense system. The interception of ballistic missiles is carried out by specially designed interceptor missiles launched from sea carriers under the control of the Aegis system. It is very likely that in the foreseeable future the Russian Navy will receive its own analogue of the Aegis. The media reported on the plans of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in 2016 to begin construction of six destroyers equipped with elements of anti-missile and anti-space defense.

The navy, as a global military instrument, must have its own air and ground components. This is what we see in the US Navy. Well-equipped expeditionary divisions of the US Marine Corps, with armored vehicles, aircraft and logistic support units, are able to arrive anywhere in the world in the shortest possible time and land on the coast in order to conduct humanitarian, counterinsurgency operations, or full-scale military operations. This is the essence of US colonial policy, and the Navy is its universal tool. Russian sailors also had to fight a lot on land, but in a different way. The sailors went to the front in a critical situation and, as a rule, on their own land. And this is not only the Civil War and the Second World War. In such purely land wars of modern Russian history, as the First and Second Chechen wars, sailors were not involved.

In peacetime, the Russian Navy performs the following tasks:

• deterrence from the use military force or threats of its use in relation to the Russian Federation;
• protection of the sovereignty of the country, extending beyond its land territory to internal maritime waters and territorial sea, sovereign rights in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf, as well as freedom high seas;
• creation and maintenance of conditions for ensuring the safety of maritime economic activity in the World Ocean;
• ensuring the naval presence of Russia in the oceans, demonstration of the flag and military force, official visits;
• ensuring participation in military, peacekeeping and humanitarian actions carried out by the world community that meet the interests of the state;
• ensuring the personal safety of Russian citizens staying in foreign coastal states in the event of conflict situations arising in them.

In peacetime, the tasks of the Russian Navy are solved by carrying out the following activities:

• combat patrol and combat duty of strategic missile submarines (RPLS) in the established readiness to strike at the designated objects of a potential enemy;
• combat support of the RPLSN (ensuring the combat stability of the RPLSN) on routes and in combat patrol areas;
• search for nuclear missile and multi-purpose submarines of a potential enemy and tracking them on routes and in mission areas in readiness for destruction with the outbreak of hostilities;
• monitoring aircraft carrier and other naval strike groups of a potential enemy, tracking them in their combat maneuvering areas in readiness to strike at them with the outbreak of hostilities;
• opening and hindering the activity of enemy reconnaissance forces and means in the seas and ocean areas adjacent to our coast, observing and tracking them in readiness for destruction with the outbreak of hostilities;
• ensuring the deployment of fleet forces during a threatened period;
• identification of communications and equipment of ocean and sea theaters in strategically important areas of the World Ocean;
• study of probable areas of hostilities and conditions for the use of various branches of the forces of the Navy, the use of weapons and technical means;
• monitoring the activities of foreign fleets;
• protection of civil navigation;
• implementation of foreign policy actions of the country's leadership;
• protection and protection state border RF in the underwater environment;
• protection and protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation in the airspace and control of its use;
• protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation on land and sea by military methods;
• assistance to the Border Troops of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the protection of the State Border, the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;
• assistance internal troops and internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in the suppression internal conflicts and other actions using means of armed violence on the territory of the Russian Federation, ensuring public safety and the state of emergency in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• defense of the sea coast;
• assistance to the civil defense troops and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes, fires and natural disasters.

The tasks of the Russian Navy in wartime are as follows:

• ensuring the combat stability of strategic missile submarines;
• the defeat of the strike naval groups of the enemy navy and the conquest of dominance in the near sea (ocean) zone, the creation of favorable conditions for operations in the coastal direction;
• protection of vital sea lanes;
• landing of amphibious assault forces and ensuring their operations on the coast;
• inflicting fire strikes on the aggressor troops from sea directions;
• protecting your coast;
• blockade of the enemy coast (ports, naval bases, economic coastal areas, strait zones);
• in the case of the use of nuclear weapons by the enemy - the destruction of ground facilities on its territory, participation in the first and subsequent nuclear strikes.

It should be added that the World Ocean is both a colossal source of resources and a global transport artery. In the future, the importance of control over the ocean, apparently, will only increase. An urgent problem for Russia is the growing rivalry for control over the resources of the Arctic Ocean, which today looks more and more promising from an economic point of view. And a strong navy is for Russia the key to the riches of the North.

STRUCTURE AND COMBAT COMPOSITION OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The structure of the Russian Navy includes the following forces:

• surface;
• underwater;
• naval aviation;
• coastal troops.

Separate forces are special forces, logistic support and the hydrographic service.

Let us consider in more detail each of the above types of forces of the Russian Navy.

surface forces

They provide access to combat areas for submarines, their deployment and return to bases, as well as the transportation and cover of landing forces. The surface forces are given the main role in protecting communications, laying and eliminating minefields.

The surface forces of the Russian Navy have the following classes of ships:

Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser(TAKR) project 11435 - 1 ("Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov") as part of the Northern Fleet. The cruiser was commissioned in 1991. The main strike weapons of the TAKR are 12 Granit anti-ship missile launchers and an air wing consisting of Su-25UTG carrier-based training aircraft and Su-33 fighters, as well as Ka-27 and K-29 helicopters. Currently, the air wing actually includes 10 Su-33 fighters. These aircraft are deprived of strike capabilities, their task is the long-range defense of an aircraft carrier group. After the planned large-scale modernization, the TAKR air wing will increase to 50 aircraft, of which 26 are MiG-29K or Su-27K fighters. It is also planned to replace the current unreliable boiler-turbine power plant with a gas turbine or nuclear one.

Heavy nuclear missile cruisers(TARK) Project 1144 "Orlan" - 4. These are the largest and most powerful non-aircraft-carrying attack ships in the world. Their main armament is 20 PU anti-ship missiles "Granit". At the moment, the Russian Navy has only one combat-ready cruiser of this project - "Peter the Great" as part of the Northern Fleet. The rest - "Kirov", "Admiral Lazarev", "Admiral Nakhimov" - for various reasons are not combat-ready and for a long time were in shambles. Currently, work has begun on their repair and modernization. The commissioning of these ships is planned for 2018-2020.

missile cruisers project 1164 "Atlant" - 3, of which one ("Marshal Ustinov") is under repair until 2015. The main armament is 8x2 anti-ship missiles P-1000 "Vulcan". There are two cruisers of this type in service - the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet GRKR "Moskva" and the flagship of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy RKR "Varyag".

All the cruisers described above have extremely high strike power. They are intended primarily for delivering strikes against large surface ships of the enemy, providing air defense and combat stability of ship groups, and fire support for landing forces. By the way, cruisers pr.1164 are sometimes referred to as "aircraft carrier killers", but this is an exaggeration. Supersonic P-1000 anti-ship missiles really have no analogues in the world, and hitting several of these missiles can send an aircraft carrier to the bottom, but the problem is that the range of American carrier-based aircraft is much greater than the range of Russian (and any other) anti-ship missiles .

Large anti-submarine ships (BOD) - 9. This is a specific class of ships in the Soviet and Russian fleets. In the Western fleets, these ships could be classified as destroyers. Currently, the Russian Navy has 7 BOD pr. 1155 "Fregat", 1 BOD 1155.1 and 1 - 1134B. As the name implies, BODs are mainly intended for anti-submarine warfare. Priority weapons are anti-submarine, including Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters. Guided missile weapons are represented by SAMs. There is no anti-ship missile armament. True, recently information appeared in the media that the BOD pr. 1155 will be modernized. The modernization of the BOD will include equipping it with modern A-192 guns, Caliber missiles and the latest air defense and missile defense system with S-400 Redut missiles. To control the new weapons, shipborne electronics will also be replaced. Thus, BODs will gain versatility and, in terms of their combat capabilities, will actually be equal to destroyers.

One of the BOD pr.1155 "Sharp-witted" in the course of modernization was converted into a TFR of the far sea zone.

Destroyers (EM) project 956 "Sarych", in the combat composition of the fleet - 7, one more - is being repaired and modernized. At present, the destroyers of Project 956 are obsolete and cannot compete with the American destroyers of the Arleigh Burke type. The advantage of American destroyers is their versatility (their Mk 41 launchers house the entire range of anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles) and the presence of the Aegis system. There is nothing like this in the Russian fleet yet. It must be admitted that if in other countries (USA, Japan) destroyers are the "backbone" of the military fleets, then in the Russian Navy they are extremely poorly represented. We can talk about the imbalance of the ship composition of the Russian fleet in this regard. However, at present, requirements for a promising destroyer of the Russian Navy have been formulated and its development is underway.

Corvettes project 20380 "Guarding" - 3 (5 more - in the process of construction). These are the latest multi-purpose ships of the 2nd rank of the near sea zone. They carry balanced weapons: anti-ship missile (2x4 Uran anti-ship missiles), artillery (1x100 mm A-190), anti-aircraft (4x8 Redut air defense systems, 2x6 30-mm AK-630M guns), anti-submarine (2x4 330-mm TA) and aviation (1 helicopter Ka-27PL).

Patrol ships (SKR)- 4. Of these, project 11540 "Hawk" - 2, project 1135 and 1135M - 2. Another 3 ships of project 1135M are part of the coast guard of the FSB of Russia.

Missile ships (RK)- 2, project 11661 "Gepard". According to NATO classification, these ships belong to the class of frigates, in Russia until 2003 they were considered patrol ships, however, they are distinguished from conventional TFRs by incomparably more powerful weapons: 1x76-mm guns, two 30-mm automated guns (on the lead ship of the Tatarstan series ”), torpedo tubes, RBU, anti-ship missile systems(on the ship "Tatarstan" - SCRC "Uranus" with Kh-35 missiles, on "Dagestan" - universal SCRC "Caliber-NK", which can be used to launch several types of high-precision cruise missiles; "Dagestan" became the first ship of the Russian Navy, received this complex), anti-aircraft weapons (on "Tatarstan" - "Osa-MA-2", on "Dagestan" ZRAK "Broadsword").

Small anti-submarine ships- 28. Basically, these are ships pr. 1124 and 1124M, built in the 1970s - 1980s. last century. The main armament is anti-submarine and torpedo; there are artillery, air defense systems and electronic warfare equipment.

Small missile ships(RTOs, according to Western classification - corvettes) - 14 ships pr.1234.1 and 1234.7 "Gadfly". The ships of this series were built from 1967 to 1992. Despite their small size, RTOs have high striking power. The main strike weapons are 6 P-120 Malachite anti-ship missile launchers, or 4 P-20 Termit-E anti-ship missile launchers or 12 Onyx anti-ship missile launchers. Also, the Russian Navy has two RTOs of the latest construction of the river-sea class, pr.

Large missile boats(RKA) - 28, various modifications of project 1241 "Lightning" (1241.1, 12411T, 12411RE, 1241.7). The boats are equipped with anti-ship weapons - 4 ZM80 Moskit missiles and 1x76-mm AK-176 guns, electronic warfare equipment. Anti-aircraft weapons are purely symbolic - 1 Strela-3 or Igla MANPADS. At least one boat of this type received new anti-aircraft weapons during the modernization: the Broadsword SAM with the ability to install two quad-mounted anti-aircraft missiles.

Small artillery ships (MAK) - 4. This class includes one ship pr.12411 after modernization and 3 newest Russian ships of the “river-sea” class pr. .

Artillery boats (AKA)- 6. Of these, project 1204 "Bumblebee" - 3, and project 1400M "Vulture" - 3. Designed for operations on rivers and lakes, as well as in coastal shallow areas of the sea. Currently, 5 out of 6 AKAs in service are serving in the Caspian Flotilla. Boats pr. 1204 have armor and powerful enough weapons: 76-mm tank gun, jet launcher BM-14-7, 14.5 mm anti-aircraft machine gun and mine armament. Boats pr.1400M are designed for patrol and border service. Their armament is a 12.7 mm machine gun turret.

Sea minesweepers (MTSH)- 13, of which project 12660 - 2, project 266M and 266ME - 9, project 02668 - 1, project 1332 - 1. The main armament of sea minesweepers is anti-mine and anti-submarine. MTShch are designed for setting minefields, searching for, destroying sea mines and escorting ships through minefields. Minesweepers are equipped with contact, acoustic and electromagnetic trawls, as well as special mine detection sonar. For self-defense, minesweepers have artillery and missile weapons: 76-, 30-, 25-mm gun mounts, Strela-3 air defense systems, etc.

Basic minesweepers (BTSH)- 22, all ships - project 1265 "Yakhont" of the 70s. the buildings.

Raid minesweepers (RTShch)- 23, of which project 1258 - 4, project 10750 - 8, project 697TB - 2, project 12592 - 4, radio-controlled river mine breakers project 13000 - 5.

Large landing ships (BDK)- 19. Of these, 15 are BDK pr. 775, which are the basis of the Russian landing fleet. Each ship is designed to carry 225 paratroopers and 10 tanks. In addition to transporting troops, BDKs are designed to provide fire support. For this, the BDK pr. 775 has the MS-73 Groza MLRS with a firing range of 21 km and two twin 57-mm AK-725 gun mounts. The ship's air defense is made up of a 76-mm AK-176 gun mount and two six-barreled 30-mm AK-630 gun mounts. They can also be used for ship self-defense against enemy light surface forces. The remaining 4 BDKs are represented by the older Project 1171 Tapir. ships this project can transport 300 paratroopers and 20 tanks or 45 armored personnel carriers. Their armament is 2 MLRS A-215 "Grad-M", and a twin 57-mm gun mount ZIF-31B.

Small landing craft hovercraft (MDKVP)- 2 ships pr.12322 "Zubr". These ships were created in the 80s. of the last century and still have no analogues in terms of carrying capacity in this class of vessels. Each ship can carry three tanks or 10 armored personnel carriers and 140 troops. The design of the ship allows you to move on land, swampy terrain and land troops in the depths of enemy defenses. The armament of the ship consists of 2 launchers of the A-22 "Fire" system with 140-mm unguided rockets and two AK-630 gun mounts; for air defense, the ship has 8 Igla MANPADS.

Landing craft (DKA)- 23, of which 12 - project 1176 "Shark", 9 - project 11770 "Cherna", 1 - project 21820 "Dugong" and 1 - project 1206 "Kalmar". Landing boats are designed for landing troops on an unequipped coast. Boats of projects 11770 and 21820 are the latest. During their movement, the principle of an air cavity is used, which makes it possible to minimize the resistance of water, and due to this, to develop a speed of more than 30 knots. The carrying capacity of boats pr. 11770 is 1 tank or up to 45 tons of cargo, boats pr. 21820 - 2 tanks or up to 140 tons of cargo.

submarine forces

The main tasks of the submarine forces are:

• defeating important ground targets of the enemy;
• search for and destruction of submarines, aircraft carriers and other surface ships of the enemy, his landing units, convoys, single transports (vessels) at sea;
• reconnaissance, ensuring the guidance of their strike forces and the issuance of target designation to them;
• destruction of offshore oil and gas complexes, landing of reconnaissance groups (detachments) for special purposes on the coast of the enemy;
• setting mines and others.

Includes a strategic nuclear component (which is integral part nuclear triad of Russia) and general purpose forces.

Strategic submarine forces of the Russian Navy are designed to carry out combat duty with atomic ballistic missiles on board and, in the event of a command, deliver nuclear strikes against enemy ground targets. These include 14 strategic nuclear-powered missile submarines (SSBNs; sometimes they are also referred to as SSBNs - "nuclear ballistic missile submarine"). The main part of the SSBN - 10 units. - focused on the Northern Fleet, 3 more SSBNs are part of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy.

True, not all of these ships are in combat-ready condition. Due to the lack of ammunition (the R-39 ballistic missiles used on them have been withdrawn from service), two ships of Project 941 "Shark" have been put into reserve and are planned for disposal. The lead ship of the same series, Dmitry Donskoy, was upgraded in 2008 for the new Bulava missile system and after the upgrade received the designation 941UM.

Of the three submarines pr.667BDR Kalmar (all in the Pacific Fleet), two are in service, one is under repair and modernization. These submarines are equipped with R-29R ICBMs. Currently, the submarines of the Kalmar project are largely morally and physically obsolete and are planned for decommissioning.

SSBN pr.667BDRM "Delfin" is so far the main naval component of the strategic nuclear triad of the Russian Federation. The Russian Navy has seven submarines of this project, of which five are actually in service. The Yekaterinburg submarine is under restoration after a severe fire that occurred on December 29, 2011. The BS-64 submarine is being converted into a carrier of deep-sea vehicles to perform special tasks, that is, it will no longer be used as a missile cruiser.

It should be noted that all of the above submarines were built back in the USSR and belong to the third generation of SSBNs.

They should be replaced by SSBNs fourth generation pr.955 "Borey", armed with missiles "Bulava", however, to date, the Russian Navy has received only the lead ship of this series - "Yuri Dolgoruky". The latter became generally the only strategic missile submarine built in Russia from the collapse of the Soviet Union to the present. True, the current Borey SSBN construction program provides for the construction of 10 ships by 2020.

Thus, at present, the Russian Navy has only nine SSBNs in combat-ready condition. True, if we take into account that the US Navy has 14 SSBNs, we can talk about relative parity for ships of this class.

General purpose submarine forces include cruise missile nuclear submarines, utility nuclear submarines, diesel-electric submarines, and special-purpose nuclear and diesel submarines.

They have the following ship composition:

Nuclear submarines with cruise missiles (SSGN or APK- nuclear submarine missile cruiser) - 8, project 949A "Antey". Of these, 5 are in service, 1 is under repair, 2 are in reserve. These submarines are armed with 24 ZM-45 supersonic anti-ship P-700 "Granit" anti-ship systems and are designed primarily for unexpected strikes against enemy naval formations. They are considered, along with naval missile-carrying aircraft, one of the main means of countering the AUG of the US Navy. The secrecy of reaching the missile launch line and unprecedented striking power - more than any of the surface missile cruisers - give a formation of two SSGNs a real chance of destroying an aircraft carrier. At one time, an anti-aircraft division was created in the USSR Navy, which included 2 groups of 2 SSGNs and one submarine, project 671RTM. The division successfully conducted a tactical exercise on a real AUG "America".

Multi-purpose nuclear submarines (PLA)- 19. Of these: project 971 "Pike-B" - 11, project 671RTMK - 4, project 945 "Barracuda" - 2, project 945A "Condor" - 2. The main task of the submarine is tracking strategic submarines and AUG of a potential enemy and their destruction in the event of a war.

Submarines pr.971 "Pike-B" are the basis of the multi-purpose submarine forces of the Russian Navy. They are armed with a missile and torpedo system that allows them to use different types ammunition: torpedoes, rocket-torpedoes, underwater missiles, anti-submarine guided missiles (PLUR), cruise missiles S-10 grenades with nuclear warheads for strikes against AUGs, high-precision cruise missiles for strikes against ground targets.

Submarines pr.945 "Barracuda" are the first Soviet submarines of the third generation, and "Condor" is a development of this project. Armament - torpedoes and rocket torpedoes. Distinctive feature pr.945A - significantly reduced the level of unmasking signs (noise and magnetic fields). This submarine was considered the quietest in the Soviet Navy.

Project 671RTMK submarines are largely obsolete and should be decommissioned in the future. Currently, two of the four available submarines of this type are combat-ready.

Diesel submarines (DPL)- 19, of which pr.877 "Halibut" - 16, pr.877EKM - 1, pr.641B "Som" - 1 (was under overhaul, at present the final fate of the boat - disposal or resumption of repairs - is not determined), pr. .677 "Lada" - 1.

Project 877 submarines have an extremely low noise level and universal weapons: torpedo tubes and Club-S missile systems. In the West, this submarine was nicknamed the "Black Hole" for its stealth.

The only submarine pr.641B "B-380" remaining in the fleet long time was under overhaul; at present, the final fate of the boat - disposal or resumption of repairs - is not determined.

DPL project 677 "Lada" is a development of the "Halibut" project. However, due to a number of technical shortcomings in 2011-2012. the project was sharply criticized by the command of the Russian Navy. In particular, power point was able to develop no more than half of the power specified by the project. It was decided to finalize the project. At present, the lead ship of the B-585 series "St. Petersburg" has been built and is in trial operation. After the deficiencies are eliminated, the construction of the series is likely to continue.

Nuclear submarines for special purposes (PLASN)- 9, of which pr.1851 - 1, 18511 - 2, pr.1910 - 3, pr.10831 - 1, pr.09787 - 1, pr.09786 - 1. All PLASN are part of the 29th nuclear submarine brigade special boats. The activities of the brigade are strictly classified. It is known that PLASN are equipped with special equipment and are designed to work at great depths and at the bottom of the oceans. The brigade is part of the Northern Fleet, but is directly subordinate to General Directorate of Deep Sea Research ( GUGI) General Staff of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Diesel submarine for special purposes (PLSN)- 1, project 20120 "Sarov". Designed to test new types of weapons and military equipment. In 2012, the media reported that the Sarov submarine was equipped with an experimental hydrogen power plant, which, in case of successful tests, would be installed on the Project 677 submarine.

In addition to warships, the Russian Navy includes various types of auxiliary vessels:

• intelligence : large nuclear reconnaissance ship, large, medium and small reconnaissance ships, communications ships, air surveillance ship, underwater situational illumination ships, search and rescue ship;
• rescue : rescue vessels, fire-fighting and rescue boats, raid diving boats, rescue sea tugs, ship-lifting vessel, etc.
• transport : complex supply ship, dry cargo and tankers, sea ferries, combined arms self-propelled ferry;
• mother ship : submarines, technical and rocket-technical;
• floating workshops ;
• hydrographic ships ;
• ships of degaussing, hydroacoustic and control of physical fields .

Naval aviation

Includes aircraft and helicopters for various purposes. Main goals:

• search and destruction of the combat forces of the enemy fleet, landing units, convoys;
• covering their ship groups from air strikes;
• destruction of aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles;
• conducting aerial reconnaissance;
• aiming at the ship forces of the enemy of their strike forces and issuing target designation to them;
• participation in mine laying, mine action, electronic warfare (EW), transportation and landing, search and rescue operations at sea. Naval aviation operates both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the fleet forces or formations of other branches of the Armed Forces.

Naval aviation is subdivided into carrier-based and shore-based aviation. Until 2011, the naval aviation of the Russian Navy included: missile-carrying, assault, fighter, anti-submarine, search and rescue, transport and special aviation. After the military reform of 2011, the state and prospects of naval aviation are vague. According to available information, at present its organizational structure includes 7 air bases and the 279th naval aviation regiment assigned to the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier.

About 300 aircraft remain in the naval aviation. Of them:

• 24 Su-24M/MR,
• 21 Su-33s (not more than 12 in flight condition),
• 16 Tu-142 (in flight condition no more than 10),
• 4 Su-25 UTG (279th naval aviation regiment),
• 16 Il-38 (in flight condition no more than 10),
• 7 Be-12s (mainly in the Black Sea Fleet, will be decommissioned in the near future),
• 95 Ka-27s (no more than 70 are operational),
• 10 Ka-29s (assigned to the Marines),
• 16 Mi-8,
• 11 An-12 (several in reconnaissance and electronic warfare),
• 47 An-24 and An-26,
• 8 An-72,
• 5 Tu-134,
• 2 Tu-154,
• 2 Il-18,
• 1 Il-22,
• 1 Il-20,
• 4 Tu-134UBL.

Of these, technically sound, capable of performing combat missions in full, are no more than 43% of the total number.

Before the reform, the Naval Aviation had two fighter regiment, 698th OGIAP with Su-27 fighters and 865th IAP with MiG-31 fighters. Currently, they are transferred to the Air Force.

Assault and naval missile-carrying aircraft (Tu-22M3) were eliminated. The latter looks more than strange, given that the MRA has long been considered one of the main and most effective means of combating the AUG of a potential enemy near our maritime borders. In 2011, all Tu-22M3 missile-carrying bombers of the naval missile-carrying aviation, consisting of three squadrons, were hastily handed over to the Long-Range Aviation of the Air Force. Thus, all Tu-22M3 missile carriers are now concentrated in the Air Force, and the Navy has lost an important part of its combat potential.

Apparently, such a decision was dictated not so much by military considerations as by realities. today. Due to the long-term catastrophic underfunding, the combat training of naval aviation pilots was carried out at a more than modest level, only one 1/3 of the crews could be considered combat-ready; Tu-22M3 aircraft have not been upgraded for a long time. In fact, in the 1990s and early 2000s, only those who learned how to do this back in Soviet time. At the same time, the combat effectiveness of Long-Range Aviation in modern Russia continues to be somehow supported. The missile carriers were transferred to where they are still able to serve and can fly on them. In addition, the collection of all Tu-22M3 aircraft in one structure, in theory, should reduce the cost of their maintenance. Currently, out of 150 aircraft of this type that Russia has, only 40 are combat-ready. It is reported that thirty Tu-22M3s will undergo a deep modernization with the replacement of all electronics and will receive a new high-precision Kh-32 missile.

The rest of the Tu-22M3, for various reasons, are in non-flying condition and are "on conservation." Judging by the photo, the condition of these far from old cars is not very good. If we talk about the fulfillment of such a task as the destruction of at least one Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, then this will require at least 30 Tu-22M3, that is, almost all available combat-ready vehicles. If we divide 40 missile carriers between two structures, it turns out that the fight against the AUG is beyond the power of the missile-carrying units of either of them.

In general, after the reform, naval aviation was deprived of most of its striking power, and is currently concentrating on the tasks of anti-submarine defense (ASD), patrolling and search and rescue operations, while maintaining in its structure a single regiment of ship-based fighters and limited capabilities for performance of strike missions from land airfields.

Patrolling, which is carried out by Il-38 and Tu-142M3 / MK aircraft in Pacific region and the Arctic, is a demonstration of military presence and is of great political importance. In connection with the serious political and economic interests of Russia in the Arctic, patrol aircraft of naval aviation monitor the ice situation and the movements of foreign ships in this region.

Another important function of naval aviation is anti-submarine. It is also carried out by Il-38 and Tu-142M3/MK aircraft. The anti-submarine function in peacetime includes "offensive" and "defensive" combat patrols. The first one includes monitoring the areas of possible location of SSBNs of a potential enemy, primarily American submarines. In the second case, Russian anti-submarine aviation covers the likely patrol areas of its strategic missile carriers, observing the activity of enemy submarines, which may pose a threat to Russian SSBNs when they are on combat duty.

The Russian Navy also has specialized Ka-27PL anti-submarine helicopters. These are reliable machines that still have a significant resource, as well as helicopters of the search and rescue version of the Ka-27PS. The Black Sea Fleet has 8 Mi-8 helicopters equipped with electronic warfare equipment.

The coastal strike aircraft of the Russian Navy is represented by the only 43rd Naval Assault Squadron of the Black Sea Fleet, consisting of 18 Su-24 front-line bombers and 4 Su-24MR reconnaissance aircraft. It is based in the Crimea at the Gvardeyskoye airfield. The squadron was not transferred to the Air Force, as this could not be done without international complications.

Also equipped with the Su-24, the 4th Separate Naval Attack Aviation Regiment (OMSHAP), stationed in Chernyakhovsk (Kaliningrad Region), in 2009 became the 7052nd air base, but was transferred to the Air Force in March 2011.

The transport aviation of the Navy has at its disposal An-12, An-24 aircraft and one An-72 short takeoff and landing aircraft.

The Black Sea Fleet has three to four Be-12PS amphibious turboprops, which are mainly used for search and rescue and patrol operations. These machines are significantly outdated and exhausted.

The moral and physical obsolescence of the flight fleet is a serious problem for the aviation of the Russian Navy. So far, it has only been partially resolved. Thus, new Ka-52K helicopters will be purchased for the acquired Mistral UDC, Ka-31 AWACS helicopters and MiG-29K carrier-based fighters for the Kuznetsov aircraft carrier. Su-33 fighters are also being upgraded.

Naval aviation pilots of the Russian Navy are trained by the 859th Naval Aviation Training Center in Yeysk on the Sea of ​​Azov. It carries out both the retraining of pilots for new types of aircraft and the training of ground personnel.

For the training of carrier-based aviation pilots of the Russian Navy, the unique NITKA training ground, located in the Crimea and owned by the Ukrainian Navy, is used. In 2008-2010 due to international complications caused by the "Five-day war" with Georgia, the Russians were deprived of the opportunity to train at the complex. Accordingly, for three years, the training of young pilots of the 279th naval aviation regiment was very difficult, since pilots are allowed to fly from the deck of the Kuznetsov aircraft carrier only after successful learning on NITKA. In 2013, Russia abandoned the use of the Ukrainian NITKA, as it is actively building its own, more advanced NITKA in Yeysk. In July 2013, the first test flights of the Su-25UTG and MiG-29KUB aircraft were successfully carried out on it.

Coastal troops

Designed for the defense of the coast, bases and other ground facilities and participation in amphibious assaults. Includes coastal missile and artillery troops and marines.

Coastal missile and artillery troops of the Russian Navy include:

• 2 separate coastal missile regiments;
• 1 Guards Rocket Brigade;
• 3 separate coastal missile and artillery brigades;
• 3 anti-aircraft missile regiments;
• 2 electronic warfare regiments;
• 2 motorized rifle brigades;
• 1 motorized rifle regiment;
• a separate marine road engineering battalion;
• communication nodes.

The firepower of the Coastal Forces of the Russian Navy is based on the Redut, Rubezh, Bal-E, Club-M, K-300P Bastion-P anti-ship missile systems, and the A-222 Bereg self-propelled artillery system. There are also standard samples of artillery weapons and military equipment of the ground forces: 122-mm MLRS 9K51 "Grad", 152-mm howitzers 2A65 "Msta-B", 152-mm self-propelled guns 2S5 "Gyatsint", 152-mm towed guns 2A36 "Gyatsint- B", 152-mm D-20 gun-howitzers, 122-mm D-30 howitzers, up to 500 T-80, T-72 and T-64 tanks, more than 200 armored personnel carriers BTR-70 and BTR-80.

Marine Corps includes:

• 3 MP brigades;
• 2 MP regiments;
• two separate MP battalions.

Marines are armed with tanks T-80, T-72 and PT-76, combat vehicles infantry BMP-2 and BMP-3F, armored personnel carriers BTR-80, BTR-70 and MTLB, gun mounts "Nona-S", "Nona-SVK" on the floating chassis of the BTR and "Gvozdika". Currently, a new tracked infantry fighting vehicle is being developed specifically for the fleet.

The Marine Corps of the Russian Navy is considered a special elite branch of the fleet, however, unlike the US Marine Corps, which, in fact, is a full-fledged army, the Russian Marine Corps can only solve tasks of a tactical nature.

In addition to the indicated coastal forces, the Russian Navy includes separate naval reconnaissance points () and detachments to combat underwater sabotage forces and means (OB PDSS).

OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC ASSOCIATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The operational-strategic formations of the Russian Navy are:

Baltic Fleet with headquarters in Kaliningrad. Ship composition: 3 diesel submarines, 2 destroyers, 3 corvettes, 2 patrol ships, 4 small missile ships, 7 small anti-submarine ships, 7 missile boats, 5 base minesweepers, 14 raid minesweepers, 4 large landing ships, 2 small landing ships on VP, 6 landing craft. Total: submarines - 3, surface ships - 56.

Northern Fleet with headquarters in Severomorsk. Ship composition: 10 nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles, 3 nuclear submarines with cruise missiles, 14 multi-purpose nuclear submarines, 9 special-purpose nuclear submarines, 1 special-purpose diesel submarine, 6 diesel submarines, 1 heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser, 2 heavy nuclear missile cruisers, 1 missile cruiser, 5 BODs, 1 destroyer, 3 small missile ships, 1 artillery boat, 6 small anti-submarine ships, 4 sea minesweepers, 6 base minesweepers, 1 raid minesweeper, 4 large landing ships, 4 landing boats. Total: submarines - 43, surface ships - 39.

Black Sea Fleet with headquarters in Sevastopol. Ship composition: 2 diesel submarines, 1 missile cruiser, 2 BODs, 3 TFRs, 7 MPKs, 4 RTOs, 5 missile boats, 7 sea minesweepers, 2 base minesweepers, 2 raid minesweepers, 7 large landing ships, 2 landing boats. Total: submarines - 2, surface ships - 41.

Pacific Fleet with headquarters in Vladivostok. Ship composition: 3 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, 5 nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines, 5 multi-purpose nuclear submarines, 8 diesel submarines, 1 heavy nuclear missile cruiser, 1 missile cruiser, 4 large anti-submarine ships, 3 destroyers, 8 small anti-submarine ships, 4 small missile ships, 11 missile boats, 2 sea minesweepers, 7 base minesweepers, 1 raid minesweeper, 4 large landing ships, 4 landing craft. Total: submarines - 21, surface ships - 50.

Caspian flotilla with headquarters in Astrakhan. Ship composition: 2 patrol ships, 4 small artillery ships, 5 missile boats, 5 artillery boats, 2 base minesweepers, 5 raid minesweepers, 7 landing craft. Total: surface ships - 28.

The Northern and Pacific Fleets are full-fledged ocean-going fleets. Their ships can carry out all types of naval operations in the far ocean zone. Only these two fleets of the Russian Navy have submarines and SSBNs. Also, all Russian missile cruisers are concentrated here, except for the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet of the RKR Moskva.

The Baltic and Black Sea Fleets are predominantly maritime zone fleets. Their ships can also make exits to the World Ocean, but only under conditions global peace, to carry out expeditionary operations against a deliberately weaker enemy.

GENERAL ASSESSMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

Russia has the longest maritime borders in the world - 43 thousand km, and therefore the importance of the Navy for it is very great. At the same time, no country in the world has such an inconvenient strategic location of access to the sea. All fleets of the Russian Navy are isolated from each other, and in the event of a war in one of the directions, the transfer of forces from others is extremely difficult.

The peak of the power of the Soviet Navy came in the 80s of the last century. According to Western experts of that time, a formation of three US Navy AUGs, in the event of the outbreak of hostilities in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the Northern Fleet of the USSR Navy, most likely would have lasted no longer than a day.

With the collapse of the USSR, the rapid degradation of the fleet began. According to some estimates, compared to the USSR in the 80s, Russia has lost up to 80% of its naval power. Nevertheless, in the world ranking of fleets in terms of combat power, the Russian fleet still ranks second (after the American one), and sixth in terms of the number of ships.

According to some estimates, the Russian Navy is more than one and a half times inferior to the US Navy in terms of combat capabilities. The advantage of the Americans is in the number of nuclear submarines, the number and quality of URO destroyers and, of course, the presence of 11 nuclear aircraft carriers in the fleet. However, in recent times there is a trend towards the revival of the Russian fleet, while the United States is at the peak of its naval power, which is likely to decline in the future.

basis combat strength of the Russian navy are Soviet-built ships. At the same time in last years there is an active construction of new ships.

First of all, there is a desire to build up the capabilities of the Russian Navy in the near sea zone. This is necessary to protect the country's economic interests on the continental shelf, and at the same time is not as ruinous as the construction of large warships in the far ocean zone. Surface ships under construction and planned for construction are: 8 frigates of the far sea zone pr.22350, 6 frigates of the far sea zone pr. 10 small missile ships pr.21631, four helicopter carriers "Mistral", at least 20 small landing ships "Dugong" and a series of basic minesweepers pr.12700 "Alexandrite". Of course, these ships are not designed to compete with the United States for dominance at sea. Rather, they are suitable for confronting lower-ranking fleets, such as Swedish or Norwegian, in the struggle for the resources of the Arctic, or participating in international missions, for example, against Somali pirates.

At the same time, attention is paid to the renewal of strategic submarine forces. Three SSBNs pr.955 "Borey" are under construction. In total, eight of them should be built. As for the general-purpose submarine forces, first of all it should be noted the construction of eight newest fourth-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarines, project 885 Yasen, for the Russian Navy. Also, 6 diesel submarines pr.636.3 "Varshavyanka" will be built, which are a further development of the submarines pr.877EKM.

In recent years, the media has been discussing the topic of creating a Russian nuclear aircraft carrier, similar to the Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. According to some reports, up to five AUGs are planned to be created as part of the Russian Navy. Currently, the domestic aircraft carrier is at the design stage. The problem is that some of the technologies that the Americans have are simply not available in Russia, in particular, the electromagnetic catapult, which will be equipped with the latest American aircraft carriers series Gerald Ford. In addition, an aircraft carrier needs modern ships guards intended for operations as part of the AUG. Among them, an important role is played by destroyers, which are now practically absent in the Russian Navy. Tentatively, the commissioning of the first domestic aircraft carrier is planned for 2023, but, apparently, these are still the most optimistic dates.

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The Navy (Navy) is a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is intended for the armed protection of the interests of Russia, the conduct of hostilities in the sea and ocean theaters of war. The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroy enemy fleet groups at sea and bases, disrupt enemy ocean and sea communications and protect their maritime transportation, assist ground forces in operations in continental theaters of military operations, land amphibious assaults, participate in repelling enemy landings and perform other tasks . Emblem of the Navy of the Russian Federation

The structure of the Russian Navy The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the North Pacific Baltic Black Sea Caspian Flotilla And includes the types of forces: Submarine forces Surface forces Naval aviation Coastal troops (motorized rifle, tank formations and units, marines and coastal missile and artillery troops) Support units and subunits service

Northern Fleet (SF) The Northern Fleet (SF) is an operational-strategic formation of the Russian Navy. The basis of the modern Northern Fleet is nuclear missile and torpedo submarines, missile-carrying and anti-submarine aviation, missile, aircraft-carrying and anti-submarine ships. Patch of sailors of the Northern Fleet Commander of the Northern Fleet Vice Admiral Nikolay Mikhailovich Maksimov.

Pacific Fleet (Pacific Fleet) The Pacific Fleet (Pacific Fleet) is an operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy. The Pacific Fleet of Russia, as an integral part of the Navy and the Armed Forces of Russia as a whole, is a means of providing military security Russia in the Asia-Pacific. To accomplish the assigned tasks, the Pacific Fleet includes strategic missile submarines, multi-purpose nuclear and diesel submarines, surface ships for operations in the ocean and near sea zones, naval missile-carrying, anti-submarine and fighter aircraft, ground forces, parts of ground and coastal forces . The main tasks of the Russian Pacific Fleet at the present time are: maintaining naval strategic nuclear forces in constant readiness in the interests of nuclear deterrence; protection of the economic zone and areas of production activities, suppression of illegal production activities; ensuring the safety of navigation; implementation of foreign policy actions of the government in economically important areas of the World Ocean (visits, business visits, joint exercises, actions as part of peacekeeping forces, etc.)

The main tasks of the Russian Pacific Fleet at present are: maintaining naval strategic nuclear forces in constant readiness in the interests of nuclear deterrence; protection of the economic zone and areas of production activities, suppression of illegal production activities; ensuring the safety of navigation; implementation of foreign policy actions of the government in economically important areas of the World Ocean (visits, business calls, joint exercises, actions as part of peacekeeping forces, etc.) Commander of the Pacific Fleet Vice Admiral Sidenko Konstantin Semenovich

Black Sea Fleet (BSF) The Black Sea Fleet (BSF) is an operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy in the Black Sea. The main base is Sevastopol. Patch of sailors of the Black Sea Fleet Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Vice Admiral Kletskov Alexander Dmitrievich

Long-distance voyage of the large landing ship "Caesar Kunikov" to the French port of Cannes GRKR "Moskva" as part of the naval strike group of the Northern Fleet

Baltic Fleet The Baltic Fleet is an operational-strategic formation of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea. The main base points are Baltiysk (Kaliningrad region) and Kronstadt ( Leningrad region). It includes a division of surface ships, a brigade of diesel submarines, formations of auxiliary and search and rescue ships, the Air Force of the Fleet, coastal troops, units of logistic technical and special support. Patch of sailors of the Baltic Fleet Commander Baltic Fleet Vice Admiral Chirkov Viktor Viktorovich

Small artillery ship "Astrakhan"

Military equipment and weapons of the Navy Submarine forces are the strike force of the fleet, capable of covertly and quickly deploying in the right directions and delivering unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. They are based on nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear charges (Naval Nuclear Deterrence Force - NSNF). These ships are constantly in various regions of the oceans in readiness for the immediate use of their strategic weapons. Project 667BDRM strategic nuclear submarine

The surface forces are the main ones for ensuring the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and returning to bases, transporting and covering landing forces. They are given the main role in the setting of minefields, in the fight against the mine danger and the protection of their communications. Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser project Admiral Kuznetsov

Naval aviation consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal. Strategic and tactical aviation is designed to confront groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to deliver bombing and missile strikes on enemy coastal targets. Carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks by enemy low-flying aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for marines and the destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats. Su-33
Coastal troops of the fleet are available in each fleet - the Northern, Baltic, Black Sea and Pacific. In addition to the BRAV and MP, they include one coastal defense division each. Coastal defense troops, as a branch of the Navy, are designed to protect the bases of the Navy forces, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrowness from enemy ships and amphibious assaults. The basis of their armament is coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.

The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students to in general terms with the Navy as a branch of the RF Armed Forces, its main

purpose, composition, weapons and military equipment.

Time: 45 minutes

Lesson type: combined

Educational visual complex: OBZh textbook grade 10, PC, projector

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Introductory part

* Organizing time

* Control of students' knowledge:

- What types of aircraft are included in the Air Force?

- What types of air defense are part of the Air Force?

- What are the main aircraft in service with long-range aviation?

- What kind front-line aviation served legendary heroes Great

Patriotic War Alexander Pokryshkin and Ivan Kozhedub?

Main part

- announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson

- explanation of new material : § 36 pp. 182-185

Purpose and composition of the Navy

The Russian Navy is a type of aircraft designed to ensure the military security of the state from oceanic (marine) directions, to protect the strategic interests of the Russian Federation in oceanic, maritime areas (zones).

The Navy consists of 4 fleets (Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea) and the Caspian flotilla and includes the types of forces:

* submarine forces;

* surface forces;

* naval aviation;

* coastal troops (motorized rifle, tank formations and units, marines and coastal rocket and artillery troops);

* parts and subdivisions of support and maintenance.

The basis of the Northern and Pacific Fleets are strategic missile submarines and multi-purpose nuclear submarines, diesel submarines, aircraft carriers, rocket-artillery, landing ships and boats, naval, missile-carrying and anti-submarine aviation.

The basis of the Baltic and Black Sea fleets are multi-purpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal rocket-artillery and attack aircraft.

1. Kind of Navy.

submarine forces are designed to destroy enemy ground targets, search for and destroy enemy submarines, strike at groups of surface ships, including aircraft carriers, naval strike groups, landing detachments and convoys, both independently and in cooperation with other forces of the fleet.

surface forces are designed to search for and destroy submarines, to fight surface ships, to land amphibious assault forces on the enemy coast, to detect and neutralize sea mines, and to perform a number of other tasks.

Naval aviation designed to destroy enemy ship formations, convoys, landings, disrupt its surveillance and control systems in maritime theaters; to cover groupings of their ships, conduct reconnaissance and issue target designations in the interests of using weapons by naval forces.

Coastal troops are intended for operations in amphibious assaults, defense of the country's coast and important objects of the fleet (front) on the coast and coastal communications from attacks by enemy fleet forces.

1. Armament and military equipment of the Navy

Today, the Navy plays an important role in ensuring Russia's national security. It has approximately 35% of nuclear charge carriers. The Navy has 27 strategic nuclear missile submarines, which are one of the three components (along with the Strategic Missile Forces and the Air Force) of the strategic nuclear forces.

In the future, the fleet will receive a fourth-generation nuclear-powered missile submarine - a boat of the 21st century. This boat will be equipped and new missile- to match the new century.

The naval structure of the Navy includes 2 heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers, 4 heavy nuclear cruisers. Aircraft carriers are, in fact, floating air bases that host aircraft for various purposes; they can carry attack, fighter and anti-submarine aircraft, which significantly enhances the strike and defensive power of the entire force grouping.

In quantitative terms, the Navy has about 100 submarines, including strategic missile submarines, multi-purpose nuclear and diesel submarines, 70 combat surface ships of the main classes and 250 coastal ships and boats, as well as about 500 aircraft and helicopters.

Today, 75% of the ships in the fleet are 16-20 years old. Priority is now given to the construction of submarine forces and coastal and long-range ships.

In the course of reforming the Navy, the Kaliningrad Special Region was formed, in which a grouping of troops with a single (marine) command was created. A single grouping was created in Kamchatka.

- add. material "Airplanes and helicopters of naval aviation" (p. 185).

III. Fixing the material:

- What is the main purpose of the Navy?

- What types of forces are part of the Russian Navy?

IV. Summary of the lesson.

V. Homework: 36 pp. 182-185. Assignment: Prepare a report on the topic: "The main types of weapons and military equipment of the Navy"

The purpose and nature of the activities of the Navy require the presence in its composition of various branches of forces capable of solving both offensive and defensive tasks in remote and coastal areas.

The Navy consists of two components: naval strategic nuclear forces (NSNF), general-purpose naval forces (MSON), as well as support forces, special troops and fleet services.

The Navy includes four types of forces: submarine forces; surface forces; naval aviation; coastal troops of the Navy.

Type of force - an integral part of the type of the Armed Forces, including units and formations that have their own combat means, weapons and equipment. Each type of forces has its own combat properties, uses its own tactics and is intended to solve operational, tactical, operational-tactical tasks. The branches of forces, as a rule, operate in a certain geographical environment and are capable of conducting combat operations independently and jointly with other branches of the forces.

AT modern conditions The main branches of the Navy's forces, capable of most successfully solving the main offensive tasks of the fleet with the use of conventional and nuclear missile weapons, are submarine forces and naval aviation.

Naval strategic nuclear forces are an integral part of the country's strategic nuclear forces. They are represented by strategic missile submarines (rplSN) and are used in the operations of strategic nuclear forces according to the plan of the Supreme High Command.

Maritime forces general purpose include all branches of the forces of the Navy, are used to solve operational and tactical tasks, to conduct systematic combat operations.

The Coastal Forces, as a branch of the Navy, unites formations and units of the Marine Corps, Coastal Rocket and Artillery Troops (BRAV), and in certain regions of the Russian Federation, groups of coastal troops (Coastal Defense Troops).

Support forces, special troops and services of the fleet include the air defense forces of the fleet, formations and units of special troops and services (reconnaissance, marine engineering, chemical, communications, radio engineering, electronic warfare, missile technical, technical support, search and rescue, hydrographic), formations, units and institutions of the rear. The composition of the Russian Navy is shown in fig. 2.

Organizationally, the Navy of the Russian Federation consists of associations, naval bases, separate formations, units and institutions.

The Russian Navy is headed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, who is one of the Deputy Ministers of Defense. The supreme body of the Navy, the Main Headquarters of the Navy and the Directorate of the Navy, is subordinate to him.

An association is a large organizational formation, consisting of formations and units of various branches of the forces of the Navy, capable of solving operational (sometimes strategic) tasks independently or in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces. Depending on the composition and scale of the tasks to be solved, formations can be operational-strategic, operational and operational-tactical.

The regionally deployed operational-strategic formations of the Russian Navy include: the Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea fleets, as well as the Caspian flotilla. The basis of the Northern and Pacific Fleets are strategic missile submarines and multi-purpose nuclear submarines, aircraft-carrying, landing and multi-purpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile and artillery troops and attack aircraft. The basis of the Baltic, Black Sea Fleets and the Caspian Flotilla is multi-purpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile and artillery troops and attack aircraft.

The operational formations of the Navy include fleets(a flotilla of heterogeneous forces, a flotilla of rpl SN, a flotilla of multi-purpose submarines) and naval air force.

The operational-tactical formations of the Navy include squadrons (operational squadron, squadron of diverse forces, squadron of multi-purpose submarines, squadron of amphibious assault forces).

The regional deployment of the Navy requires the maintenance and development of independent basing infrastructures, shipbuilding and ship repair, all types of support, the basis of which is the historically established system of cities - naval bases in Russia.

A naval base (Naval Base) is a well-equipped and defended area of ​​the coast with the water area adjacent to it, which provides basing, comprehensive support, deployment and return of fleet forces. It includes, as a rule, several base points, as well as forces and means to maintain a favorable operational regime in the designated 8MB operational area of ​​responsibility.

The composition of formations and naval bases is not permanent. It is determined depending on the purpose, the nature of the tasks performed, the areas and directions in which they operate, as well as the conditions of the theater of operations.

A formation is a permanent organizational formation of ships and units capable of independently solving tactical tasks and participating in solving operational tasks. The composition of compounds is determined by their regular structure. Designed for purposeful combat training and ease of control. The division is the main tactical formation. Brigade and division ships - tactical formations.

A division (brigade) of submarines, as a rule, consists of submarines of the same class (subclass). For example: a division of strategic missile submarines, a division (brigade) of torpedo submarines. Divisions (brigades) of surface ships consist of one or more classes (subclasses) of ships. For example: a division of rocket-but-artillery ships. A battalion as a tactical unit is a formation of rank 111 and IV ships. For example: a division of minesweepers, a division of missile boats, etc.

A tactical unit is a military formation capable of independently solving tactical tasks. Parts are: ships of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, groups of ships of the 4th rank, regiment (in naval aviation, marines, BRAV).

Part, in turn, consists of military units - small military formations. Typical divisions: warhead(service), ship of the 4th rank, squadron, air unit, battalion, company, platoon, etc.

Special Troops and services designed to ensure the combat activities of the Navy and solve their special tasks, are organizationally reduced to formations, units, subunits and institutions that are part of associations, formations and units of the Navy, and are also under central subordination. For example: a division of reconnaissance ships, a military construction detachment, a chemical protection battalion, a communications center, an electronic company, an electronic warfare squadron, an arsenal, bases and warehouses, a shipyard, a rescue ship brigade, a hydrographic detachment, an automobile company, a group of naval support vessels, etc. .

The organizational structure of the Russian Navy is shown in fig. 3.

The qualitative and quantitative composition of the troops (forces) of the fleets (flotillas) must correspond to the level and nature of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation in a particular region.

The variety of tasks solved by the fleet necessitates the specialization of ships, i.e. the construction of ships with certain qualities, which led to the need for their classification.

All ships and vessels in the Navy are divided into groups. The criterion for division is purpose. Five groups are distinguished: warships, combat boats, special-purpose ships, naval support vessels, raid vessels and support boats.

Warships and combat boats, i.e. the first and second groups determine the combat composition of the Navy and are designed to solve precisely combat missions.

The group of special-purpose ships includes special-purpose submarines, control ships, training ships, reconnaissance ships.

The group of offshore support vessels includes vessels for combat training, medical support, radiation safety and chemical protection, transport, rescue, navigational and hydrographic support.

The group of offshore support vessels includes vessels designed to support the activities of the fleet in the roads and harbors. To them from-; basic rescue vessels, self-propelled and non-self-propelled maintenance vessels, basic dry-cargo and tankers, tugboats, raid boats, etc.

Within the groups, ships and ships of the Navy are divided into classes. The criteria for dividing into classes are the tasks to be solved and the main weapon. So, for example, submarines are divided into two classes, and surface ships into five classes.

Within the classes, combat ships and special-purpose ships are divided into subclasses. The criteria for dividing into subclasses are displacement, type of power plant, narrower specialization, cruising range.

Depending on the tactical and technical elements and purpose, as well as to determine the seniority of commanders, the legal status of the officers and the standards of logistics, warships are divided into ranks. The Russian Navy has four ranks of ships. The first is the highest. The division into classes and ranks is determined by the Regulations on the Classification of Ships and Vessels of the Navy.

6 depending on design features ships of one and of the same subclass differ in types and designs.

The classification of the ship composition in different states has its own characteristics and is not constant. As the fleet develops, with a change in its tasks and armament of ships, new classes (subclasses) appear, and obsolete ones are excluded from the composition of the fleet. Thus, after the Second World War, in most states, the class of battleships and subclasses of escort aircraft carriers were excluded from the fleet, and the subclass of patrol ships was excluded from the US Navy. With the equipping of the fleet with rocket weapons, a class of rocket ships appeared.

the future of the fleet lies in multi-purpose, versatile ships capable of effective fight with air, surface, underwater and coastal targets. Therefore, the number of ship classes will be reduced. At the same time, there are specific tasks that require the use of special materials and design solutions in the construction of ships, for example, mine-ladder, landing ships, some special-purpose ships, the universalization of which is impractical.